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The objective of this research was to describe the variation in breeding practices in the population of Arabian horses in Algeria in relation to the population size drop observed in the 2000s, due to an increase in the cost of food and a change in interest in racing, related to the black decade. As a result, the breeders had to face two opposite constraints: enhancing reproduction to counter the population decline and preventing the loss of genetic diversity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic consequences of the decisions taken over a period of 30 years, starting from 1988 to 2018. The study was based on the analyses of the stud-book and on 11 microsatellite markers in a group of 943 horses, distributed into 13 age classes. Between 2004 and 2008, the breeders purchased foreign sires and dams, allowing a relative stability in unbiased heterozygosity of about 71%, due to the high genetic distances between foreign and local horses. As these importations stopped from 2009 on, there was a decrease in allele numbers of about 20%. Moreover, from 2010 on, we observe an excess of inbreeding and an increase in genetic drift relative to the starting population, due to population size decline. From the analysis of genetic distances between local individuals, it seems that the only constraint for sires and dams allowed to mate was a null coefficient of inbreeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The natural behavior of horses is to spend the most of their time foraging. The feeding time of stabled horses is often far from enough to fulfill their natural eating behavior. Hay-net technique is a method aiming to promote natural foraging behavior, slowing ingestion and increasing the length of feeding time. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of using a slow-feed (hay-net) on feeding time, forage intake rate, apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, bacterial population, and the activity of cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes in the colon of horses. Materials and Methods Eight Arabian horses (body weight= 396± 45 kg, age= 9±3 years) were used in a cross-over design. The length of the experimental period was eight weeks, which included two periods of four weeks in rotation. In each period, feed was provided for four horses freely and for other four horses using a hay net. Fecal samples were collected on days 21 to 28 of each period. Results and Discussion The results showed that using hay net significantly increased feeding time from 257 to 659 minutes per day and decreased forage intake rate from 1592 and 610 g/h (P<0.05). The hay-net did not affect the total VFA and relative VFAs concentrations (P< 0.05). Lactobacillus populations in horses with hay-net increased compared to those without hay-net (P<0.05). The populations of cellulolytic, amylolytic, Escherichia coli, and coliforms bacteria were unchanged by hay-net. The activity of carboxy methyl cellulase enzyme significantly increased (P<0.05), while the activity of microcrystalline cellulase, amylase, and filter paper decomposition activity was not affected by hay-net. Conclusion In comparison with the more traditional methods, slow-feed hay net devices successfully limited the forage intake rate, expanded feeding time, and changed the activity of some fiber-decomposing enzymes in the large intestine of horses; however, the recommendation of hay-nets for nutritional management in horses needs further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equine Veterinary Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of abortion and respiratory disease. Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4), on the other hand, is exclusively associated with respiratory disease in horse populations worldwide, particularly in Egypt and Arabian countries. Aim: This study aims to investigate the circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the Arabian horse population through molecular detection and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and/or EHV-4 that may threaten the stability of horse industry. Methods: A total of 80 samples including 50 nasal swabs, 10 vaginal swabs and 20 whole blood samples were collected from vaccinated and registered pure-bred Arabian adult horses from different studs in the governorates of northern Egypt(Cairo, Dakahlyia and Qalyubia) from 2021 to 2022. The collected samples were screened using consensus PCR for detection of EHVs using specific primers targeting DNA polymerase gene.The positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR for detection of EHV-1 and/or EHV-4using specific primers targeting glycoprotein(gB)gene.EHV-1 and EHV-4 amplicons were partially sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using Sanger method. Results: Consensus PCR revealed that 48 out of 80 samples were positive for EHVs with percentage of 60%. Typing of the selected positive samples using conventional PCR showed that 29 out of 80 were positive for EHV-1 with percentage 36.25%, while 24 out of 80 samples were positive for EHV-4 with percentage 30%.Mixed infections with both viruses were detected in 5 samples. The amplified products were sequenced using Sanger method and submitted to GenBank under accession number OM362231MG-1 for EHV-1 strain and OM362232 MG-4 for EHV-4 strain. Sequence analysis and alignments of the amplified fragments of the EHV-1 and EHV-4 glycoprotein B (gB) gene to that of GenBank-derived reference strains revealed a high degree of similarity. According to the phylogenetic tree, the obtained sequences of EHV-1 and 4 in the current study showed homogeneity with local Egyptian and foreign EHV-1 and 4 strains and heterogeneity with EHV-2 and 5. Conclusion: The current investigation showed that molecular methods are appropriate assays for an efficient and accurate diagnosis of EHVs. Furthermore, it supports earlier research findings about the prevalence of EHV-1 and 4 in Arabian horse populations in Egypt. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 534-544]

