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Tracing autochthonous pig breeds with meat near-infrared spectra data. X. International symposium of mediterranean pig

National audience; Models such as InraPorc have been developed to simulate the growth of pigs and determine their nutrient requirements. These models have been applied largely to conventional breeds but so far not to local breeds. The aim of our study was to use InraPorc to determine nutrient requirements of growing pigs from local breeds in the H2020 European Union project TREASURE. Data on feed composition, allowance and intake, and body weight (BW) were obtained from literature reports or experiments conducted within the project. Data were used to calibrate parameters defining a growth and intake profile in InraPorc. We obtained 15 profiles from nine breeds (Alentejana, Basque, Bísara, Apulo Calabrese, Cinta Senese, Ibérico, Krškopoljska, Mangalitsa Swallow Bellied and Moravka), with one to three profiles per breed depending on experimental conditions or data source. Conditions of the studies affected calibration results. When focusing on the 40-100 kg BW range, mean protein deposition (PD) was low for all breeds, from 40.5-105.1 g/d, vs over 130 g/d in conventional breeds. The age of pigs at 40 kg BW ranged from 110-206 days, denoting different types of feeding management in addition to genetic differences. Average daily gain (ADG) curves and feed intake curves had similar shapes. Protein deposition rate was the highest in breeds with the highest ADG. Lysine requirements were largely covered in all studies and breeds, the highest requirements corresponding to the highest ADG. In all breeds, a small proportion of total body energy retention was dedicated to protein, unlike lipids. Despite some methodological limitations, this study provides an initial insight into nutrient requirements of some local breeds.

National audience; Models such as InraPorc have been developed to simulate the growth of pigs and determine their nutrient requirements. These models have been applied largely to conventional breeds but so far not to local breeds. The aim of our study was to use InraPorc to determine nutrient requirements of growing pigs from local breeds in the H2020 European Union project TREASURE. Data on feed composition, allowance and intake, and body weight (BW) were obtained from literature reports or experiments conducted within the project. Data were used to calibrate parameters defining a growth and intake profile in InraPorc. We obtained 15 profiles from nine breeds (Alentejana, Basque, Bísara, Apulo Calabrese, Cinta Senese, Ibérico, Krškopoljska, Mangalitsa Swallow Bellied and Moravka), with one to three profiles per breed depending on experimental conditions or data source. Conditions of the studies affected calibration results. When focusing on the 40-100 kg BW range, mean protein deposition (PD) was low for all breeds, from 40.5-105.1 g/d, vs over 130 g/d in conventional breeds. The age of pigs at 40 kg BW ranged from 110-206 days, denoting different types of feeding management in addition to genetic differences. Average daily gain (ADG) curves and feed intake curves had similar shapes. Protein deposition rate was the highest in breeds with the highest ADG. Lysine requirements were largely covered in all studies and breeds, the highest requirements corresponding to the highest ADG. In all breeds, a small proportion of total body energy retention was dedicated to protein, unlike lipids. Despite some methodological limitations, this study provides an initial insight into nutrient requirements of some local breeds.

Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) offers an easy to use and cost-effective tool for quantitative and qualitative application in animal science. Of special interest could be considered the use of NIRS for tracing meat origin on the basis of breed specification. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of meat NIRS as a “fingerprint” of autochthonous pig breeds. The research considered intact and grounded sample of Longissimus Dorsi (n=371) collected from 11 European local pig breeds from the TREASURE project, namely: Alentejana (ALE), Bisara (BIS), Crna Slawonska (CRN), Gascon (GAS), Iberian (IBE), Krskopolje (KRS), Lithuanian Wattle (LIA), Lithuanian White (LIH), Negre Mallorqui (NEG), Schwabish Hallisches (SCH) and Turopolje (TUR). For each muscle sample, two aliquots were scanned using FT-NIRS Antaris II model (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in absorbance mode considering the infrared region (3999 to 9999 cm-1) and averaged. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) on meat NIRS was used to assess: i) breed traceability and ii) similarity among breeds. DAPC was applied on standardised (centred and scaled) spectra using the R package. For breed traceability, cross- validation was applied: five samples per breed were sampled at random, without replacement, and used in validation. The procedure was repeated ten times and each breed was analysed separately. In this case, all breeds were present in the training set. Similarity among breeds was assessed by excluding each breed from the training set and assigning the samples in the validation set to the breeds in the training one. Overall correct classification was 68.0 and 77.6% for intact and grounded meat, respectively. Alentejana had 100% correct classification for both intact and grounded meat. For CRN, KRS, LIA, LIH and NEG use of grounded meat spectra resulted in higher classification rates from 44 to 64% for intact and from 66 to 90% for grounded meat), while for GAS the opposite was found (80% for intact vs. 70% for grounded). For the rest of the breeds slight or no differences were observed between intact and grounded samples and classification rates ranged between 66 (CRN and SCH) to 72% (BIS). The lowest classification rates were observed in both cases for CRN. Similarity among breeds was greatly varied upon dataset used (e.g. ALE samples were classified as IBE (40%), TUR (40%) and SCH (10%) using intact meat while 100% were classified as CRN using grounded meat). Our results mark NIRS as a promising tool for traceability of pig breed meat origin and support the use of grounded over intact samples.

Influence of traditional and innovative foods on the carcass quality of the Bisara swine breed. XI. Iberian congress on animal genetic resources

International audience; The objective of the present study is to evaluate the potential use of FT-NIRS for predicting intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acid groups (MUFA; PUFA; PUFA n-3, PUFA n-6; SFA) on pig grounded muscles. The research considered 160 fresh samples of Longissimus collected from 12 European local pig breeds (TREASURE project). For every sample, lipids were extracted from IMF and fatty acid profile was determinate by gas chromatography. Two aliquots of each sample were scanned using FT-NIRS Antaris II model. Mathematical pre-treatments (multiplicative scatter correction, 1st and 2nd derivate) were applied and outliers’ spectra were identified and removed when necessary. Partial least square regression was used on the average spectrum and the models validated using an external data set. Results are evaluated in terms of coefficient of regression and root mean square errors in calibration (R2-RMSE) and validation (Rp2-RMSEP). As expected, the best results were obtained for IMF with R2 higher than 0.99 and RMSE lower than 0.2. Unsaturated fatty acids, probably due to the absorption of the cis double bond in a specific region of near infrared spectra, obtain acceptable R2 (0.89 for MUFA and 0.75 for PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6). SFA achieved a R2 of 0.81 that is lower than values reported in other studies probably because of the large variability of genotypes used. The validation models achieved both lower coefficients of determination and higher RMSEP than the calibration models; however, R2 differences between calibration and validation were smaller than 5%, except for SFA. Hence, the FT-NIRS seems promising to estimate the principal parameters of fatty acid groups on muscle samples from different European autochthonous pig breeds. Inclusion of other samples can improve the accuracy and the robustness of the models, especially considering the high variability of the samples. Funded by European Union’s H2020 program (grant agreement no. 634476).

