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PURPOSE The molecular profile of specimens of Mediorhynchus gallinarum (Bhalero, 1937) collected from chickens, Gallus gallus L. in Indonesia was analysed. The aim of this study was to assess the phylogenetic position of species of Mediorhynchus within the order Giganthorhynchida. METHODS We used one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase 1) and one nuclear gene (18S ribosomal RNA) to infer phylogenetic relationships of class Archiacanthocephala. RESULTS The COI and 18S rDNA genes sequences showed that M. gallinarum had low genetic variation and that this species is sister to Mediorhynchus africanus Amin, Evans, Heckmann, El-Naggar, 2013. The phylogenetic relationships of the Class Archiacanthocephala showed that it is not resolved but, however, were mostly congruent using both genes. A review of host-parasite life cycles and geographic distributions of Archiacanthocephala indicates that mainly small mammals and birds are definitive hosts, while termites, cockroaches, and millipedes are intermediate hosts. CONCLUSIONS While the intermediate hosts have wide geographic distributions, the narrow distribution of the definitive hosts limit the access of archiacanthocephalans to a wider range of prospective hosts. Additional analyses, to increase taxonomic and character sampling will improve the development of a robust phylogeny and provide more stable classification. The results presented here contribute to better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary relationships that allow the host-parasite co-existence within the class Archiacanthocephala.

Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) is a parasite of anteaters in South America. Although described by Diesing in 1851, there is still a lack of taxonomic and phylogenetic information regarding this species. In the present study, we redescribe G. echinodiscus collected from a giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, from the Brazilian Cerrado (Savannah) in the State of São Paulo by light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, phylogenies were inferred from partial DNA gene sequence of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA). We provide for the first time details of the proboscis with a crown having 18 large hooks and numerous small hooks, a lateral papilla at the base of the proboscis, a ringed pseudo-segmented body, large testes, cemented glands in pairs, and a non-segmented region in the posterior end of the body, which contributed to the diagnosis of the species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered G. echinodiscus forming a well-supported monophyletic group with Mediorhynchus sp., which was congruent with morphological studies that allocate both genera within the family Gigantorhynchidae. In conclusion, the present work adds new morphological and molecular information, emphasizing the importance of adopting integrative taxonomic approaches in studies of Acanthocephala., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Redescription of Gigantorhynchus echinodischus from Brazilian giant anteater. • First molecular data of the genus Gigantorhynchus with 28S rRNA partial gene. • Phylogenetic relationships of Gigantorhynchidae are assessed.

Smales, Lesley, Halajian, Ali, Rampedi, Kgethedi Michael (2021): A new species of Mediorhynchus Van Cleave, 1916 (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae) from Burhinus capensis (Aves: Charadriiformes) and a report of Mediorhynchus africanus Amin et al. 2013 from Guttera edouardi (Aves: Galliformes) from South Africa. Zootaxa 5005 (3): 395-400, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.3.15

A new archiacanthocephalan in the family Gigantorhynchidae, Intraproboscis sanghae n. gen., n. sp. is described from females collected from the African black-bellied pangolin Phataginus tetradactyla Linn. (Manidae) in the Central African Republic. A dichotomous key to the genera of Gigantorhynchidae is provided. The specimens presented are distinct from those of the genus Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 that have only 1 or 2 circles of hooks (crowns) at the apical end of the proboscis and are found in South American mammals, except for Gigantorhynchus pesteri Tadros, 1966 from baboons in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Africa (Amin, 2013). They superficially resemble those of the other gigantorhynchid genus Mediorhynchus Van Cleave, 1916, especially in the organization of the truncate-cone proboscis and the position of the receptacle. Species of Mediorhynchus are bird parasites. The new genus, Intraproboscis, now the third genus in Gigantorhynchidae; however, is distinguished from Mediorhynchus by having a simple proboscis receptacle that is completely suspended within the proboscis, the passage of the retractor muscles through the receptacle into the body cavity posteriorly, absence of neck, and presence of a parareceptacle structure (first finding in the Archiacanthocephala) and a uterine vesicle; among other features, including the differential dorsoventral thickness of the body wall. The receptacle in Mediorhynchus is complex, with many accessory muscles and retractor muscles passing into the body cavity dorsally and ventrally. Our specimens reached 180 mm in length and the proboscis had 34-36 rows of 6-7 ventrally lamellated, rooted hooks each anteriorly, and 15-17 spinelike hooks each posteriorly. Micropores extended into the anterior and posterior proboscis and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) of anterior hooks showed high levels of calcium and phosphorus but negligible traces of sulfur. Spinelike hooks in the posterior proboscis had lower levels of Ca and P and slightly higher levels of S. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S rDNA gene placed I. sanghae in a clade with the archiacanthocephalans Mediorhynchus, Moniliformis, Macracanthorhynchus, Oncicola, and Oligacanthorhynchus.

Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala (Rudolphi, 1819) Schmidt, 1972 (syn. Hamanniella microcephala (Rudolphi, 1819)) Mammalia Didelphis albiventris Lund (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). SI: anterior and middle intestine. SD: adult. L: Formosa Province; Chaco Province; Santiago del Estero Province: Moreno (27��12���30������S, 63��02���30������W); Corrientes Province. R: Navone and Suriano (1992), Fugassa (2015)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Rudolphi, C. A. (1819) Entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi. Sumtibus A. Rucker, Berlin, 811 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9157","Schmidt, G. D. (1972) Revision of the class Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931 (Phylum Acanthocephala), with emphasis on Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell et Macfie, 1925. Journal of Parasitology, 58 (2), 290 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3278091","Navone, G. T. & Suriano, D. M. (1992) Species composition and seasonal dynamics of the helminth community parasitizing Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia: didelphidae) in savannas of central Argentina. Ecologia Austral, 2, 95 - 100.","Fugassa, M. H. (2015) Checklist of helminths found in patagonian wild mammals. Zootaxa, 4012 (2), 271 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.2.3"]}

Moniliformis amini Guerreiro Martins, Del Rosario Robles & Navone, 2017 Mammalia Abrothrix olivaceus Waterhouse (Rodentia, Muridae) (type host). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Cruz Province: Quilla Cape (50°6’22.53’’S, 68°27’56.44’’W). R: Guerreiro Martins et al. (2017). C: holotype (MLP-He 7304), allotype (MLP-He 7305), paratypes (MLP-He 7304).

Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. Mammalia Unidentified carnivore. SI: coprolites. SD: egg. L: Neuquén Province: Epullán Chica (archaeological site), Limay River valley (40°23’10’’S, 70°11’44’’W). R: Beltrame et al. (2018). Note. According to Beltrame et al. (2018), the eggs collected from the coprolites from ca. 1800 and 1700 years before present, may probably belong to Prosthenorchis sp.

Oligacanthorhynchus carinii (Travassos, 1917) Schmidt, 1972 (syn. Hamanniella carinii Travassos, 1917) Mammalia Chaetophractus vellerosus Gray (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: Chaco Province. R: Mart��nez (1984, 1987), Fugassa (2015) (see note below). Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: unknown. R: Mart��nez et al. (2007). Tolypeutes matacus Desmarest (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: Chaco Province. R: Mart��nez (1984, 1987), Rott et al. (1996), Fugassa (2015) (see note below). Note. Acanthocephalans collected from Chaetophractus vellerosus and Tolypeutes matacus were identified as Hamanniella carinii Travassos, 1917 by Mart��nez (1984)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Travassos L. (1917) Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna helmintologica brasileira. Revisao dos acantocefalos brasileiros. Parte I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 9 (1), 5 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761917000100001","Schmidt, G. D. (1972) Revision of the class Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931 (Phylum Acanthocephala), with emphasis on Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell et Macfie, 1925. Journal of Parasitology, 58 (2), 290 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3278091","Martinez, F. A. (1984) Hamanniella carinii Travassos, 1916 (Acanthocephala; Gigantorhynchidae) en Dasipodideos de Argentina. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia, 39, 37 - 38.","Martinez, F. A. (1987) Zooparasitos de mamiferos silvestres. Veterinaria Argentina, 4 (23), 266 - 271.","Fugassa, M. H. (2015) Checklist of helminths found in patagonian wild mammals. Zootaxa, 4012 (2), 271 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.2.3","Martinez, F. A., Binda, J. L. & Rodriguez Camon, M. (2007) Acantocefalos de los vertebrados silvestres. Veterinaria Argentina, 24 (237), 509 - 513.","Rott, M. I. O., Santa Cruz, A., Resoagli, E. H. & Martinez, F. A. (1996) Endoparasitos en animales de laboratorio no tradicionales (ALNT): Armadillo (Dasypodidae). Veterinaria Argentina, 13 (126), 413 - 418."]}

Oncicola canis (Kaupp, 1909) Hall & Wigdor, 1918 Mammalia Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus (Carnivora, Canidae). SI: faeces. SD: egg. L: Neuquén Province. R: Soriano et al. (2010). Chaetophractus vellerosus Gray (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: caecum, mesenteries. SD: cystacanth. L: unknown. R: Martínez (1986, 1987), Rott et al. (1996). Tolypeutes matacus Desmarest (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: caecum, mesenteries. SD: cystacanth. L: unknown. R: Martínez (1986, 1987), Rott et al. (1996).

Macracanthorhynchus sp. Aves Unidentified species. SI: ancient raptor pellet. SD: egg. L: Neuqu��n Province: Epull��n Chica cave (40��23���10������S, 70��11���44������W). R: Beltrame et al. (2015). Note. Beltrame et al. (2015) suggested that the pellet, from ca. 1900 years before present, probably belonged to Tyto alba (Scopoli) (Strigiformes, Tytonidae)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Beltrame, M. O., Fernandez, F. J. & Sardella, N. H. (2015) First paleoparasitological record of acanthocephalan eggs from Northwestern Patagonia (Late Holocene, Argentina). Acta Tropica, 146, 33 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2015.02.019"]}

Oligacanthorhynchus sp. (syn. Travassosia sp.) Mammalia Chaetophractus vellerosus Gray (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: intestine. SD: unknown. L: La Rioja Province: Chamical; C��rdoba Province: Cruz del Eje. R: Ezquiaga (2013), Fugassa (2015). Chlamyphorus truncatus Harlan (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: La Pampa Province. R: Navone (1990), Ezquiaga (2013). Thylamys venustus Thomas (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: Jujuy Province. R: Jim��nez et al. (2008). C: vouchers (HWML 70021). Tolypeutes matacus Desmarest (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santiago del Estero Province. R: Navone (1990), Ezquiaga (2013), Fugassa (2015), R��os et al. (2016). Zaedyus pichiy Desmarest (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: intestine. SD: unknown. L: R��o Negro Province: Somuncur�� Plateau. R: Ezquiaga (2013), Fugassa (2015)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Ezquiaga, M. C. (2013) Estudios parasitologicos en Dasypodidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) de Argentina: el valor de la diversidad en la interpretacion de las asociaciones parasito-hospedero-ambiente. PhD thesis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 220 pp.","Fugassa, M. H. (2015) Checklist of helminths found in patagonian wild mammals. Zootaxa, 4012 (2), 271 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4012.2.3","Navone, G. T. (1990) Estudio de la distribucion, porcentaje y microecologia de los parasitos de algunas especies de edentados argentinos. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 25 (4), 199 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650529009360820","Jimenez, F. A., Braun, J. K., Campbell, M. L. & Gardner, S. L. (2008) Endoparasites of fat-tailed mouse opossums (Thylamys: Didelphidae) from northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, with the description of a new species of tapeworm. Journal of Parasitology, 94 (5), 1098 - 1102. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 1424.1","Rios, T. A., Ezquiaga, M. C., Abba, A. M. & Navone, G. T. (2016) Intestinal parasites of Tolypeutes matacus, the most frequently consumed armadillo in the Chaco region. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5 (3), 254 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijppaw. 2016.08.001"]}

