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Aims/background The number of cardiac devices implanted increases year on year, as does the complexity of the patients being managed. A large proportion of this patient group have an indication for anticoagulation, and this raises challenges around the perioperative management of these agents. Method A quality improvement project was conducted to review current practice, understand local experience and improve patient care. Results Following the initial review, local guidelines were updated, the postoperative anticoagulation decision escalated to the responsible clinician and a clearer pathway for communicating the decision created. Conclusions The implemented changes have shown an overall improvement in junior doctor feedback and also clinical documentation in the electronic patient records.

To discuss the benefits of centralization of gynaecological cancer care on patients and the healthcare system and how to overcome its barriers.Evidence demonstrates that adherence to clinical practice management guidelines is more likely; the risk of adverse events is lower; survival is improved; in young women fertility preservation is higher; and cost effectiveness is higher; in systems that employ centralized care for women with gynaecological cancer. Barriers to the uptake of centralized models include knowledge, attitude as well as deficient systems and processes, including a lack of governance and leadership. Collaborative centralization refers to a model that sees both elements (centralization and treatment closer to home) utilized at the patient level that addresses some of the barriers of centralized gynaecological cancer care.Evidence supports centralized gynaecological cancer care, as it results in reduced risks of adverse events, improved survival and higher fertility rates at lower cost to funders. Collaborative centralization is a process that considers both the value of centralization and collaboration amongst healthcare professionals at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of healthcare to benefit patient outcomes.

Background Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare condition due to incomplete delamination of the tricuspid valve (TV) leaflets with downward displacement of the proximal leaflet attachments. It is associated with a smaller functional right ventricle (RV) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) that is typically treated with TV replacement or repair. However, future re-intervention poses challenges. We describe a multidisciplinary team approach to re-intervention in a pacing-dependant Ebstein patient with severe bioprosthetic TV regurgitation. Case summary A 49-year-old female patient underwent bioprosthetic TV replacement for severe TR in Ebstein’s. Post-operatively, she developed complete atrioventricular (AV) block necessitating the implantation of a permanent pacemaker which included a coronary sinus (CS) lead as the ventricular lead. Five years later, she presented with syncope due to a failing ventricular pacing lead, and a new RV lead was positioned across the TV bioprosthesis due to the lack of CS options. Two years later, she presented with breathlessness and lethargy with severe TR identified on transthoracic echocardiography. She successfully underwent a percutaneous leadless pacemaker implant, extraction of existing pacing system, and implantation of valve-in-valve TV. Discussion Patients with Ebstein’s anomaly typically undergo TV repair or replacement. Following surgical intervention, owing to the anatomical location, patients can develop AV block requiring a pacemaker. Pacemaker implantation may involve a CS lead to avoid placing a lead across the new TV in efforts to avoid lead induced TR. Over time, these patients not uncommonly require re-intervention that can be challenging especially in pacing-dependant patients with leads across the TV.

A current limitation of single chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is the lack of an atrial lead to reliably detect atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes. A novel ventricular based atrial fibrillation (VBAF) detection algorithm was created for single chamber ICDs to assess R-R variability for detection of AF.Patients implanted with Visia AF™ ICDs were prospectively enrolled in the Medtronic Product Surveillance Registry from December 15, 2015 to January 23, 2019 and followed with at least 30 days of monitoring with the algorithm. Time to device-detected daily burden of AF ≥ 6 min, ≥6 h, and ≥23 h were reported. Clinical actions after device-detected AF were recorded.A total of 291 patients were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 22.5 ± 7.9 months. Of these, 212 (73%) had no prior history of AF at device implant. However, 38% of these individuals had AF detected with the VBAF algorithm with daily burden of ≥6 min within two years of implant. In these 80 patients with newly detected AF by their ICD, 23 (29%) had a confirmed clinical diagnosis of AF by their provider. Of patients with a clinical diagnosis of AF, nine (39%) were newly placed on anticoagulation, including five of five (100%) patients having a burden23 h.Continuous AF monitoring with the new VBAF algorithm permits early identification and actionable treatment for patients with undiagnosed AF that may improve patient outcomes.

Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), remains the commonest hospital-acquired infection (HAI). This emphasizes the need to implement and monitor effective infection control programs to reduce the risk of CAUTI. Objectives: Aim of the present study was to determine the etiology with antibiotic susceptibility and also to calculate CAUTI rate. Materials and Methods: The Patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU), Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital who were on urinary catheter insertion for >48 hours from 1 August, 2019 to 30 September, 2019 were included in the study. Under aseptic conditions urine samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of CAUTI, the samples were processed in the department of Microbiology, as per standard protocols. Uropathogens were isolated, identified and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test. CAUTI rate was calculated and results were noted. Results: Among 460 patients on catheter in ICU, 28(6%) patients developed clinical signs or symptoms of UTI. Of 28 urine samples cultured, 4(14%) yielded growth of single organis [Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella (1)] and 24(86%) showed no evidence of growth. 2300 catheter days were obtained of 460 patients on indwelling catheter in ICU. Thus CAUTI rate was 1.74 per 1000 catheter days over a 2 month period. Discussion and Conclusion: CAUTI remained a great burden to patient safety and a challenge to the infection control team. Implementation of proper care bundles and continuous education to health care workers plays a key role in reducing the CAUTI rates, thereby decreasing the morbidity and hospital stay to the patients. Keywords: CAUTI, Devise associated, Hospital acquired, UTI, CAUTI rate.

Background: HIV/AIDS poses a significant and one of the most genuine general well-being challenges. For HIV anticipation in the Indian scenario, the main plausible and financially savvy approach that can be adapted is proper training about HIV/AIDS and its various aspects. The present study was embraced to survey the degree of information and awareness about HIV/AIDS among clients attending ICTC facility in our hospital. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 clients, of age >18yrs, attending the ICTC for HIV testing were studied over a period of 3 months. A questionnaire was prepared in regards to the methods of transmission, preventive techniques, mentality towards patient living with HIV/ AIDS and the source of HIV/ AIDS. The response of clients to the questionnaire was recorded. Results: Among 200 participants, 97% were aware that unprotected sex is a mode of HIV transmission and 64% were aware that infected blood transfusion, use of unsterile needles and syringes contribute to other modes of HIV transmission. It was also noted that uneducated clients had a false perception that HIV can be transmitted by drinking water from same glass and by mosquito bite and this was statistically significant compared to educated individuals. The main source of acquiring positive information among the clients regarding HIV was observed to be television (32.5%). Conclusion: Stigma among the general public was mostly due to fear of contracting the illness. There is a requirement for more noteworthy endeavours toward making data with respect to HIV/AIDS accessible to all. The level of awareness regarding HIV/AIDS needs to be elevated among the public. Keywords : HIV, AIDS, Awareness, Education.

AimsHeart failure (HF) is associated with comorbidities which independently influence treatment response and outcomes. This retrospective observational study (January 2020–June 2021) analysed the impact of monthly HF multispecialty multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings to address management of HF comorbidities and thereby on provision, cost of care and HF outcomes.MethodsPatients acted as their own controls, with outcomes compared for equal periods (for each patient) pre (HF MDT) versus post-MDT (multispecialty) meeting. The multispecialty MDT comprised HF cardiologists (primary, secondary, tertiary care), HF nurses, nephrologist, endocrinologist, palliative care, chest physician, pharmacist, clinical pharmacologist and geriatrician. Outcome measures were (1) all-cause hospitalisations, (2) outpatient clinic attendances and (3) cost.Results334 patients (mean age 72.5±11 years) were discussed virtually through MDT meetings and follow-up duration was 13.9±4 months. Mean age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index was 7.6±2.1 and Rockwood Frailty Score 5.5±1.6. Multispecialty interventions included optimising diabetes therapy (haemoglobin A1c-HbA1c pre-MDT 68±11 mmol/mol vs post-MDT 61±9 mmol/mol; pConclusionHF multispecialty virtual MDT model provides integrated, holistic care across all healthcare tiers for management of HF and associated comorbidities. This approach is associated with reduced clinic attendances and all-cause hospitalisations, leading to significant cost savings.

