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Tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol consumption, found to be most common among college students, is known to cause life-threatening diseases, and is correlated with social, financial and health problems. For the present study, we aimed to assess the sociodemographic factors affecting tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis consumption among university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2020, on a random sample of 507 undergraduates, between the ages of 18 and 24. The research instrument was a self- administered questionnaire with questions on the sociodemographic characteristics, and questions regarding the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis.The mean ± standard deviation age of study sample was 21.56 ± 1.81 years, and 56.4% participants were females. The lifetime prevalence of tobacco usage among the study sample was 66.7%, alcohol 54.2%, and the cannabis had a prevalence of 13.8%. About 46.2% (n = 234) were co-users of tobacco smoking and alcohol, and 12.6% (n = 64) were co-user of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use. Analyzed with Pearson's chi-squared test, there was no statistically significant difference between students from private and public institutions on lifetime, in the past 1 year/1 month of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis use (p > 0.05). The logistic regression model for dependent variable cannabis abuse in the past 1 year is associated with lower odds among female students (odds ratio: 0.337, 95% confidence interval: 0.167–0.682; p = 0.002). Smoking, drinking, and cannabis were found to be highly prevalent among university students. These findings can help program managers and policy makers devise effective and appropriate control programs and policies for substance-using university students.

ResumoA artrite séptica é geralmente relatada em pacientes idosos com outras condições médicas subjacentes. Artrite séptica por Escherichia coli é uma infecção rara. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente de 70 anos que apresentou uma fístula supurativa, movimentos limitados do membro inferior direito, e um trauma ocorrido aos 12 anos de idade. Durante todo esse tempo, a fístula esteve presente, secretando pus. Uma investigação clínica detalhada revelou uma infecção piogênica presente na epífise femoral seguida de uma taxa elevada de sedimentação. Após a intervenção cirúrgica, E. coli foi isolada das amostras clínicas, e tomou-se a decisão de colocar pérolas de gentamicina dentro da ferida cirúrgica. O paciente foi tratado com antibióticos. Quatro meses após a intervenção, a fístula supurativa foi completamente curada.Mais tarde, o paciente não estava mais interessado em continuar com o plano de tratamento. Como ele se recusou a remover as pérolas da cadeia de gentamicina e a endoprótese de quadrile, ele foi posteriormente encaminhado para a clínica de atenção primária para manejo conservador e acompanhamento. Ele andava mancando usando sapatos ortopédicos, mas sem muletas ou qualquer outro tipo de dipositivo de auxílio para caminhar. Quatro anos após a intervenção cirúrgica, as pérolas da cadeia de gentamicina ainda estão inseridas no osso. A artrite séptica causada por E. coli pode ficar ativa por décadas, secretando pus e se isolando. Diagnóstico rápido, intervenção cirúrgica adequada, e terapia antimicrobiana são essenciais para o tratamento.

Neurological complications after the supracondylar humerus fractures with a displacement of fragments result from traction, direct trauma, or nerve ischemia. The beginning of early rehabilitation, from when the arm is still immobilized, leads to complete restoration of the elbow joint, and thus any delay in starting the rehabilitation will have consequences, ranging from lighter ones to full disability. This study analyzed the impact of injured nerves, length of immobilization, and interruptions during rehabilitation on the rehabilitation duration (RD). A sample of 140 children of both genders with post-traumatic elbow injuries was considered, from the birth to 15 years. The sample was collected in cooperation with an orthopedist, pediatrician, and physiotherapist. The diagnosis was confirmed by physical and neurological examination and by radiography. The type of injury affects the RD. The supracondylar humerus fracture has a longer RD, with the average 85.45 days. We conducted the linear correlation test, between cases with injured nerves and cases without in relation to RD. The analysis provided significant statistical data (p

Environmental exposure to lead is considered to be one of the most important hazards to the health of children. Most commonly exposed are those who are poor and live in developing countries. The environmental lead pollution problem in the Roma Mahala neighborhood of Mitrovica was discovered through the appearance of high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children living there. The aim of our study was to investigate the BLLs in children according to gender, age, and area of residence. This study describes the results from a 7-year retrospective study (January 2010–April 2017) based on BLLs conducted on children aged 0 to 13 years living in all three districts of Mitrovica. The survey included 331 children. Blood lead analysis was performed in the laboratory using capillary and venipuncture samples tested by anodic stripping voltammetry using LeadCare II machines. Mean BLLs were the highest in the Roma Mahala with 23.6 mg/dL (standard deviation ± 15.9 µg/dL). We obtained a statistical significance (p 0.05). Lead poisoning levels continue to be a serious problem among children living in Mitrovica over the past several years due to heavy lead pollution. All children from this region should receive environmental evaluations and medical examinations.

