Search

Tick Island Incised (TII) is a relatively rare variety of Late Archaic fiber-tempered pottery found across sections of central and northern peninsular Florida. The striking stylistic divergences of TII from other Orange pottery types have led multiple researchers to invoke foreign influences or migrations to account for its appearance. This paper presents newly collected data on TII vessels from the Silver Glen complex (8LA1/8MR123) and related sites along the St. Johns River and northern Gulf Coast. These data, which represent the most detailed information yet collected on the technology, style, composition, and spatiotemporal distribution of TII pottery, are used to address numerous published speculations regarding the type's timing, origin, and cultural meaning. This research supports the idea that TII's aberrant style, which features symbolically powerful sinistral or left-opening spirals, can be explained as an example of skeuomorphism linked to preexisting lightning whelk shell cups. It further indicates that TII appeared during a particularly volatile time during the Late Archaic period and that its use and deposition in ritualized contexts may have been part of a deliberate effort to intervene in ongoing historical processes and mediate their impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For many years, the rise of stratified societies along the Central Andean coast, known as the birthplace of Andean civilization, has been closely linked to a marine-oriented economy. This hypothesis has recently been challenged by increasing evidence of plant management and cultivation among Andean populations long before the emergence of complex societies and monumental architecture. The extent to which marine and plant-based economies were integrated and their contributions to early sedentism, population growth, and intra-community stratification, however, remain subjects of ongoing and contentious debate. Using Bayesian Mixing Models we reanalyze the previously published stable isotopes (δ15Ncollagen, δ13Ccollagen, δ13Capatite) values of 572 human individuals from 39 archaeological sites in the Central Andes dated between ca. 7000 BCE and 200 CE to reconstruct dietary regimes in probabilistic terms. Our results reveal that fish, terrestrial fauna, and cultivated plants variably contributed to the diet of prehistoric Andean populations; in coastal and middle valley settlements plant cultivation, not fishing, fueled the development of the earliest complex societies during the Formative Period (from 3000 BCE). Similarly, in the highlands the societies that built ceremonial centers show a plant-based economy. Our findings also show that maize only became a staple food (> 25% dietary contribution) in more recent phases of Andean prehistory, around 500 BCE.

Archaic sanctuaries have long been an integral part of research about the emergence of the Polis. The sanctuaries, which are thought to have been positioned in relation with the organization of urban space, are assumed to have been formed from the earliest times of the cities. So, they are often evaluated under the categories of "urban" and "extra urban". However, this concept of the polis, which has definite boundaries and built the urban space within these boundaries, is largely inspired by the poleis of the Classical Period. Besides it is inconvenient to find Archaic Period Poleis as an intangible authority that built its own space in a certain geography and displayed its identity there. Contrary to this point of view, current research on the Archaic Period sanctuaries is often concerned with the relations between alternative organizations and subgroups in society, rather than trying to decipher such control mechanisms. In this context, focusing on the relations established on the Mediterranean scale since the 7th century BC through a kind of globalization model brought new perspectives to researchers. Within the scope of this article, through the comparative analysis of the locations, architectural remains and other archaeological finds of several so-called extra urban archaic sanctuaries in Ionia, it will be questioned the importance of sea routes and whether it is possible to define the networks in which the visitors of the sanctuary are in. In this context, Samos Heraion finds have been examined in more detail as they seem to have a special importance. As an extension of this idea, changes in the material culture of the sanctuary have been tried to be evaluated within the framework of globalization models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, the rise of stratified societies along the Central Andean coast, known as the birthplace of Andean civilization, has been closely linked to a marine-oriented economy. This hypothesis has recently been challenged by increasing evidence of plant management and cultivation