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Mehrnoosh Bahadorani, Mahboobeh Nasiri, Kristen Dellinger, Shyam Aravamudhan, Reza Zadegan Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USACorrespondence: Reza Zadegan, Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA, Tel +1(336)285-2857, Email rzadegan@ncat.eduAbstract: Exosomes emerge from endosomal invagination and range in size from 30 to 200 nm. Exosomes contain diverse proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can indicate the state of various physiological and pathological processes. Studies have revealed the remarkable clinical potential of exosomes in diagnosing and prognosing multiple diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Exosomes also have the potential to be engineered and deliver their cargo to a specific target. However, further advancements are imperative to optimize exosomes’ diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for practical implementation in clinical settings. This review highlights exosomes’ diagnostic and therapeutic applications, emphasizing their engineering through simple incubation, biological, and click chemistry techniques. Additionally, the loading of therapeutic agents onto exosomes, utilizing passive and active strategies, and exploring hybrid and artificial exosomes are discussed.Keywords: exosome, engineered exosomes, drug delivery, diagnostics, therapeutics

Abstract Bone regeneration requires a well-orchestrated cellular and molecular response including robust vascularization and recruitment of mesenchymal and osteogenic cells. In femoral fractures, angiogenesis and osteogenesis are closely coupled during the complex healing process. Here, we show with advanced longitudinal intravital multiphoton microscopy that early vascular sprouting is not directly coupled to osteoprogenitor invasion during calvarial bone regeneration. Early osteoprogenitors emerging from the periosteum give rise to bone-forming osteoblasts at the injured calvarial bone edge. Microvessels growing inside the lesions are not associated with osteoprogenitors. Subsequently, osteogenic cells collectively invade the vascularized and perfused lesion as a multicellular layer, thereby advancing regenerative ossification. Vascular sprouting and remodeling result in dynamic blood flow alterations to accommodate the growing bone. Single cell profiling of injured calvarial bones demonstrates mesenchymal stromal cell heterogeneity comparable to femoral fractures with increase in cell types promoting bone regeneration. Expression of angiogenesis and hypoxia-related genes are slightly elevated reflecting ossification of a vascularized lesion site. Endothelial Notch and VEGF signaling alter vascular growth in calvarial bone repair without affecting the ossification progress. Our findings may have clinical implications for bone regeneration and bioengineering approaches.

Microplastics (MPLs) and nanoplastics (NPLs) are smaller particles derived from larger plastic material, polymerization, or refuse. In context to environmental health, they are separated into the industrially-created “primary” category or the degradation derivative “secondary” category where the particles exhibit different physiochemical characteristics that attenuate their toxicities. However, some particle types are more well documented in terms of their fate in the environment and potential toxicological effects (secondary) versus their industrial fabrication and chemical characterization (primary). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR/µ-FTIR), Raman/µ-Raman, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR), Curie Point-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CP-gc-MS), Induced Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Field Flow Fractionation-Multiple Angle Light Scattering (FFF-MALS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TGA), Differential Mobility Particle [Sizing] (DMPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microspectroscopy (STXM) are reviewed as part of a suite of characterization methods for physiochemical ascertainment and distinguishment. In addition, Optical-Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy (O-PTIR), Z-Stack Confocal Microscopy, Mueller Matrix Polarimetry, and Digital Holography (DH) are touched upon as a suite of cutting-edge modes of characterization. Organizations, like the water treatment or waste management industry, and those in groups that bring awareness to this issue, which are in direct contact with the hydrosphere, can utilize these techniques in order to sense and remediate this plastic polymer pollution. The primary goal of this review paper is to highlight the extent of plastic pollution in the environment as well as introduce its effect on the biodiversity of the planet while underscoring current characterization techniques in this field of research. The secondary goal involves illustrating current and theoretical avenues in which future research needs to address and optimize MPL/NPL remediation, utilizing nanotechnology, before this sleeping giant of a problem awakens.

Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) causes pulmonary vascular remodeling, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and leading to right heart failure and death. Matrix stiffening early in the disease promotes remodeling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), contributing to PAH pathogenesis. Our research identified YAP and TAZ as key drivers of the mechanobiological feedback loop in PASMCs, suggesting targeting them could mitigate remodeling. However, YAP/TAZ are ubiquitously expressed and carry out diverse functions, necessitating a cell‐specific approach. Our previous work demonstrated that targeting non‐canonical IKB kinase TBK1 reduced YAP/TAZ activation in human lung fibroblasts. Here, we investigate non‐canonical IKB kinases TBK1 and IKKε in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and their potential to modulate PASMC pathogenic remodeling by regulating YAP/TAZ. We show that TBK1 and IKKε are activated in PASMCs in a rat PH model. Inflammatory cytokines, elevated in PAH, activate these kinases in human PASMCs. Inhibiting TBK1/IKKε expression/activity significantly reduces PAH‐associated PASMC remodeling, with longer‐lasting effects on YAP/TAZ than treprostinil, an approved PAH therapy. These results show that non‐canonical IKB kinases regulate YAP/TAZ in PASMCs and may offer a novel approach for reducing vascular remodeling in PAH.

Silicon has dimensional limitations in following Moore’s law; thus, new 2D materials complementing Silicon are being researched. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a prospective material anticipated to bridge the gap to complement Silicon and enhance the performances of semiconductor devices and embedded systems in the package. For a synthesis process to be of any relevance to the industry. it needs to be at the wafer scale to match existing Silicon wafer-processing standards. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is one of the most promising techniques for synthesizing wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 due to its self-limiting, conformal, and low-temperature characteristics. This paper discusses the wafer-scale ALD synthesis of Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) using Mo (CO)6 as a precursor with Ozone as a reactant. An ALD-synthesized wafer-scale MoO3 thin film was later sulfurized through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) to transform into stoichiometric MoS2, which was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The roles of activation energy and first-order reaction kinetics in determining the ALD recipe parameters of the pulse time, reactor temperature, and purge time are explicitly discussed in detail. Discretized pulsing for developing one-cycle ALD for monolayer growth is suggested. Remedial measures to overcome shortcomings observed during this research are suggested.

Voltage dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) is an outer mitochondrial membrane porin known to play a significant role in apoptosis and calcium signaling. Abnormalities in calcium homeostasis often leads to electrical and contractile dysfunction and can cause dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, the specific role of VDAC2 in intracellular calcium dynamics and cardiac function is not well understood. To elucidate the role of VDAC2 in calcium homeostasis, we generated a cardiac ventricular myocyte-specific developmental deletion of Vdac2 in mice. Our results indicate that loss of VDAC2 in the myocardium causes severe impairment in excitation-contraction coupling by altering both intracellular and mitochondrial calcium signaling. We also observed adverse cardiac remodeling which progressed to severe cardiomyopathy and death. Reintroduction of VDAC2 in 6-week-old knock-out mice partially rescued the cardiomyopathy phenotype. Activation of VDAC2 by efsevin increased cardiac contractile force in a mouse model of pressure-overload induced heart failure. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that VDAC2 plays a crucial role in cardiac function by influencing cellular calcium signaling. Through this unique role in cellular calcium dynamics and excitation-contraction coupling VDAC2 emerges as a plausible therapeutic target for heart failure.

Abstract Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) infects most mammals and is associated with celiac disease in humans. In mice, reovirus infects the intestine and disseminates systemically to cause serotype-specific patterns of disease in the brain. To identify receptors conferring reovirus serotype-dependent neuropathogenesis, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRa screen and identified paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) as a receptor candidate. Ectopic expression of PirB allowed reovirus binding and infection. PirB extracelluar D3D4 region is required for reovirus attachment and infectivity. Reovirus binds to PirB with nM affinity as determined by single molecule force spectroscopy. Efficient reovirus endocytosis requires PirB signaling motifs. In inoculated mice, PirB is required for maximal replication in the brain and full neuropathogenicity of neurotropic serotype 3 (T3) reovirus. In primary cortical neurons, PirB expression contributes to T3 reovirus infectivity. Thus, PirB is an entry receptor for reovirus and contributes to T3 reovirus replication and pathogenesis in the murine brain.

