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One of the most frequent environmental contaminants, benzene is still widely used as an industrial solvent around the world, especially in developing nations, posing a serious occupational risk. While the processes behind the toxicity of benzene grounds are not fully understood, it is generally accepted that its metabolism, which involves one or more reactive metabolites, is crucial to its toxicity. In order to evaluate the many ways that benzene could influence gene regulation and thus have an impact on human health, new methodologies have been created. The pathophysiology of the disorder may result from epigenetic reprogramming caused by exposure to benzene, including changes in non-coding RNA (ncRNA) markers, according to recent studies. We are interested in the identification of hazardous regulatory ncRNAs, the identification of these ncRNAs' targets, and the comprehension of the significance of these interactions in the mechanisms behind benzene toxicity. Hence, the focus of recent research is on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and some of the more pertinent articles are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the alkoxide-independent pathway of reductive elimination of C-O from palladium ( p-cyanophenyl) neopentoxide complex in THF at 47 °C was investigated theoretically by use of density functional theory and the solvent polarized continuum model. On the basis of experimental results a two-pathway mechanism had been proposed: a concerted process (path a) and a two-step process (path b) initiated by inner-sphere attack of the alkoxide ligand on the ipso-carbon atom of the palladium-bound aryl group (step 1) then Pd-C heterolysis to form p-neopentoxybenzonitrile (step 2). The activation energies of the two pathways were calculated by use of the quantum mechanical approach and compared with each other and with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]