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The Armenian legislation is currently protecting and preserving architectural monuments, archaeological sites, and minors’ artistic forms of art like xač‘k‘ars. Unfortunately, there are several cases of precious wall paintings preserved inside religious buildings (Tat‘ev, Lmbatavank‘, K‘obayr, Mastarà) being damaged during architectural monument restoration. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in study, conservation, and restoration of wall paintings in Armenian churches; however, there is one terrible reality to report: the neglect and abandonment of the protection and safeguarding of visible wall paintings for many bureaucratic and logistical reasons, as well as reasons for complete indifference for the destiny of the frescoes. A significant illustration of this negative attitude is the chapel of the Armenian monastery of K‘obayr. After many years of abandonment, the Armenian Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport made a move and began a campaign of studies and restorations in collaboration with the Polytechnic of Milan, to restore the buildings and wall paintings. Restoration work on the K‘obayr chapel has been put on hold since 2013 due to inadequate administrative administration. As a result, the chapel's single nave's double-pitched roof, which is incomplete has remained exposed for the past 10 years, and rainwater infiltration formed a lovely part of the wall paintings. Our four years of endless reports and reminders have yielded nothing. The purpose of this article is to show once again, that the wall paintings in Armenian churches are historical monuments that must be safeguarded and are an inseparable key component of each existing church's monumental architectural heritage; consequently, they must be protected.

Cybercrime, cyberbullying, and hate speech have all increased in conjunction with the use of the internet and social media. The scope of hate speech knows no bounds or organizational or individual boundaries. This disorder affects many people in diverse ways. It can be harsh, offensive, or discriminating depending on the target's gender, race, political opinions, religious intolerance, nationality, human color, disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or status as an immigrant. Authorities and academics are investigating new methods for identifying hate speech on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. This study adds to the ongoing discussion about creating safer digital spaces while balancing limiting hate speech and protecting freedom of speech. Partnerships between researchers, platform developers, and communities are crucial in creating efficient and ethical content moderation systems on Twitter and other social media sites. For this reason, multiple methodologies, models, and algorithms are employed. This study presents a thorough analysis of hate speech in numerous research publications. Each article has been thoroughly examined, including evaluating the algorithms or methodologies used, databases, classification techniques, and the findings achieved. In addition, comprehensive discussions were held on all the examined papers, explicitly focusing on consuming deep learning techniques to detect hate speech.

Aims: The morphological study was aimed to finedout the ovarian weight in dif ferent age group in Bangladeshi people to increase the knowledge regarding weight variation in our population. Subject & Methods: This cross - sectional study was carried out on Sixty two postmortem tissue contain ovary and fallopian tube along with surrounding structures were collected from 62- female cadaver of different age group by block dissection and fixed in 10% formal saline solution. Gross and fine dissections were carried out to see the morphological parameter of weight of the ovary in different age groups. In the present study, findings were compared with findings of the other researchers. Results: Maximum mean weight of the right ovary is found in this study in group C (46-80) years is 5.78gm and minimum weight is found in group A (2-13 years ) is 3.36gm .But incase left ovary Maximum in group B(14-45)years is 5.01 and minimum group a (2-13)is 2.72gm. statistatical analysis significant different between two groups was calculated by using students "T"Test. In the present study it is observed that the weight of the ovary is not equal on both side of same individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current assessment, BaO synthesized from Moringa Oleifera leaves were irradiated using 0-75 kGy gamma radiation and investigated its physical impacts. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) data demonstrated the synthesis of tetragonal BaO, and no phase deviation was observed after irradiation. As doses are increased, the overall crystallite size were decreased due to an increase in defects and disorders. The tetragonal BaO was evident in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra prior to and following irradiation, while peak intensities and wavenumbers varied considerably. The as-prepared BaO showed a spherical shape morphology, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) indicated no vital deviations in it after irradiation. As irradiation shifts from 0 to 75 kGy, optical bandgap was increased from 4.55 to 4.93 eV, evaluated using Kubelka-Munk (K-M) equation from UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Opto-electronic and photonic devices have challenges in extreme radiation conditions, such as space and nuclear environments. So, these assessments suggested that BaO can withstand high levels of gamma photon and could be a good option for photonic and optoelectronic instruments in an extreme gamma-ray exposed conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Introduction: Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) has been a sensitive and reliable marker of bone metabolic activity. The study aimed to study the epidemiology of orthopaedic trauma patients and estimate the level of BALP in these patients., Material and Methods: This hospital-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted on over 300 patients admitted to the orthopaedic trauma unit in the level I trauma centre of North India during the study period from January 2020 to January 2021. The level of BALP was assessed in serum samples of 258 patients., Result: A total of 300 patients were included in this study, with an average age of 33.52±17.16 years. Road traffic accidents were the most common mode of injury among admitted patients. We found a significant linear correlation between age and mean BALP levels (P-value < 0.005). The mean age of patients having abnormal BALP is 63.0±16.61 years. Females (22.61±16.23) had greater mean BALP levels than males (13.15±5.86). Among different fractures, fractures around the hip had a higher mean BALP level (23.17±15.07). Patients with diabetes mellitus have higher mean BALP levels., Conclusion: BALP is a cost-effective, readily available bone marker to assess the metabolic activity of orthopaedic trauma patients. Old age patients should undergo routine BALP estimation at admission to rule out metabolic disorders, and timely intervention will prevent complications associated with metabolic disorders., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Rastogi et al.)