International audience; In the North of Portugal the production of Bísara pig breed is associated to a sustainable traditional production system. The outdoor swine production systems should be increased due to the lower investment cost, environmental and animal welfare issues. The overall objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the impact of traditional and innovative feed resources in technological meat quality traits. A total of 30 pigs (15 castrated males and 15 females) of the Bísara breed, with 3 months age, were equally divided in number and gender in three batches, placed in a hoop barn with animal outdoor (free access). The animals were controlled in two phases: Phase 1 (98 days’, from 20 kg to 80 kg LW: the feeding diet was the same for all animals. They were submitted to a starter concentrate diet for 21 days (1,5 kg/pig/day) and substituted with concentrate growth diet (1,5 kg/pig/day) in addition with corn meal (0,3 to 0,4 kg/pig/day) until the end of this phase. Phase 2 (finishing phase, from 80-120 kg LW, three experimental batches were differentiated in the type of diet: D1 - germinated seeds, commercial concentrate and corn meal; D2 – potatoes, commercial concentrate and corn meal; D3 – commercial concentrate and corn meal. Pigs were slaughtered with 287.4±14.5 days and 120.5±13.12 kg of live weight. Samples were collected from longissimus lomborum (LL) and studied according to reference methods. Treatment effects on analytical indicators were assessed by ANOVA using the program IBM- SPSS for Windows (version 22.0). There is no effect of the diet in the meat quality traits studied (P>0.05). The average values obtained for all groups were: carcass weight 90.3±10.65 kg, pH 5.54±0.06, moisture 72.0±0.78 %. The water holding capacity and textural parameters are important in terms of juiciness and tenderness. The shear force value was 2.87±0.74 kg/cm2, cooking, drip and thawing losses, the percentages were 20.6±2.76, 4.65±1.29 and 7.59±2.77 respectively. The meat color in the CIELAB space: lightness, (L*); redness, (a*); yellowness, (b*) were respectively 48.2±1.94, 6.0±1.47 and 11.8±1.24. The relative myoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) also with no significant effect (P>0.05) on these parameters were 44.7±8.14, 46.9±9.42 and 8.49±4.26. On the whole, from this work the diet hardly affected technological meat quality traits. With this result, the use of outdoor system can be combined with this type of diets, depending on availability, which can make this production system more sustainable including the economical issues.

International audience; Unlike in modern breeds, the knowledge on performance and management of local pig breeds is very limited. These are key aspects to be developed for their successful exploitation that requires strategies adapted to their specific productive and metabolic characteristics, quite different from those of modern pig breeds, to ensure their preservation and future expansion, particularly for those more endangered. These are some of the challenges addressed by the project TREASURE. For this purpose, a series of experiments involving 11 European local breeds -differing in the level of development- have been carried out covering various and complementary aspects like nutritional requirements in different productive phases (Cinta Senese, Iberian), feeding practices involving locally available resources (Krskopolje, Schwäbisch-Hällisches, Turopolje, Mangalitsa, Bísaro, Iberian, Gascon), and innovative management and housing practices to enhance product quality or improve animal welfare (Cinta Senese, Alentejano, Bisaro, Iberian, Mangalitsa, Moravka, Krskopolje, Schwäbisch-Hällisches, Black Slavonian). All these activities have been designed to obtain essential information to develop future productive strategies for each of the involved breeds, taking into account to obtain local high-quality products, and seeking for optimum pig performance and high animal welfare conditions in the production systems under consideration. The information provided constitutes a unique and valuable set of data for the management of these breeds and the further development of local pork chains. In some cases it is the first available data for the breeds concerned. A general overview of the developed activities will be presented highlighting some of the achievements obtained. Funded by European Union’s H2020 RIA program (Grant agreement no. 634476).

International audience; The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of two rearing systems in technological meat quality traits. A total of twenty Bísaro pigs, with age of 98.6±5.71 days, and 25.4±4.87 kg of LW were equally distributed in Gr1 – hoop barn with outdoor access and Gr2 - traditional confinement with bedding, and were fed with the same diet until slaughter. Within 72h postmortem, two slices of LL muscle were collected. Except for color measurement there is no effect of the rearing system in the meat quality studied traits. The a* color coordinate measurement showed a lower (P=0.027) redness value in the loin of the pigs raised in the hoop barn system than in the traditional confinement, 7.62 versus 8.98 respectively. Yellowness, b* color coordinate, measured in LL of Bísaro pig showed higher values than meat from other pig breeds. While an underlying mechanism is not evident, elevated yellowness and low redness values may be related to the breed and to adaptive measures of the outdoor reared pigs to increased exercise and lowered, more variable temperature. Regarding the meat oxidative status, there was no influence from the raising system and values obtained where very low compared to other pig meat studies. On the whole, from this work the rearing system hardly affected technological meat quality traits.

