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Aim To find the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) in males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Belagavi city and also to understand the severity of UI and the impact of variables like age, duration of diabetes, BMI (Body mass index), waist circumference, glycemic control (fasting blood glucose), and medications on the prevalence of UI in males with T2DM. Methodology This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital and medical research centre of Karnataka, India in which males aged 35 years or more and suffering with T2DM for at-least 10years were enrolled. UI was assessed using International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Results Out of 123 male subjects having T2DM screened for the prevalence of UI, 19 subjects were diagnosed to be having UI as per ICIQ-SF questionnaire, accounting to 15.4% of the total sample. The mean ICIQ score of the 19 subjects having UI was 9.2 ± 1.54 showing that the mean severity of UI was moderate in nature. Study also found that the duration of diabetes was significantly high (mean = 18 ± 4.6 years) and glycemic control was significantly poor (Mean FBS = 210 ± 64.21 mg/dL) in subjects with UI than in subjects without UI. Conclusions Prevalence of UI among adult patients with T2DM was 15.4% and is of moderate severity, as assessed by ICIQ-SF. Long duration of Diabetes and poor glycemic control could possibly increase the risk of UI among T2DM patients.

Aim: To estimate the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain syndrome in postpartum women. Method and Measures: A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2020 among 115 postpartum women attending at a tertiary care hospital in north Karnataka. Standardized and pre validated questionnaires “Brief Pain Inventory” and “Visual Analogue Scale” were used for subjective rating of pain. Result expressed in frequency and percentage. Results: Musculoskeletal pain syndrome was present among 99% women and most common complaint was low back pain (74%). General activity, walking ability and mood were much interfered by pain. Conclusions: The results showed there is high occurrence of musculoskeletal pain syndrome in postpartum women at a tertiary care hospital; most common is low back pain. Keywords: Brief Pain Inventory, musculoskeletal syndrome, postpartum women, Visual Analogue Scale.

Background: Biomechanical changes during pregnancy impose postural deviations, leading to various musculoskeletal pain syndromes. Commonly noted pain syndromes are the pelvic girdle pain (PGP) and low back pain (LBP), which were experienced by pregnant women globally. There is a prevalence of pregnancy-related PGP (PPGP) and pregnancy-related LBP (PLBP) in Western population. Data of the same in Indian pregnant population lack evidence. Objective: To find the rates of incidence and prevalence of different patterns of PPGP and PLBP in the urban and rural pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total of 580 pregnant women were screened for inclusion criteria. Confirmation of diagnosis of PGP and LBP was done for 457 subjects using Modified Oswestry Disability Index (MODI) questionnaire and the pelvic girdle questionnaire (PGQ). Once diagnosed, all participants were subjected to nine clinical tests to differentiate the site of pain and to classify them accordingly into three different groups, namely group A (LBP), group B [posterior pelvic pain (PPP)], and group C [anterior pelvic pain (APP)]. Results: The point prevalence of pain in group A (LBP) was 31%, in group B (PPP) was 65%, and in group C (APP) was 15%. The prevalence of PGP and LBP was 75% in the urban pregnant population and 25% in the rural pregnant population. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of PPP (65%) is higher than that of LBP (31%) and APP (15%). Also PPP is reported to be highest in primiparous with gestational age of 38 weeks. The urban population showed 75% and rural population showed 25% of PGP and LBP.

Background and objectives Vaginal delivery has an enormous amount of pressure on the perineum, the area between vagina and anus, which must stretch to accommodate the baby's head during its passage through the birth canal. During childbirth, the perineum may tear or the obstetrician may decide to incise to make wider opening for baby's head to pass, a procedure called as episiotomy. The area of episiotomy may be uncomfortable and painful for several days. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of therapeutic ultrasound and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy. Materials and methods Sixty women, who underwent vaginal delivery with episiotomy, complaining of perineal pain were recruited and randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Physiotherapy intervention included cryo gel pad and therapeutic ultrasound in group A and cryo gel pad and lowlevel laser therapy in group B once daily for 3 consecutive days. Outcomes Measures were documented using visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and REEDA scale (redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, approximation) for healing on 1st day preintervention and 3rd day postintervention respectively. Results The study results showed that there was statistically significant improvement postintervention in both the groups with p < 0.05, although therapeutic ultrasound with cryo gel pad showed better reduction in pain score and healing process as compared to low-level laser therapy. Conclusion Therapeutic ultrasound with cryo gel pad can be used to reduce perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy. How to cite this article Chougala A, Mahishale A. A Randomized Clinical Trial to evaluate the Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound and Low-level Laser Therapy on Perineal Pain following Vaginal Delivery with Episiotomy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):152-156.