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Pallas, 1781) Travassos, 1917 Mammalia Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Artiodactyla, Suidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province. R: Cursack and Ferrari (1980)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Pallas, P. S. (1781) Einige Enrinnerugen die Bandwurmer betreffend; in Beziehung auf das zuolfte und vierzehnte Stuck des Naturforschers. Neue nordl. Beytrage Physik Geogr. Erd und Volkerbeschr., Naturg. Okonomie, St Petersburg and Leipzig, 2, 58 - 82.","Travassos L. (1917) Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna helmintologica brasileira. Revisao dos acantocefalos brasileiros. Parte I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 9 (1), 5 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761917000100001","Cursack, H. A. & Ferrari, A. F. (1980) Algunas consideraciones sobre la Acantocefalosis del cerdo y su tratamiento. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria (Buenos Aires), 61 (1), 69 - 77."]}

Echinorhynchus sp. (nec Echynorhynchus sp.) Actinopterygii Genypterus blacodes (Forster) (Ophidiiformes, Ophidiidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Argentine Sea. R: Sardella et al. (1998). Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Neuqu��n Province: Huechulafquen Lake (39��46���S, 71��20���W). R: Szidat and Soria (1957), Ortubay et al. (1994)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Sardella, N. H., Avendano, M. F. & Timi, J. T. (1998) Parasite communities of Genypterus blacodes and G. brasiliensis (Prisces: Ophidiidae) from Argentina. Helminthologia, 35 (4), 209 - 218.","Szidat, L. & Soria, M. F. (1957) Difilobotriasis en nuestro pais. Sobre una nueva especie de Sparganum, parasita de salmones, y de Diphyllobothrium, parasita de gaviotas, del lago Nahuel Huapi. Boletin del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, 9, 1 - 22.","Ortubay, S., Semenas, L. G., Ubeda, C. A., Quaggiotto, A. & Viozzi, G. (1994) Catalogo de peces dulceacuicolas de la Patagonia Argentina y sus parasitos metazoos. Direccion de Pesca de la Provincia de Rio Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, 110 pp."]}

Prosthenorchis elegans (Diesing, 1851) Travassos, 1915 Mammalia Saimiri boliviensis Geoffroy & de Blainville (Primates, Cebidae). SI: ileum, caecum, colon. SD: adult. L: Corrientes Province: San Cayetano. R: Santa Cruz et al. (1995). Saimiri sciureus Linnaeus (Primates, Cebidae). SI: small intestine, caecum. SD: adult. L: unknown. R: Mart��nez et al. (2007)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Diesing, K. M. (1851). Systema Helminthum. Vol. 2. Wilhelmum Braumuller, Vindobonae, 679 pp.","Travassos, L. (1915) Revisao dos acantocefalos brasileiros. I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. (Nota previa). Brazil Medico, 29, 137.","Santa Cruz, A., Gomez, L. G., de Rott, M. I. O., Lombardero, O. J. & Ruiz, J. C. (1995) El parasitismo en Alouatta caraya y Saimiri boliviensis ingresados al \" Centro Argentino de Primates \". Revista de Medicina Veterinaria de Buenos Aires, 76 (3), 150 - 152.","Martinez, F. A., Binda, J. L. & Rodriguez Camon, M. (2007) Acantocefalos de los vertebrados silvestres. Veterinaria Argentina, 24 (237), 509 - 513."]}

Oncicola luehei (Travassos, 1917) Schmidt, 1972 (syn. Prosthenorchis luehei Travassos, 1917) Mammalia Nasua nasua Linnaeus (Carnivora, Procyonidae). SI: small intestine, rectum. SD: unknown. L: Misiones Province: Posadas. R: Mart��nez et al. (2007). Note. Acanthocephalans collected from Nasua nasua were identified as Prosthenorchis luehi Travassos, 1917 by Mart��nez et al. (2007)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Travassos L. (1917) Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna helmintologica brasileira. Revisao dos acantocefalos brasileiros. Parte I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 9 (1), 5 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761917000100001","Schmidt, G. D. (1972) Revision of the class Archiacanthocephala Meyer, 1931 (Phylum Acanthocephala), with emphasis on Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell et Macfie, 1925. Journal of Parasitology, 58 (2), 290 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3278091","Martinez, F. A., Binda, J. L. & Rodriguez Camon, M. (2007) Acantocefalos de los vertebrados silvestres. Veterinaria Argentina, 24 (237), 509 - 513."]}

Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. Mammalia Unidentified carnivore. SI: coprolites. SD: egg. L: Neuqu��n Province: Epull��n Chica (archaeological site), Limay River valley (40��23���10������S, 70��11���44������W). R: Beltrame et al. (2018). Note. According to Beltrame et al. (2018), the eggs collected from the coprolites from ca. 1800 and 1700 years before present, may probably belong to Prosthenorchis sp., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Beltrame, M. O., Bellusci, A., Fernandez, F. J. & Sardella, N. H. (2018) Carnivores as zoonotic parasite reservoirs in ancient times: the case of the Epullan Chica archaeological cave (Late Holocene, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 10 (4), 795 - 804. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12520 - 016 - 0399 - 8"]}