Objective The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of gastroprotection and identify the main factors that influence the taking of protective drugs by the adult population treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Methods This study was cross-sectional, conducted by including a contingent of 800 users of primary health care services (n=369, 46% males and n=431, 54% females). Included in the study were individuals of both genders aged 18+ who sought counselling or treatment during the three-month period. The data collection of this study was based on the completion of a structured questionnaire, which included questions related to the use of NSAIDs, the way these drugs were prescribed and administered and the simultaneous taking of gastroprotective drugs. Results The prevalence of the gastroprotective drugs use was higher among the elderly, individuals living in urban areas, those with higher education, those with daily use of NSAID, individuals receiving prescriptions from their own doctors, and those suffering from side effects from the use of NSAID, as well as subjects that had a longer duration of NSAID use. Diclofenac was the most prescribed NSAID. Gastric pain and dizziness were the most experienced side effects. Conclusion This paper demonstrates the need to improve the quality of primary health care service through informing and educating patients regarding the need to take gastro-protective drugs for those at high risk of adverse effects manifested by the use of NSAIDs.

ЦЕЛЬ: Установить факторы риска получения травм футболистами. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: В исследовании принимало участие 216 футболистов из 12 клубов высшей футбольной лиги. Данные о травмах, связанных с футболом, собраны во время спортивного сезона 2012-2013 года. В начале исследования среди игроков были проведены следующие измерения антропометрических показателей: веса, роста, BMI, толщины подкожного жирового слоя; были учтены игровой опыт и история получения травмы; с каждым спортсменом был проведён тест на физическую выносливость с измерением максимальных аэробных возможностей. В отношении каждого спортсмена были зарегистрированы частота, тип и тяжесть травм, нагрузка во время тренировок и частота игрового участия. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Большинство игроков (n = 155, 71.7 %) получило травмы в период исследования. Частота получения травм в период активного игрового сезона составляет 6.3 на 1000 игровых часов (95%-ный доверительный интервал, 4.31-9.67). Логистический множественный регрессионный анализ установил, что игровой опыт (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.32-0.61 p < 0.01), возраст (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.49-2.81, p < 0.01) и наличие предыдущей травмы (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.14-9.07, p < 0.01) сигнификантно связаны с повышенным риском получения травмы. Индекс массы тела не соотносится с риском получения травмы. Растяжения связок (34.19 %) и вывихи (25.81 %) являются основными типами травм. Двадцать семь процентов травмированных игроков не принимали участия в играх свыше 1 месяца, при этом травмы в области колена являются наиболее тяжёлыми повреждениями (25.42 %). ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Существенными факторами риска получения травм футболистами являются наличие предыдущих травм, более старший возраст и игровой опыт. В будущих обследованиях необходимо включить и исследование программ для адекватной медицинской реабилитации, направленных на снижение риска получения травм.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to assess the state of the use of antibiotics in dairy cattle in Kosovo according to different diagnosis as directed by treatment protocol and to evaluate the methods of their application in dairy cattle. METHODS: We've visited over 80% of dairy farms throughout the territory of Kosovo in 2013. Assessment was carried out through a specific questionnaire, which identifies problems with medical treatment of cattle, the number of cattle treated and untreated, description of dose and type of drugs used, as well as the duration of drugs issuance. RESULTS: In Kosovo for the treatment of sick cows are mainly used beta lactams and sulfonamides. The drugs were not given only to sick cattle by their diagnosis, but they were given to healthy cattle too, as a preventative therapy, mainly through intramuscular route. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the dairy cattle were not treated correctly as directed by the treatment protocol. In Kosovo's general health system there are no rules and procedures on monitoring and recording the expenditures on antibiotics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem in industrialized countries and is one of the most common reasons for seeking healthcare. Although the McKenzie therapy is widely used for the treatment of low back pain, there is evidence for no improvement with exercise in short-, intermediate-, or long-term outcomes of pain relief or function. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the McKenzie therapy with electrophysical agents (EPAs) in patients with chronic LBP. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A randomized controlled comparative trial with a 3-month follow-up period was conducted between January 2009 and June 2012. 271 patients with chronic LBP, (more than three months duration of symptoms) were randomized into two groups: the McKenzie therapy group (n = 134), and electrophysical agents group, (n = 137). The treatment period of both groups was 4 weeks at an outpatient clinic. Clinical outcomes (pain intensity, trunk flexion range of motion, and disability) were obtained at follow-up appointments at the end of the treatment period, 2 and 3 months. RESULTS:Significant improvement of spinal motion, reduction of pain and disability were demonstrated in both groups but the results show the greater improvement in the McKenzie group ( p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: McKenzie therapy reduces pain, and disability, among subjects with chronic LBP. This study revealed that the McKenzie therapy is more effective than EPAs group.

Subacute acetabular osteomyelitis is a rare disease of bone. Deep location of the infection site sometimes may delay diagnosis. The most common cause is Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Proteus organisms are very rare etiologic agents. The aim of this case report is to present an unusual case of subacute acetabular osteomyelitis caused by Proteus mirabilis in a 12-year-old boy. Subacute acetabular osteomyelitis can be induced by Proteus mirabilis in the absence of previous trauma, predisposing conditions or disease. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics. Local biopsy was essential in diagnosing this infection. Antibiotics should be given only after clinical sampling and susceptibility tests.