Objective Women are potentially susceptible to complications during postpartum period which may affect their physical, mental and social wellbeing. It is essential to deliver appropriate postpartum care in immediate postpartum mothers to improve the general wellbeing. Postnatal exercises are administered in routine clinical practice for early mobility and postnatal recovery. The present study aimed to assess the effect of postnatal exercise on postpartum maternal physical, mental, social and general wellbeing in immediate postpartum women. Materials and methods Setting—Tertiary care hospital; Subjects—33 immediate postpartum women with vaginal delivery were recruited after obtaining an informed consent and clearance from the institutional ethical committee; Treatment— postnatal exercises namely aerobic exercises, general body strengthening exercises, and pelvic floor muscle exercises were given from 2nd to 4th day postpartum, twice per day each session lasting for 30 minutes each; Tool—the short-form (36) questionnaire was administered as an outcome measure; statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Results The results showed statistically significant difference in quality of life according to the short form (36) scores on 4th day postintervention as compared to 2nd day preintervention with p < 0.001 in all domains. Conclusion Postnatal exercises administered during immediate postpartum period helps improve the quality of life by improving physical, mental, social and general wellbeing. How to cite this article Mahishale AV, Maria Vlorica LPA, Patil HS. Effect of Postnatal Exercises on Quality of Life in Immediate Postpartum Mothers: A Clinical Trial. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(1):11-14.

INTRODUCTION: Cyclic Mastalgia is defined as breast pain before the onset of menstruation. It may be experienced unilaterally or bilaterally and is often associated with tenderness. Pain usually subsides spontaneously but it re-occurs with subsequent menstrual cycles. METHODOLOGY: A total sample of 29 females were recruited for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The outcome measures used were Visual Analogue Scale, RAND SF-36 questionnaire and Pressure Algometer. Pre intervention scores were recorded and an exercise programme was administered to the subjects, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Post intervention outcome measures were recorded. RESULTS: The results proved that pain, tenderness and Quality Of Life improved significantly after the intervention with P value of (0.0001). Components of QOL like Physical functioning, Physical health, Emotional problems, Emotional well being, Social functioning, General health, Enegy levels improved after intervention. Determining the long term effects of the exercise programme was not a objective of the present study but we found that most of our study participants did not have recurrence of the symptoms of cyclic mastalgia for more than 3 months after the intervention. CONCLUSION: The Experimental study demonstrated that Structured Exercise Programme was effective in reducing pain, tenderness and improving Quality Of Life in adult females with cyclic mastalgia.

BACKGROUND: Balance is highly integrative dynamic process involving coordination of multiple neurological pathways that allows for the maintenance of the COG over BOS . Football players often perform lower extremity passing , shooting , twisting , cutting and dribbling skills while wearing shoes , these actions require body to be in the equilibrium position to perform the task . This leads to t he conclusion of the great importance of the ability of balance in football . AIMS: 1 . To study the effect of 4 week multidirectional balance board training on dynamic balance in football players . 2 . To study the effect of 4 week Both Sides Up ball training on dynamic balance in football players . 3 . To compare the effect of multidirectional balance board training program and BOSU ball training program on dynamic balance in football players . STUDY DESIGN: Randomized Clinical trial . METHODS: Total of 60 competitive badminton players with age group between18 - 25 were recruited in this study . The participants were allocated into 2 groups viz ., Group A (multidirectional balance board training) and Group B (BOSU ball Training) for a period of 4 we eks . Participants were test for SEBT and vertical jump test on first day and after 4 weeks of balance training . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student t test , Chi - Square Test . RESULTS: The data analysis and statistical inference showed that , after 4 weeks of balanc e training there was improvement in dynamic balance in both the groups but there was no significant difference in dynamic balance between two groups . As seen by difference in the SEBT and VJT scores pre and post training with p