In this article, the origin of the Arabian horse, which is seen as one of the most valuable horse breeds, and the purposes for which it was used by human beings in the historical process, where it was seen, how it was raised and how it gained value enough to be gifted in inter-state relations are examined. The horse breed known as the Arabian horse includes horses raised in the Najd region. The Arabian horses raised and produced there requires special care. Until a certain age, a set of long-established rules are applied for their nutrition and training. Afterwards, these carefully selected horses would either be given to the service of nobles or used for show purposes. Arabian horses, which were in demand by the Ottoman Palace and other state rulers, had been forbidden to be sold commercially outside the region where they were bred. Arabian horses found a place in the palaces of other countries merely by getting gifted by the sultan. The Ottoman sultans always showed a special interest and care for the Arabian horses raised in the palace stables. The horses raised in the palace stables, which is called “Istabl-ı Amire”, were preferred as gifts depending to the state of relations with European states during the period. In this context, it is known that the horses gifted by the Ottoman Empire reached the palaces of Austria, Germany, France, Italy, England, Greece, Romania, Japan, Russia, the United States of America and Iran. The Arabian horses, which attracts attention with its appearance were not only used as gifts but were also the center of attention at exhibitions held in various capitals of Europe and the United States. Arabian horses, also started to get attantion in the horse races which is started to getting popular after the second half of the 19th century. Thus, the Ottoman administration took action for the Arabian horses which were becoming increasingly famous and established farms in various parts of the empire for their breeding and popularization. With the establishment of these farms, it was aimed to prevent the deterioration of the Arabian horse breed, to increase the number of horses and to prevent illegal sales. In the end, the Ottoman Empire failed to use Arabian horses which were accepted by all circles, as a world brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valued for their temperament, beauty, athletic ability, and exhibition in the show ring, Arabian horses are an important component of the horse industry. Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy (JIE), a seizure disorder, is most often reported in Arabian foals from birth to 6 months of age. Affected foals exhibit tonic–clonic seizures lasting as long as 5 min and risking secondary complications like temporary blindness and disorientation. Some foals outgrow this condition, while others die or suffer lifelong complications if not treated. Previous work suggested a strong genetic component to JIE and proposed JIE to be a single-gene trait. In this work, we conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) in 60 cases of JIE and 120 genetically matched controls, identifying loci suggesting JIE is not caused by a single locus. Coat color (chestnut, gray) phenotypes were used as positive control traits to assess the efficacy of GWAS in this population. Future work will attempt to future define candidate regions and explore a polygenic mode of inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wart lesion was observed near the anus of a female Arabian horse housed in a private equine facility in Bucak District of Burdur Province. During the histopathological examination of the mass, equine sarcoid was revealed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 10 and type 12 viral genomes in the tissue. It was observed that the combined treatment approach of PAPILEND™ ® cream + Zylexis™ + AlquermoldTM premix powder was beneficial in treating the sarcoid associated with BPV type 10 and type 12 on the anal region. No recurrence of the lesion was observed during the 6-month follow-up period. In conclusion, it is recommended to diagnose the presence of BPV in horses with warts and to investigate the efficacy of this combined treatment approach in larger populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Horse has been of great interest to humans due to its speed, strength, and endurance. Based on its role in human history and civilization, it is considered the most important domesticated animal. Iranian horse breeds are bred in the north, south, and west regions of the country. Arabian horse is one of the international breeds in the world, which is bred in more than 60 countries. Preliminary evidence shows that the Arabian horse breed was established about 3000 years ago and was bred in small populations in many countries of the Middle East, including Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. These separate populations have led to the development of different maternal strains of the Arabian horse. Genetic diversity is necessary for genetic conservation and survival of the breeds. Molecular markers are used to assess the structure and genetic diversity of different populations. Therefore, one of the suitable markers is a microsatellite. Regarding the importance of genetic diversity in the survival of the breed, and designing the genetic conservation and breeding programs, the purpose of this study was to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of Arabian horse breeds using microsatellite markers. Materials and Methods: In this study, hair root samples were obtained from 8673 (5602 mares and 3071 stallions) Arabian horses from Khuzestan, Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan, Lorestan, and Alborz provinces. DNA samples were extracted from hair roots using the Direct PCR Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania). The quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were controlled by spectrophotometry and agarose gel methods. The number of 10 microsatellite markers including AHT04, AHT05, ASB02, ASB17, ASB23, HMS03, HMS06, HMS07, HTG10, and VHL20 were used based on ISAG recommendation. Then, the amplification of genomic fragments and the genotype of samples was determined by COrDIS Horse Reagent Kit (Moscow, Russia). Forward primers were labeled with fluorescent dye at 5'-end. These microsatellite loci were amplified by the multiplex PCR method. Then, the PCR products were genotyped by the Genetic Analyzer system and the capillary electrophoresis method. Obtained data were used to estimate demographic parameters. The number of effective alleles, the number of observed alleles, the observed heterozygosity, the expected heterozygosity, and the Shannon index were calculated by GenAlex 6.5 software. Genpop 4.7.5 software was used to calculate the FIS statistic or Fixation index in the population. Results and discussion: The results showed that the lowest and highest number of observed alleles were related to ASB17 (17 alleles), HMS06 (eight alleles), and HMS07 (eight alleles) markers, respectively. The total number of alleles observed at all loci was 113 alleles. The average number of observed alleles was estimated to be 11.3, which indicates high allelic diversity in the Persian Arabian horse. The mean number of effective alleles, Shannon index, observed and expected heterozygosity and Fixation index were 3.97, 1.58, 0.721, 0.736, and 0.021, respectively. The mean genetic diversity in the Arabian horse's population was calculated to be 0.736. The highest and lowest genetic diversity was observed in VHL20 (0.803) and ASB02 (0.620) markers, respectively. The average number of effective alleles per locus in studies conducted in different countries on Arabian horses, including Egypt, Syria, and Western countries, with Persian Arabian horses in this research, showed that number of effective alleles is higher in Persian Arabian horses. The average Shannon's index has been reported to be slightly lower in previous studies of Persian Arabian horses, which is probably due to the small number of samples in these studies compared to the