Objective – The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of brachial palsy by gender, type, side, the newborn mother's parity and to identify its potential risk factors. Material and methods – Eighty-four newborn infants with brachial palsy were studied retrospectively at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo. The disease was confirmed by physical examination, neurological examination, and radiography. Results – The majority of newborns included in this study were male, with the Erb-Duchene type of brachial palsy. A greater number of newborn infants (70.2%) had sustained injuries to the right side. The most frequent occurrence was to the firstborn baby. Shoulder dystocia (39.3%), macrosomia (16.7%) and vaginal breech delivery (13.1%) were the most frequent potential risk factors identified in this study. The incidence of plexus brachial injury ranges from 1.8 to 3.35, depending on the ordinal number of the mother’s delivery. The highest incidence is in mothers on their first- delivery, while the lowest is for those having the second child. The overall average incidence rate of brachial palsy is 2.62 per 1000 newborns. Conclusion – Our study has shown that the incidence of brachial plexus palsy is relatively high in newborns. Newborns with shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, and those born by vaginal breech delivery are at greater risk for brachial plexus palsy. Further research should be focused on the treatment and rehabilitation of children with brachial plexus palsy.

BACKGROUND Energy expenditure and walking speed are generally recommended for use as measures of status and outcome for walking. The objective of this study was to measure the physiological cost index (PCI) and comfort walking speed (CWS) at three levels of lower limb amputation: transfemoral, transtibial and Syme level, and the relationship of these physiological variables to prosthetic ambulation supported with walking aids and stump length. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a prospective cross-sectional study.Eighty-nine individuals with lower limb amputation for reasons other than peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were recruited among patients at the Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics in University Clinical Center of Kosovo. PCI was assessed by five minutes of continuous indoor walking at CWS. RESULTS Significant differences were found in PCI (F=29.87, P < 0.001) and CWS (F=19.33, P < 0.001) among the three amputation groups. Prosthetic ambulation supported with crutches showed an important impact on PCI (F=35.1, P < 0.001) and CWS (F=28.42, P < 0.001). Stump length was associated with significantly increased PCI (r=0.53, P = 0.02) and reduced CWS (r=0.58, P = 0.004) in transfemoral amputees. CONCLUSIONS 1. A higher level of amputation is associated with less energy-efficient walking and with lower walking speed. 2. Prosthetic ambulation supported with crutches has significant impact on increasing of energy expenditure and decreasing walking speed. 3. Stump length is shown to have a major impact on PCI and CWS in transfemoral amputees.

Previous literature has suggested that age, level of amputation, residual limb length, comorbidities, mental disorders, and cause of amputation can affect the ability to successfully ambulate with prosthesis.The objective of this study was to analyze the predictors that affect the rehabilitation outcome of war-related transtibial amputees and the relationship of these factors with ambulation ability after prosthetic fitting.Retrospective observational study.We reviewed the records of 69 war-related transtibial amputees. The rehabilitation outcome was analyzed according to the grade of rehabilitation summarized in three grades. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds of achieving the first rehabilitation grade.The majority of patients with transtibial amputations achieved the first grade of rehabilitation (59.4%). The factors that significantly influenced the achievement of the first grade of rehabilitation were age and absence of posttraumatic stress disorder. For every 1-year increase in patient age, the odds of achieving first grade of rehabilitation decreased by a factor of 0.9. Patients without posttraumatic stress disorder had 12.9 greater odds of achieving the first rehabilitation grade compared to patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.Achievement of the first grade of rehabilitation among war-related transtibial amputees is dependent on patient age and the absence of posttraumatic stress disorder.Understanding the factors that may affect the rehabilitation outcome of war-related amputees could lead to a more specific organization of the rehabilitation, especially in a country that has recently been involved in war. This is the first study to focus on determinants of prosthetic rehabilitation in these patients.

Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated by radial and longitudinal contractile cardiac dysfunction. Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is a frequent finding in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Themain purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) in LV thrombus formation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy by assessing their correlation. Our additional objective was to compare the relationshipof average MAPSE to relations of other LV features [LV size, LV ejection fraction (EF), wall motion score index (WMSI), sphericity index -width to length ratio (w/l) of the LV] and LV thrombus development. OriginalResearch Article

Objective: To determine the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the quality of life (QOL) and physical functioning in breast cancer survivors. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned 62 breast cancer survivors to an exercise (N = 30) or control group (N = 32). The exercise group trained at a moderate intensity progressing from 25 to 40 min over a 10-week period. The control group did not train. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and postintervention. The primary outcomes were overall QOL - as assessed by the functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast (FACT-B) scale. Secondary outcomes were changes in various subscales of overall QOL, and changes in body composition outcomes: body weight, body mass index, and changes in performance in a 12 min walk test (12MWT). Results: Sixty-two of 73 women randomized (84.9%) completed the study. There were no significant differences amongst the two groups at baseline for any variable. In the exercise group significant improvements were demonstrated for the FACT-B (13.4 points, P < 0.003), functional assessment of cancer therapy-general (FACT-G) (9.16 points, P < 0.008), the functional well-being subscale (P < 0.010), and the emotional well-being subscale (P < 0.035) compared to the control group. No significant changes in body weight or BMI were observed. Exercise group showed a significant increase in 12MWT (P < 0.009). Conclusion: We conclude that 10 week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program significantly improves QOL and physical functioning in breast cancer survivors. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of similar exercise programs over longer periods of time and involving a greater number of breast cancer survivors.