The transition to consultant practice represents an important transition from the role of trainee to trainer. We used the theoretical framework of Threshold Concepts to better understand this transition by analysing data from a broader qualitative study examining the experience of early career Certified Gynaecological Oncologists (CGOs) in Australia and New Zealand.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with CGOs of5 years consultant experience. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, sensitised by the theoretical framework of Threshold Concepts.Seven early career CGOs were interviewed. Analysis resulted in the construction of five main themes related to the trainer role, each demonstrating characteristics of Threshold Concepts: 'Part of becoming and being a consultant'; 'Managing complex work environments and training responsibilities'; 'Optimising near peer relationships'; 'Recency informing evolution of training'; and "'Being responsible and letting go…' - the next transition."The themes offer insights into the areas of the transition to trainer that are troublesome, the impact of negotiating these challenges on professional identity formation, and the strategies used by CGOs to negotiate them. Using the lens of Threshold Concepts, these experiences can be normalised, and supported through efforts to facilitate the development of skills in reflection, feedback, coaching and mentorship.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac rhythm management (CRM) services remain poorly quantified.To describe the impact of COVID-19 on specialist CRM centers in the United Kingdom (UK).Two-center study involving the Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The first nationwide lockdown lasted from April to July 2020 and the second from December 2020 to March 2021.Compared to the pre-pandemic period,During the COVID-19 pandemic, specialist centers in the UK were affected such that the number of procedures performed was greatly reduced in the initial period with latter improvements as better coping strategies were developed.

Introduction: Infections due to Gram-positive bacteria are on a rise, of which those due to Enterococcus spp. form a major part. The shifting pattern of infections caused by Enterococci from novel urinary tract infections to soft tissue and wound infections are increasingly reported. Objective: The aim of the present study is to isolate, speciate Enterococci, determine the antibiotic resistance pattern and to detect vancomycin resistance by E- test. Materials and Methods: All wound swabs, pus samples sent for bacterial culture, irrespective of the diagnosis of the patients which were received to the department of microbiology for a period of one year were included in the study. The samples were processed for isolation, identification and speciation of Enterococci. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance was determined by E-test. Results: A total of 3000 pus samples were received over a period of one year. Out of which 43 isolates were detected as Enterococcus species. Among 43 isolates, 26 were E.faecalis, 17 were E.faecium. In present study, ampicillin resistance was seen in 88% followed by resistance to erythromycin (86%) and clindamycin (72%). High level gentamycin resistance was seen in 28% cases. Vancomycin resistance was not detected in any of the samples. Conclusion: The shifting spectrum of infections due to Enterococcus is gaining inquisitiveness among health care workers especially in the trauma care units. Thus there is a prerequisite to isolate speciate and determine the resistance that helps in holistic health care. Keywords: Enterococci, Soft tissue infection, Antibiotic resistance, Vancomycin resistance, E test.

Background/Aims Implantable cardiac defibrillators reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death in selected patients. The value of an implantable cardiac defibrillator declines as the patient's disease progresses. Guidelines suggest that the appropriateness of maintaining implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy be regularly reviewed as part of monitoring of the patient's disease trajectory. It is recommended that implantable cardiac defibrillators are deactivated as patients approach the end of life. Patients with a better understanding of their current state of health and the role that the implantable cardiac defibrillator plays within it are more likely to make informed decisions about the timing of deactivation. Methods: A quality improvement project was undertaken on appropriate deactivation of implantable cardiac defibrillators within a large tertiary cardiac centre. This was driven by audit data showing inadequate patient communication and documentation around deactivation. Drivers for change included the introduction of electronic data records, clinical review of comorbid patients approaching elective battery change and an ongoing forum for patient and carer education. Measured outcomes included the number of deactivations performed, evidence of patient discussion and consent, and timing of deactivation of the implantable cardiac defibrillator. Results There were increased numbers of timely device deactivations undertaken following the interventions with improved documented evidence of patient discussion and consent. The educational forum was received favourably. Conclusions Focused multidisciplinary interventions can impact favourably on appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator deactivation and improve patient engagement.