Il s'agit d'un article correspondant à une communication orale en conférence (IX Symposium of the Mediterranean Pig, Portalegre, Portugal, 3-5 Nov 2016); International audience; The paper reports the results of a survey on the demographic and phenotypic characterization of 20 European local pig breeds involved in the H2020 TREASURE project including information on: demographic parameters, main morphological features, reproductive information, additional information collected at herd-level (i.e. temperament, holding, mating practices), origins and development of the breeds. Almost all the breeds (18 out of 20) possess a herd book even if the starting year is highly variable (from 1980 to 2006). Number of breeding females ranged from 24 (Moravka) to over 200,000 heads (Ibérico). Male/female ratio varied greatly with the highest values for the Italian breeds probably due to the different policy of animal recording. Almost all the breeds undergo a conservation program whereas really few are interested by other conservation techniques and for less than five breeds data related to effective number and inbreeding coefficient are easily available. Average values for teat number, litter size and weaned piglets are 12, 8 and 6 respectively with a great potential for their improvement. The depicted scenario is highly diversified and the data collected represent the starting point for the achievement of a collective trademark under the umbrella of the TREASURE project.; Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una encuesta de datos demográficos y fenotípicos de 20 razas locales de cerdos en estudio en el proyecto H2020 TREASURE y incluí información de: parámetros demográficos, características morfológicas principales, parámetros reproductivos, informaciones adicionales a nivel de los efectivos (ex. Temperamento, instalaciones, prácticas de cubrición), orígenes y desarrollo de las razas. Casi todas las razas (18 de 20) tienen libro genealógico, aunque su fecha de inicio varía mucho (de 1980 a 2006). El número de hembras reproductoras varía de 24 (Moravka) a más de 200 mil cabezas (Ibérico). La relación macho/hembra varía mucho con los valores más altos verificados en las razas italianas muy probablemente debido a una política diferente relativamente al registro de animales. Casi todas las razas tienen programas de conservación, aunque pocas están interesadas en otras técnicas de conservación y sólo en menos que 5 razas los datos relativos a número de efectivos y de coeficiente de consanguinidad están fácilmente disponibles. Los valores medios para números de pezones, tamaño de camada y lechones destetados son de 12, 8 y 6, respectivamente con un grande potencial para mejora. El escenario descrito es altamente diversificado y esta colecta de datos representa el punto de partida para una marca colectiva debajo del parasol del proyecto TREASURE.

Unlike in modern breeds, the knowledge on performance and management of local pig breeds is very limited. These are key aspects to be developed for their successful exploitation that requires strategies adapted to their specific productive and metabolic characteristics, quite different from those of modern pig breeds, to ensure their preservation and future expansion, particularly for those more endangered. These are some of the challenges addressed by the project TREASURE. For this purpose, a series of experiments involving 11 European local breeds-differing in the level of development-have been carried out covering various and complementary aspects like nutritional requirements in different productive phases (Cinta Senese, Iberian), feeding practices involving locally available resources (Krskopolje, Schwäbisch-Hällisches, Turopolje, Mangalitsa, Bísaro, Iberian, Gascon), and innovative management and housing practices to enhance product quality or improve animal welfare (Cinta Senese, Alentejano, Bisaro, Iberian, Mangalitsa, Moravka, Krskopolje, Schwäbisch-Hällisches, Black Slavonian). All these activities have been designed to obtain essential information to develop future productive strategies for each of the involved breeds, taking into account to obtain local high-quality products, and seeking for optimum pig performance and high animal welfare conditions in the production systems under consideration. The information provided constitutes a unique and valuable set of data for the management of these breeds and the further development of local pork chains. In some cases it is the first available data for the breeds concerned. A general overview of the developed activities will be presented highlighting some of the achievements obtained.

