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Introduction. Lexicographic sources in Old Kalmyk are of particular importance for studies of Kalmyk historical phonetics. Such earliest sources include a variety of dictionaries and wordlists compiled by German scholars engaged in the research of Imperial Russia’s peoples — including Kalmyks — and languages between the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The definite linguistic value is that those are records of colloquial language made by ‘external’ observers unfamiliar with oral-to-writing rules inherent to Oirat (Old Kalmyk) Script. If compared to written texts from the same period usually characterized by classical/literary language forms, such records would reflect the then Kalmyk phonetic features in a more accurate manner. Goals. The paper attempts an analysis into grapho-phonetic peculiarities inherent to the Kalmyk language throughout the mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Materials and methods. The study focuses on Kalmyk wordlists compiled by G. Doerfer (Ältere Westeuropäische Quellen zür Kalmückischen Sprachgeschichte, 1965) from G. F. Müller’s Sammlung Russischer Geschichte (1760–1762) and B. Bergman’s Nomadische Streifereien unter den Kalmȕken in den Jahren 1802 und 1803 (1804–1805). The wordlists have been formatted to MS Excel, each entry to contain the authors’ spelling, German/Russian translations, and a modern literary form — to be further uploaded onto the LingvoDoc platform for comparative analysis with Proto-Mongolic and contemporary standard Kalmyk patterns. Results. The insight into the Old Kalmyk graphophonetic system articulated in G. F. Müller and B. Bergman’s publications makes it possible to conclude as follows. All the involved dictionaries and wordlists (including ones by P. S. Pallas and J. H. Klaproth) contain some archaic features of Old Kalmyk (from the examined period) that coincide with Proto-Mongolic forms (o — std. Kalm. ɵ, ai — a, u — ү), and innovative ones (e — std. Kalm. ɵ (Proto-Mongolic *ö), ä — e, ü — ө, o — у) that differ from both Proto-Mongolic and modern Kalmyk. It can be assumed that these were characteristic of Old Kalmyk in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries at large — and not just for individual dialects. As for the consonant system, the correspondence k / c — std. Kalm. х is present only in G. F. Müller’s materials, where one can also find double spelling patterns for some lexemes with [k] and [ch] (e.g., kogur / chojor, kori / chori). This may indicate the archaic feature started to vanish in the 1760s and virtually disappeared by the early nineteenth century, since in materials of B. Bergman and J. H. Klaproth the correspondence can be traced only in spelling patterns of the verbal affix -kö. The correspondences tz — std. Kalm. ч and sch — ч have been discovered in both G. F. Müller and B. Bergman’s wordlists, which attests to these be viewed as phonetic features of Old Kalmyk from the period under consideration. Some correspondences identified in the examined wordlists (b — std. Kalm. в, e — ɵ, o — ɵ, i — ү, ö — ү, o / oo — у) are found in modern Buzava and Dorbet dialects, as well as in Orenburg and Ural subdialects.