The unexpected COVID-19 outbreak has threatened the world and derailed the socio-economic lives of people. In this context, this study is aimed to discuss the implications of COVID-19 in textiles sector in India along with major issues and challenges on demand and supply sides. This study determines the impact of crisis which affected demand and supply in textiles and fashion industry. COVID-19 has several implications for this industry, be it from demand or production. Its presence is observed in different aspects of the industry. This study uses secondary data collected from various sources like studies published in peer-reviewed journals. This study focuses on the need to think differently to deal with this unexpected crisis. Relaxation of tax compliance rules and deadlines, especially for small-scale segments is one of the potential solutions, so that the conditions of customer demand are not affected directly. In addition, more comprehensive financial relief package could be announced for textiles sector, considering the export- and labor-intensive processes to stem the adverse effects of pandemic. Rebates on exporters could be the next major step against the remission of taxes or duties on exports. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 crisis. More studies would be needed in post COVID era to generalize the findings. The combative measures and actual impact may be evolutionary and dynamic. The analysis focuses on the “out of the box” thinking to deal with unexpected crisis, but it may have different aspects to be discussed as the crisis unfolds. There is a lack of significant research on the impact of COVID-19 on textile industry in India. This study could be the stepping stone for researchers to study the impact on textiles sector and help policymakers to prepare for unexpected crises in future.

As layered materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising two-dimensional (2D) materials. Interestingly, the characteristics of these materials are transformed from bulk to monolayer. The atomically thin TMDC materials can be a good alternative to group III–V and graphene because of their emerging tunable electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Although 2D monolayers from natural TMDC materials exhibit the purest form, they have intrinsic defects that limit their application. However, the synthesis of TMDC materials using the existing fabrication tools and techniques is also not immune to defects. Additionally, it is difficult to synthesize wafer-scale TMDC materials for a multitude of factors influencing grain growth mechanisms. While defect engineering techniques may reduce the percentage of defects, the available methods have constraints for healing defects at the desired level. Thus, this holistic review of 2D TMDC materials encapsulates the fundamental structure of TMDC materials, including different types of defects, named zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D). Moreover, the existing defect engineering methods that relate to both formation of and reduction in defects have been discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to correlate the impact of defects and the properties of these TMDC materials.