Echinorhynchus jucundus Travassos, 1923 (syn. Metechinorhynchus jucundum (Travassos, 1923) Petrochenko, 1956) Actinopterygii Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg) (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Corrientes Province: Paran�� River (near Corrientes City). R: Hamann and Lombardero (1981 ���1982), Hamann (1982a), Tanzola et al. (2009), Chemes and Takemoto (2011). C: vouchers (CECOAL accession numbers not provided)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Travassos, L. (1923) Informacoes sobre a fauna helminthologica de Matto Grosso (II nota). Folha Medica, 4, 12.","Petrochenko, V. I. (1956) Acanthocephala of Domestic and Wild Animals. Vol. 1. Izdatel'stvo Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, 355 pp. [In Russian, translated by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1971, 465 pp.]","Hamann, M. I. & Lombardero, O. J. (1981 - 1982) La helmintiasis de los peces del rio Parana superior. Veterinaria, 2 (4 - 5), 161 - 172.","Hamann, M. I. (1982 a) Parasitos del pacu (Colossoma mitrei Berg. 1895) del rio Parana medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Serrasalmidae). Historia Natural, 2 (18), 153 - 160.","Tanzola, R. D., Semenas, L. & Viozzi, G. (2009) Manejo y estado actual del conocimiento de los parasitos de peces cultivados en Argentina. In: Tavares-Dias, M. (Ed.), Manejo e Sanidade de Peixes em Cultivo. Embrapa Amapa, Macapa, pp. 438 - 468.","Chemes, S. B. & Takemoto, R. M. (2011) Diversity of parasites from Middle Parana system freshwater fishes, Argentina. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 3 (7), 249 - 266."]}

Moniliformis amini Guerreiro Martins, Del Rosario Robles & Navone, 2017 Mammalia Abrothrix olivaceus Waterhouse (Rodentia, Muridae) (type host). SI: small intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Cruz Province: Quilla Cape (50��6���22.53������S, 68��27���56.44������W). R: Guerreiro Martins et al. (2017). C: holotype (MLP-He 7304), allotype (MLP-He 7305), paratypes (MLP-He 7304)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Guerreiro Martins, N. B., Del Rosario Robles, M. & Navone, G. T. (2017) A new species of Moniliformis from a Sigmodontinae rodent in Patagonia (Argentina). Parasitology Research, 116 (8), 2091 - 2099. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 017 - 5508 - 9"]}

Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) Travassos, 1915 Insecta Periplaneta americana Linnaeus (Blattodea, Blattidae). SI: unknown. SD: cystacanth. L: Buenos Aires Province: Buenos Aires Port. R: Bacigalupo (1927), Alcaraz (1929), Lombardero (1980). Mammalia Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout (Rodentia, Muridae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Buenos Aires City (34��37���S, 58��24���W). R: Alcaraz (1929), Lombardero (1980), Hancke (2016), Hancke and Su��rez (2016, 2018). Rattus rattus Linnaeus (Rodentia, Muridae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Buenos Aires City (34��37���S, 58��24���W). R: Hancke (2016), Hancke and Su��rez (2016, 2018). Rattus sp. (Rodentia, Muridae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Buenos Aires City. R: Alcaraz (1929), Lombardero (1980)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Bremser, J. G. (1811) Notitia insignis vermium intestinalium collections vindobonensis. Vienna, 31 pp.","Travassos, L. (1915) Revisao dos acantocefalos brasileiros. I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. (Nota previa). Brazil Medico, 29, 137.","Bacigalupo, J. (1927) Periplaneta americana Fahr., hote intermediaire du Gigantorhyncus moniliformis Bremser, dans la Republique Argentine. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales, 97 (2), 1251.","Alcaraz, R. (1929) Estudio zoobiologico de algunos de nuestros acantocefalos, con referencias especiales acerca de Moniliformis moniliformis Bremser, 1811. La Semana Medica, 36, 35 - 46.","Lombardero, O. J. (1980) Bibliografia comentada de los parasitos de la fauna silvestre Argentina. Analecta Veterinaria, 12 (1), 1 - 63.","Hancke, D. & Suarez, O. V. (2016) Infection levels of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta in rat populations from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Journal of Helminthology, 90 (2), 199 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 15000164","Hancke, D. & Suarez, O. V. (2018) Structure of parasite communities in urban environments: the case of helminths in synanthropic rodents. Folia Parasitologica, 65, 009. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2018.009"]}

Oncicola canis (Kaupp, 1909) Hall & Wigdor, 1918 Mammalia Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus (Carnivora, Canidae). SI: faeces. SD: egg. L: Neuqu��n Province. R: Soriano et al. (2010). Chaetophractus vellerosus Gray (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: caecum, mesenteries. SD: cystacanth. L: unknown. R: Mart��nez (1986, 1987), Rott et al. (1996). Tolypeutes matacus Desmarest (Cingulata, Dasypodidae). SI: caecum, mesenteries. SD: cystacanth. L: unknown. R: Mart��nez (1986, 1987), Rott et al. (1996)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Kaupp, B. F. (1909) Echinorhynchus canis. American Veterinary Review, 35, 154 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1055 / s- 0029 - 1201252","Hall, M. C. & Wigdor, M. (1918) Notes on the acanthocephalid and arthropod parasites of the dog in North America. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 6, 493 - 500.","Soriano, S. V., Pierangeli, N. B., Roccia, I., Bergagna, H. F., Lazzarini, L. E., Celescinco, A., Saiz, M. S., Kossman, A., Contreras, P. A., Arias, C. & Basualdo, J. A. (2010) A wide diversity of zoonotic intestinal parasites infects urban and rural dogs in Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 167 (1), 81 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vetpar. 2009.09.048","Martinez, F. A. (1986) Acanthella de Oncicola canis Kraupp, 1909 en dasipodideos de la Argentina (Mammalia: Edentata). Veterinaria Argentina, 3 (23), 272 - 275.","Martinez, F. A. (1987) Zooparasitos de mamiferos silvestres. Veterinaria Argentina, 4 (23), 266 - 271.","Rott, M. I. O., Santa Cruz, A., Resoagli, E. H. & Martinez, F. A. (1996) Endoparasitos en animales de laboratorio no tradicionales (ALNT): Armadillo (Dasypodidae). Veterinaria Argentina, 13 (126), 413 - 418."]}