present study. The highest and lowest observed heterozygosities in this study were related to AHT4 (0.788) and ASB02 (0.613) markers, which were consistent with the results of the research conducted on Arabian horses of Iran, Syria, and Egypt. The positive FIS value in Arabian horses made a decrease in heterozygosity in the population, an increase in homozygosity and consequently inbreeding in Arabian horse populations. In this research, all studied loci showed a significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Except for the AHT04 marker, which deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at P<0.01, the others have deviated at P<0.001. Deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can indicate the presence of some factors disturbing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, such as migration and selection, which in Persian Arabian horses, the entry of stallions from outside the herd and the gene flow between different maternal strains and also the existence of a selection program among breeders are the main factors of deviation from Hari-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusions: Evaluation of the genetic structure of Arabian horses of Iran and comparison with other Arabian horses in the world, including those in the Middle East region, showed that Arabian horses of Iran have a higher genetic diversity, which is probably due to the presence of different maternal strains in Iran, high gene flow among the different strains, a large import of Arabian horses and crossbreeding with Arabian horses of Iran, as well as a high number of samples and so identification of new alleles in this research. On the other hand, the rate of inbreeding was positive according to the FIS in Iran Arabian horses, indicating a risk of genetic diversity loss and increasing inbreeding in these horses. Therefore, management of genetic diversity and prevention of mating among related animals should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reviews Western approaches to the regulation of Arabian horse breeding as it shifted west and globalized, focusing on the period between 1880 and 2020. The move to “preserve” the Arabian horse within a Western framework is central to this history, but different approaches have been adopted over time. I consider examples from nineteenth century Poland, England, and Russia as contexts for understanding how debates about and approaches to producing “purity” unfolded in the Arabian horse industry in the twentieth-century United States and continue today in the global context of Arabian breeding framed by the Word Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic and bottleneck analyses of Turkish Thoroughbred and Arabian horse populations. In the study, genotyping was performed using a total of 17 microsatellite markers in the samples taken from 959 Thoroughbred and 813 Arabian horses. The average effective allele number in Arabian horses was 3.338 and the average number of alleles was 7.412 in Thorougbred horses. Genetic distance and genetic identity between Thoroughbred and Arabian breeds was 0.411 and 0.663, respectively. Also genetic identity in each Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations was 1.000. The FCA table showed that the two breeds were completely separated from each other and were compatible. In conclusion; the bottlenecks of Thoroughbred and Arabian horse populations were in a normal L distribution and these horse breeds do not appear to have succumbed to introgression. Therefore, they are not yet at risk of extinction any time soon.

This article reviews Western approaches to the regulation of Arabian horse breeding as it shifted west and globalized, focusing on the period between 1880 and 2020. The move to “preserve” the Arabian horse within a Western framework is central to this history, but different approaches have been adopted over time. I consider examples from nineteenth century Poland, England, and Russia as contexts for understanding how debates about and approaches to producing “purity” unfolded in the Arabian horse industry in the twentieth-century United States and continue today in the global context of Arabian breeding framed by the Word Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO).

The aim of this study was to compare the changes in the content of cTnI, cTnT and some biochemical parameters (CK–MB, LDH, AST, ALT) in Arabian racehorses before and after training. Diagnosis of myocardial disease in horses is very difficult due to the lack of specific cardiac signs. Cardiac diseases are seen as a cause of sudden death or decreased performance in horses. It has also been reported that excessive exercise may cause transient myocardial damage. In our study, 20 healthy stallion Arabian racehorses aged 4–10 y (6.00 ± 0.52 y) were used. Five millilitres of blood was collected from the V. jugularis of clinically healthy horses into serum tubes before and after training. Training time was determined as 30 min for each horse. Pre-training cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.130 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.007 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 231.15 ± 8.96 U/L, 692.45 ± 34.12 U/L, 309.92 ± 18.48 U/L, and 11.83 ± 0.92 U/L, respectively. After training, cTnI, cTnT, CK–MB, LDH, AST, and ALT contents were determined to be 0.169 ± 0.01 ng/mL, 0.008 ± 0.00 ng/mL, 289.80 ± 10.96 U/L, 704.25 ± 22.03 U/L, 328.47 ± 19.58 U/L, and 15.24 ± 1.03 U/L, respectively. As a result, it was determined that exercise triggered myocardial damage to some extent in Arabian horses. Exercise stimulates troponin release and the differences that may occur in troponin tests in horses after exercise should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was conducted to present a comprehensive and integrative computed tomography (CT) – anatomical cross sections atlas of skull, volumetric properties of the paranasal sinuses, and morphometric values for surface cranial nerves in the adult Arabian horse. Ten heads of Arabian horse breed were used. The different structures in the nasal, oral and cranial cavities were determined and labelled in the anatomical sections and their corresponding CT scan images. Three paranasal sinuses namely maxillary, conchofrontal and sphenopalatine sinuses were identified in the CT scan images. The caudal maxillary sinus was the largest paranasal sinus with 131.93 ± 7.67 cm3 volume and the sphenopalatine sinus 13.3 ± 1.2 cm3 volume was the smallest one. The infraorbital foramen was located 4.16 ± 0.18 cm and 4.70 ± 0.35 cm far away from the most rostral point of the facial crest and alveolar root, respectively. The mean distance between the mental foramen and most lateral incisive tooth was 3.12 ± 0.29 cm. These results including present CT scan‐cross‐sectional atlas, paranasal sinuses volume and morphometric properties would be applicable in practice for more precise diagnosis of head lesions and blocking the surface terminal branches of the cranial nerves during surgical operations in this valuable horse's breed.