Introduction: Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the web spaces and anterior nares among the health care workers is a substantial source of human infections. Screening, detection and treatment of such carriers is an important modality in prevention of infections. Colonized health workers especially in teaching hospitals may subsequently develop clinical infections and act as reservoirs for infection among vulnerable individuals. Objectives: Screening of the nursing staff from various departments including critical and non critical areas, identification and speciation of staphylococcus and determining its resistance to cefoxitin and Mupirocin. Materials and Methods: The study was done in the department of Microbiology, Rajarajeswari medical college and hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka. Two swabs were collected from each health care personnel, one swab from anterior nares and other from the web spaces. Swabs were streaked on to blood agar and MacConkey agar plate and incubated at 37?C for 48hours. Identification done by standard protocols. Susceptibility to cefoxitin and mupirocin was done by Kirby- baeur disc diffusion method. MIC of mupirocin was done E-test method. Results: A total of 200 nursing staff was screened during the study period. Majority of the cultures yielded Coagulase negative staphylococcus followed by no growth from the anterior nares. From the web spaces majority yielded no growth. Out of 78 CONS that were isolated 72 were sensitive to cefoxitin and 8 were resistant. Out of 24 isolated Staphylococcus aureus isolates 20 isolates were sensitive and 4 were resistant to cefoxitin. The MIC values of the four methicillin resistant Staphylococc us aureus were 0.38, 0.25, 0.25, 0.19 which were reported as sensitive strains. Keywords: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, Mupirocin, Nasal carriers, Webspaces, Screening nursing staff.

ObjectiveTo determine the role of vaginal vault cytology as a surveillance tool for the detection of recurrence in patients with early stage cervical cancer treated with hysterectomy without adjuvant therapy.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of all women with cervical cancer treated with a hysterectomy from January 2000 to July 2016 at the Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Australia. Women included were diagnosed with the equivalent of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 stage 1A1 to 1B3 squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma, received either simple or radical hysterectomy with or without pelvic lymph node dissection, and did not receive adjuvant therapy. Age, stage, histology, surgical procedure, and details of individual surveillance regimens including examination findings and indications and results for all vault cytology tests performed in the first 5 years following surgical management were collected.ResultsA total of 155 women met the inclusion criteria. Most cases were FIGO 2018 stage 1B1 (61.9%) and squamous cell carcinoma (64.5%). Included women underwent a median of 80 months of surveillance (range 25–200, IQR 64–108). In the first 5 years of surveillance, there were a total of 1001 vault cytology smears performed, with a median of 6 smears (IQR 5–9) per woman. A total of 19 smears were abnormal (1.9%). Of the cohort of 155 women, 19 (12.3%) had an abnormality detected; 1 (0.65%) had a high-grade intraepithelial abnormality and 2 (1.3%) had recurrences detected on cytology; however, a lesion was also seen and biopsied in all three women. A total of 16 of 1001 smears (1.6%) had low-grade abnormalities detected, all of which resolved with clinical observation only. All were alive and well at last review. There were in total 6 (3.9%) recurrences, 2 (33%) of which had abnormal cytology as above, and all of which had a lesion to biopsy and/or abnormal medical imaging.ConclusionsThe routine use of vaginal vault cytology in surveillance following hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer did not appear to alter the detection of recurrent malignancy.