A detailed list of acanthocephalans from Argentina was generated based on 205 published records. The list includes 52 named and 35 undetermined species of Acanthocephala infecting 6 species of invertebrate (2 amphipods, 3 decapods and 1 insect) and 155 species of vertebrate (one cartilaginous fish, 95 bony fishes, 10 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 13 birds and 33 mammals) host species in the Argentinean territory. The present list contains information on the invertebrate and vertebrate host(s), site of infection, developmental stage and locality(ies) of the acanthocephalans listed and references. For some species of acanthocephalans, information about repositories of the type material, voucher specimens, and DNA sequences of individual taxa are also presented. Finally, a host-Acanthocephala list is also provided. The data compiled revealed considerable gaps in the knowledge of the diversity, taxonomy, distribution, and life cycles of the acanthocephalans from Argentina. Fil: Hernández-Orts, Jesús S.. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni"; Argentina Fil: Kuchta, Roman. Biology Centre Of The Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic. Institute Of Parasitology. Laboratory Of Fish Protistology; República Checa Fil: Semenas, Liliana. Lab de Parasitologã­a-inibioma (conicet); Argentina Fil: Crespo, Enrique Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentina Fil: González, Raul Alberto Candido. Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Argentina Fil: Aznar, Francisco J.. Universidad de Valencia; España

The Acanthocephala is a phylum of obligate endoparasitic animals comprising four classes (Archiacanthocephala, Palaeacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Polyacanthocephala), although the phylogenetic interrelationships of these classes still remains unresolved. To investigate phylogenetic relationships of major acanthocephalan groups, we characterized the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two palaeacanthocephalan species Centrorhynchus aluconis and Prosthorhynchus transversus (representing two different families of the order Polymorphida), and Polyacanthorhynchus caballeroi (the first mitogenomic representative of the class Polyacanthocephala) and used these new sequences for phylogenetic analyses, along with 32 platyzoan mtDNAs, including 10 additional acanthocephalans. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid sequences for 12 protein-coding genes with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods supported monophyly of Acanthocephala. Within the phylum, Archiacanthocephala was positioned as the sister to the clade containing all three other acanthocephalan classes, with the polyacanthocephalan species P. caballeroi nested within Eoacanthocephala. This result contradicts morphology-based classification systems that treated polyacanthorhynchids as one of the palaeacanthocephalan families, and instead suggests Polyacanthocephala is a member of Eoacanthocephala. Within the Palaeacanthocephala, Polymorphida monophyly was strongly supported and this is inconsistent with nuclear rDNA-based molecular hypotheses that suggest non-monophyly.

The phylum Acanthocephala is a small group of obligate parasites of animals. However, the current classifications of Acanthocephala are still under debate. Moreover, our present knowledge of the complete mitochondrial genome of this parasite group remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Centrorhynchus milvus Ward, 1956 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphida) was firstly sequenced and determined based on specimens collected from the red kite ( Milvus milvus ) in Pakistan. The mitochondrial genome of C. milvus is 14,314 bp in length and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding (PCGs) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes ( rrn L and rrn S). To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of the four classes of Acanthocephala and the systematic position of C. milvus , phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs was performed using Bayesian inference (BI) . The results supported the monophyly of Archiacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala with strong support (BPP = 1) and also indicated that Archiacanthocephala is the sister clade to the remaining classes of Acanthocephala (Palaeacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Polyacanthocephala). However, Polyacanthocephala with only one representative species ( P. caballeroi ) is nested within Eoacanthocephala. Our phylogenetic analysis also confirmed C. milvus as the member of the family Centrorhynchidae with a sister relationship to C. aluconis . Our present mt genomic data are very useful for studying the molecular epidemiology, population genetics and systematics of acanthocephalans.

Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. Site of infection: Small intestine Host: Rattus rattus Locality: Xkalakdzonot Prevalence and mean intensity (range): 0.8% (1/118) and 4 (4) Specimens deposited: MLP-He 7426 Comments: The characteristics presented in the specimens collected in Yucatán belonged to Oligacanthorhynchidae (Yamaguti 1963; Amin 1987), i.e. specimens of 1300–1800 long, with a trunk relatively wide in proportion to length, wider anteriorly than posteriorly; tubular proboscis armed with approximately 72 hooks arranged in spiral rows; trunk without spines; long and tubular lemnisci with several nuclei; and proboscis receptacle with thick muscular wall. Collected specimens were immature. In México, four families of acanthocephalans have been recorded from wild mammals (i.e. Moniliformidae Van Cleave, Oligacanthorhynchidae, Plagiorhynchidae Golvan, and Polymorphidae Meyer) (García-Prieto et al. 2012). In rodents, the family Moniliformidae is the only one recorded from R. rattus in México City (Coronel- Guevara 1953) and R. rattus and R. norvegicus in Michoacán (Hierro-Huerta 1992; Tay Zavala et al. 1999). This is the first record of Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. from R. rattus in México.