Background and Objective: Postpartum depression (PPD) is very common among women and is a major public health problem. However, there is a wide range of the prevalence of postnatal depression among women from different countries. Women with lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) or vaginal delivery both undergo depression. However, no studies have compared the level of depression among LSCS and vaginal delivery in Indian as well Western scenario. Hence, the objective of the present study was to compare the level of depression among mothers with LSCS and vaginal delivery. Methodology: A total of 170 females were screened using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on the 7th day postpartum for PPD, of which 85 females had undergone LSCS and 85 females had undergone vaginal delivery. The EPDS consists of 10 items and each item is rated on a four-point scale, giving maximum scores of 30. Mothers who scored above 13 were likely to be suffering from a depressive illness of varying severity. Results: The results of the present study showed that 8.23% women with vaginal delivery had depression whereas 21.17% LSCS women showed significant depression. Conclusion: PPD was found to be higher among mothers with LSCS as compared to mothers with vaginal delivery.

Background and objectives: About 70% of women suffer trauma with or without episiotomy to the perineum during vaginal delivery and this commonly causes pain and discomfort which may persist for months postpartum. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound and cooling maternal gel pads for perineal pain following vaginal delivery. Materials and methods: After obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Committee, 30 women who underwent vaginal delivery with episiotomy and complained of perineal pain were recruited and randomly allocated to control (n-15) and interventional group (n-15). A written informed consent was signed by all the participants. Physiotherapy intervention included therapeutic ultrasound, cooling maternal gel pad for experimental group and placebo therapeutic ultrasound for control group twice daily for a period of 3 days. Outcome measures included Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain measurement and REEDA (Redness, Edema, Ecchymoisis, Discharge, Approximation) scale for healing process, which were documented on 1st day pre intervention and 3rd day post intervention respectively. Results: The results showed statistically significant reduction in VAS and REEDA scores in experimental groups with p=0.02. Conclusion: Therapeutic ultrasound and maternal cooling gel pad proved to be effective in reducing perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy.

Pulmonary mucormycosis is relatively uncommon, but a life-threatening infection affecting mostly individuals with diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, chronic renal failure, posttransplantation and other immunocompromised states. Mucormycosis of the lung has a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations. Very few cases of pulmonary mucormycosis presenting as a fungal ball, cavity resembling tuberculosis, nonresolving, and recurrent pneumonia in patients with diabetes mellitus or other immunosuppressive conditions, were reported from India. We report a case of pulmonary mucormycosis in an adult male patient with uncontrolled diabetes.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common and under diagnosed medical conditions in India. Prevalence of these chronic diseases are high both in rural and urban areas. However, exact prevalence of DM in Indian COPD patients in unclear. Co-morbid conditions like DM have great impact on the outcome of COPD in the form of severity, exacerbations, morbidity and mortality. Hence the present study objective was to screen COPD patients for DM. Results: A total of 1662 patients with COPD (Males = 1264, Female = 398) with mean age 58 ± 9.6 were screened for DM. Patients with known history of DM were 353 (21.24%) and were enrolled as Known DM cases. Remaining 1309 (78.76%) patients whose DM status was unclear were screened by random blood sugar (RBS). One-hundred and seventy-one subjects had RBS > 110 mg/dl. About 73 (4.39%) subjects had fasting blood sugar (FBS) > 126 mg/dl. They were considered as Newly Diagnosed DM cases. Total number of DM cases in the study including new and known was 426 (25.63%). Number of patients with deranged FBS (FBS between 110 mg/dl to126 mg/dl) was 84 (5.05%). Among the DM patients with COPD 168 (10.11%) had poor glycemic control with HbA1c > 8. Prevalence of DM in present study was 25.63%. Conclusion: Prevalence of DM in COPD patients in the present study is 25.63% when actively screened in tertiary care hospital. It is feasible and imperative to screen all COPD patients for DM in all health care facilities routinely.