The global burden of cancer is gradually rising. In our context we are also facing the same problem. Hematological malignancies (HMs) are important component of cancer. Early diagnosis and proper treatment at right time, a good number of HMs patients can be cured or lengthening the survival period. For this purpose a proper diagnostic criteria should be developed in our settings. This research work is carried out to find out the clinicopathological findings of HMs in our population. This was a cross-sectional descriptive type of observational study conducted in the Department of Medicine and Hematology of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017. Total 45 patients were purposively selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria with a view to observe the clinical and laboratory findings. Mean age of the patients was 44.5 years. Highest average age (70 years) was found in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and lowest (29 years) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Majority of the respondents were male in all HMs except in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) where male-female ratio was 0.3:7. Among male most of them were farmers or day laborers and most of the females were housewife. Almost all patients were exposed to single or multiple exposures like smoking, betel nut, betel leaf, tobacco leaf, fertilizer or pesticides. Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) was the leading HMS with 31.11% representation followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) 20%, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) 15.56%, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) 11.11%, chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) 11.11%, multiple myeloma (MM)6.67% and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) 4.44%. Duration of symptoms was vary from 2 days to 5 years. In acute leukaemia duration was short (average 2 months). Common clinical findings were anaemia (95.5%), fever (80.0%), hepatosplenomegaly (42.2%), lymphadenopathy (40.0%), bony tenderness (22.2%) and bleeding manifestations (15.5%). Some uncommon findings were also reported like menorrhagia, facial nerve palsy, arthritis and disorientation. Common laboratory abnormalities were high ESR, anaemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and immature cell in PBF especially in acute leukaemia. Clinical suspicion along with history of positive exposure indicates strong possibilities of haematological malignancies. It should be kept in mind that haematological malignancies may also present with some isolated uncommon findings.

This cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 70 postmortem vermiform appendix (male 34 and female 36) to find out the external diameter of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people in different age and sex. The specimens were collected from autopsy laboratory of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from October 2016 to March 2017 by purposive sampling technique. The collected samples were divided into four age groups. They were Group A (upto 20 years), Group B (21 to 40 years), Group C (41 to 60 years) and Group D (above 60 years). Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The vermiform appendix was collected and preserved in 10% formol-saline solution. The external diameter of vermiform appendix was measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Three measurements were taken at its base, middle and near the tip (1cm away from the tip) and expressed in mm. The data were analyzed by using student unpaired 't' test and compaired with the findings of other national and international studies and standard text books. It was observed that external diameter of vermiform appendix gradually decreased as age advanced. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix at base was 6.50±0.82 mm, 6.22±0.60 mm, 6.00±0.51 mm and 5.51±0.57 mm in Group A, B, C & D respectively. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix at middle was 6.09±0.89 mm, 5.67±0.65 mm, 5.38±0.59 mm and 4.95±0.76 mm in Group A, B, C and D respectively. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix near the tip (1 cm away from the tip) was 5.73±0.88 mm, 5.21±0.72 mm, 4.81±0.74 mm and 4.34±0.74 mm in Group A, B, C and D respectively. Statistical analysis shows that the mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix at its base between Group A&D, B&D were statistically moderately significant at p<0.01 level. Between Group C&D was statistically significant at p<0.05 level and between Group A&B, B&C, A&C were statistically non significant at p = or >0.05 level. Mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix at its middle between Group A&D, B&D were statistically moderately significant at p<0.01 level. Between Group A&C was statistically significant at p<0.05 level and between Group A&B, B&C, C&D were statistically non significant at p = or >0.05 level. Mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix near its tip (1 cm away from the tip) between Group A&D was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 and mean differences between Group B&D, A&C were statistically moderately significant at p<0.01 level. Between Group A&B was statistically significant at p<0.05 level and between Group B&C, C&D were statistically non significant at p = or >0.05 level. Mean external diameter of vermiform appendix in male was higher than that of female in all age group at its base, middle and near the tip (1cm away from the tip) but mean difference between sexes in the different study groups was statistically non significant at p = or >0.05 level. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the external diameter of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people.