The goal of our study was to estimate genetic diversity of Arabian horses from Polish state studs which could have changed due to the extensive use of foreign sires in Polish breeding after 1989. The analysis focused on 1,388 Arabian mares born from 1996 to 2013 in the Białka, Janów Podlaski and Michałów studs. Basic parameters of pedigree, mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses were considered in the study. In the pedigree analysis, changes in the gene pool over the years were noted through the considerable increase of contribution of new founders' genes and the considerable decrease of inbreeding level. The microsatellite analysis confirmed progressive changes in the gene pool but, contrary to expectations, only three new microsatellite alleles were detected, and a decreased level of heterozygosity was observed. In turn, mtDNA analysis showed a stable genetic situation in the studs throughout the period analysed. The results of the analyses present a diverse picture of the population, which is clearly divided into the three subpopulations of Białka, Janów Podlaski and Michałów, although the pictures presented differed depending on the analytical methods used. Genetic differences among the studs should be considered a positive feature of the Polish population. In order to preserve the present level of population genetic diversity, changes in breeding policy are needed that aim to stop the loss of genes of the historical ancestors of Polish Arabian horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although over 40 genetic variants are known to influence white spotting and markings on the horse, many still have unknown genetic causes. Furthermore, some seem to be influenced by pigmentation (base coat color) genes. We investigated two horses demonstrating a heritable white spotting pattern of no known genetic cause. Through sequencing of the coding region of candidate genes, we identified a mutation in the KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) gene changing the coded amino acid, predicted to be deleterious to protein function. We further evaluated this variant in a population of 147 horses, characterized using photographs scored by three independent observers using a standardized Average Grade of White score. The KIT mutation is significantly associated with a quantitative increase in white pattern (p = 3.3 × 10−12) and demonstrates an influence of the MC1R Extension locus. We also report a complete link between the previously reported KIT W19 allele and this mutation. We propose to name this mutation W34, following established nomenclature. Given the quantitative effect on white markings and MC1R influence, genetic testing for this allele can be of value for horse owners that desire to select for white patterns. Over 40 identified genetic variants contribute to white spotting in the horse. White markings and spotting are under selection for their impact on the economic value of an equine, yet many phenotypes have an unknown genetic basis. Previous studies also demonstrate an interaction between MC1R and ASIP pigmentation loci and white spotting associated with KIT and MITF. We investigated two stallions presenting with a white spotting phenotype of unknown cause. Exon sequencing of the KIT and MITF candidate genes identified a missense variant in KIT (rs1140732842, NC_009146.3:g.79566881T>C, p.T391A) predicted by SIFT and PROVEAN as not tolerated/deleterious. Three independent observers generated an Average Grade of White (AGW) phenotype score for 147 individuals based on photographs. The KIT variant demonstrates a significant QTL association to AGW (p = 3.3 × 10−12). Association with the MC1R Extension locus demonstrated that, although not in LD, MC1R e/e (chestnut) individuals had higher AGW scores than MC1R E/- individuals (p = 3.09 × 10−17). We also report complete linkage of the previously reported KIT W19 allele to this missense variant. We propose to term this variant W34, following the standardized nomenclature for white spotting variants within the equine KIT gene, and report its epistatic interaction with MC1R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seminal plasma contains several microelements like Zn, Fe, Se, and Cu that affect sperm motility and male fertility. Biochemical evaluation of seminal plasma trace elements is important for assessing fertility and diagnosing male infertility. Aims: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of seminal fluid trace elements on sperm parameters and fertility in Arabian horses. Methods: Ninety-four ejaculates from 25 Arabian stallions (4–27 years old) were used to investigate the effect of seminal fluid trace elements on semen parameters and fertility. Data divided according to season, stallion age, and fertility of stallions. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Se, Cu, Cr and Mo were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Percentage stallion fertility estimated by mares that conceived on their first cycle. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS statistical software program (2013), version 22.0. Results: There was a significant effect of season on semen volume, pH, Fe, Se, Cu, Cr, and Mo. Stallion age had a significant effect on pH, sperm motility, concentration, total motile sperm count, sperm abnormalities, Zn, and Fe. Sperm motility was higher (P < 0.05) and sperm abnormalities were lower (P < 0.05) in group IV (>70% fertility) than in group I (infertile) and group II (

A total of 229 Arabian horse hair samples including 120 samples from El-Zahraa stud and 89 from two private farms in addition to 20 hair samples of Dutch Warmblood were genotyped by 16 microsatellite markers. The purposes of this study were; firstly, to investigate the current status of the genetic diversity and inbreeding of Arabian horse populations reared in Egypt. Secondly, to examine the traditional maternal based strain classification system "Al Khamsa" using samples of native Arabian horses reared in the El-Zahraa stud based on 16 microsatellite markers. El-Zahraa stud showed high inbreeding (F= 0.110) and should be corrected by modifying mating system through avoiding excessive use of certain sires in breeding program. Across the five basic strains of the Arabian horse, nine loci showed 13 private alleles with the Seglawi recorded six and the Abeyan recorded no private alleles The highest Nei genetic distance and pairwise Fs' values were recorded between Abeyan and Hamdani while the lowest were recorded between Kehilan and Seglawi. The cluster pattern of the individual phylogenetic tree and STRUCTURE plots of the five basic horse strains indicate that there was no sharp demarcation between those five strains, and the influence of the dame line and the traditional maternal lines classification of the El-Zahraa Arabian horses was unclear. The results of this study confirm the applicability and efficiency of these 16 STR markers for assessing genetic diversity but not in examining the traditional maternal based strain classification system using native Arabian horses from Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: As means for enhancing gastrointestinal (GI) motility, prokinetics have previously been evaluated in different breeds of horses with varying success. No previous studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of prokinetics on the intestinal tract of Arabian horses breed. Using B-mode ultrasound in the quantification of intestinal contractility, this study aimed to compare the impact of neostigmine and metoclopramide on the intestinal motility of healthy Arabian horses. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one clinically healthy Arabian horses were equally distributed into three groups. The control group was administered with 5 mL normal saline intramuscularly (IM). The second group was administered with neostigmine (0.044 mg/kg body weight [BW], IM), and the third group was administered with metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg BW, IM). Duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions were counted through ultrasonography for 3 min (pre-administration and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post-administration). Results: In the neostigmine group, a significant (p