Purpose This study assessed whether avascular necrosis (AVN) is correlated with the presence or absence of the ossific nucleus (ON) at the initiation of conservative treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). To date, the correlation between the presence of the ON and AVN manifestations remains ambiguous. Methods The medical records of 148 patients with 234 dislocated hips who presented at our institution between January 2006 and December 2007 were reviewed. Based on ultrasound examination, the hips were classified according to Graf IIIa, IIIb, and IV criteria. Patients aged >6 months were simultaneously examined by standardized pelvis radiography. Results The ON was present in 84 hips (35.9 %) at the beginning of treatment. Treatment was begun at a mean age of 5 months, with overhead traction for 2 weeks followed by arthrography and a spica cast for 4 weeks. Afterwards, we used a Tübingen hip-flexion splint. The mean age at final follow-up was 87 months. Hips were radiographically evaluated at last follow-up according to the Ogden–Bucholz AVN classification scheme. There was no significant difference in AVN prevalence between ON− versus ON+ hips in children aged ≤10 months ( P = 0.681), whereas when all age groups were analyzed together, AVN was significantly increased in ON+ hips ( P = 0.002). Clinical examination revealed no differences in limping, leg length inequality, and range of motion of hips in the ON− versus ON+ groups. Conclusion We conclude that DDH treatment should be performed early without regard to the presence or absence of the ON. Reduction should not be delayed beyond >10 months of age because any delay in treatment increases the incidence of AVN.

Naim R Haliti,1 Fehim R Haliti,2 Ferit K Koçani,3 Ali A Gashi,4 Shefqet I Mrasori,3 Valon I Hyseni,5 Samir I Bytyqi,5 Lumnije L Krasniqi,2 Ardiana F Murtezani,5 Shaip L Krasniqi5 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, 2Department of Children Dentistry, University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo, 3Department of Oral Disease, University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo, 4Department of Oral Surgery, University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo, 5Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo Background: Because Kosovo has no reliable information on antimicrobial and analgesic use in dental practice, the survey reported here evaluated the antibiotic and analgesic prescriptions in the Oral Surgery Department of the University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo (UDCCK).Methods: The data of 2,442 registered patients for a 1-year period were screened and analyzed concerning antibiotic and analgesic use as per standards of rational prescription.Results: Dentistry doctors prescribed antibiotics significantly more often than analgesics. Antibiotics were prescribed in 8.11% of all cases, while only 1.35% of total prescriptions were for analgesics. The total consumption of antibiotic drugs in the UDCCK was 4.53 Defined Daily Doses [DDD]/1,000 inhabitants/day, compared with only 0.216 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day for analgesics. From a total number of 117 patients, 32 patients received combinations of two antibiotics.Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy analysis showed that the prescription rates of antibiotics and analgesics in the UDCCK are not rational in terms of the qualitative aspects of treatment. For the qualitative improvement of prescription of these drug groups, we recommend the implementation of treatment guidelines following rational standards. Keywords: antibiotic, analgesics, Anatomic Therapeutic Classification, DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day, rational standards

BACKGROUND Lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow, is a common overuse syndrome of the extensor tendons of the forearm. When the condition is chronic or not responding to initial treatment, physical therapy is initiated. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections with physiotherapeutic interventions (ultrasound and exercise) for the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a randomized controlled trial of 12 weeks' duration in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. We randomly assigned 49 subjects to an exercise group (n=25), who received ultrasound and exercise, and a control group (n=24), who were treated with local infiltration of 1mL triamcinolone acetonide (10mg/mL) and 1mL lidocaine 2%. To evaluate the subjects, three instruments were used: pain intensity, measured with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), functional disability, measured with the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire, and painfree grip strength. All subjects were evaluated before treatment and at the 6th and 12th week. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to any variable at baseline (p>0.05). In the exercise group, significant improvements were demonstrated for VAS, PRTEE pain score, PRTEE function score and pain free grip strength, compared to the control group. The exercise group reported a significantly greater increase in all variables at 12 weeks than did the control group (p

Recently 42% of the population in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS), while the prevalence of the MetS in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC) is 10-15% higher than in the most developed countries, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. Recent studies proved that black seed may have an effect in reducing the metabolic syndrome factors as well as the cardiovascular diseases risk factors. More studies proved the anti-lipidemic and anti-glycemic effects of blackseed; therefore, it could be used for the management and prevention of the MetS problems. Objectives: To measure the effect of blackseed powder on fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin (Hb), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and body composition in participants at risk for cardiovascular diseases. Methodology: The study is a controlled, randomized, single blind, parallel-design study. 60 participants who are at risk for cardiovascular diseases were randomly distributed into 2 treatment groups, the first group was the blackseed powder group while the second group was a placebo-control (corn starch) group. 3 grams per day of each treatment was ingested by the participants for 12 weeks. Results: 51 participants continued the study from both groups (29 black seed, 22 Placebo), there was a significant improvement in Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglyceride levels, WC and the percent of body fat (P-value < 0.05). While it showed no effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and blood glucose levels for the black seed group compared to the placebo group. Conclusion: Black seed powder has a significant effect on improving Blood lipids levels in blood, WC and percent of body fat while it showed no improvement in blood glucose levels as well as blood pressure levels for individuals at risk for CVD.