among Andean populations long before the emergence of complex societies and monumental architecture. The extent to which marine and plant-based economies were integrated and their contributions to early sedentism, population growth, and intra-community stratification, however, remain subjects of ongoing and contentious debate. Using Bayesian Mixing Models we reanalyze the previously published stable isotopes (δ15Ncollagen, δ13Ccollagen, δ13Capatite) values of 572 human individuals from 39 archaeological sites in the Central Andes dated between ca. 7000 BCE and 200 CE to reconstruct dietary regimes in probabilistic terms. Our results reveal that fish, terrestrial fauna, and cultivated plants variably contributed to the diet of prehistoric Andean populations; in coastal and middle valley settlements plant cultivation, not fishing, fueled the development of the earliest complex societies during the Formative Period (from 3000 BCE). Similarly, in the highlands the societies that built ceremonial centers show a plant-based economy. Our findings also show that maize only became a staple food (> 25% dietary contribution) in more recent phases of Andean prehistory, around 500 BCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the cultic relations of Stratonikeia and its environs, one of the cities in the interior of the Carian Region, with Egypt began in the Archaic Period, what is known on this subject is limited. As a result of the extensive archaeological investigations carried out in the northwest of the basin within the borders of Muğla Yatağan in the last 30 years, important findings that will contribute to the historical chronology of the region have been uncovered. This geography, which has hosted settlements belonging to different periods from the Chalcolithic Period to the present day, is generally clustered in the fertile valleys and slopes in the Eskihisar, Turgut, and Yeşilbagcilar regions. Stratonikeia has become one of the important centers of the region with its structures that started to be built since the 6nd century BC. The settlement and necropolis areas unearthed in and around Stratonikeia contain a multi-layered cultural heritage texture. These settlements and necropolis areas, which are generally located within the Khrysaoris Region in the Archaic Period and Idrias Region in the Classical Period, remain within the territorium of Stratonikeia. Amulets with apotropaic function, which are grave finds in the rural Stratonikeia region and represented by a few examples, belong to different types and include various forms and materials, each associated with a different deity and function. All of these amulets provide information about the beliefs, cults, and trade of the region, provide definite archaeological evidence that these relations are quite old, and show that this dissemination reached the interior and mountainous parts of Caria by various means and was respected. The subject of this study is only a part of these amulets, namely the faience scarabs recovered as burial gifts from three separate children's graves of the same level from the Degirmenderesi necropolis in the territory of Stratonikeia. These scarabs, which were mainly used as protective amulets to ward off evil, constitute a unique group of finds recorded as eastern artifacts that reached the Carian Region with the influence of Mediterranean trade. The technical characteristics, iconography, ritual contexts, and functions of the scarabs, which are dated to the 7th century BC according to their context, have been evaluated, and some possibilities about their origin have been emphasized. It is believed that these scarabs, which will contribute to the studies in the Aegean world from different angles and will take their place in the existing literature, show the stylistic characteristics of Aegean imitation productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the turn of the VI - V centuries BC in the funerary art and temple terracotta decoration of the cities of Asia Minor, the motif of chariot races appears. Moreover, these monuments demonstrate an impressive stylistic similarity. The author of the article tried to establish the reason for the persistent appeal to one plot by the Ionian masters in the cult and funeral spheres for a short period of time. Since the horse and chariot agons were associated with Poseidon, the author connects the mentioned plot with the sanctuary of Poseidon Heliconius at Cape Mycale. According to the hypothesis proposed by the author, chariot races were associated not only with the cult of Poseidon, but also with the Panionian games in honor of the god of the seas. This connection, according to the author, was reflected in the temple friezes depicting chariot races, which served as an important visual reference to the cult that united the member cities of the Ionian Union.