In this survey, 19 species of helminths including Cestoda (Davaineidae, Hymenolepididae, and Taeniidae), Acanthocepha-la (Oligacanthorhynchidae), and Nematoda (Trichuridae, Ornithostrongylidae, Heligmonellidae, Oxyuridae, and Gongy-lonematidae) from Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Sigmodon toltecus, Heteromys gaumeri, and Peromyscus yucatanicus in two Mayan villages in Yucatán, México, were recorded. Ten species of helminths were collected in both localities. The highest species richness was recorded in R. rattus from Xkalakdzonot (6 taxa). Twelve species are new records for Yucatán and two are registered for the first time in México. This survey constitutes the first checklist of helminth parasites in small rodents in the south-southeast of México. Fil: Panti May, Jesús Alonso. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Digiani, Maria Celina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División de Zoología Invertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Palomo Arjona, Eduardo Emir. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Gurubel González, Yessica Margely. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Navone, Graciela Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Machain Williams, Carlos. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Hernández Betancourt, Silvia F.. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; México Fil: Robles, Maria del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina

Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. Site of infection: Small intestine Host: Rattus rattus Locality: Xkalakdzonot Prevalence and mean intensity (range): 0.8% (1/118) and 4 (4) Specimens deposited: MLP-He 7426 Comments: The characteristics presented in the specimens collected in Yucat��n belonged to Oligacanthorhynchidae (Yamaguti 1963; Amin 1987), i.e. specimens of 1300���1800 long, with a trunk relatively wide in proportion to length, wider anteriorly than posteriorly; tubular proboscis armed with approximately 72 hooks arranged in spiral rows; trunk without spines; long and tubular lemnisci with several nuclei; and proboscis receptacle with thick muscular wall. Collected specimens were immature. In M��xico, four families of acanthocephalans have been recorded from wild mammals (i.e. Moniliformidae Van Cleave, Oligacanthorhynchidae, Plagiorhynchidae Golvan, and Polymorphidae Meyer) (Garc��a-Prieto et al. 2012). In rodents, the family Moniliformidae is the only one recorded from R. rattus in M��xico City (Coronel- Guevara 1953) and R. rattus and R. norvegicus in Michoac��n (Hierro-Huerta 1992; Tay Zavala et al. 1999). This is the first record of Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp. from R. rattus in M��xico., Published as part of Panti-May, Jes��s Alonso, Digiani, Mar��a Celina, Palomo-Arjona, Eduardo Emir, Gurubel-Gonz��lez, Yessica Margely, Navone, Graciela T., Machain-Williams, Carlos, Hern��ndez-Betancourt, Silvia F. & Robles, Mar��a Del Rosario, 2018, A checklist of the helminth parasites of sympatric rodents from two Mayan villages in Yucat��n, M��xico, pp. 495-512 in Zootaxa 4403 (3) on page 500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1212929, {"references":["Amin, O. M. (1987) Key to the families and subfamilies of Acanthocephala, with the erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida). Journal of Parasitology, 73, 1216 - 1219. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3282307","Coronel-Guevara, M. (1953) Observaciones sobre el ciclo biologico de Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811). B. S. thesis, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico, 21 pp."]}

Oligacanthorhynchus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schmidt, 1972 (Oligacanthorhynchidae) is a typical parasite of opossums (Didelphidae). This species of acanthocephalan exhibits a wide distributional range that extends from Brazil to as far north as the United States, but no data on the genetic divergence of this helminth has been provided thus far along its entire geographic range. The facts that O. microcephalus shows a relatively wide geographic range in Mexico and that it has been recorded in 3 species of opossum allowed us to conduct a molecular prospecting study to assess the genetic divergence among individuals and populations as well as to detect potentially exclusive lineages indicative of the presence of a species complex. In total, 81 specimens identified as O. microcephalus were collected from the intestines of 3 species of opossum in 8 localities across central and southeastern Mexico. The DNA sequences of 2 genes were generated; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) of the mitochondrial DNA and the domains D2 and D3 from large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses were performed for each dataset alone and for the combined datasets (LSU + cox 1). All the phylogenetic analyses yielded 3 major clades with high bootstrap and posterior probability support values and with relatively high genetic divergence levels for both markers. However, the morphological study of specimens through both light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as the morphometric data, indicate that those specimens allocated into Clade I are smaller than those contained in Clades II and III. Lower genetic divergence values, as well as no clear-cut morphometric differences, indicate that Clades II and III are likely not independent lineages. Our results show at least 2 genetic lineages that may represent independent species, but we refrain at the moment on describing a new species in the lack of evidence gathered from a wider geographic range.

A new species of Oligacanthorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) Prosthenorchis cerdocyonis n. sp. is described from 17 specimens collected from the small intestine of the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766 (Canidae: Carnivora) found in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands. Specimens were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Characteristic features distinguishing the new species from others already described are presented, such as size of the body, the position of lemnisci, size of the eggs, host, and geographical distribution. Details of the body surface obtained by scanning electron microscopy, such as the presence of 2 lateral papillae in the proximal region of the proboscis, the presence of barbs in hooks, and a robust and festooned collar, helped to identify the species. Until now, specimens belonging to Prosthenorchis reported from Cerdocyon thous were not identified to species. Furthermore, the new species is the first to be recorded in C. thous found in the Pantanal wetlands.

The highly enlarged proboscis in adult thorny-headed worms of the genus Apororhynchus suggests that its inner organization might be specialized as well. However, what kind of changes occurred in the stem line of monogeneric Apororhynchida is widely unknown and there are different conceptions regarding the presence/absence of several muscles. To expand our knowledge on this topic, I examined ethanol-fixed specimens, whole mounts, and semi-thin sections of three Apororhynchus species using the light microscope. Incorporation of previously published data increased the overall sample to five out of six Apororhynchus species known to date. Combined data suggest that Apororhynchida kept the full set of muscles which already evolved in the stem line of Acanthocephala: proboscis receptacle, a receptacle surrounding muscle (receptacle protrusor), retinacula, neck retractor, proboscis and receptacle retractors, circular and longitudinal musculature under the metasomal tegument, and a single muscular layer beneath the proboscis wall. However, especially proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor underwent considerable re-organization in the apororhynchid stem line: both muscles are subdivided into sail-like strands extending from the cerebral ganglion to the proboscis wall. This reorganization reflects that the two muscles still suspend the cerebral ganglion but are not implicated in the eversion of the proboscis. Spatially separated subtegumental longitudinal muscle cords and a sphincter at the posterior proboscis margin could be additional apomorphies of Apororhynchida. Finally, lack of a muscle plate, a midventral longitudinal muscle, and of lateral receptacle flexors and the absence of an apical sensory organ indicate a basally branching position of Apororhynchida relative to other Archiacanthocephala.