This article reflects key findings of an ethnographic journey undertaken by the author into the contemporary global world of Arabian horse-breeding. This journey was based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork with different groups of Arabian horse breeders, breed admirers and equine professionals in Egypt, Europe, the US and the Arab Gulf states from 2013 to 2020. The author briefly sketches his global ethnographic journey to the different sites of the making and remaking of the Arabian horse and sheds light on the consolidation, certification and circulation of this horse as a modern breed. The aim of the article is to engage critically with one's own underlying anthropological ideas of what I call the 'Global Arabian Horse Kula' and 'the Fundamental Interconnectedness of All Things' (Adams 2012 [1987]) as an 'experiment in holism' (Otto and Bubandt 2010). The article thus provokes an 'experiment' in itself to account for the obstacles the author had encountered in doing ethnography in a translocally defined global community of breeders, while on the other hand grasping the complex circulation of Arabian horses, people and meanings as a hidden, fragmented, contested and more than human globalization. The conclusion shows how this exercise might highlight a future anthropology that playfully and selfironically accepts its own missteps, is open and, above all, is undogmatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to present a comprehensive and integrative computed tomography (CT) – anatomical cross sections atlas of skull, volumetric properties of the paranasal sinuses, and morphometric values for surface cranial nerves in the adult Arabian horse. Ten heads of Arabian horse breed were used. The different structures in the nasal, oral and cranial cavities were determined and labelled in the anatomical sections and their corresponding CT scan images. Three paranasal sinuses namely maxillary, conchofrontal and sphenopalatine sinuses were identified in the CT scan images. The caudal maxillary sinus was the largest paranasal sinus with 131.93 ± 7.67 cm3 volume and the sphenopalatine sinus 13.3 ± 1.2 cm3 volume was the smallest one. The infraorbital foramen was located 4.16 ± 0.18 cm and 4.70 ± 0.35 cm far away from the most rostral point of the facial crest and alveolar root, respectively. The mean distance between the mental foramen and most lateral incisive tooth was 3.12 ± 0.29 cm. These results including present CT scan‐cross‐sectional atlas, paranasal sinuses volume and morphometric properties would be applicable in practice for more precise diagnosis of head lesions and blocking the surface terminal branches of the cranial nerves during surgical operations in this valuable horse's breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 40 identified genetic variants contribute to white spotting in the horse. White markings and spotting are under selection for their impact on the economic value of an equine, yet many phenotypes have an unknown genetic basis. Previous studies also demonstrate an interaction between MC1R and ASIP pigmentation loci and white spotting associated with KIT and MITF. We investigated two stallions presenting with a white spotting phenotype of unknown cause. Exon sequencing of the KIT and MITF candidate genes identified a missense variant in KIT (rs1140732842, NC_009146.3:g.79566881T>C, p.T391A) predicted by SIFT and PROVEAN as not tolerated/deleterious. Three independent observers generated an Average Grade of White (AGW) phenotype score for 147 individuals based on photographs. The KIT variant demonstrates a significant QTL association to AGW (p = 3.3 × 10−12). Association with the MC1R Extension locus demonstrated that, although not in LD, MC1R e/e (chestnut) individuals had higher AGW scores than MC1R E/- individuals (p = 3.09 × 10−17). We also report complete linkage of the previously reported KIT W19 allele to this missense variant. We propose to term this variant W34, following the standardized nomenclature for white spotting variants within the equine KIT gene, and report its epistatic interaction with MC1R.

Considering that the horse breeding industry is the fourth largest source of income generation in the world, and due to the diversity of species of horses in the world and the necessity of purity determination amongst breeders and horse owners, the importance of laboratory research in this regard is justified. According to past research, carried out sporadically in the country and abroad, there is a vacuum in the study of Iranian horses in terms of the diversity of genetic markers such as STR. The present study investigated short tandem repeat (STR) and allele frequency of 50 Arab horses using four loci (VHL20, AHT4, HTG4 and HMS7) recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). For this purpose, genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Miller procedure and amplified by Multiplex PCR with fluorescent primers. The results indicated the presence of high genetic variability among the population of Arab horses. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from 6 to 9 with tAHT4 and VHL20 markers having the highest number of alleles with 9 alleles, and HTG4, with the highest heterozygosity. The HMS7 site had the lowest number of alleles among the sites examined with 7 alleles, and the VHL20 site had the lowest heterozygosity. The results of this study indicate a high frequency of genetic variation among the population of Arab horses.

The aim of this study was to analyse the morphology of three different Arabian horse lines: Straight Egyptian (EG), Polish (PL) and Desert breed (DB). A total of 146 adult horses were studied. The samples representing these three lines came from different countries. The analyse of variance was performed on 19 body measurements and 12 indices by the GLM procedure to study the between and within lines effect (a=0,05). The principal component analysis applied separately to the body measurements and indices allowed to retain two principal components explaining 26.2% and 12.6%, and 30.8% and 20.7% of the total variability, respectively. The Canonical discriminant analysis assigned 92.7% of DB, 77.6% EG and 72.3% of PL horses in their respective bloodline. The test of MANOVA revealed morphological differences between the three lines. The morphological profiles of DB and PL proved to be very distinct, whereas the EG profile was intermediate in between. The dam line factor showed no significant effect on the phenotype in the EG and PL lines. In DB, only PP (0.024) and correlated body indices (CR, 0,44; CI, 0,21, IBC, 0,026, ICOMP, 0,024) carried out a significant effect differentiated between hamdani samri, kuhailah ummarqob et suwaiti alfarim dam lines.