AimsHeart failure (HF) is associated with multiple co-morbidities which independently influence response to treatment as well as outcomes. This retrospective observational study (January 2020-June 2021) analysed the impact of monthly virtual HF multi-specialty multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meetings to address the management of associated comorbidities and thereby upon provision, cost of care and HF outcomes.MethodsPatients acted as their own controls, with outcomes compared for equal periods (for each patient) pre versus post-MDT meeting. The MDT comprised of HF cardiologists (primary, secondary, tertiary care), HF specialist nurses (hospital, community), nephrologist, endocrinologist, palliative care specialist, chest physician, pharmacist, clinical pharmacologist and geriatrician. Outcome measures were 1) all-cause hospitalisations, 2) outpatient clinic attendances, and 3) cost.Results334 patients (mean age 72.5±11 years) were discussed virtually through MDT meetings and follow-up duration was 13.9 ± 4 months. The mean age-adjusted Charlson Co-morbidity Index was 7.6 ± 2.1 and Rockwood Frailty Score was 5.5 ± 1.6. The mean number of clinic attendances prevented was 1.6 ± 0.4. The total cost of funding monthly meetings for the duration of the study was £32400 and the 64 clinic appointments generated cost £9600. The MDT meetings prevented 534 clinic appointments (cost saving £80,100) and reduced all-cause hospitalisations (pre-MDT meeting 1.1±0.4 vs. 0.6±0.1 post-MDT meeting; pConclusionThe HF multispecialty virtual MDT model provides integration of care across all tiers of healthcare for HF management and a holistic approach addressing associated co-morbidities. This approach can reduce the need for out-patient attendances and all-cause hospitalisations, leading to significant cost-savings.Key questionsWhat is already known about this subject?Heart failure is associated with several co-morbid health conditions (multi-morbidity) which independently influence outcomes as well as response to treatment.What does this study add?This study assesses the impact of multispecialty multi-morbidity input into the management of co-morbidities and thereby the effect upon all-cause outcomes.How might this impact on clinical practice?Results of this study illustrate that multi-speciality management of comorbidities associated with heart failure, may not only improve all-cause outcomes but could also prove to be cost-beneficial.

To determine the feasibility of a double-blinded randomized, placebo-controlled study in determining the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing postoperative infections (POIs) in elective nonhysterectomy laparoscopic procedures for benign gynecologic conditions.Double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.University-affiliated tertiary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia.Women older than 18 years undergoing elective nonhysterectomy laparoscopic procedures for benign gynecologic conditions were eligible for the study and approached.Before surgery, participants were randomized to receive either 2-g cephazolin or placebo (10-mL normal saline) administered by the anesthetist. Participants and other research staff were blinded to group allocation.The primary outcome was study feasibility measured by recruitment rates, compliance rates of drug administration, compliance rates of delivery, maintenance of double blinding, and follow-up rates. Secondary outcomes included rate of POIs, length of hospitalization, readmission to hospital, unscheduled presentations to healthcare facilities, and antibiotic-related reactions. Between February 2019 and March 2021, 170 patients were approached with 117 participants (68.8%) recruited and randomized. The study had a high compliance rate of trial drug delivery (95.7%) and a high follow-up rate (99.1%).This pilot study has demonstrated feasibility of a large-scale study with a recruitment rate of 68% of patients approached and excellent trial drug delivery and follow-up rates. As anticipated, it is underpowered for identifying clinically significant findings for POI rates. A large-scale study is appropriate and essential to determine the health-related risks of antibiotic prophylaxis with an emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship. The sample size for a large-scale study is 1678 participants based on infection rates in this pilot study.