Introduction. Lexicographic sources are of special value in the studies on the history of any language. As for Kalmyk language, the earliest sources of such kind dating back to the second half of the 18th century are an anonymous Russian-Kalmyk dictionary published by Kalmyk researchers in 2014 and Latin-Russian-Kalmyk dictionary by Adrian Sokolov (1769–1771), which has yet to be introduced into scientific circulation. This paper aims to provide a general description of A. Sokolov's dictionary and to analyze some grapho-phonetic features of the Kalmyk language of the second half of the 18th century. The study is based on “Kalmükisch Vocabularium von Studenten Adrian Sokolov in den Jahren 1769, 1770 und 1771” stored in collections of National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg). The dictionary consists of 76 pages and includes 1,785 Kalmyk words. We compiled the Russian-Kalmyk part of the dictionary and added modern literary Kalmyk forms, after that the dictionary materials were uploaded to Lingvodoc platform to provide comparative analysis with Proto-Mongolic and contemporary literary Kalmyk forms. Results. The particular value of this dictionary is that it contains an author's Cyrillic transcription of Kalmyk words, made by an outside observer unfamiliar with the rules of the literary (written) language, and therefore more accurately (in our opinion) reflecting the characteristics of Kalmyk oral speech of this period. The correspondences established in the dictionary, such as e — lit. Kalm. ө (Proto-Mongolic *e), o — lit. Kalm. ɵ, ai / oi — lit. Kalm. a, i — lit. Kalm. ү, b — lit. Kalm. в, coincide with Proto-Mongolic reflexes and can be characterized as archaic features of the Kalmyk language of the second half of the 18th century. They are also found in the Kalmyk wordlists made by German scholars of the same period, such as G. F. Müller (1760–1762), P. S. Pallas (1771, 1776–1789), B. Bergman (1804–1805), and J. G. Klaproth (1831). This allows us to conclude that these linguistic features were typical for the Kalmyk language of this period as a whole, and not just for separate dialects. The innovative correspondences such as e — lit. Kalm. ɵ (Proto-Mongolic *ö), o — lit. Kalm. у, and ts — lit. Kalm. ч are also found in the abovementioned wordlists, which may indicate the fact that they were supra-dialectal. The correspondences io — lit. Kalm. ү, u — lit. Kalm. ө, u — lit. Kalm. ү are only found in B. Bergman's materials, who recorded, supposedly, Derbet dialect of the Kalmyk language. Thus, we can suggest that the dictionary by A. Sokolov also reflects the dialectal features of Derbet dialect of the Kalmyk language of the second half of 18th century.

The article presents the Czech relative pronouns with the archaic enclitic particle -ž, which is perceived as a postfix (kdož, což, kterýž), outlining their development, frequency of usage, stylistic distribution as well as possibilities of their stylistic use in 21st-century texts. The corpus data show significant differences between the frequency of the pronouns kterýž and kdo on the one hand, and the frequency of the pronoun což on the other. The study aims to explain the frequency difference by the diverse syntactic behaviour of these expressions. While the pronouns co and což have different syntactic functions in contemporary Czech, adding the postfix “-ž” to the pronouns kdo a který does not change their syntactic function, only their stylistic value. The corpus research was focused on the occurrence of pronouns kdož and kterýž in contemporary journalistic texts, because it could be assumed that, at least for the most part, it would not be quotations from old texts. The study was based on the analysis of authentic texts from the Czech National Corpus, specifically from the corpora of contemporary written Czech SYN 2010 and SYN 2020, and from the diachronic corpus DIACORP (v 6), containing Czech written texts from the 14th to the 20th century.

The characteristics, structures and hierarchies of the value world are considered. The ways of cognition of value and its ontological status are identified. The nature and specificity of value judgments is given. The study examines the problem of theoretical and conceptual positions, principles and methods of law and their axiological significance; the issues of modern social economics and legal nature are analyzed; the axiological significance of the principles of civil law in modern conditions is determined. Theoretical and practical aspects of the axiology of the principles of modern law are established and disclosed; it was concluded that the axiological significance of the principles of law is constant and stable and does not depend on historical or socio-economic conditions; it has been confirmed that legal axiology as a research type of legal philosophy is capable of elevating value transformations in the system of legal reality to the level of self-reflection of law as a form of social consciousness.