Background and Aim: As means for enhancing gastrointestinal (GI) motility, prokinetics have previously been evaluated in different breeds of horses with varying success. No previous studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of prokinetics on the intestinal tract of Arabian horses breed. Using B-mode ultrasound in the quantification of intestinal contractility, this study aimed to compare the impact of neostigmine and metoclopramide on the intestinal motility of healthy Arabian horses. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one clinically healthy Arabian horses were equally distributed into three groups. The control group was administered with 5 mL normal saline intramuscularly (IM). The second group was administered with neostigmine (0.044 mg/kg body weight [BW], IM), and the third group was administered with metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg BW, IM). Duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions were counted through ultrasonography for 3 min (pre-administration and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post-administration). Results: In the neostigmine group, a significant (p<0.05) increase in duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions was observed 15 min post-administration compared with that in the control group (15±1.0, 11.33±1.53, and 12.33±2.31 vs. 11.0±2.0, 6.33±0.58, and 5.33±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing to 60 min post-administration for the duodenum and cecum and 120 min for colon and then returning to the normal; however, the metoclopramide group showed a significant (p<0.05) increase only in cecal and colonic contractions 60 min post-administration compared with the control group (11.0±1.0 and 12.33±0.58 vs. 6±1.0 and 5.67±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing until the end of the experiment. Excessive sweating, excitation, and straining were recorded following the administration of neostigmine, whereas no side effects were observed in the metoclopramide group. Conclusion: Neostigmine improves duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions in healthy adult Arabian horses, whereas metoclopramide only improves cecal and colonic contractions. Metoclopramide appears to be safer and longer acting than neostigmine in the Arabian horse breed. Ultrasonography is a valuable noninvasive tool for the quantification of intestinal contractility. Future studies should consider the use of various dosages of metoclopramide and administration routes and investigate its impact on horses with GI transit disorders and inclusion in colic post-operative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few decades a concern with heritage in the countries of the Arab Gulf has led to the reclamation of the purebred Arabian horse as one of the iconic animals of the Bedouin identity and to developing a thriving horse breeding industry in the region. While stud farms and equestrian sport events are intended to reinforce the Arabian identity of the breed, a closer look at its history demonstrate in fact the complexity of its identity. The complexity of cultural transfers with respect to horse breeding between the East and the West from the Early Modern period on, highlights the connected history of both the Arabian horses and the Thoroughbreds, and the ongoing cultural re-appropriation of both breeds as 'native' to the Arabian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exercise-induced variations of some biochemical parameters including calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), glucose, urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) were assessed in the serum of 25 Arabian horses. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein 3 different times: before exercise, 5 h after exercise, and 18 h after exercise. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (version 9.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Ca, Cl, glucose, and urea showed significant (P < 0.05) changes due to exercise. There was significant increase from before exercise to 5 h after exercise in urea concentrations while Ca and Cl concentrations significantly decreased. A significant ascending trend for Ca between 5 h and 18 h after exercise was also seen, while glucose and urea had a significantly descending trend. No significant time-based variations were observed for other variables. The results of the present study indicated that exercise could affect the value of some biochemical parameters, which could be used in future studies evaluating the health status of Arabian horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Horse face shape is a continuous trait; categorized into dished, straight and roman • Geometric morphometrics can quantitatively phenotype horse face profiles • Over 70 % of horse breeds exhibit straight face profile • Arabian horses possessed the highest diversity in face profile • The face profile phenotype can be the basis of future genetic association studies Horse traits under selection are largely quantitative and affected by multiple genes. Horse face shape is an example of a continuous trait, which due to the reliance on observational assessments, is classified into; "dished", "straight", and "roman-nosed". This categorization is often inadequate to convey the full spectrum of the face shape variation especially for genetic studies. The first objective of the current study was to use geometric morphometric methods to quantitatively phenotype face shapes and examine its variation across horse breeds. The second objective was to analyze the face shape variation within Arabian horses since face shape is (1) favored, valued, and genetically selected in certain lineages (e.g. Egyptian), (2) is evaluated by registries and scored in shows, and (3) in its extreme forms pose health concerns. We digitized landmarks on lateral profile photos, particularly on the dorsal curvature of the rostrum, and subjected these landmarks to Generalized Procrustes Analysis to generate independent shape and size variables which were statistically compared across breeds and within Arabians. Horse breeds varied in nasal curvature, ranging from extremely concave to extremely convex, with over 70 % of horse breeds exhibiting intermediate concavity (i.e., straight profile). Interestingly, Arabian horses possessed the highest diversity in face profile and individuals clustered into three distinct shape sub-groups (one dished and two straight profile clusters). Our quantitative phenotyping method can be the basis of future genetic studies of facial profile within Arabian lineages as a favored traits and potentially manage its extreme forms as a likely genetic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Arabian horses are believed to be one of the oldest and most influential horse breeds in the world. Blood is the main tissue involved in maintaining body homeostasis, and it is considered a marker of the processes taking place in the other tissues. Thus, the aim of our study was to identify the genetic basis of changes occurring in the blood of Arabian horses subjected to a training regimen and to compare the global gene expression profiles between different training periods (T1: after a slow canter phase that is considered a conditioning phase, T2: after an intense gallop phase, and T3: at the end of the racing season) and between trained and untrained horses (T0). RNA sequencing was performed on 37 samples with a 75-bp single-end run on a HiScanSQ platform (Illumina), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on DESeq2 (v1.11.25) software. Results An increase in the number of DEGs between subsequent training periods was observed, and the highest amount of DEGs (440) was detected between untrained horses (T0) and horses at the end of the racing season (T3). The comparisons of the T2 vs. T3 transcriptomes and the T0 vs. T3 transcriptomes showed a significant gain of up-regulated genes during long-term exercise (up-regulation of 266 and 389 DEGs in the T3 period compared to T2 and T0, respectively). Forty differentially expressed genes were detected between the T1 and T2 periods, and 296 between T2 and T3. Functional annotation showed that the most abundant genes up-regulated in exercise were involved in pathways regulating cell cycle (PI3K-Akt signalling pathway), cell communication (cAMP-dependent pathway), proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as immunity processes (Jak-STAT signalling pathway). Conclusions We investigated whether training causes permanent transcriptome changes in horse blood as a reflection of adaptation to conditioning and the maintenance of fitness to compete in flat races. The present study identified the overrepresented molecular pathways and genes that are essential for maintaining body homeostasis during long-term exercise in Arabian horses. Selected DEGs should be further investigated as markers that are potentially associated with racing performance in Arabian horses.