Copyright of Arkeoloji Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Cruz Verde site, located on the north coast of Peru, has a preceramic mound formed between 4.200-3.800 BC. This paper presents the results of a zooarchaeological analysis of the macro remains excavated from this mound to identify changes in faunal use and its characteristics of the Archaic period. There is a distinct difference in the two phases, from the phase CV-Ia, when marine mammals, seabirds, and fish are used equally, to the phase CV-Ib, when cartilaginous fish, mainly Carcharhinus sharks, are used intensively. The ecological and biological habits of the fish species that increase during phase CV-Ib suggest that the intensive resource exploitation in the estuarine brackish waters began. Referring to the data reported from other sites on the North Coast, the cartilaginous fish use tradition is a characteristic of the North Coast of Peru at least from Archaic to Formative period. On the other hand, the excavated cartilaginous fish taxonomy shows that there are differences in the fish species used in the Archaic and Formative periods. It can be pointed out that there are variations in the cartilaginous fish use tradition on the North Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goodson Shelter is a small sandstone rockshelter site located in Craig County, Oklahoma, situated alongside a minor tributary stream. Excavations at Goodson Shelter yielded over 2 m of largely intact deposits, which, based on radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, along with a substantial record of temporally diagnostic projectile points, indicate the site was periodically occupied from the Archaic through the Woodland period. An extensive record of faunal remains suggests that over the course of the site's occupations it was used primarily as a deer hunting and field processing locale. That this site was repeatedly used for such a specialized activity is likely due to the topography in the vicinity the shelter, which made it an opportune spot for intercept hunting, and thus one that played a long-term role in settlement and subsistence strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Clazomenian necropolis of the first colonists of Abdera has brought to light an important assemblage of archaic East‑Greek transport amphorae, including a well‑diversified range of jars ascribable to Victoria Grace’s former “Samian” lineage, but now shared out between several centres of manufacture, viz. Samos, Miletus and North-Ionia.

Judging from chemical results obtained on some 68 samples of archaic Lesbian amphoras both from Lesbos itself (Mytilene, Methymna, Eressos et alii) and from overseas sites (viz. Abdera, Istros, Berezan, Nadlimanskoe and Olbia) and in comparing them with chemical pottery references of the Lyon Lab data bank for both Lesbos and Eastern Greece, it appears that less than ca. one third of them only – consisting of various grey ones only -were manufactured on the island, for most of them in the western part of it. The remaining part of ca. two thirds clearly originated from outside the island, mostly from the Troad / Hellespontus sphere, judging from comparisons with our available references for these areas. It is first of all the case for most the so-called Lesbian red jars, except one part of them from an unknown centre (distinct from Thasos as erroneously put forward by Clinkenbeard). Consequently, Lesbian wine-label would rather correspond to a single vine species or blend of various ones than to a strictly delimited vineyard

In addition to the decades-long known archaeological ensemble (consisting of a 6th-3rd centuries BC settlement and tumuli necropolis) on Celic Dere valley, in Northern Dobruja, a second settlement (Cassiana) of the same period was recently documented – just 2.5 km to the east – on the same river valley, right near Celic Dere Monastery. The newly surveyed settlement at Celic Dere Monastery/Cassiana was field assessed, in 2013 and 2014, by geophysical survey (magnetic method), aerial photogrammetry and systematic collecting of surface materials. LiDAR data was used as an integrative background of the landscape analysis. The discovery is meaningful because it gives the opportunity to discuss once more, and with enhanced elements, the impact of Greek colonisation in western Pontus upon the aggregation processes of local populations. The proximity of two contemporaneous large settlements characterized by the same rich mix of materials (consisting of Archaic and Classical periods amphorae fragments, Archaic monochrome grey wheel-made ware and hand-made local pottery of late Hallstatt tradition), even if for the Monastery settlement the considered pottery originates only from surface surveys, reveals the consistent demography of the communities inhabiting the high hills bordering the Danube, their endurance in the same places from late Hallstatt till early Hellenistic period, and their organisation in habitation nuclei based on steady markets directly connected with the western Black Sea Greek colonies, of which Orgame and Istros were located at ca. 50-60 km to the south-east. The two settlements on Celic Dere valley, for which a peak of early activity seems to be the end of the 6th century BC and the 5th century BC, mainly exploit the proximity of a major Danube ford (at Isaccea, 20 km north) and the existence of an important inland route going towards the former Black Sea golfs – now the lakes Babadag-Razim-Sinoe. They represent a nucleus within a larger group of emerging settlements, at the end of the Archaic period, throughout Northern Dobruja – either near Danube (like Revărsarea Tichilești or Novoselskoe – on the other shore), far inland, in the high plateaus (Beidaud) or in a 20-8 km range around Istros and Orgame and the former navigable golfs (Tariverde, Nuntași, Vișina, Sinoe, Vadu). If the last category was often interpreted as Greek establishments, results of colonial activity, inhabited by an ethnically mixed population, the sites of the same type, located in the Danube area, point to the reality of a more extensive process of social development and demographic growth happening inland, linked to a specific period – end of the 6th-5th century BC.