This article will explore the role of what Ricoeur calls 'archaism' in his work on the third aporia of time in Time and Narrative. Presented in some detail in the conclusion of the third volume, the concept remains undeveloped. In this article we will identify the three characteristics, two forms and three dispositional states (praise, lamentation and hope) that help us to understand it, specifically in the Augustinian context. We have two main goals. We need to see whether there is a problem of origins in the Aristotelian cosmological conception of time as movement and succession and in the Augustinian psychological conception of time in respect of past, present and future against the limit of the Eternal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material culture of the late Middle Kingdom is marked by an increased presence of figurines in different materials, pooled together by a common range of forms, types, and iconographic or stylistic motifs. The subjects and variety of these figurines do not find any precedent in the recent past, while – unexpectedly – the closest comparanda go back to the early/mid-third millennium BC, in the votive material of the so-called Early Dynastic temples with a gap of over half a millennium. The figurines from the Early Dynastic Period overlap with the corpus of the Middle Kingdom to a considerable and unexpected extent, so much that they could be possibly considered their forerunners or, indeed, their prototypes. During the late Middle Kingdom, royal initiatives to preserve and restore Early Dynastic sites and structures are well documented. This practice may have led to the rediscovery and absorption (by copying and reinventing) of earlier images and motifs into contemporary material production, as might be the case of the late Middle Kingdom figurines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some assumptions about historical English spelling, in particular the idea that historical orthographies, in the absence of standardisation, naturally tend to a close spelling-sound correspondence. It focuses on the group of Early Middle English texts copied by the Tremulous Hand of Worcester in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, and addresses the question to what extent it is fair to consider them representative of an archaising strategy, a product of antiquarian interest. It is suggested that, while the texts copied by the Tremulous Hand, like most Middle English copied texts, are likely to carry over some features from their exemplars, they reflect a competent use of English as a living written medium and are consistent with other twelfth- and thirteenth-century writing systems. Accordingly, there seems to be no reason to assume a specifically antiquarian motivation behind the Tremulous Hand’s spelling choices. Rather, they reflect three basic features that are present throughout the history of English writing: conventionality, complexity and the use of substitution sets.

The loss of national pride of the Iranians since the beginning of the Qajar era as a result of numerous defeats at the hands of Russia and England, and the chaotic consequences of economic and political relations with them, provided the necessary intellectual basis for intellectuals to find the causes of weakness. Among the factors that some pre-constitutional intellectuals focused on in this area was ancient nationalism. Although during the constitutional era, the dominant form of nationalism took on an anti-authoritarian and anti-colonial face, and its antiquarian approach became less important than before, attention to it matured again with the end of the First World War. With the rise to power of Pahlavi I, archaic nationalism became one of the main ideologies of nation-building for government officials. The development of Kasravi's ideas took place at such a time. The present study tries to answer this question by using historical method and analytical descriptive approach: what was Kasravi's attitude towards promoting the discourse of archaic nationalism as a thinker? The results of the research show that although Kasravi was interested in the history of ancient Iran, he opposed some of the extreme components of the antiquarians and considered their promotion as one of the factors weakening national unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the idea of traditionalism and the main works of Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), who is a Romanian, French and American religious scholar and one of the founders of the religious studies field. The classic work "Shamanism: Archaic Methods of Ecstasy" (1951) was also analyzed, which received special attention among the scientist's works. The main directions of scientific research are religious studies, analysis of the idea of traditionalism, which goes beyond the field of view of religions in the modern era of globalization. Based on the works of Eliade, the significance of materialist and rationalist positions, the phenomena of formalism and traditionalism in the era of technical development is clarified. Defining the traditionalist critical cultural movement developing in Europe, conducting a comparative analysis of current problems of society. Analysis of scientific findings taking into account the period and environment of writing scientific texts. The article also discusses how scholars in the humanities and social sciences responded to Eliade's book, how Eliade's view of shamanism inspired many spiritual seekers in the West in the 1960s and 1970s, and later, with the advent of postmodernism, examining criticism of his view of shamanism as the universal "core" faith or religion of humanity. The main result of the study is the presentation of the main classical sources of religious studies, taking into account the fact that Eliade's research in the field of domestic religious studies has not yet been studied. The value of the research conducted in the article lies in Eliade's desire to use traditionalist ideology in modern religions to solve modern problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bamboo & Silk is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is dedicated to the history of old lexemes from the conceptual field of zabawa [play], which today are already archaisms: krotochwila [joke], krotochwilić [to joke], kłam [a lie], przekwint/przekwinta [excessive elegance] and wydwarzanie [playing jokes]. The text is a contribution to the analysis of Polish ludic vocabulary in the diachronic aspect. The analysis is based on dictionaries and corpuses of historical Polish. A review of the history of just a few lexemes showed that, within the concept of ZABAWA, changes were taking place which included the withdrawal of lexemes present in this conceptual field from the beginning. These changes concerned both words whose presence in the field was strongly marked (krotochwilić, krotochwila), as well as those that appeared in it only occasionally (przekwinta, wydwarzanie). Regardless of this, all of them eventually left not only the conceptual field of PLAY, but also the Polish language in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some assumptions about historical English spelling, in particular the idea that historical orthographies, in the absence of standardisation, naturally tend to a close spelling-sound correspondence. It focuses on the group of Early Middle English texts copied by the Tremulous Hand of Worcester in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, and addresses the question to what extent it is fair to consider them representative of an archaising strategy, a product of antiquarian interest. It is suggested that, while the texts copied by the Tremulous Hand, like most Middle English copied texts, are likely to carry over some features from their exemplars, they reflect a competent use of English as a living written medium and are consistent with other twelfth- and thirteenth-century writing systems. Accordingly, there seems to be no reason to assume a specifically antiquarian motivation behind the Tremulous Hand's spelling choices. Rather, they reflect three basic features that are present throughout the history of English writing: conventionality, complexity and the use of substitution sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the use of archaization as a strategy of aesthetic translation in rendering modern Japanese fiction into Chinese. The "classical" style, which resurged at the end of the twentieth century after decades of active championing of the vernacular in China, has been deployed in domesticating major Japanese fictional works originally written in quite different registers. Through close textual analyses of Tanizaki Jun'ichirō's "Portrait of Shunkin (1933)," Kawabata Yasunari's Snow Country (1935–1947), and Murakami Haruki's Norwegian Wood (1987), this article shows how the inclusion of elements from the literary language significantly reshapes the source texts for the Chinese audience and how attempts were made to justify these stylistic deviations. In reading these cases against the belles infidèles tradition in seventeenth-century France and contemporary translation theories that favor foreignization, one sees the underlying ideology that led to the preference for "elegant paraphrase" in the late twentieth-century China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic aim of the article is to present a body of scholarly material which has not been included in the lexicographical publication entitled „Słownik frazeologizmów z archaizmami. Pamiątki przeszłości” because of the methodological assumptions which have been adopted. The text takes into account selected terminological combinations, with special reference to those which gained currency in colloquial usage e.g.: bieg wsteczny ‘reverse gear’, lusterko wsteczne ‘rear view mirror’, dom zdrojowy ‘spa’, katar sienny ‘hay fever’, udar mózgu ‘stroke’, wotum zaufania ‘motion of confidence’, wotum nieufności ‘motion of no confidence’, ząb sieczny ‘incisor (tooth)’.