Heart Failure is frequently associated with several comorbidities such as ischaemic heard disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and frailty. This level of complexity is best dealt with by a multispecialty multidisciplinary team (MDT) model. This was a single centre observational study (January 2020-December 2020) that was undertaken in a British university hospital looking at effect of HF multispecialty virtual MDT meetings on HF outcomes. Patients acted as their own controls outcomes compared for equal period pre versus post MDT meeting. The multi-specialty meeting was conducted once monthly via video-conferencing. It consisted of heart failure cardiologists (from primary secondary and tertiary care), heart failure specialist nurses (hospital and community), nephrologist, endocrinologist, palliative care specialists, chest physician, pharmacist, pharmacologist and geriatrician. Recommendations were made as consensus from the multispecialty meeting. The main outcome measures were 1) number of hospitalisations and 2) outpatient clinic attendances 3) cost savings. A total of 189 patients were discussed from January-December 2020. This was uninterrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean age was 70.3±18.1 years and median follow-up 6 months (range 1–13 months). The mean Charlson Co-morbidity score was 5.3±1.2 and Rockwood Frailty Score was 4.9±1. The mean number of outpatient clinic attendances avoided was 1.7±0.4. This reduced inconvenience to patients, saved patients money (transport and parking costs) and led to carbon footprint reduction. The MDT meeting total costs were £15,400 and the 31 clinic appointments they generated cost an estimated £3720. However, the MDT meetings prevented 277 clinic appointments (cost saving £33,352). Finally, the mean number of hospitalisations pre-MDT was 0.7 Vs 0.2 post MDT (p The HF multispecialty virtual MDT approach provides seamless integration of primary care community services with secondary and tertiary care. Consensus decision from MDT meetings provides holistic approach for HF patients with comorbidities and frailty, and reduces inconvenience to patients by preventing the need to attend multiple specialty clinics. This approach can also lead to significant cost-savings to the healthcare system. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious health care-associated infection. It prolongs hospital stay and drives up hospital costs reporting high morbidity and mortality. VAP is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48h or more after endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, caused by infectious agents not present or incubating at the time mechanical ventilation.VAP requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of the appropriate antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The present study was done in the department of Microbiology, Rajarajeswari Medical college, Bangalore. All the clinically suspected cases of VAP from intensive care units over a period of one year were included in the study. Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from all patients and processed . Identification was carried out according to standard biochemical tests. Sensitivity pattern was determined using Kirby-bauer disc diffusion according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 160 patients, who were on mechanical ventilation, 7 patients fulfilled the clinical and microbiological criteria. Incidence of VAP in our study is 4.4 and incidence density is 10.5 for 1000 ventilator days.57% of bacterial isolates were found to be Acinetobacter spp. followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 29% and Klebsiella pneumoniae 14%. Among 7 cases, 3(43%) were Early onset, 4(57%) were late onset VAP. Discussion and Conclusion: Even in the era of advanced medical care VAP remains a major challenge. The risk of developing VAP can be reduced by VAP prevention care bundles. Timely diagnosis is a major step to initiate appropriate antibiotics for better outcomes. Both patients and units are at risk of developing multidrug–resistant organisms and therefore appropriate antibiotic stewardship is essential. Better knowledge of local patterns of pathogens causing VAP can help facilitate treatment choice, in turn reducing the ventilator days and hospital stay.

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a recently described inflammatory and scarring type of hair loss affecting almost exclusively women. Despite a dramatic recent increase in incidence the aetiopathogenesis of FFA remains unknown. We undertake genome-wide association studies in females from a UK cohort, comprising 844 cases and 3,760 controls, a Spanish cohort of 172 cases and 385 controls, and perform statistical meta-analysis. We observe genome-wide significant association with FFA at four genomic loci: 2p22.2, 6p21.1, 8q24.22 and 15q2.1. Within the 6p21.1 locus, fine-mapping indicates that the association is driven by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. At 2p22.1, we implicate a putative causal missense variant in CYP1B1, encoding the homonymous xenobiotic- and hormone-processing enzyme. Transcriptomic analysis of affected scalp tissue highlights overrepresentation of transcripts encoding components of innate and adaptive immune response pathways. These findings provide insight into disease pathogenesis and characterise FFA as a genetically predisposed immuno-inflammatory disorder driven by HLA-B*07:02., Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) features lichenoid cutaneous inflammation and scarring hair loss. Here, Tziotzios et al. identify four genetic loci associated with FFA by GWAS followed by Bayesian fine-mapping, co-localisation and HLA imputation which highlights HLA-B*07:02 as a risk factor.

Aims/Background Heart failure affects approximately 1 million people in the UK, adversely affecting quality of life, functional capacity and cognitive health. Iron deficiency complicates heart failure in approximately 50% of patients. Giving intravenous ferric carboxymaltose has been shown to improve quality of life in patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association class and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire). Methods A quality improvement project was designed to assess the feasibility, safety and cost implications of establishing an intravenous iron service in the authors' centre. Results Between July and December 2019 61 patients who were screened met the inclusion criteria and were administered intravenous ferric carboxymaltose. There were statistically significant improvements in ferritin levels (83.3 ug/litre to 433 ug/litre; PConclusions Intravenous iron replacement with ferric carboxymaltose is safe and cost effective, and should be considered in eligible iron-deficient patients with symptomatic heart failure. Integration with another day case intravenous service represented the most logistically simple and economically viable method of service delivery.