In recent years, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has gained attention for its potential applications in thermal management and high‐temperature uses. To evaluate the environmental impact of employing h‐BN nanocomposites in microelectronics packaging for thermal management, a comprehensive assessment was conducted. This assessment is particularly significant due to the nature of nanoparticles and the importance of mitigating potential environmental toxicity. Electronic waste incineration, compared to e‐waste recycling, carries a higher environmental burden. Building on previous research, this project explores the feasibility of h‐BN nanocomposites in microelectronic packaging for thermal management. The study focuses on the physiochemical transformations of h‐BN nanocomposite underfills during incineration, considering the influence of particle size and concentration on these transformations. Various analytical techniques, including SEM, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and TEM, were employed to identify and characterize the particles throughout their life cycle. By delving into physiochemical transformations and investigating the effects of particle size and concentration, this research enhances our understanding of h‐BN nanocomposites, aiding informed decision‐making for environmentally sustainable use in microelectronics packaging. Highlights: h‐BN nanoparticles remained inert throughout their life cycle.Underfill characterization showed minimal physiochemical changes in h‐BN.h‐BN is a promising thermal transfer candidate in microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPLs) and nanoplastics (NPLs) are smaller particles derived from larger plastic material, polymerization, or refuse. In context to environmental health, they are separated into the industrially-created "primary" category or the degradation derivative "secondary" category where the particles exhibit different physiochemical characteristics that attenuate their toxicities. However, some particle types are more well documented in terms of their fate in the environment and potential toxicological effects (secondary) versus their industrial fabrication and chemical characterization (primary). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR/µ-FTIR), Raman/µ-Raman, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR), Curie Point-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CP-gc-MS), Induced Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Field Flow Fractionation-Multiple Angle Light Scattering (FFF-MALS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TGA), Differential Mobility Particle [Sizing] (DMPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microspectroscopy (STXM) are reviewed as part of a suite of characterization methods for physiochemical ascertainment and distinguishment. In addition, Optical-Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy (O-PTIR), Z-Stack Confocal Microscopy, Mueller Matrix Polarimetry, and Digital Holography (DH) are touched upon as a suite of cutting-edge modes of characterization. Organizations, like the water treatment or waste management industry, and those in groups that bring awareness to this issue, which are in direct contact with the hydrosphere, can utilize these techniques in order to sense and remediate this plastic polymer pollution. The primary goal of this review paper is to highlight the extent of plastic pollution in the environment as well as introduce its effect on the biodiversity of the planet while underscoring current characterization techniques in this field of research. The secondary goal involves illustrating current and theoretical avenues in which future research needs to address and optimize MPL/NPL remediation, utilizing nanotechnology, before this sleeping giant of a problem awakens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning organisations facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge and skills for both organisations and their members, enabling the application of the latest insights in a dynamic environment. This study addresses a research gap by constructing a model identifying the factors influencing learning organisations and their subsequent impact. The research delves into uncovering the catalysts behind learning organisations concerning the career advancement of information technology (IT) employees and their intent to remain in their roles. The study, conducted in a developing country, India, employs an explanatory research design to explore the interrelationship between learning organisations, career progression and employee retention. Primary and secondary data have been used for this study. The primary data has been collected from 389 IT sector employees at various employment positions in Chennai through a structured and standard questionnaire based on the Dimensions of Learning Organizations Questionnaire (DLOQ) by Watkins, KE and Marsick, VJ (2023) [Rethinking workplace learning and development catalyzed by complexity. Human Resource Development Review, 22(3), 333-344. doi:10.1177/15344843231186629], demonstrating a high reliability at 96.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor electronics is transforming computing, communication, energy harvesting, automobiles, biotechnology, and other electronic device landscapes. This transformation has been brought about by the ability to sense, receive, manipulate, and transmit data from the diverse systems of vertical stacks of semiconductor layers and microdevices. Though the discrete design details of each semiconductor may be extremely complex, the fundamental processing steps of each semiconductor device align well with the photolithography procedure. When these semiconductor layers are stacked using photolithography, the signal noise between the device features and layers is restricted by passivation or dielectric insulation provided by SiO2 layers. Depending on the type of functionality and the data-sensing mechanism of the semiconductors used, SiO2 layers have an intended fitness for their purpose. The purpose of SiO2 layers can be summarized as the encapsulation of the semiconductor device, making part of the semiconductor layer inert, i.e., passivated, creating a hard mask to negate the impact of subsequent processes like ion implantation or diffusion, insulating a part of the layer as in an intermetallic dielectric or gate dielectric, and improving adhesion of the subsequent deposition. The functionality of the adhesion of SiO2 is by far a less-studied area. The adhesive characteristics of SiO2 for subsequent deposition and the thickness of SiO2 affect stress distribution. Stresses due to SiO2 thin films, which can range from a few nanometers to a few microns thick depending on the functionality, are modeled in this research. The stresses in SiO2 films may cause delamination or discontinuity, affecting the performance and reliability of the optical or semiconductor devices they are built into. The classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique was employed to investigate the stress characteristics of deposited films by leveraging the outcomes of atomistic modeling. A cluster made of fused silica was employed as a substrate. For the simulation of the SiO2 deposition process, silicon atoms with high energies and low-energy oxygen atoms were injected. This model was carefully controlled to ensure the stoichiometric conditions. In this analysis, we used the open-source code LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) and the Ovito (Open Visualization) tool. The research in this paper focuses on SiO2 thin-film simulation to validate analytical and experimental stress.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors are a promising alternative for the semiconductor industry due to their large on/off current ratio (>1010), immunity to short-channel effects, and unique switching characteristics. MoS2 has drawn considerable interest due to its intriguing electrical, optical, sensing, and catalytic properties. Monolayer MoS2 is a semiconducting material with a direct band gap of ~1.9 eV, which can be tuned. Commercially, the aim of synthesizing a novel material is to grow high-quality samples over a large area and at a low cost. Although chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth techniques are associated with a low-cost pathway and large-area material growth, a drawback concerns meeting the high crystalline quality required for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. This research presents a lower-temperature CVD for the repeatable synthesis of large-size mono- or few-layer MoS2 using the direct vapor phase sulfurization of MoO3. The samples grown on Si/SiO2 substrates demonstrate a uniform single-crystalline quality in Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy. These characterization techniques were targeted to confirm the uniform thickness, stoichiometry, and lattice spacing of the MoS2 layers. The MoS2 crystals were deposited over the entire surface of the sample substrate. With a detailed discussion of the CVD setup and an explanation of the process parameters that influence nucleation and growth, this work opens a new platform for the repeatable synthesis of highly crystalline mono- or few-layer MoS2 suitable for optoelectronic application.