Here we summarize the current state of knowledge about the precontact archaeology of the Michigan State University (MSU) campus as revealed through work conducted by the MSU Campus Archaeology Program (CAP), the MSU Museum, and the Department of Anthropology. A multipronged approach places this collective work in programmatic, institutional, historical, geographic, and archaeological context. The history of CAP and its impact on campus operations and understandings of campus history demonstrate the strength of such programs. Unpacking the MSU Museum collections reveals additional insight into the deep Indigenous history of university lands. Results of the first systematic excavations of a precontact Archaic site on the MSU campus, the Beaumont West site (20IN205), are reported alongside accounts of systematic archaeological survey conducted over a span of 70 years, recent geomorphological work, and the cumulative collections of precontact material culture from the MSU campus housed at the MSU Museum. Collectively, this paints an engaging multifaceted story of an ever-changing natural and social landscape that highlights the value of understanding the role college campuses can play in providing information about the distant as well as the recent past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb / Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja u Zagrebu is the property of Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Late Archaic Period (2600–1600 BC) site of Caral, located ~20 km inland from the Pacific Ocean coastline in the Supe Valley of the north central coast of Peru, is subject to CFD analysis to determine the effects of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) events (mainly, El Niño flooding and drought events) on its agricultural and marine resource base that threatened societal continuity. The first step is to examine relics of major flood events that produced coastal beach ridges composed of deposited flood slurries—the C14 dating of material within beach ridges determines the approximate dates of major flood events. Of interest is the interaction of flood slurry with oceanic currents that produce a linear beach ridge as these events are controlled by fluid mechanics principles. CFD analysis provides the basis for beach ridge geometric linear shape. Concurrent with beach ridge formation from major flood events are landscape changes that affect the agricultural field system and marine resource food supply base of Caral and its satellite sites- here a large beach ridge can block river drainage, raise the groundwater level and, together with aeolian sand transfer from exposed beach flats, convert previously productive agricultural lands into swamps and marshes. One major flood event in ~1600 BC rendered coastal agricultural zones ineffective due to landscape erosion/deposition events together with altering the marine resource base from flood deposition over shellfish gathering and sardine and anchovy netting areas, the net result being that prior agricultural areas shifted to limited-size, inner valley bottomland areas. Agriculture, then supplied by highland sierra amuna reservoir water, led to a high water table supplemented by Supe River water to support agriculture. Later ENSO floods conveyed thin saturated bottomland soils and slurries to coastal areas to further reduce the agricultural base of Supe Valley sites. With the reduction in the inner valley agricultural area from continued flood events, agriculture, on a limited basis, shifted to the plateau area upon which urban Caral and the satellite sites were located. The narrative that follows then provides the basis for the abandonment of Caral and its satellite Supe Valley sites due to the vulnerability of the limited food-supply base subject to major ENSO events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chalcidic helmet with ram’s protome in the Saint Louis Art Museum comes from a tomb in Metaponto. The grave assemblage has been reconstructed and displays the helmet wearer as a remarkable warrior, with the most complete panoply preserved in the Archaic Greek world. The work presents the panoply, discusses why this warrior has not been reconstructed until now, and proposes a reading of the role of this figure in Magna Grecia of the period following the destruction of Sibaris.