Background/Introduction Heart Failure is frequently associated with several comorbidities such as ischaemic heard disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and frailty. This level of complexity is best dealt with by a multispecialty multidisciplinary team (MDT) model. Methods This was a single centre observational study (January 2020-December 2020) that was undertaken in a British university hospital looking at effect of HF multispecialty virtual MDT meetings on HF outcomes. Patients acted as their own controls outcomes compared for equal period pre versus post MDT meeting. The multi-specialty meeting was conducted once monthly via video-conferencing. It consisted of heart failure cardiologists (from primary secondary and tertiary care), heart failure specialist nurses (hospital and community), nephrologist, endocrinologist, palliative care specialists, chest physician, pharmacist, pharmacologist and geriatrician. Recommendations were made as consensus from the multispecialty meeting. The main outcome measures were 1) number of hospitalisations and 2) outpatient clinic attendances 3) cost savings. Results A total of 189 patients were discussed from January- December 2020. This was uninterrupted during the COVID- 19 pandemic. The mean age was 70.3 ± 18.1 years and median follow-up 6 months (range 1-13 months). The mean Charlson Co-morbidity score was 5.3 ± 1.2 and Rockwood Frailty Score was 4.9 ± 1. The mean number of outpatient clinic attendances avoided was 1.7 ± 0.4. This reduced inconvenience to patients, saved patients money (transport and parking costs) and led to carbon footprint reduction. The MDT meeting total costs were £15,400 and the 31 clinic appointments they generated cost an estimated £3720. However, the MDT meetings prevented 277 clinic appointments (cost saving £33,352). Finally, the mean number of hospitalisations pre-MDT was 0.7 Vs 0.2 post MDT (p

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus states complete extraction is recommended for all patients with definite cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. Although complete removal of hardware is the best way to manage infections, lead extraction is a complex procedure with significant risk. As age and complexity of patients increase so too does extraction risk. In very high risk cases conservative management is cited, though little is known on outcomes. Purpose We are a high volume tertiary centre which serves a population of 2 million. 2 experienced operators perform 65 extraction procedures per year for the past 10 years. We report our experience of device reburial as initial management of CIED pre-erosion and erosion in cases deemed too high risk for extraction. Method We retrospectively reviewed all reburial procedures undertaken over 9 years. Patient and lead factors influencing decisions were assessed. Information on number of leads, dwell time, prior procedure, infective status and comorbidity was collated. The outcomes included morbidity, defined by repeat procedure (revision and/or extraction) and mortality. Results 86 patients underwent 96 procedures from March 2013 until August 2020. All patients undergoing device reburial were included. 55.8% of patients were male, mean age was 73. 21 patients died, 7 of these deaths occurred within 12 months of the index reburial procedure. The mean follow up period was 39 months (range 5–90). 65.1% of patients had a procedure (de novo implant, upgrade or replacement) within 12 months prior to revision. We reviewed patients in 2 subgroups based on revision indication – erosion and pre-erosion. Erosion was defined as externalised lead/device. Pre-erosion was defined as superficial device with skin tethering but no exposure. The former is a definite indication for lead extraction, the latter a relative indication. All in the pre-erosion group were systemically well with no infection evident. One patient with erosion had a positive blood culture. The mean age in the erosion group was 85 years with a Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) 4.98 and lead dwell time 17.87 years compared to age 68 years, CFS 3.98 and dwell time 8.14 years in the pre-erosion group. Patients in this cohort with an eroded device were deemed too high risk to undergo transvenous lead extraction. A higher proportion of patients presenting with erosion died within 12 months of the index reburial procedure (16.67% vs 4.84%). 21% with an eroded device and 11% with a pre-eroding device undergoing reburial as first line management required future extraction. Conclusion Our 9 year data suggests less invasive intervention is a valid option in high risk groups such as older age, frailty, long lead dwell time, with an acceptable incidence of reintervention and/or extraction. This data can help guide informed consent in the future.

