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Coral reef ecosystems are one of the resources of coastal areas that are very vulnerable to damage, especially those caused by human behavior / surrounding communities. This research aims to calculate the percentage of coral cover and determine the condition of coral reefs in the waters of Pandangan Island, Mattiro Ujung Village, Liukang Tupabbiring District, Pangkep Regency. This research is carried out from February to April 2022, using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method which is processed and analyzed with CPCe software . The results obtained were 27 types of coral growth forms, namely Acropora Digitate, Acropora Encrusting, Acropora Submassive, Acropora Tabulate, Acropora Branching, Coral Branching, Coral Encrusting, Coral Heliopora, Coral Massive, Coral Millepora, Coral Mushroom, Coral Submassive, Coral foliose, Dead Coral, Dead Coral With Algae, Sponge, Other, Soft Coral, Halimeda, Turf Algae, Macro Algae, Coralline Algae, Algae Assamblage, Rubble, Sand, Silt, and Rock. The percentage of coral cover from each station, namely at station I was 23.17%, Station II was 25.44%, Station III was 26.56%. with an average coral cover of 25.06% and the condition of coral reefs in the waters of Pulau Views is in the moderate category referring to the Decree of the Minister of the Environment Number 4 of 2001 concerning the standard criteria for coral reef damage.

Abstract. Contracts are important for employment in any organization. In order to reach a common point of agreement, both employer and employees' negotiate important aspects of the contract. Objective of this study are: to find out sources of conflict during employment contracts and to eradicate or minimize the conflict by means of negotiations. In current study, negotiating contracts of employment is investigated through experimental research methodol-ogy. Data about negotiating employment contracts are collected through structured observa-tions from Pre-test and Post-test experimental groups. Analysis of the collected data is done through one-sample T-test the results of which and the P-value showed that important con-cepts are included in structured observations about negotiating employment contracts. It is concluded that pay is an important factor in negotiating employment contracts. It is recom-mended that such negotiations may be used in other types of contracts like business contracts, and other methods can be used in such studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global food security is continuously being haunted by the rapid increase in population and drastic climate changes. Drought stress (DS) negatively affects the soil fertility and plant growth. Drought often induces cell dehydration and ultimately inhibits cell expansion and division, leaf size, stem elongation, root proliferation, disturbed stomatal oscillations, plant water and nutrient uptake. Biochar (BC), being a carbon-rich material, ameliorates the adverse effects of drought on plants. BC is a carbonrich (65-90%) solid product of biomass pyrolysis that contains numerous pores and oxygen functional groups and aromatic surfaces. BC application modifies microbial habitats by improving the soil's physical properties. Additionally, BC porosity can decrease soil bulk density and improve soil aeration conditions. BC can increase the available water contents that influence nutrient accessibility to microbial cells. BC application increases the plant growth, biomass and yield of crops under water deficit conditions. It also enhances nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and modifies gas exchange characteristics in plants growing under water paucity. Additionally, it improves the physical, biological properties and water holding capacity of the soil. Keeping in view the tremendous importance of BC, this review highlights its potential in mitigating the DS in plants and sums up by revealing future prospects regarding its role in improvement of soils. Overall, this review can contribute towards the better understanding of the BC-mediated tolerance mechanisms in plants under low water availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the abundant renewable bioresources on earth. Its chemical composition, i.e., lignin hinders ethanol production and commercialization. Pretreatment processes are vital for efficient separation of the complex interlinked components and enhance the availability of every component, i.e., cellulose and hemicellulose. However, for the bioethanol production, a major barrier is the removal of strong lignin component which is highly resistant to solubilization and a major inhibitor for hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Pretreatment of biomass is necessary to make it susceptible to microorganisms, enzymes and pathogens. Consequently, for the ethanol production, pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass process is very costly. The initial pretreatment approaches include physical, physicochemical and biological methods. It found out that; pretreatment methods have a significant impact on efficient production of ethanol from biomass. However, extensive research is still necessary for the development of new and more efficient pretreatment processes for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Present review article presents recent development on lignocellulose biomass pretreatment. We discussed the different pretreatment methods along advantages, disadvantages and challenges for bioethanol production. This review includes benefits and drawbacks and chemical, physical, physiochemical and biological pretreatment along with existing problems. For the production of ethanol, this review will help researchers regarding selection, development and further planning of pretreatment for different lignocellulosic residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upgrading of calcareous phosphate ores by reverse flotation in acidic media depends mainly on the chemical reagents used, especially the collectors. Anionic collectors are commonly used in phosphate flotation circuits; however, in the most cases each collector was tested separately. Although using the mixture of the anionic collectors in salt-type minerals flotation is very limited, it has several advantages over using each collector alone. Therefore, in the present paper, the mixture of oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was tested and compared to the usage of each collector individually. A number of experiments were conducted to find out the optimal reverse flotation conditions for each collector in terms of collector dose, pH, and oleic acid to SDS (Ol:SDS) mixing ratio as main variables using factorial design. The design results showed that the Ol:SDS mixture, particularly at 1:1 mixing ratio, improves the phosphate grade with slight decrease in recovery in comparison with using each collector separately. The highest concentrate grade (>33% P2O5), with a recovery of 85%, was obtained at pH 6, 1:1 Ol:SDS mixing ratio, and collector dose 3.5 kg/t. In addition, using 1:1 mixing ratio drastically lowers the collector dose from 3.5 to 2 kg/t or even lower depending on the pH to achieve the concentrate grade required by phosphate industry (30% P2O5). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The research work was performed to investigate the immunogenicity of Salmonella vaccine produced at LPVRPC, BAU Mymensingh. The vaccination was performed at the Phenix Hatchery Ltd. Gazipur in Hy-sex brown and HY-sex white chicken designated as group A and group B respectively. Group A and B were subdivided into A1, A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3 groups containing eight birds each. Group C was maintained as unvaccinated control. Birds were immunized following schedule of the LPVRPC. Each bird was vaccinated SC at six weeks of age followed by a subsequent booster dose after 45 days. After four weeks of primary vaccination the mean PHA antibody titres were 96.00±34.21 in group A1 and 96.00±34.21 in B1 group. Prebooster vaccination the mean PHA antibody titres were 88.00±33.12 in group A2 and 88.00±33.12 in B2 group. At four weeks of booster vaccination the mean PHA antibody titres were 104.00±33.12 in group A3 and 104.00±33.12 in B3 group. The mean ± PHA antibody titre in chickens of group C was ≤ 4.0±0.00. Salmonella vaccine prepared at (LPVRPC) Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, BAU induces satisfactory level of antibody in chickens determined by PHA test conducted in an on-farm study of layer chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcination process is one of several methods used for upgrading the calcareous phosphate ores. However, the ore characteristics change after exposure to high temperatures. Therefore, in this study, calcination experiments for beneficiation of this ores are conducted in a laboratory scale by using muffle furnace. In addition, the physical and chemical changes on calcareous phosphate from Al-Jalamid locality, Saudi Arabia, were investigated. The results indicated that there are physical and chemical changes in the calcined product. The first observation was the change in color of the calcined products. Also, the surface area change of the calcined products was reported. The surface area measurements, XRD, FTIR, and SEM of calcareous phosphate before and after calcination indicated that although, the emission of CO2gas, as a calcination product, creates some pores at the particle surface, the sintering of phosphate at high temperature leads to surface area reduction. Therefore, it was revealed that the surface area reduction and the formation of new phases such as tri-calcium phosphate and calcium silicate are the main reasons for low phosphate solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]