Background: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of abortion and respiratory disease. Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4), on the other hand, is exclusively associated with respiratory disease in horse populations worldwide, particularly in Egypt and Arabian countries., Aim: This study aims to investigate the circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the Arabian horse population through molecular detection and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and/or EHV-4 that may threaten the stability of horse industry., Methods: A total of 80 samples including 50 nasal swabs, 10 vaginal swabs and 20 whole blood samples were collected from vaccinated and registered pure-bred Arabian adult horses from different studs in the governorates of northern Egypt (Cairo, Dakahlyia and Qalyubia) from 2021 to 2022. The collected samples were screened using consensus PCR for detection of EHVs using specific primers targeting DNA polymerase gene. The positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR for detection of EHV-1 and/or EHV-4using specific primers targeting glycoprotein (gB) gene. EHV-1 and EHV-4 amplicons were partially sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using Sanger method., Results: Consensus PCR revealed that 48 out of 80 samples were positive for EHVs with percentage of 60%. Typing of the selected positive samples using conventional PCR showed that 29 out of 80 were positive for EHV-1 with percentage 36.25%, while 24 out of 80 samples were positive for EHV-4 with percentage 30%. Mixed infections with both viruses were detected in five samples. The amplified products were sequenced using Sanger method and submitted to GenBank under accession number OM362231MG-1 for EHV-1 strain and OM362232 MG-4 for EHV-4 strain. Sequence analysis and alignments of the amplified fragments of the EHV-1 and EHV-4 glycoprotein B (gB) gene to that of GenBank-derived reference strains revealed a high degree of similarity. According to the phylogenetic tree, the obtained sequences of EHV-1 and 4 in the current study showed homogeneity with local Egyptian and foreign EHV-1 and 4 strains and heterogeneity with EHV-2 and 5., Conclusion: The current investigation showed that molecular methods are appropriate assays for an efficient and accurate diagnosis of EHVs. Furthermore, it supports earlier research findings about the prevalence of EHV-1 and 4 in Arabian horse populations in Egypt., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parentage verification in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses in Türkiye using microsatellite markers. A total of 813 Arabian and 959 Thoroughbred horses were genotyped using a total of 17 microsatellite markers. The mean effective number of alleles was 3,34 and the mean number of alleles was 7,41 in Arabian horses. It was calculated that the mean He and Ho values in Arabian horses were 0,677 and 0,680, respectively. The mean effective number of alleles was 3,55 and the mean number of alleles was 6,59 in Thoroughbred horses. It was calculated that the mean Ho and He values in Thoroughbred horses were 0,697 and 0,684, respectively. When the studied Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations are considered as a single population, the mean FIT, FST and FIS values were found to be 0,063, 0,074 and, - 0,011, respectively. Also, 4 loci in Arabian horses and 3 loci in Thoroughbred horses significantly deviated from HWE. The mean PIC value was 0,63 in Arabian horses and 0,64 in Thoroughbred horses. As a result; the microsatellites including the most informative 15 and 9 loci had a total value of > 0,9999 (11 and 7 loci > 0,999) in each population for PE - 1 and PE - 3, respectively. It has been concluded that parentage verification and genetic identification can be made successfully in the Arabian and Thoroughbred horse populations by using the microsatellite markers panel.