The article examines the differences in two copies of the Old Bulgarian translation of In quatriduanum Lazarum II by John Chrysostom on textological, grammatical and lexical levels. And although Codex Suprasliensis and NIM24 are three centuries apart, it turns out that the late Serbian copy has preserved archaic elements of the original translation, some of which are missing in Codex Suprasliensis. The lengthy transmission of the text is the reason for the partial changes in NIM24 at the level of text, morphosyntax and vocabulary, but the language of the translation can be traced back to the same archetype as the language of the translation in Codex Suprasliensis. The results of the study demonstrate that when attributing a translation, it is necessary to attract late copies as well, because they always bear traces of the initial translation. In this way, the linguistic evidence providing information on the prototranslation is complemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study the functional and semantic characteristics of proverbs and sayings characterized by an anthropocentric orientation, which correlates with the modern regulatory-activity paradigm of studying objects of language and speech. The purpose of the study is a multi-aspect study of paremias with obligatory archaic lexemes reflecting the ethno-cultural realities of the Karachay-Balkarian ethnos. To achieve this goal, the article solves the tasks that are focused on determining the register of paremias with archaisms and historicisms, identifying and describing their functional and semantic features, as well as ethno-cultural significance. The material of the study was the paroemias selected by continuous sampling from the available collections of Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings. The choice of methods of linguistic analysis is determined by the specifics of the material under study. In the work, along with the descriptive method, elements of conceptual, cognitive analyses are used in the context of the problems of ethnolinguistics and linguofolcloristics. Of the particular methods of semantic analysis, taxonomy and linguoculturological interpretation are used. The analysis of the available factual material allows us to come to the conclusion that, according to the lexico-semantic status, archaic words are divided into lexical and semantic archaisms. From the point of view of partial origin, obsolete words are mostly represented by nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which there are both regionalisms and dialectisms belonging to various lexical and thematic groups. Archaic lexemes, due to their ethno-cultural significance, contribute to the reflection of important segments of the Karachay-Balkar linguistic picture of the world encoded in the paroemias.of the Karachay-Balkar linguistic picture of the world encoded in the paroemias.