Objective : Immediate postpartum period imposes both abdominal weakness due to caesarean section along with week abdominal wall muscles due to sustained stretch and reduced thoracic expansion. Patients undergoing caesarean section have been reported to develop pulmonary dysfunction with reduced vital capacity for at least a week postoperatively. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of inspiratory muscle training using incentive spirometer and deep breathing exercises on lung functions in immediate postpartum mothers with caesarean section. Design : A randomized controlled trial. Method : 60 postpartum women with caesarean section were recruited. 30 in control group received diaphragmatic breathing exercisesa30 in experimental group received diaphragmatic breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training with incentive spirometer. Pre and post intervention values of FEV1 and incentive spirometer reading and abdominal strength were taken as outcome measures. Results : The pre and post inter group comparison of FEV1 and incentive spirometer reading showed statistically significant improvement in experimental group as compared to control group with p

Background and objectives: The incidence of low back pain & pelvic pain during pregnancy is about 55% and can occur at any time during the gestational period. Several biomechanical and physiologic changes during pregnancy contribute to pain which can manifest as lumbopelvic pain. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a tailor made physiotherapy intervention for lumbar pain & pelvic pain during pregnancy.

Background and objectives: Dysmenorrhea is a painful symptom that accompanies the menstrual cycles. Although exercise is generally thought to alleviate the symptoms of menstrual pain the scientific literature displays mixed evidence. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of knee chest position on primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and method: 30 female participants were recruited from KLE's Institute of Physiotherapy, Belgaum and randomly allocated to control and experimental group after obtaining an informed consent and clearance from the institutional ethical committee. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Moos menstrual distress questionnaire (MMDQ) were used as primary and secondary outcome measures. Control group received hot moist pack for 10 mins and the experimental group received hot moist pack (HMP) for 10 mins and knee chest position for 10 repetitions with 20 seconds hold. The intervention was carried out for 2 days beginning from the first day of menses. Outcome measures were documented using VAS on both the days pre intervention and post intervention and MMDQ on 1st day pre intervention and 2nd day post intervention respectively. Results: The results showed statistically significant reduction in VAS and MMDQ scores in the experimental group when compared to the control group with p Conclusion: Intervention with Knee chest position can be used in conjunction with HMP for reducing pain and menstrual distress in primary dysmenorrhea.

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very common lung disease most often related to history of smoking. It becomes more prevalent with increasing age but remains under-diagnosed and under-treated in the elderly population. Under diagnosis of COPD is universal in elderly patients because of multiple pathology, difficulty with measurement of lung function, under-reporting of symptoms and reduced perception of dyspnoea. However the screening of the elderly (age >60 years) is not performed routinely even when they are symptomatic. Objective The study was undertaken to screen elderly subjects with dyspnoea and/or reduced exercise tolerance for COPD. Study design A cross sectional hospital based study. Methods A total of 1000 elderly subjects were screened for COPD using standard spirometry as per GOLD guidelines. Diagnostic evaluation and classification of patients as “no COPD”, “new COPD” and “known COPD” were done by panel of experts which included a Pulmonologist, Cardiologist, General Physician and Physiotherapist. Subjects were categorized as mild, moderate, severe and very severe COPD based on FEV 1 (forced expiratory volume in 1st sec) values. Results Of the total 1000 elderly participants screened, 596 (59.6%) were classified as having no COPD, 228 (22.8%) with new COPD and 176 (17.6%) with known COPD. Among the total 228 of new COPD patients 27 (11.8%), 176 (77.4%), 5 (2.1%) and 20 (8.7%) were having mild, moderate, severe and very severe COPD respectively as per GOLD guidelines. Similarly of the total 176 subjects with known COPD, 9 (5.1%), 136 (77.3%), 0 (0%) and 31 (17.6%) were having mild, moderate, severe and very severe COPD respectively. Conclusion An active screening for COPD in elderly subjects with dyspnoea or reduced exercise tolerance leads to diagnoses of substantially more new patients with COPD.