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Background: The efficacy of clinical examinations, and hematologic, hemostatic, and serum biochemical assessments to determine appropriate early medical or surgical therapy in Arabian horses with colic have not been well‐described. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate clinical and hematologic findings, coagulation‐fibrinolytic parameters, and organ dysfunction markers in association with survival in horses with colic. Methods: Seventeen Arabian horses with colic and ten healthy horses were enrolled. After clinical examinations, including heart rates (HRs), capillary refill times (CRTs), abdominal sounds, rectal palpations, and nasogastric (NG) reflux assessments in both healthy and diseased horses, blood samples were collected and hematologic parameters, coagulation indices such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), plasma d‐dimer (PDD), platelet count, fibrinogen, and hepatorenal biomarkers were measured. Based on the outcomes, horses with colic were divided into survival (10) and nonsurvival (7) groups, and all mentioned parameters were compared with the control group horses. Results: Unlike HRs, CRTs, and abdominal sounds, rectal palpations (57.1%) and NG reflux (28.6%) findings were least sensitive in being able to determine survival. At least three of the five coagulation indices were significantly abnormal (prolonged PT, increased PDD, and decreased plasma fibrinogen) in 71.4% of the horses in the nonsurvival group compared with the control and survival groups. Significantly increased urea, creatinine, and bilirubin levels, and AST activities were also observed in the survival group compared with the control and nonsurvival groups. Conclusions: The combination of prolonged PT, increased PDD, and hypofibrinogenemia could be a reliable predictor of survival in horses with colic. The significant renal and hepatic dysfunctions in nonsurviving horses with colic appeared to be consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and a grave prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assay changes in blood biochemical parameters that resulted from exercise-induced muscle fatigue in horses participating in the two races (1,250 and 1,400 meters). Six male Arabian horses (3 to 6 years old) were used in this study. Blood samples were collected at time intervals including 1 hour before the race, immediately after the race, 1 and 24 hours after the end of race. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, the blood level of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured, as well as muscle damage biomarkers including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) activities, and myoglobin were measured. The results showed that CAT activity and plasma TAC in the horse increased immediately after the race and then gradually decreased. The highest GPX activity in red blood cells was recorded 1 hour before the start of the race. Superoxide dismutase showed an incremental pattern after the race. Immediately after the race, there was a significant increase in the plasma levels of AST, which continued until 1 hour after the race. The activity of LDH and CK reached its highest value 1 hour after the race. According to our findings, it can be concluded that the horses were tired and antioxidant enzymes altered under fatigue conditions. Muscle damage biomarkers have increased, but these increases were in their natural ranges and did not indicate muscle damage in horses. • Muscle fatigue and injury were evaluated simultaneously during two distances in speed race. • The distances used in this study cannot induce muscle injury in Arabian horses. • Antioxidant status was not affected by speed race in Arabian horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year-old pregnant Arabian mare was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz with a history of bleeding and rodenticide ingestion. The results of paraclinical examinations showed severe normocytic and normochromic anemia, decreased serum total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen concentrations, increased serum total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine concentrations, as well as increased serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activity. Three days after treatment, all the clinical signs were resolved, however, fetus abortion occurred. In order to confirm the suspected cause of abortion and toxicosis, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed on serum sample of mare and liver tissue of the aborted fetus and toxicosis was confirmed. Poisoning with brodifacoum is considered as an important and lethal poisoning for both human being and animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous toxicosis and abortion with brodifacoum. Brodifacoum toxicosis can be effectively managed with early diagnosis, good paraclinical examinations and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabian horse breed is well known for its purity and played a key role in the genetic improvement of other horses worldwide. The mitochondrial genome plays a vital role in maternal inheritance and it's helpful to evaluate its genetic diversity and conservation. It has higher mutation rates than nuclear DNA in vertebrates and therefore reveals phylogenetic relationships and haplotypes. In this study, the mitochondrial genome mutations in two Saudi horse strains, Kehilan and Hamdani demonstrated various changes in the gene and amino acid levels and included two other Saudi horses (Hadban and Seglawi) from the previous study for phylogenetic comparison. The whole mitochondrial genome sequencing resulted in intra and inter mtDNA variations between the studied horses. Interestingly, the Hamdani horse has nucleotide substitutions similar to those of the Hadban horse, which is reflected in the phylogenetic tree as a significantly close relationship. This type of study provides a better understanding of mitogenome structure and conservation of livestock species genetic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case Description- An Arabian 10-mounth-old filly with a large mass on the left lateral side of the neck was referred to the Department of Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahnoar University of Kerman. Clinical Findings- In clinical examination a large, ulcerated mass (12×10×4cm diameter) was detected on left lateral side of the neck, covered with some serosangeneous discharge. Vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) were within normal range. Treatment and Outcome-The surgery was performed under general inhalation anesthesia and the mass was removed en bloc. Histopathological examination of the mass showed a large number of eosinophils infiltrated within the dermis and superficial hypodermis, which was diagnosed as eosinophilic granuloma. Clinical Relevance- This benign tumor is relatively common in horse which is caused mostly due to hypersensitivity reaction to some unknown allergens and chemicals and most of the times are idiopathic. The size of the tumor in this case was much larger than what is reported in the literature.

Observations confirm correctness of the statement that the best recommendation for a stallion is his progeny. The aim of this study was indicating purebred Arabian stallions passing on to their progeny best conformation traits, assessed in Polish shows, in the past decade, taking into consideration their origin. The analysis included national and foreign stallions used in Polish breeding of purebred Arabian horses, which are fathers of at least 5 heads of progeny. The authors own research proved that progeny of foreign stallions statistically differed significantly from the progeny sired by Polish stallions within all conformation traits tested in shows. In the studied period, the highest final score (91.37 points) and note for the trait type (19.11 points) was characteristic of the progeny of QR Marc. The best head was passed on by stallions: QR Marc (19.06 points) and WH Justice (18.78 points), born in the United States and owned by the European breeders. In the Top Ten of producers passing on a refined head to their progeny, there was only one Polish stallion bred in the Horse Stud Michalw, Ekstern (18.29 points). Progeny with the most correct body structure was sired by foreign stallions, Eden C (18.13 points) and QR Marc (18.13 points), and by the Polish stallion, Zlocien (17.95 points). The highest score for the trait legs was obtained by the progeny of the Qatar stallion Gazal Al Shaqab (16.30 points). However, the title of the father of the best movers got an Israeli stallion, Laheeb (18.91 points).