Abstract Background Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly incorporated in everyday products. To investigate the effects of early life exposure to orally ingested TiO2 NP, male and female Sprague–Dawley rat pups received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NP (diameter: 21 ± 5 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage at three different pre-weaning ages: postnatal day (PND) 2–5, PND 7–10, or PND 17–20. Cardiac assessment and basic neurobehavioral tests (locomotor activity, rotarod, and acoustic startle) were conducted on PND 20. Pups were sacrificed at PND 21. Select tissues were collected, weighed, processed for neurotransmitter and metabolomics analyses. Results Heart rate was found to be significantly decreased in female pups when dosed between PND 7–10 and PND 17–20. Females dosed between PND 2–5 showed decrease acoustic startle response and when dosed between PND 7–10 showed decreased performance in the rotarod test and increased locomotor activity. Male pups dosed between PND 17–20 showed decreased locomotor activity. The concentrations of neurotransmitters and related metabolites in brain tissue and the metabolomic profile of plasma were impacted by TiO2 NP administration for all dose groups. Metabolomic pathways perturbed by TiO2 NP administration included pathways involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Conclusion Oral administration of TiO2 NP to rat pups impacted basic cardiac and neurobehavioral performance, neurotransmitters and related metabolites concentrations in brain tissue, and the biochemical profiles of plasma. The findings suggested that female pups were more likely to experience adverse outcome following early life exposure to oral TiO2 NP than male pups. Collectively the data from this exploratory study suggest oral administration of TiO2 NP cause adverse biological effects in an age- and sex-related manner, emphasizing the need to understand the short- and long-term effects of early life exposure to TiO2 NP.