• A much-needed regional perspective is used to frame investigations of hunter-gatherer-fisher-emergent horticulturalists in the Archaic period. • Ethnographic corollaries from tropical biomes are used as a theoretical framework. • Geospatial data is harnessed to explore questions of land use and mobility through GIS. • Archaic territory sizes were likely large and population density low during this time period. • A model of seasonal land-use in the region is put forward for future testing. The Archaic period has not been as widely studied in Mesoamerica as it has been in other parts of the Americas. This problem stems from intractable issues such as low archaeological visibility and high post-depositional disturbance. And, while existing Archaic data from northern Belize indicates that foraging groups practiced diverse adaptations, little theoretical effort has been dedicated toward developing frames of reference for understanding the coupled human-landscape interactions ongoing during this period. Here, we outline a multi-method approach for situating hunter-gatherer-fisher-emergent horticultural land use behaviors, including comparative ethnographic data, extant archaeological information, and geospatial modeling. We set out a series of assumptions and expected material correlates for the archaeological record and develop a site suitability model for heuristically exploring existing data, as well as for predicting areas of high archaeological potential for future work. In this way, we are answering the call for more intensive, regional studies that take a holistic approach to understanding foraging practices at multiple scales. The site suitability model described here can be used as an effective way to conduct research remotely during times of travel restrictions and is widely applicable to a range of study areas both in and outside of Mesoamerica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to show the results of one chapter of my Doctorate thesis about Thasian black-figure pottery as archaeologically contextualized documents, being part of the votive objects offered at female sanctuaries, especially the Artemision of Thassos. This paper is centered on Thassos, an island situated in the Northern Aegean, settled by Greeks from Paros. We focus on the Archaic Period, more specifically on the sixth century BC, the peak of local production. Departing from the archaeological contexts through excavation reports, we analyze significant social and religious connections among votive materials associated with the Thasian black-figure pottery. These connections brought us elements that allowed us to interpret the multiculturalism imbricated within the objects, the mimicry and the innovations in the decoration of this black-figure pottery, as well as the particular demand in quantitative terms of a type of vessel called lekane, an object that was loaded with information and religious and apotropaic meaning. In addition, those same elements also showed us traits that reveal votive practices, judging by the way the pottery was exhibited, and its decorative features, which to date are only attested in Thassos. The research revealed intrinsic relationships linked to the diverse facets of Artemis, from a goddess protecting the rites of passage to the protection of women in childbirth, as seen in the black-figure pottery, amulets and other apotropaic objects. Moreover, it demonstrated that the multiple facets of Artemis, as protector of women, act in many spheres, such the civic-religious space in connection with the oíkos and social order, the possibility of a good childbirth and the social position of women in Thassos from the Archaic period.