The main question of the present article is what is the beginning of the birth and emergence of the racial reading in the history of Iran. (zero degree) and on the basis of which discourse formulation, this racial reading of history as a comprehensive discourse order in contemporary Iranian historiography (from the Qajar period to the end of Pahlavi II reign), found a discourse definition and became hegemonic, and what results it produced. Akhundzadeh and Kermani, as subjects of the racial reading discourse in Iran, were the first ones who promoted the anti-Arab ideology and by presenting a systematic and systematic analysis of the racial reading, made it a discourse formulation in Iranian historiography. In paleontological language and from the perspective of the analysis of thought systems, the racial thoughts of Akhundzadeh and Kermani in Iranian historiography acted as forces that created their own subjects as discourse systems. Akhundzadeh, Kermani and Jalaluddin Mirza took advantage of the texts of the Azarkivians (Safavid period) as "ideological" texts, in the role of primary carriers and subjects of contemporary, antiquarian and racial discourse. The order of discourse resulting from the racist reading of Iranian romantic nationalists can be found in the works and writings of historians after them, such as Hassan Pirnia, Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani, Saeed Nafisi, Ebrahim Pourdaoud, Zabihullah Safa, Gholamreza Rashid Yasmi, and other historians and intellectuals after Akhundzadeh and Kermani. These historians and intellectuals, as the subjects of this discourse and in the same framework and discourse space of racial reading of Iran's history, in writing their historical works, will definitely dedicate a chapter or an important part of their books to racial discussions with the titles of "Iranian race", "Aryan race" ", Khoon Irani and... have been dedicated, which clearly shows the determination of the discursive order of racial reading in Iranian historiography. This racial historiography and reading with the sanctification and empathetic emphasis on the "Sasanian" dynasty as a utopia was connected with the racist and antiquarian discourse and found a discourse determination and became hegemonic in the historiography of contemporary Iran. As a result of speech systems resulting from Nejadi's reading of Iranian history, the theoretical grounds for "blaming" Iranians (specifically Arabs) and "considering them the cause of all the misfortunes of Iranians" were provided.

Mustafa Zarir from Erzurum is one of the great authors of Turkic literature. His latest translation "One Hundred Hadiths and One Hundred Stories", is considered to be the first collection of 100 hadiths written in Turkic. This work, written in prose, is written in a simple, fluent Turkic, with short sentences like other works of the time. This written monument has a great significance thanks to its lexicon, vocabulary, phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic features. This work, 20 manuscripts of which are known to the world of science recently, is rich in old Turkic words, as well as, with lexically archaic verbs. It should be noted that many of these verbs, which are considered archaic for the modern Azerbaijani literary language, are still used in Turkish. This last work of Mustafa Zarir, written in prose, provides a number of valuable facts about the early periods when the written branch of the Azerbaijani literary language was formed. The careful research on this written monument that has a great significance for the history of Azerbaijani-Turkic language is important to solve the problems on the formation of written literary language in Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saqqara in particular, and the Memphite necropolis in general, constituted the arena for the prolific and significant monumental self-presentations of Prince Khaemwaset, fourth son of King Ramesses II (c. 1279–1213 BCE). The present paper explores the role of the prince in fashioning a persona that addressed past, present and future audiences. This discussion is used to contextualise results of the 2009 Saqqara Geophysical Survey Project, showing the greater-than-expected extent of the New Kingdom necropolis south of the Unas Causeway. It considers responses to the deep palimpsest of the sacred landscape of the Memphite necropolis by—and later commemorations within it of—this notable Ramesside individual.