Nine species of acanthocephalans have previously been reported from the raccoon, Procyon lotor, from North America: Centrorhynchus conspectus, Centrorhynchus sp., Echinorhynchus gadi, Moniliformis sp., Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus, Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, Profilicollis botulus, and Macracanthorhynchus ingens. Herein is reported for the first time the collection of Arythmorhynchus frassoni, Centrorhynchus spinonsus, and Southwellina hispida, each from single raccoons on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. The specimen previously identified as O. tortuosa was redetermined as M. ingens. Thus, this brings the total number of acanthocephalan species reported from the raccoon to 11. Infections of raccoons with all but M. ingens were of immature worms acquired by ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts or worms apparently ingested with infected definitive hosts. The many extensive surveys conducted of raccoons suggest that M. ingens is the only acanthocephalan that utilize...

Fifty four named and twenty three undetermined species of acanthocephalans associated with 213 wildlife vertebrate host species from Mexico are listed; they come from 220 localities, pertaining to 28 of the 33 Mexican states. The checklist contains information on their hosts, habitat, distribution, and records. In addition, three species of acanthocephalans (Polymorphus obtusus, Polymorphus trochus, and Southwellina dimorpha), are registered for the first time in Mexico, twenty six new locality records, and ten new host records are presented.

Eggs representative of an acanthocephalan were found in an ancient fragment of raptor pellet, probably belonged to the barn owl, Tyto alba, from the archeological site named "Epullán Chica cave". This site isa cave located at the southern of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The fragment of pellet wasfound in a layer with charcoals dated at 1980 ± 80 years B.P. A total of 56 eggs were found. Eggs werebrown colored and thick-shelled, and presented four membranes, the outer lightly sculpted. The embryos presented hooks in one extremity. Measurements ranged from 87.5 to 107.5 m long and 50 to 57.5 mwide. Eggs were very well-preserved, and were identified as belonged to Class Archiacanthocephala,Order Oligacanthorhynchida, Family Oligacanthorhynchidae, probably Macracanthorhynchus Travassos,1917, or an unidentified species. This is the first report of small mammal acanthocephalans from ancient material worldwide. Fil: Beltrame, Maria Ornela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Fernando Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sardella, Norma Haydee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina

In 1985, Amin presented a new system for the classification of the Acanthocephala in Crompton and Nickol's (1985) book 'Biology of the Acanthocephala' and recognized the concepts of Meyer (1931, 1932, 1933) and Van Cleave (1936, 1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952). This system became the standard for the taxonomy of this group and remains so to date. Many changes have taken place and many new genera and species, as well as higher taxa, have been described since. An updated version of the 1985 scheme incorporating new concepts in molecular taxonomy, gene sequencing and phylogenetic studies is presented. The hierarchy has undergone a total face lift with Amin's (1987) addition of a new class, Polyacanthocephala (and a new order and family) to remove inconsistencies in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Amin and Ha (2008) added a third order (and a new family) to the Palaeacanthocephala, Heteramorphida, which combines features from the palaeacanthocephalan families Polymorphidae and Heteracanthocephalidae. Other families and subfamilies have been added but some have been eliminated, e.g. the three subfamilies of Arythmacanthidae: Arhythmacanthinae Yamaguti, 1935; Neoacanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1960; and Paracanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1969. Amin (1985) listed 22 families, 122 genera and 903 species (4, 4 and 14 families; 13, 28 and 81 genera; 167, 167 and 569 species in Archiacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala, respectively). The number of taxa listed in the present treatment is 26 families (18% increase), 157 genera (29%), and 1298 species (44%) (4, 4 and 16; 18, 29 and 106; 189, 255 and 845, in the same order), which also includes 1 family, 1 genus and 4 species in the class Polyacanthocephala Amin, 1987, and 3 genera and 5 species in the fossil family Zhijinitidae.

The metazoan taxon Syndermata (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea, Acanthocephala) comprises species with vastly different lifestyles. The focus of this study is on the phylogeny within the syndermatan subtaxon Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, obligate endoparasites). In order to investigate the controversially discussed phylogenetic relationships of acanthocephalan subtaxa we have sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Echinorhynchus truttae (Palaeacanthocephala), Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Eoacanthocephala), Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala), and Philodina citrina (Bdelloidea). In doing so, we present the largest molecular phylogenetic dataset so far for this question comprising all major subgroups of Acanthocephala. Alongside with publicly available mt genome data of four additional syndermatans as well as 18 other lophotrochozoan (spiralian) taxa and one outgroup representative, the derived protein-coding sequences were used for Maximum Likelihood as well as Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. We achieved entirely congruent results, whereupon monophyletic Archiacanthocephala represent the sister taxon of a clade comprising Eoacanthocephala and monophyletic Palaeacanthocephala (Echinorhynchida). This topology suggests the secondary loss of lateral sensory organs (sensory pores) within Palaeacanthocephala and is further in line with the emergence of apical sensory organs in the stem lineage of Archiacanthocephala.