Copyright of Agora (0211-6642) is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The copper-using cultures of North America's Archaic Period (10,000–3000 BP) have long been an archaeological enigma. For millennia, Middle and Late Archaic hunter-gatherers (8000–3000 BP) around the Upper Great Lakes region made utilitarian implements out of copper, only for these items to decline in prominence and frequency as populations grew and social complexity increased during the Archaic to Woodland Transition. From a cultural evolutionary perspective, the trajectory of North America's copper usage presents a conundrum, as it is generally assumed that "superior" tools, i.e., metals, will replace inferior ones, i.e., stone. For well over a century, scholars have pondered the reason for the demise of copper technology that was once a wide-spread phenomenon. To address this question, an extensive archaeological experimental program was conducted which compared replica copper tools (spear points, knife blades, and awls) to analogous ones made of stone or bone to assess whether relative functional efficiency contributed to the decline of utilitarian copper implements. Here, the results of this three-part research program are presented in concert with population dynamics and ecological change to paint a broader picture of the complex interrelationships between the social, ecological, and technological spheres of past human behaviors. The synthesis of these approaches reveals that functional explanations—derived from experimental archaeology placed in an evolutionary framework—can shed much light on the trajectory of metal use in the North American Great Lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibulae which are started to be use in end of Late Bronze Age is an important artifact group. Although our knowledge is not clear about emergence of fibulae, which were used at the same time in different regions, researches shows that Near East and Europe were starting points of the usage of the fibulae. Fibulae, which are evaluated under a specific typology and terminology by making extensive studies, come to the fore with their dating features within the scope of archeology. However, the use of fibulae, which we can compare with today's safety pins, also shows regional and temporal differences, just like their types. Fibulae are detected in dwellings suitable for daily use and mostly in graves in connection with the shroud. However, it is also known that the Anatolian-Phrygian type fibula, which we include in our study, have a religious meaning in Western Anatolia and beyond. In this study, a total of 29 fibulae, which are in the Tire Museum will be examined. The fibulae from Tire Museum can be examined in six subgroups. The fibulae in the Tire Museum are generally dating to the 11th -6th century BC. The museum is rich in Anatolian-Phrygian type fibulae.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The settlement area of the Ohrid region extends on the shores of a homonymous lake shared between the Republics of Northern Macedonia and Albania. Despite its mountainous framing, the geographical setting of the Ohrid region provides the broadest accessible link between the Aegean and the Adriatic regions in the southern Balkans and was, vice versa, an eminent pre -condition for the formation of supra -regional networks in the past. Placed on this communication route, which is embodied by the widely known Via Egnatia, the region represented an important hub in the cultural connectivity between the Aegean, the Adriatic see, and the Balkans. As a response to the lacking of systematic investigations, this paper presents a reconstruction of the pre- and protohistoric habitation in the region. Reviewing past archaeological discoveries and recent data collected during the first two field seasons conducted within the frame of the project Frontier Studies, this paper focuses on the settlement organisation and traces its development as well as corresponding phenomena, such as connectivity and response to environmental changes, diachronically from the Neolithic down to Late Antiquity.

Paraphrasing Augustine (354-430 CE) and his deliberation on the concept of time it could be said that when no one asks the questions of what justice is everyone believes they know the answer. When an attempt is made to intellectually understand justice, the answer somehow slips away. The problem arises from the relatively common, differentiated and uncritical use of the term "justice", as well as the fact that the "self-evidentness" of a term is never enough, nor is widespread familiarity truly relevant, as it does not say much about the term itself or enable understanding. As such, it is not enough to assume what justice is, or have a notion of it; it needs to be understood and conceptually articulated. The goal of the author is to, through a series of essays, starting with this introductory text, present the representation, comprehension and understanding of justice and fairness from its first recorded traces from the middle of eight century BCE (the beginning of Archaic period) up to the last decades of the fourth century BCE (the end of the Classical period). The plan is to analyse and intellectually place the oldest recorded occurrence of justice in Ancient Greece, found in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, as well as its evolution and development up until the culmination in Aristotle's Politics, Rhetoric, Great Ethics and Nicomachean Ethics, and thus shine a light on the Greek influence on the modern comprehensions of justice and the spiritual inheritance of European civilization as a whole.