Archaisms have always been present in the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy and efforts have been made to preserve and incorporate them. The twelfth edition stands out for its abundant increase in these words to make up for the lack of a specific dictionary of archaisms. Those that were included were mostly formal variants of words in use and they had two characteristics: they were documented for the first time in this edition of the dictionary (others that had appeared before and later removed were reintegrated) and they are preserved even in the latest edition. This occurred at a time when the rehabilitation of archaisms was being promoted as a way to preserve tradition, promote proper language use, and counteract neologisms and loan words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is focused on one of the few plays for children by the Bulgarian poet and playwright Stefan Tsanev. On the basis of some poetical specifics in the text of The most wonderful Wonder is formulated a hypothesis about the ‘strategy’ of this work as an actualization of phoneticism of the language. In this sense the form of the play is analyzed as a demonstration of the archaic and even the paleolinguistic aspect of the language i.e. of its asemanticity. In this way are interpreted the names of the characters, which are only letters, and the poetic figures with homonymy, paronymy, onomatopoeia etc. The form of the dramatic work is analyzed in relation to the allegorical narrative of a starving primitive tribe which literally degrades to the apes. The one of the main characters – the chief and shaman called U is understood as an ambivalent figure of the speech, as a figure of the both political demagoguery and mystical poetic speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the interdiction convergence on the example of evolutionary changes in lexical semantics of poetic language. The current study contributes to the development of the methodology for studying the language evolutionary processes. The paper describes certain trends of dynamic changes and their specifics; it gives some prediction about the further lexis convergence of different types of functional styles. The findings contribute to the development of lexicography which is going to reflect not only static but also dynamic characteristics of lexical units including stylistic ones. The subjectivity of labeling poetic vocabulary in dictionaries can be partially removed through the analysis of corpus data by comparing frequency indices in different subsections, however this method is not always accurate, moreover, it doesnt effectively trace evolutionary changes. The data from the psycholinguistic experiments can help reveal the dynamics of changes. On the one hand, the results of scaling show the extent of poetry in connotative meanings; on the other hand, the open-response associative experiment allows us to calculate the archaization index of a lexeme through summing up the numerical values of certain selected parameters. The research gives obvious evidence of active archaization of some specific poetic lexemes. The findings also prove that the dynamic changes in stylistic connotation are not synchronous with the changes in the denotative layer of a lexical unit.

Introduction: Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech.The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation?, what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry?, and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? Methodology: No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. Results and Discussion: The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque "in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

Once considered safe, the Kankanaey (a Northern Philippine language) language now faces risks due to code-switching, linguistic discrimination, and language dominance. These issues lead to the replacement of traditional words with borrowed terms, resulting in archaism. This study investigated archaism in the Kankanaey language within Barangay Suyoc, in Mankayan, Benguet, Philippines. Using a mixed-method sequential explanatory design, a group elicitation method and survey were employed for the quantitative phase, while a focus group discussion was conducted for the qualitative phase. Of the 100 words surveyed, 51 were non-archaic, 43 were semi-archaic, and 6 were archaic. The prevalence of archaism in the language among the people of Barangay Suyoc can be attributed to ongoing changes in the community, which manifest through various processes. Hence, it was concluded that despite the language being stable, archaism is inevitable. However, continuous language documentation is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness or nostalgia is one of the most used words in literature, which in Persian is equivalent to longing and returning to the past. The feeling of loneliness, helplessness, and dissatisfaction with the state of society are among its most important components. Due to the similar political-social conditions of the 20th century in Iran and Iraq, there are common themes between their literary themes. Mohammed Ridha Shabibi and Mirzadeh Eshghi; The two prominent poets of Iran and Iraq have many common themes in the field of nostalgic literature. In the present article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and the American comparative school, first the main themes of nostalgia literature were extracted, then some results were obtained by comparing them: When both poets see the realization of society's values as impossible due to the absence of friends, they suffer from failure and death thoughts, and feel homesickness. From their point of view, returning to the historical past and the ideal society is the key to restoring the country's identity. Unlike Shabibi, Eshgi hopes for a tomorrow when peace and friendship will cover everywhere and the Cruelty and hypocrisy will be dismantled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saqqara in particular, and the Memphite necropolis in general, constituted the arena for the prolific and significant monumental self-presentations of Prince Khaemwaset, fourth son of King Ramesses II (c. 1279–1213 BCE). The present paper explores the role of the prince in fashioning a persona that addressed past, present and future audiences. This discussion is used to contextualise results of the 2009 Saqqara Geophysical Survey Project, showing the greater-than-expected extent of the New Kingdom necropolis south of the Unas Causeway. It considers responses to the deep palimpsest of the sacred landscape of the Memphite necropolis by—and later commemorations within it of—this notable Ramesside individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