Cyber-attack is one of the most challenging aspects of information technology. After the emergence of the Internet of Things, which is a vast network of sensors, technology started moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), many IoT based devices interplay in most of the application wings like defence, healthcare, home automation etc., As the technology escalates, it gives an open platform for raiders to hack the network devices. Even though many traditional methods and Machine Learning algorithms are designed hot, still it "Have a Screw Loose" in detecting the cyber-attacks. To "Pull the Plug on" an effective "Intrusion Detection System (IDS)" is designed with "Deep Learning" technique. This research work elucidates the importance in detecting the cyber-attacks as "Anomaly" and "Normal". Fast Region-Based Convolution Neural Network (Fast R-CNN), a deep convolution network is implemented to develop an efficient and adaptable IDS. After hunting many research papers and articles, "Gradient Boosting" is found to be a powerful optimizer algorithm that gives us a best results when compared to other existing methods. This algorithm uses "Regression" tactics, a statistical technique to predict the continuous target variable that correlates between the variables. To create a structured valid dataset, a stacked model is made by implementing the two most popular dimensionality reduction techniques Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) algorithms. The brainwaves made us to hybridize Fast R-CNN and Gradient Boost Regression (GBR) which reduces the loss function, processing time and boosts the model's performance. All the above said methods are trained and tested with NIDS dataset V.10 2017. Finally, the "Decision Making" model decides the best result by giving an alert message. Our proposed model attains a high accuracy of 99.5% in detecting the "Cyber Attacks". The experiment results revealed that the effectiveness of our proposed model surpasses other deep neural network and machine learning techniques which have less accuracy.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a genetically mediated chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently associated with metabolic co-morbidities. These metabolic co-morbidities have a huge impact in deciding the appropriate immunosupressant of choice in the current scenario of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Treatment of psoriasis especially with biologicals is challenging during covid pandemic since immunosuppressive therapy might interfere with antiviral immunity. Aim: To report the safety profile of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitor, namely injection secukinumab in patients of psoriasis vulgaris during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: An ambispective interventional study was performed on 23 patients of psoriasis who were administered secukinumab at a dose of 300 mg subcutaneously during COVID-19 pandemic.The study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India among the patients attending the psoriasis clinic between the July 2021 to March 2022. The demographic characteristics of the study group, previous treatment for psoriasis and the relationship between risk of COVID-19 infection and secukinumab were noted. Efficacy of secukinumab was calculated using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics software version 21.0 by Fischer’s-exact test. Results: Out of 23 patients, 17 patients (11 males, six females) completed full course of nine doses (five weekly doses followed by four monthly doses) of secukinumab. The PASI 75 and PASI 90 were achieved in 9 (52.94%) and 8 (29.41%) patients respectively at the end of 12 weeks. None of the patients developed COVID-19 infection during the course of treatment and three months following therapy. Patients with psoriasis who had a history of COVID-19 infection did not show signs of reinfection when started on secukinumab. Both inactivated vaccine (Covaxin) and vector based vaccine (Covishield) were found to be safe in concomitant use with secukinumab. Conclusion: Secukinumab is found to be safe and effective in psoriasis treatment during COVID-19 pandemic. There is no increased risk of COVID-19 infection or reinfection, COVID-19 associated hospitalisation and mortality among patients with psoriasis administered with secukinumab. The drug can also be safely used with COVID-19 vaccines.

Mitochondria in skeletal muscle have distinct localization and properties through unclear mechanisms. Here, the authors use complexome profiling and immunoprecipitations to identify PERM1 as a MICOS-MIB complex interactor that also binds ankyrin B, suggesting PERM1 directs the mitochondria to the membrane.

The authors found that VDAC2 plays a crucial role in influencing mitochondrial calcium dynamics and cellular calcium signalling. A VDAC2 agonist, efsevin, rescued the heart failure phenotype, identifying a new potential therapeutic target for heart failure.

Reovirus endocytosis depends on junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) and β1 integrin binding. Here, Koehler et al. use single-virus force spectroscopy and confocal microscopy to demonstrate a direct interaction between reovirus and β1 integrins via viral capsid protein λ2, which promotes clathrin recruitment to cell-bound reovirus.

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) synthesis process is being heavily researched for its conformality, high aspect ratio with thickness control, selective area deposition versatility, and variety of low-temperature oxide, nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) precursors for a multitude of applications. Repeatability and reproducibility are essential, along with large-scale deposition with high throughput from the commercialization perspective. JMP and Design of Experiment (DoE) are industrially practiced tools to study and reduce process variations. This research paper demonstrates the application of DoE in JMP for the predictive evaluation of ALD for the synthesis of Al2O3.

Silicon has dimensional limitations in following Moore's law; thus, new 2D materials complementing Silicon are being researched. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a prospective material anticipated to bridge the gap to complement Silicon and enhance the performances of semiconductor devices and embedded systems in the package. For a synthesis process to be of any relevance to the industry. it needs to be at the wafer scale to match existing Silicon wafer-processing standards. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is one of the most promising techniques for synthesizing wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 due to its self-limiting, conformal, and low-temperature characteristics. This paper discusses the wafer-scale ALD synthesis of Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) using Mo (CO)6 as a precursor with Ozone as a reactant. An ALD-synthesized wafer-scale MoO3 thin film was later sulfurized through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) to transform into stoichiometric MoS2, which was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The roles of activation energy and first-order reaction kinetics in determining the ALD recipe parameters of the pulse time, reactor temperature, and purge time are explicitly discussed in detail. Discretized pulsing for developing one-cycle ALD for monolayer growth is suggested. Remedial measures to overcome shortcomings observed during this research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]