In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Oncicola luehei (14,281bp), the first archiacanthocephalan representative and the second complete sequence from the phylum Acanthocephala. The complete genome contains 36 genes including 12 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS) as reported for other syndermatan species. All genes are encoded on the same strand. The overall nucleotide composition of O. luehei mtDNA is 37.7% T, 29.6% G, 22.5% A, and 10.2% C. The overall A+T content (60.2%) is much lower, compared to other syndermatan species reported so far, due to the high frequency (18.3%) of valine encoded by GTN in its protein-coding genes. Results from phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences for 10 protein-coding genes from 41 representatives of major metazoan groups including O. luehei supported monophyly of the phylum Acanthocephala and of the clade Syndermata (Acanthocephala+Rotifera), and the paraphyly of the clade Eurotatoria (classes Bdelloidea+Monogononta from phylum Rotifera). Considering the position of the acanthocephalan species within Syndermata, it is inferred that obligatory parasitism characteristic of acanthocephalans was acquired after the common ancestor of acanthocephalans diverged from its sister group, Bdelloidea. Additional comparison of complete mtDNA sequences from unsampled acanthocephalan lineages, especially classes Polyacanthocephala and Eoacanthocephala, is required to test if mtDNA provides reliable information for the evolutionary relationships and pattern of life history diversification found in the syndermatan groups.

Family Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell & Macfie Neoncicola Schmidt Species: N. artibei Smales, 2007, Published as part of Santos, Cláudia Portes & Gibson, David I., 2015, Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats, pp. 471-499 in Zootaxa 3937 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/240106, {"references":["Smales, L. R. (2007) Oligacanthorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) from mammals from Paraguay with the description of a new species of Neoncicola. Comparative Parasitology, 74, 237 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4271.1"]}

Santos, Cláudia Portes, Gibson, David I. (2015): Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats. Zootaxa 3937 (3): 471-499, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3

Family Dipyliniidae Dipylidium caninum Lycalopex culpaeus, Central Andes, Perú, Moro et al. (1998). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini et al. (2004). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini & Vidal (2008). Lycalopex gymnocercus, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Scioscia et al. (2012). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Unspecified locality, Travassos (1965) in Vieira et al. (2008). Joyeuxiella spp. Lycalopex gymnocercus, Argentina, Cited in Lucherini et al. (2004)., Published as part of Fugassa, Martin H., 2015, Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals, pp. 271-328 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/192165

Family Oligacanthorhynchidae Neoncicola pintoi Conepatus chinga, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil, Machado Filho (1950) in Vieira et al. (2008). Conepatus chinga, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008). Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala Didelphis albiventris, Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, Schmidt (1977). Oligacanthorhynchus pardalis Oncifelis geoffroyi, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil, Travassos (1917) in Vieira et al. (2008). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Unspecified locality, Cited in Schmidt (1977). Puma concolor, Unspecified locality, Travassos (1917) in Vieira et al. (2008). Oncicola campanulata Oncifelis geoffroyi, Unspecified locality, Meyer (1931) and Machado Filho (1964) in Vieira et al. (2008). Puma concolor, Unspecified locality, Meyer (1931) and Machado Filho (1964) in Vieira et al. (2008). Oncicola canis Lycalopex culpaeus, Central Andes, Perú, Moro et al. (1998). Oncicola magalhaesi Puma concolor, São Paulo, Brazil, Machado Filho (1962) in Vieira et al. (2008). Puma concolor, São Paulo, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008). Oncicola martini Oncifelis geoffroyi, Argentina, Moleón et al. (2011). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, Schmidt (1977). Oncicola micracantha Conepatus chinga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Machado Filho (1964) and Marteu (1977) in Vieira et al. (2008). Conepatus chinga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008). Oncicola oncicola Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Unspecified locality, Travassos (1917) in Oliveira (1998). Oncifelis geoffroyi, Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, Schmidt (1977). Oncicola paracampanulata Herpailurus yagouaroundi, São Paulo, Pará and Paraná, Brazil Machado Filho (1963 b); Machado Filho (1964) and Marteu (1977) in Vieira et al. (2008). Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, Schmidt (1977). Oncicola sigmoides Conepatus sp., Unspecified locality, Yamaguti (1963) in Vieira et al. (2008). Galictis sp., Unspecified locality, Yamaguti (1963) in Vieira et al. (2008). Pachysentis gethi Galictis cuja, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008) Prosthenorchis elegans Conepatus chinga, Piauí, Brazil Travassos (1917) in Vieira et al. (2008) Conepatus chinga, Piauí, Brazil, Vieira et al. (2008).

Family Gigantorhynchidae Hamanniella carinii Chaetophractus vellerosus, Argentina, Martinez (1984) in NHM (2015). Tolypeutes matacus, Argentina, Martinez (1984) in NHM (2015). Hamanniella microcephala Didelphis albiventris, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Navone & Suriano (1992 a). Didelphis albiventris, Argentina, Cited in Lombardero & Moriena (1973). Travassosia sp. Chaetophractus vellerosus, Córdoba and La Rioja, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Tolypeutes matacus, Chaco region, Argentina, Navone (1990). Zaedyus pichiy, Rio Negro, Argentina, Ezquiaga (2013). Travassosia carinii Tolypeutes matacus, Bolivia, Yamaguti (1963) in Ezquiaga (2013)., Published as part of Fugassa, Martin H., 2015, Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals, pp. 271-328 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/192165

Family Moniliformidae Van Cleave Moniliformis Travassos Species: M. moniliformis (Bremser, 1811); M. convolutum Meyer, 1932, Published as part of Santos, Cláudia Portes & Gibson, David I., 2015, Checklist of the Helminth Parasites of South American Bats, pp. 471-499 in Zootaxa 3937 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3937.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/240106, {"references":["Bremser, J. G. (1811) Nachricht von einer betrachtlichen Sammlung thierischer Eingeweidewurmer, und Einladung zu einer literarischen Verbindung, um dieselbe zu vervollkommen, und sie fur die Wissenschaft und die Liebhaber allgemein nutzlich zu machen. K. K. Naturalienkabinettsdirektion, Wien, 31 pp.","Meyer, A. (1932) Acanthocephala. In: Bronns, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen de Tierreichs. Akadeische Verlagsgellschaft, Leipzig, 582 pp."]}