André Bazin’s notion of cinematic realism has been either denigrated as “naïve” or been deformed to fit lines of thought in film studies that are at variance with the nature of his thought. However, as this article shows, there are strong influences of what one might call “archaic thought” in Bazin’s conception of realism. However, there is another influence on his thought: a substratum of Hegelianism, which often ignored in the reception of his work, contributing to its misrepresentation. At the end, we conclude if we forfeit this residual Hegelianism, not only we can have a better grasp of what realism truly is, but we also can have a more synchronous relationship between cinema and other art forms.

The aim of this article is to conduct a diachronic analysis of Proto-Slavic collective nouns ending in *-ьje with a view to gathering comparative evidence for postulating its Indo-European origin. The formation at issue exhibits exact counterparts not only in Germanic, but also in Indo-Aryan and Tocharian—e.g., PSl. *berzьje n. coll. ‘birch woods, birch forest’ (= ON. birki n. ‘birch forest’ < PG *berkijan n. coll.), PSl. *bratrьje n. coll. ‘brothers, brotherhood’ (= Ved. bhrātryám n. coll. ‘brotherhood’, Toch. A pratri ‘brothers’), PSl. *govьje n. coll. ‘horned cattle’ (= Ved. gávyam, gavyám n. coll. ‘herd of cows’); PSl. *vьrmьje n. coll. ‘worms’ (= ON. yrmi n. coll. ‘id.’ < PG *wurmijan n. coll. ‘swarm of worms’). The authors polemicize against Ranko Matasović (2005), who assumes a secondary origin of the collective *-ьje, and argues that the suffix stems from the Indo-European collective nouns in *-i- (whence PSl. *-ь).

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The article compares two Enlightenment translations of psalms made by Lomonosov (into Russian) and Karpiński (into Polish). Their authors used their own sense of a translation method, which allowed them to identify the determinants of style characteristics specific to each translator-poet. The sacredness and hieratism characteristic of the psalm genre were realized by the use of various stylistic means. When identifying the determinants of sacredness, a reference was made to semantic fields, presenting lexis from the sphere of the sacred and profane (e.g. such terms as Absolute and man). Analyzing the determinants of hieratism, the focus was placed on stylistic clues and vocabulary. Translations based on one source show differences, e.g. in the number of terms referring to the Absolute and in the use of archaic forms. The differences result, among others, from the poetry programs of each translator. The author of this study also reminds that during the Enlightenment, in both Poland and Russia, religious poetry developed, and the religious work of Lomonosov, who was an outstanding scientist, proves that there is no contradiction between being devoted to the development of science and faith in God.

The article discusses the changes in collocability of the word friend over time. It notes that the works by A.S. Pushkin contain the forms, unexpected for the perception of the native speakers of the modern Russian language: blood friends, direct friend, peaceful friends. The analysis of the specified attributive combinations is carried out applying definitional, contextual, linguocultural analysis methods. The text material from the National Corpus of the Russian language is used. It is proved that the expression "blood friends" could denote "people connected by strong friendship" and "people of the same class". Physical kinship criterion has been proved to serve as a basis for cognitive understanding of spiritual intimacy and social class identification. However, the connection between primary and secondary semantics is not so direct here; it is mediated by the cultural layer – the custom of twinning, a form of artificial relationship noted among many peoples. Most examples of the usage of the phrase "direct friend" mean 'express your opinion to someone honestly, directly'. The expression "peaceful friends" is interpreted as based on a doubling of the meaning 'in a relationship of agreement'. The research results can be used in compiling dictionaries of the Russian language, and also in teaching linguistic disciplines.