Objective: Torticollis is a deformity characterized by the lateral flexion of the head to the arm on the side of the localization of deformity and its rotation on the opposite side. The aim of this paper is to identify the clinical characteristics that have an impact on the progression of the congenital muscular cramping, as well as to show the role of kinesitherapy in the treatment of torticollis.Methods: The research was conducted in the “Therapy” - Physical Therapy Clinic in Pristina, in the 2-year period since February 2014 until 2016. The total number of infants diagnosed with torticollis is 160, ranging from 0 to 9 months. At the beginning of the research, the examinations of all infants were performed, all the necessary tests, measurements, and motor functions. Afterward, they were rehabilitated for 3 consecutive weeks with 5 sessions per week, a total of 15 sessions for each. After the rehabilitation was completed, over again, the same tests were made as it was done in the beginning. Questionnaires were completed on the first and last visit for all infants.Results: In the first visit of the infants’ examination, there was no significant difference between the groups (Chi-test=0.96, p=0.1), whereas in the second examination, after 15 rehabilitation sessions, there was a significant difference in improvement of all the treated groups with kinesiotherapy. Significant result was achieved in mobility where at the beginning of the treatment, there was a very large limitation of neck mobility (different mean = −31.0±10.0.95% CI: 33.7-−28.2, p

Objective: Ischemic cerebrovascular accident (ICA) is characterised by the rapid deterioration of brain function due to vascularization disorders. The ischemic cerebrovascular accident may arise as a consequence of ischemia or hemhorrage in brain tissue, but the optimal treatment approach is unclear. In this study, we examined ICA rehabilitation goals, implementation of rehabilitation plans, management of sensomotor deficits and functional status, improvement of independence, prevention and treatment of complications, functional status monitoring, and planning recommendations, as well as education of ICA patients and their families.Methods: This study considered 69 ICA patients who were classified as suitable for rehabilitation intervention among a total of 231 patients who were evaluated for a diagnosis of ICA following hospitalization at the Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo (UCCK) in Prishtina. From the statistical parameters, we used the structure index, whereas testing results were evaluated using the Chi-square test with significance established at p

Background: The Physiological Cost Index (PCI) was introduced by MacGregor to estimate the energy cost in walking of healthy people, also it has been reported for persons with lower limb amputation, walking with prosthesis. Objective: To assess energy cost and walking speed in two level lower limb amputation: transfemoral and transtibial amputation and to determine if the age and prosthetic walking supported with walking aids have impact on energy cost and walking speed. Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was performed in two level lower limb amputees with no vascular disease who were rehabilitated at the Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo. The Physiological Cost Index (PCI) was assessed by five minutes of continuous indoor walking at Comfort Walking Speed (CWS). Results: Eighty three lower limb amputees were recruited. It is shown relevant impact of level of amputation in PCI (t=6.8, p

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors related to the occurrence of injuries in football players.The study included 216 football players from 12 teams in the elite football league. Football-related injury data were collected prospectively during the 2012/2013 competitive season. At baseline the following information was collected for the players: anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI, subcutaneous skinfolds), playing experience, injury history, physical fitness performance test (agility run), peak oxygen uptake. The incidence, type and severity of injuries and training and game exposure times were prospectively documented for each player.Most of the players (n = 155, 71.7%) sustained the injures during the study period. The overall injury incidence during the regular season was 6.3 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (95% confidence interval, 4.31-9.67). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that playing experience (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.32-0.61, p0.01), age (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.49-2.81, p0.01) and a previous injury (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.14-9.07, p0.01) were significantly correlated to increased risk of injuries. Body mass index was not associated with risk of injury. Strains (34.19%) and sprains (25.81%) were the major injury types. Twenty-seven percent of injured players were absent from football for more than 1 month, with knee injuries (25.42%) being the most severe type.The risk factors that increase injury rates in football players were previous injury, higher age and years of playing. Future research should include adequate rehabilitation program to reduce the risk of injuries.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial progressive skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass. Exercise is widely recommended to reduce osteoporosis, falls and related fragility fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of land exercise (LE) and aquatic exercise (AE) on physical function and bone mineral density (BMD).Fifty-eight postmenopausal women, aged 50-70 years, diagnosed with osteoporosis according to BMD measures, enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (LE group) or the control group (AE group). Physical function and BMD were assessed in all subjects in both groups before and after 10 months of intervention. Muscle strength, flexibility, balance, gait time and pain were measured to assess physical function. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).There were no significant differences between the two groups in the baseline anthropometric data. The two groups were similar with respect to age, weight, height, and body mass index (p0.05). After the exercise program, muscle strength, flexibility, gait time, pain, and bone density (p0.001) improved significantly with LE compared to AE. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to balance at the 10-month follow-up.Significant improvements in physical function and BMD suggest that LE is a possible alternative for postmenopausal women with OP.