International audience; TREASURE is a research and innovation project of European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme which is devoted to traditional genetic resources in pig production with aim to improve their potentials for enhanced use. Studying and improving management of local pig breeds in their production systems is one of the challenges in which we address their performances and nutrition with special attention on locally available feeding resources and innovative practices aiming to improved welfare. For that purpose 15 experiments on 12 breeds were designed in the project, which are hereafter shortly presented. Their concepts and main objectives with some highlights on already available results are described.

In the frame of the European TREASURE* project, the genetic characterization of 20 local pig breeds is being performed with genetic and genomic tools. The objectives are the study of genetic diversity in these populations and the identification of useful markers for authentication, traceability, conservation and breeding programs. In first place, a candidate gene approach has been applied and the most relevant genes and mutations associated with pig productive, meat quality, reproductive and disease resistance traits have been prioritized and analyzed. Two OpenArray® chips of 32 and 16 SNPs were designed and genotyped in 48 animals from each one of 20 breeds included in the project (Alentejana, Apulo Calabrese, Basque, Bísaro, Black Majorcan, Black Sicilian, Black Slavonian, Casertana, Cinta Senese, Gascon, Iberian, Krskopolje, Lithuanian indigenous wattle, Mangalitsa, Mora Romagnola, Moravka, Old Lithuanian White, Sarda, Schwäbisch Hällisches, Turopolje). Forty SNPs located in 34 genes were successfully genotyped (MC1R, TYRP1, NR6A, PCK1, RYR1, IGF2, MC4R, PHKG1, SCD, GBP5, TAS2R39, TAS2R4, MUC4, ESR1, CYP2E1, LEP, CAST, MTTP, CYB5A, FTO, PPARGC1A, CAPN1, PPARD, CTSL, LEPR, PRKAG3, ACACA, KIT, ACSL4, ADIPOQ, FASN, AHR, FUT1, MSTN). Results provide relevant information regarding genetic diversity and segregation of SNPs responsible for specific production and quality traits. Coat color and morphological trait-genes, showing low level of segregation, and fixed SNPs may be useful for traceability. On the other hand, we detected SNPs which may be useful for breeding programs. For instance, we observed predominance of unfavorable alleles for disease resistance and boar taint genes in most breeds, and segregation of many genes involved in meat quality, fatness and growth. These results joint with ongoing genomic assays, will provide essential information regarding genetic diversity, structure, selective signatures and biological processes responsible for specific production and quality traits.

Survey of demographic and phenotypic data of local pig breeds of Treasure project. 9. International symposium on the mediterranean pig

Models such as InraPorc have been developed to simulate the growth of pigs and determine their nutrient requirements. These models have been applied largely to conventional breeds but so far not to local breeds. The aim of our study was to use InraPorc to determine nutrient requirements of growing pigs from local breeds in the H2020 European Union project TREASURE. Data on feed composition, allowance and intake, and body weight (BW) were obtained from literature reports or experiments conducted within the project. Data were used to calibrate parameters defining a growth and intake profile in InraPorc. We obtained 15 profiles from nine breeds (Alentejana, Basque, Bísara, Apulo Calabrese, Cinta Senese, Ibérico, Krškopoljska, Mangalitsa Swallow Bellied and Moravka), with one to three profiles per breed depending on experimental conditions or data source. Conditions of the studies affected calibration results. When focusing on the 40-100 kg BW range, mean protein deposition (PD) was low for all breeds, from 40.5-105.1 g/d, vs over 130 g/d in conventional breeds. The age of pigs at 40 kg BW ranged from 110-206 days, denoting different types of feeding management in addition to genetic differences. Average daily gain (ADG) curves and feed intake curves had similar shapes. Protein deposition rate was the highest in breeds with the highest ADG. Lysine requirements were largely covered in all studies and breeds, the highest requirements corresponding to the highest ADG. In all breeds, a small proportion of total body energy retention was dedicated to protein, unlike lipids. Despite some methodological limitations, this study provides an initial insight into nutrient requirements of some local breeds.