The essence of appropriate nutritional intake on a regular basis has a great impact in maintaining fundamental physiological functions and the body metabolism. Considering how pivotal maintaining a nourishing fat diet is to human health, Omega-3 fatty acids have gained a lot of attention in recent times. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA are considered as essential fatty acids (EFAs) offering enormous nutritional benefits: from playing a major role in the prevention and treatment of a number of human diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders and neurological disorders, to having anti-inflammatory properties, to providing joint support, etc. Hence, their incorporation into our daily diet is of great importance. Also, both EPA and DHA have been shown to be therapeutically significant in treating several infectious diseases. EFAs were initially thought to be marine in origin, produced by fishes. Consequentially, this led to the increase in the industrial extraction of fish oils for meeting the commercial need for of n-3-rich dietary supplements. Although fish oil supplementation met almost all of the dietary demand for EFAs, they did come with a fair share of drawbacks such as undesirable odour and flavour, heavy metal contamination, extinction of fish species, etc. Oleaginous micro-organisms are a promising alternative for the production of a more sustainable, consistent and quality production of n-3 FAs. Thus, the entire review focuses on understanding the eco-friendlier production of n-3 FAs by micro-organisms.

Exopolysaccharide is long-chain high molecular weight polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkage, which are secreted extracellularly by the secreting microscopic cell or organism. These exopolysaccharides can be either homopolysaccharide or heteropolysaccharide in nature. Exopolysaccharide comprises repeated units of sugar moieties attached to the carrier lipid and can be associated with proteins, lipids, organic and inorganic compounds, and metal ions. Bacteria, archaea, yeast, filamentous fungi, and single cell of eukaryotes produce microbial exopolysaccharides. Microbial synthesis of polysaccharides is greatly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, pressure, salinity, toxicity, and radiation levels across their ecological niche. Due to the very less production time of exopolysaccharides and its simple purification process, these have found various successful applications in various industrial sectors such as pharmacology, diagnostics, nutraceuticals, functional foods, cosmetics, herbicides and insecticides, bioremediation, biotechnology, petrochemicals, dairy industry, and paint industry. Some of the most important exopolysaccharides and its industrial applications are Acetan (as preservative), Alternan (as commercial gum Arabic), Biodispersion (as remediation of oil spills), Cellulose (as non-indigestible fiber), Curdlan (as a food additive and gelling agent), Dextran (as moisturizers), Emulsan (as crude oil recoveree), Gellan (as stabilizer and microencapsulation matrix), Hyaluronan (as for the removal of dead cells in skincare products), Kefiran (as anti-cancer agents), Levan (as viscosifier), Mutan (as adhesives), Succinoglucan (as emulsion stabilizers), Welan (as thickening agents in high-temperature industries), Xanthan (as an emulsifier and suspending agent), and Pullulan (as orally consumable films). These exopolysaccharides are produced by bacterial species such as Acetobacter, Pseudomonas, Leuconostoc, Alteromonas, Alcaligenes, Lactobacillus, Zymomonas, Xanthomonas, Aureobasidium (fungus). These compounds are purified by techniques such as membrane filtration, dialysis, precipitation, various types of column chromatography, lyophilization, distillation, and rotatory vaporization. This chapter describes different isolation and purification techniques for microbial exopolysaccharides.

The dairy industry is regarded as an important food industry that provides everyone with different nutrients containing dairy products. In addition to these nutritional qualities, the dairy industry is seen as a strong source of other industries’ raw materials. Most notably, the dairy industry utilizes environmentally friendly innovations that conserve energy. Membrane separation technology is one of those that also focuses on a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable way that can be widely implemented for many useful purposes in the dairy industry. Technological developments related to the production of new membranes, process engineering improvements and a greater understanding of the functionality of milk components have expanded the range of processes of membrane separation to cover the entire milk composition spectrum. Advanced membrane processes make it possible to recover and purify milk components. It also improves the shelf life of milk without heat treatment exposure, standardizes the milk components for the tailoring of milk products and increases the yield.