The Late Archaic Period (2600–1600 BC) site of Caral, located ~20 km inland from the Pacific Ocean coastline in the Supe Valley of the north central coast of Peru, is subject to CFD analysis to determine the effects of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) events (mainly, El Niño flooding and drought events) on its agricultural and marine resource base that threatened societal continuity. The first step is to examine relics of major flood events that produced coastal beach ridges composed of deposited flood slurries—the C14 dating of material within beach ridges determines the approximate dates of major flood events. Of interest is the interaction of flood slurry with oceanic currents that produce a linear beach ridge as these events are controlled by fluid mechanics principles. CFD analysis provides the basis for beach ridge geometric linear shape. Concurrent with beach ridge formation from major flood events are landscape changes that affect the agricultural field system and marine resource food supply base of Caral and its satellite sites- here a large beach ridge can block river drainage, raise the groundwater level and, together with aeolian sand transfer from exposed beach flats, convert previously productive agricultural lands into swamps and marshes. One major flood event in ~1600 BC rendered coastal agricultural zones ineffective due to landscape erosion/deposition events together with altering the marine resource base from flood deposition over shellfish gathering and sardine and anchovy netting areas, the net result being that prior agricultural areas shifted to limited-size, inner valley bottomland areas. Agriculture, then supplied by highland sierra amuna reservoir water, led to a high water table supplemented by Supe River water to support agriculture. Later ENSO floods conveyed thin saturated bottomland soils and slurries to coastal areas to further reduce the agricultural base of Supe Valley sites. With the reduction in the inner valley agricultural area from continued flood events, agriculture, on a limited basis, shifted to the plateau area upon which urban Caral and the satellite sites were located. The narrative that follows then provides the basis for the abandonment of Caral and its satellite Supe Valley sites due to the vulnerability of the limited food-supply base subject to major ENSO events.

This study aimed to discuss the position of the most famous female poet Sappho in the Greek world in connection with gender. Because it is known that in Ancient Greece, women were kept out of public places. Under these conditions that limit the space of women in society, it would not be wrong to think that it is quite difficult to see educated and active women in society. For this reason, it has a great importance in terms of education history and women's studies, as a well-educated, intellectual woman like Sappho can be traced during the Archaic Period. Is Sappho really an exception for the period and geography she lived in? Otherwise, does Lesbos, where she was born and raised, has a different perspective from the strict attitude towards women developed in the Greek mainland, similar to the other city states in Anatolia? In the context of these questions, Sappho's life as a woman, enlightens the cultural past in the Aegean world before the hegemony of Athens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chalcidic helmet with ram's protome in the Saint Louis Art Museum comes from a tomb in Metaponto. The grave assemblage has been reconstructed and displays the helmet wearer as a remarkable warrior, with the most complete panoply preserved in the Archaic Greek world. The work presents the panoply, discusses why this warrior has not been reconstructed until now, and proposes a reading of the role of this figure in Magna Grecia of the period following the destruction of Sibaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolia / Anadolu is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adalya is the property of Koc University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Weapons and armour were among the most frequent kinds of offerings made in the sanctuaries of the Greek world during the Archaic period. There exists an extensive bibliography and important theories concerning their significance. It was, however, only recently that most of the weapon votives preserved from about 130 cult places were analysed in summary. This synopsis pointed out certain differences in terms of chronology and chorology: the finds of weapons and armour were unearthed mainly in the Panhellenic or supra‑regional sanctuaries in the southern and central Greece (Olympia, Delphi, Kalapodi etc.), whereas the cult places in the eastern Aegean remained relatively poor in these dedications; in Attika and Magna Graecia on the other hand the amount of the votives only started to increase in the 6th c. BC. The aim of this study is to complement the picture of weapons and armour dedicated in sanctuaries of the ancient Greek world with the recently published and excavated finds from the eastern Aegean region of Ionia.

When Roman writers wrote about Pre-Roman Central-Italy, they consigned to History a picture made of epic wars and brave warriors. Indeed, the Archaic period is the golden age of the Pre-Roman aristocracy and warrior ideology played a crucial role in building it. In this paper, I will focus on the specific case of the Vestini Cismontani, a Sabine tribe of modern Abruzzo, in order to define the role of war and its display within communities of the same ethne. The high number of weapons and warriors, along with the widespread fortification of the territory, even in areas supposed to be within the borders, are indicators of a society where fighting and rivalries are part of the wider diplomatic balance of the region. In this paper, I will explore settlement patterns and archaeological evidence in order to define the role of war and inter-communal aggression in a mountainous and harsh landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]