The umbilical cord and placental have been considered to significantly contribute to the perinatal outcome. Long or short cord can lead to intrauterine fetal demise. So this type of study in placenta and umbilical cord can yield information for immediate and later management of newborn. This information may also be essential for protecting the attending physician in the event of a fetal outcome. This Cross sectional descriptive study would provide information about the length of umbilical cord in different gestational age groups in Bangladesh. To fulfill this aim the study was performed on 60 human placentas and umbilical cords and Gestational age (in weeks) categorized as Group A (28-32), Group B (33-37), and Group C 38 weeks and above. These samples were collected from normal pregnancy in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010. After preservation in 10% normal saline, study was done in the department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College. In this present study the mean±SD length of umbilical cord was found in different gestational age groups in Group A 63.00±5.40, Group B 63.69±8.80 and Group C 67.03±10.64cm and also observed that the mean length of umbilical cord increased with gestational age. The mean length of umbilical cord was maximum in Group C (67.03cm) and was minimum in Group A (63.00cm). The mean difference of length of umbilical cord among different groups was statistically not significant. Observed findings of this study were compared with those of western and Bangladeshi researches.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was done to see the variation in the number of endometrial gland in Bangladeshi cadaver in different age groups to find out the anatomical variation and to compare it with other study findings. For this purpose 30 post mortem specimens containing female genital organs particularly uterus were collected by purposive sampling technique from cadavers of different age groups. All the collected specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution. This study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College from July 2006 to June 2007. After dissection of specimen, microscopic study was done to count the number of the endometrial glands. Mean±SD numbers of gland per square mm area were 5.88±1.56, 14.75±6.90, and 7.35±1.79 in age Group A (2-12 years), B (13-45 years) & C (46-80 years) respectively. Highest number of gland was seen in Group B (5.66 to 22.48 per sq mm) & lowest number of gland was seen in Group A (3.30 to 9.95 per sq mm). The present study findings were compared with that of the references.

The present study was designed to construct an anthropometric data of 20-40 years aged 104 Bangladeshi Garo people (60 male and 44 female) regarding carrying angle and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Participants were selected through purposive sampling for this cross sectional, observational, descriptive and analytic type study which was carried out in different areas of Mymensingh district (Haluaghat, Mymensingh Sadar), Bangladesh from July 2015 to June 2016. The carrying angles of both side were measured by goniometer. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel and SPSS software. Carrying angle was found to be higher in males but angle of inclination was higher in females. Comparison of differences of means between male and female was statistically significant. The results of present study would be useful for Anthropologist and Forensic Medicine experts.

Placenta is the mirror of maternal and fetal status; it reflects the changes due to complication in pregnancy of mother. Numerous common and uncommon findings of the placenta, umbilical cord and membranes are associated with abnormal fetal development and perinatal morbidity. So, the examination of the placenta can yield information that may be important in the immediate and later management of mother and newborn. This information may also be essential for protecting the attending physician in the event of an adverse maternal or fetal outcome. This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out to determine the incidence of different types of placenta depending on attachment site and branching pattern of arteries of umbilical cord in Bangladeshi Women. To achieve this aim sixty placenta with umbilical cord were collected. Placenta was from 28 weeks to 42 weeks gestational age of normal pregnancy during normal labour at gynaecology and obstetric department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. After preservation in 10% formol saline, study was done in the Department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College. In the present study, incidence of different types of placenta depending on attachment site of umbilical cord was 50% Central, 46% Paracentral and 18% Marginal in type. In this study it was also observed that 58% placenta were Disperse in type and 42% were Magistral in type depending on the distribution of umbilical arteries. Observed findings of this study were compared with those of Western and Bangladeshi researchers.

This cross sectional descriptive study was to measure the thyroid angle and to establish the difference between sexes of different age groups in Bangladeshi cadaver. A total 60 human larynges were collected by purposive sampling from October 2008 to March 2009. Among them 45(male 23 and female 22) were collected from Bangladeshi cadavers (9 to 60 years) at the autopsy laboratory of Department of Forensic Medicine and 15 (male 6 and female 9) from stillborn infants of viable age (28 to 40 weeks of gestation) from Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh. The thyroid angle was measured and significant differences of the dimensions between different age and sex groups were observed. In the present study observed findings was compared with those of other researchers. The mean±SD thyroid angle was found as 65.00±11.65 degree in age Group A (28 to 40 weeks of gestation), 73.69±6.56 degree in age Group B (9 to 16 years) and 77.76±7.76 degree in age Group C (17 to 60 years). The mean thyroid angle was higher in female (83.1667±5.78220 degree) than that in male (73.9412±7.09460 degree) and statistically moderately significant in Group C, where t = 3.853 and p = 0.001. In statistical analysis, differences between age and sex groups were calculated by using Students (unpaired) 't' test. The present study revealed that the value was significantly greater in adult female than male and the value increased with age.