Rehabilitation after surgery repair of flexor tendon injuries of the hand remains challenging and requires experienced professionals and interdisciplinary approaches.The aim of this study was to evaluate rehabilitation results after surgery repair of flexor tendon injuries in the hand with the early passive mobilization--Kleinert protocol.In this retrospective case-series study rehabilitation results of flexor tendon injuries in the hand with the early passive mobilization--Kleinert protocol were evaluated in 35 patients, treated in the Orthopaedic Clinic University Clinical Centre of Kosovo between December 2007 and November 2008. Patients had unilateral injuries on right hand without associated injuries. Patients were divided in three groups: patient with injury of FPL (n = 15), patient with injury of FDP and FDS dig. I-V (n = 10) and patient with injury of FDP and FDS dig.II (n = 10). Patients were included in a rehabilitation program using the Kleinert-early passive mobilization protocol. Functional evaluation was made using the mean improvement on MCP, PIP and DIP joints motion, mean functional are of motion (FAM) and total active motion (TAM) scoring system of The American Society of Surgery of Hand. The functional outcomes were analyzed by Paired t-test, and One way Analysis of Variance, while the mean TAM score were compared using the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test with significance set at p0.05.About 67% of patients with FPL injuries achieved excellent range TAM score, and about 22% of patients with FDSFDP injuries achieved excellent and 74% good range of total active motion.With earlier performed primary surgical tendon repair followed by Kleinert-early passive mobilization protocol may achieves satisfactory functional results for any flexor tendon injuries in zones I-IV of the hand.

Long since it have been suggested that a subpopulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diagnosed with negative rheumatoid factor (RF) tests, represents a clinical entity quite distinct from that of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of the study was to establish a scientific comparative analysis between RA seronegative and seropositive, regarding course and prognoses of the disease. Two hundred fifty patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the (American College of Rheumatology) criteria were retrospectively studied by analysis the course and prognoses of disease. All examinees were between 25-60 years of age (Xb=49.9, SD=10.3) with disease duration between 1-27 years (Xbox=6.41, SD=6.47). Course of the disease with "remissions and exacerbations", progressive continual course and bad prognoses, were more presented in seropositive group ofpatients. Partial remission was more common in seronegative patients but according to serostatus and gender has not shown statistically significant difference. Duration of the disease was a specific prognostic sign for both subsets [(r=0.32, p0.01) seronegative, (r=0.22, p0.05) seropositive], while age was only a specific prognostic sign for the seropositive subset [(r=0.01, p0.05) seronegative, (r=0.18, p0.05) seropositive]. Seropositive and seronegative RA distinguish in course and prognostic feature, but not enough to differentiate them in two different forms of the disease. Regarding the sero-status, differences within sex, with some exceptions, are not relevant.

Objective: The aim of this study was to discover sulfa residues in milk and to determine the most appropriate time required for allowing the consumption of milk after drug’s use in dairy cattle.Methods: 150 samples of raw milk were collected from 95% of dairy farms in Kosovo that were visited during years 2015-2016. At these farms, using a questionnaire, we have identified the treatment procedures of dairy cattle, the dose and the type of drug administered to them, as well as the duration of this administration. Then, ELISA screening method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC/FD) confirmatory method were used to analyse the collected samples.Results: Out of 150 milk samples, 52% were given a combination of 400 mg sulfadiazine+80 mg trimethoprim, with a statistically significant difference compared to other sulfonamides p

Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in industrial workers, check for possible LBP related risk factors and investigate the associations between physical activity and severity of low back pain. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 430 workers of an industrial company over the previous 12 months. The industrial workers were given questionnaires and assigned to two groups: (1) with low back pain, (2) without low back pain. Group 1 was then divided into three subgroups according to the answer to question (a) LBP without irradiation, called mild cases, (b) LBP with irradiation above the knee, called moderate cases, LBP with the irradiation below the knee, called severe cases. Results LBP was found in 61.6% of workers. The prevalence of LBP was significantly associated with physical activity (p = 0.03). There was a significant difference between frequent physical activity and severity of LBP (p = 0.01). Work-related physical factors showed strong associations with LBP. The main risk factors for low back pain among production workers were extreme trunk flexion (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.7-7.3), as well as lifting of loads (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.9-6.2), pushing or pulling heavy loads (OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.9-6.2) and exposure to whole body vibration (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 -3.0). Conclusion Daily life conditions, job-related factors are associated with the occurrence of low back pain. These results suggest that individuals with LBP should avoid nonspecific physical activities to reduce pain and improve psychological health.