The close observation of a Brazilian popular pamphlet from the mid-20th century unveils mythic themes that cannot be credited to the Portuguese colonizers. In searching for its ori- gins, the so-called regressive historiographic method allows us to identify five cultural layers whose features are interweaved in the text. At its deepest level lie unsounded medieval roots that permeated the Brazilian Northeast during the Dutch oc- cupation. With these new colonizers came the mythical-literary motifs of the land of Cockaigne, whose dreamlike and cathartic function endured in that region of archaic features, later to be glossed by popular poets.

[Ar] تأثير الفكر القاجاري الأثري على تكوين وتوسع العمارة في الدولة خلال فترة رضا شاه بهلوي أصبح نشر وتعزيز الهوية الوطنية لإيران الحديثة من خلال التأكيد على الإرث الحضاري لعصر ما قبل الإسلام، والذي تم طرحه في الأوساط الفكرية للفترة القاجارية، سياسةً رسميةً للبلاد خلال الحكومة البهلوية الأولى وانعكس ذلك في تصميم عدد من المباني الحكومية الجديدة تحت عنوان الطراز «الأثري»؛ كما أن الأعمال التي تنتمي إلى الطراز المذكور تعتبر اليوم سمات دائمة للعصر البهلوي الأول. تتناول هذه المقالة مسألتين تتعلقان بهذا النوع من الهندسة المعمارية؛ أولاً، من أجل إنشاء طراز أثري وطني، كان هناك نوعان من الأنماط هى الأخمينية والساسانية، تجاهل المهندسون المعماريون عن وعي الطراز الساساني - باستثناء نماذج قليلة - وجعلوا العمارة والزخارف الأخمينية النموذج الرئيسي لعملهم. ثانيًا، على الرغم من الأهمية الكبيرة لبناء الهوية التاريخية لدى النظام البهلوي الأول، فإن المباني الحكومية التي تحمل هذا الطراز من العمارة تم بناءها في الغالب في العاصمة فقط، وتتواجد بقلة في الأجزاء الأخرى من البلاد. من خلال دراسة أفكار الشخصيات الجوهرية الأثري مثل فتح علي أخوند زاده وجلال الدين ميرزا ​​قاجار وآغا خان كرماني، تم دراسة وتحليل المكونات الرئيسية لهذه الأفكار مثل الحاجة إلى الخروج على التقاليد، التنافس مع الغرب، إظهار القوة والنظر إلى التاريخ باعتباره كأداة، حيث اتضح أنه لا يمكن لأي طراز معماري أن يشمل جميع هذه المكونات سوى الطراز الأخميني. فيما يتعلق بالعوامل التي تحدد عدد الاعمال التي تحمل هذا الطراز، فقد أثيرت القضايا الاقتصادية والثقافية المتزايدة كعوامل رئيسية محددة لذلك. تخلى المعماريون الإيرانيون الداعون للحداثة عن طراز العمارة القديمة عند توليهم المشاريع الحكومية الكبيرة أواخر الثلاثينيات من القرن الماضي. يعتمد النهج النظري لهذه المقالة على نهج التاريخ الثقافي والطريقة التاريخية التحليلية. [En] Discussions among Qajar intellectuals on promoting modern Iranian national identity with an emphasis on pre–Islamic heritage became official state policy in the Reza Shah Pahlavi government. This was manifested in several «archaic» public buildings now seen as the lasting monuments of this period. This study explores two points on this architectural style: Firstly, despite the availability of Achaemenid and Sassanid models to inspire their indigenous archaic style, most architects consciously ignored the Sassanid style and modeled their works after Achaemenid architecture. Secondly, despite the profound importance of archaic identity in the Pahlavi government, most such buildings were built in the capital and only a few in other regions. The ideas of major figures such as Fath–Ali Akhundzadeh, Jalal–al–Din Mirza Qajar, and Aqa Khan Kermani were explored to study the main components of archaism, such as anti–traditionalism, confrontation with the West, manifestation of power, and historical instrumentalism. Only the neo–Achaemenid style could have provided all these components, and economic and cultural problems explain the limited number of works. Iranian archaic architecture was rooted in 19th-century AD European eclecticism with a similar end. Like the western modernist movement’s ability to put aside eclecticism in the early 20th century AD, modernist Iranian architects designed most state projects in the late 1940s and dropped archaism. This historical–cultural study is based on a historical–analytical methodology.