Objective: Early Physical therapy and splinting after flexor tendon repair in zone II is very important to improve tendon healing, increase tensile strength, decrease adhesion formation, early return of function and less stiffness and deformity. Material/Methods: This study reports the results[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 7th EFSMA – European Congress of Sports Medicine, 3rd Central European Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformation of the spine with a lateral curvature or deviation greater than 10 degrees and associated with vertebral rotation. Many conservative treatments are available for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, but the evidence for their effectiveness is still questioned. The objective of this study was to define the effectiveness of braces and individual physiotherapy for the comprehensive treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents.A retrospective study of 57 children with idiopathic thoracic dextroscoliosis with the magnitude of the thoracic curve between 20 degrees-35 degrees, treated in Orthopedic and Physiatrist Clinic as well as National Ortho-prosthetic Center within University Clinical Center of Kosova in Prishtina, during the period of 2003-2006.Inclusion of kinesitherapy in the comprehensive management of idiopathic scoliosis varied in the improvement of the muscle strength (satisfied and moderate) in almost 80% of the children while the correction of the curve was small in approximately 42.1% of cases.For children with idiopathic scoliosis, who require braces, an exercise program helps chest mobility, muscle strength, proper breathing flexibility in the spine, correct posture and keeps muscles in tone so that the transition period after brace removal is easier.

Emotional alterations are frequent after stroke. Anxiety is a response due to the fear from disease, although depression is a result of potential disability and restrictive lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between reintegration to normal living (community reintegration) of patients after stroke and their functional disabilities.Data were collected from 44 patients with chronic stroke receiving physical therapy services at Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, University Clinical Center of Prishtina. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were measured with the Barthel index (BI). Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI) was used to measure reintegration into normal social activities, functional capacity was measured with six-minute walk test (6MWT), balance was evaluated with Berg Balance Scale (BBS),and motor functioning was assessed with Fugl- Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA).Based on statistical results it can be concluded that the RNLI score has correlated positively with 6MWT and BI, while age didn't demonstrate any correlation.Physical impairment has immense impact in reintegration of stroke patients in society. With the improvement of physical state the quality of life is raised too, and stroke patients are easier reintegrated in the society. Patients with stronger reintegration to normal living had better outcomes in daily activity and quality of life.

Objectives To review the efficiency of early physical therapy to achieve successful rehabilitation after elbow injuries in children. Setting Tertiary medical institution, Department of Physical Therapy, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, rr. Spitalit pn. 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the patients with elbow injuries, (ICD, Rev. 10, Elbow Fractures code) merely as a consequence of trauma, who had undergone rehabilitation program from June 2000 December 2001. Results In this study 140 cases with elbow injuries are analyzed. The majority of the injured are with fracture 132 cases (94.29%), whereas only 8 cases or 5.72% are with non displaced fracture or dislocation. Analysis based on the most frequent injury localization in the elbow region, among all fractures, supracondylar fracture is present with 78 cases or 56%. The majority of cases, 49 or 35% have had injuries caused by fall from height, up to 6 cases or 4.3% injured in MVA. Timely initiation of rehabilitation program is influential factor in successful rehabilitation, whereas correlation between time of initiation and rehabilitation success have demonstrated important statistical significance, very high correlation r = 0.75 p Conclusion The children that did not have continuous rehabilitation program, due to huge interruptions during rehabilitation, have not achieved excellent success in rehabilitation. Early start of rehabilitation, since the arm is immobilized, can cause complete regaining of elbow functions, therefore any delay in the beginning of rehabilitation will leave consequences, from the must minor ones up to disability.

Objective: Burn injuries in hands are much more complex and the appearance of contractures is a common complication. Hand burn injuries often result in limited functionality, flexion and extension of fingers and present a major hindrance in rehabilitation. The aim of physical therapy and splinting after hand burn injury is to maintain mobility, prevent the development of the contracture and to promote the functionality of hand and good cosmetic results. The purpose of this study is to presents our experience of 38 children with hand burn injuries, admitted and treated at the Department of Plastic Surgery, UCCK-Pristina, Kosovo, during the years 2012-2015. Methods: Physical therapy is focused on active/passive range of motion in affected joints, management of cicatrix, strengthening exercise, coordination and use of splints for correction contractures. Patients were evaluated in three, six months and the definitive evaluation is done after 9 months of physical therapy and splinting. Results: We have improvement in range of motion (ROM), functionality, coordination, muscle force, decrease of keloids scars. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of physical therapy and splinting, achieving good results in preventing contracture, improving range of motion, muscle force and good cosmetic results.

Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint among the general population with a subgroup developing chronic and disabling symptoms generating large societal costs. Recurrences and functional limitations can be minimized with appropriate conservative management, including medications, physical therapy modalities, exercise and patient education. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of low back complaints in industrial workers, to investigate whether individual risk factors involved in the occurrence of LBP, and to determine the most frequent used drug in LBP treatment. Materials and Methods: Data for this study were provided from Kosovo Energetic Corporation. A cross-sectional study design was utilized. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among 228 industrial workers. Patient with LBP underwent a comprehensive clinical, radiological and biochemical evaluation. Results: showed that LBP occurred in 63.5% of workers. Individual factors did not show significant associations with LBP. Age (OR=0.99/95% Cl 0.95-1.03), weight (OR=1.13/95% Cl 0.99-1.06), height (OR=0.97/95% Cl 0.91-1.02), and work experience (OR=1.01/95% Cl 0.97-1.05) increase odds for LBP but not significantly. The most frequently used drugs in patients included in this study are NSAIDs. In 33 (55.0%) patients for the treatment of LBP two types of drugs are administered. Conclusion: Increased physical activity, health promotion and reduced body weight can prevent morbidity from LBP. A continuous consultation with the Clinical Pharmacist demonstrates effective way of dosage and drug re-evaluation for the patients with LBP.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) remains the predominant occupational health problem in most industrialized countries and low-income countries. Both work characteristics and individual factors have been identified as risk factors. More knowledge about the predictors of sickness absence from LBP in the industry will be valuable in determining strategies for prevention. Objectives: The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether individual, work-related physical risk factors were involved in the occurrence of LBP sickness absence. Methods: A follow-up study was conducted among 489 workers, aged 18–65 years, at Kosovo Energetic Corporation in Kosovo. This cross-sectional study used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on individual and work-related risk factors and the occurrence of LBP sickness absence. Logistic regression models were used to determine associations between risk factors and the occurrence of sickness absence due to LBP. Results: Individual factors did not influence sickness absence, whereas work-related physical factors showed strong associations with sickness absence. The main risk factors for sickness absence due to LBP among production workers were extreme trunk flexion (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.05–2.78) as well as very extreme trunk flexion (OR = 6.04, 95% CI = 1.12–32.49) and exposure to whole-body vibration (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.04–2.95). Conclusion: Reducing sickness absence from LBP among power plant workers requires focusing on the working conditions of blue-collar workers and risk factors for LBP. Increasing social support in the work environment may have effects in reducing sickness absence from LBP.

Svrha istraživanja bila je proučiti i usporediti odnos izmeđ funkcionalnog statusa i trajanja jutarnje zakočenosti u šakama s obzirom na dob, razinu obrazovanja i spol u bolesnika s reumatoidnim artritisom (RA). Istražena je povezanost tih čimbenika u odnosu na postojanje reumatoidnog faktora, odnosno serološki status. Ova retrospektivna studija provedena je u 250 bolesnika s klasičnim oblikom RA (186 žena, 64 muškarca). Ispitanici su bili u dobi između 25 i 60 godina, (x=49.96) s trajanjem bolesti od jedne do 27 godina (x =6.41) i nisu ispunjavali revidirane dijagnostičke kriterije ACR-a (American College of Rheumatology – 1987). Svi ispitanici pripadali su II. i III. funkcionalnom razredu prema Steinbrockerovoj klasifi kaciji. Odnos između funkcionalnih razreda i odabranih varijabli (trajanje jutarnje ukočenosti u rukama, spol, dob i stupanj obrazovanja) u odnosu na serostatus mjeren je point-biserijalnim koefi cijentom korelacije. Nađena je pozitivna, iako niska korelacija između trajanja jutarnje ukočenosti i funkcionalnih klasa [(r=0.10, y=0.00x 2.37, p> 0.05) seronegativni, (r=0.12, y=0.00x 2.30, p>0.05) seropozitivni]. Visoke pozitivne vrijednosti dobivene su pri određivanju koefi cijenta linearne korelacije između trajanja bolesti i funkcionalnih klasa (p, Th e purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between disability status and duration of morning stiff ness in hands with regard to age, level of education, and gender in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Also, the authors wanted to investigate this relationship with regard to the presence of rheumatoid factor, i.e., the serological status. A retrospective study was conducted in 250 patients with the classic form of RA (186 females, 64 males, mean age Xb = 49.96 years, range 25-60 years, disease duration 1-27 years, Xb = 6.41) previously diagnosed with RA according to the ACR (American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria). All patients were in Steinbrocker functional classes II and III. Th e probability level was expressed by p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Th e relationship between the variables was measured by point-biserial correlation. Th e correlation between duration of morning stiff ness and functional class was positive but low [(r = 0.10, y = 0.00x + 2.37, p > 0.05) seronegative, (r = 0.12, y = 0.00x + 2.30, p > 0.05) seropositive]. High positive values were obtained for the linear correlation coeffi cient between duration of the disease and functional class (p < 0.01). Also, high values were obtained regarding the coeffi cient of correlation between age and functional class [(r = 0.29, p < 0.01) seronegative, (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) seropositive]. Uneducated patients were signifi cantly more represented in functional class III [23 (50%) seronegative, 19 (42.2%) seropositive] than in functional class II [16 (20.3%) seronegative, 22 (27.5%) seropositive]. In conclusion, in this study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, increased duration of morning stiff ness was associated with functional disability. Functional disability increased with the duration of the disease, depended on age and educational level, and was more pronounced in older age, regardless of RA serological status. With regard to serological status and sex, the diff erences were non-signifi cant.