The study was done to find out the number of germinal centre in human vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people to magnify the knowledge regarding the diverse number of germinal centre of human vermiform appendix in our population in the department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2006 to June 2007. Total 40 appendices were collected for histological study of different age and sex during postmortem examination in the autopsy laboratory of department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College. This cross sectional study was done by convenient sampling technique. For convenience of differentiating the changes in number of germinal centre of vermiform appendix in relation to age and sex, findings were classified in four groups, Group A up to 20 years, Group B 21-35 years, Group C 36-55 years and Group D 56-70 years. In the present study the number of germinal centre was highest in Group B (52.38%) but in Group D it was nil. Here mean number of germinal centre in male (1.05) were more than in female (0.8).

This cross sectional descriptive study was done to see the weight of uterus in Bangladeshi cadavers to increase the knowledge regarding variational anatomy in our country. Sixty post mortem specimens containing uterus, uterine tube, ureter and surrounding structures were collected by non random or purposive sampling technique from cadavers of different groups and fixed in 10% formol-saline solution. This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh from July 2006 to June 2007. Gross and fine dissection was carried out to study the weight of uterus. In this study our findings were compared with those of the references. Maximum weight of the uterus was found in age group B (13 to 45 years). It is about 51.35 ± 17.95 gm.

This cross sectional descriptive study was done to see the length of the right & left fallopian tube in Bangladeshi female and to increase the knowledge regarding variational anatomy in our country. Sixty post mortem specimens containing uterus, uterine tube, ureter and surrounding structures were collected by non random or purposive sampling technique from cadavers of different age groups and fixed in 10% formol saline solution. This study was carried out in the department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh from July 2006 to June 2007. Gross and fine dissection was carried out to study the length of fallopian tube (right & left). In this study our findings were compared with those of the standard text books. Maximum length of fallopian tube was found in middle age group (B = 13 to 45 years). It is about 9.19 cm in right side and 8.82 cm in left side. It is also important to note that more kinking was observed in middle age group.

Spleen is one of the secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs along with cecal tonsils in birds. The growth of the spleen of Gallus Domesticus (deshi chicken) from prenatal embryonic day fifteen (ED15) to postnatal day ninety (D90) were studied. In macroscopic study it was found that the shape of the spleen was rounded with slightly flattened from side to side at its middle part at prenatal period (ED15, ED18) and becomes rounded at postnatal stages of the deshi chicken (D90). Regarding position it lies close to the right side of the junction between proventriculus and gizzard and was similar in prenatal and postnatal stages. The result of the present study revealed that the mean diameter and weight of the spleen in deshi chicken gradually increases with increase of age, which were 2.00+/-0.136mm and 0.007+/-0.00gm respectively at ED15 stage and it reaches upto 10.40+/-0.331mm and .303+/-0.004gm respectively at day 90 (D90). It was observed that the differences of diameter & weight of the spleen between different ages were statistically significant (p<0.01). Histologically the spleen was surrounded by thin capsule in prenatal life, which gradually becomes thicker in postnatal life. The splenic pulps were not differentiated into white and red pulp on 15th day of embryonic life (ED15) but they were gradually differentiated into white and red pulp in the late prenatal (ED18) and postnatal period. The growth and development of spleen at each stage of the study period were found to be significantly high. Present study indicates that chicken splenic cell population, structure and function were similar to human spleen histologically. It was also found that the chicken embryo allows easy experimental access to all the stages of the splenic development, so the present study will be helpful for experimentation on lymphoid organs and to understand pathophysiology of immunological diseases of human.

The study was done to see the incidence of levator glandulae thyroidea including its association with pyramidal lobe and its morphological variation regarding its craniocaudal attachment in Bangladeshi people. Sixty postmortem tissue blocks containing thyroid gland and its neighbouring structures were collected from 48 male and 12 female cadavers of different age groups and fixed in 10% formol-saline solution. Gross and fine dissection was carried out to study the incidence of levator glandulae thyroidea, its attachment and its association with pyramidal lobe. In the present study, observed findings were compared with those of Western and Bangladeshi researchers. It was evident that, in the present study, in 43.33% cases levator glandulae thyroidea was present. Among them 84.65% was associated with the pyramidal lobe and in all of these cases it extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to hyoid bone. In most of the cases (92%) of this study the levator glandulae thyroideae were cranially found to attach with hyoid bone. Only four muscles those were not associated with pyramidal lobe arise from isthmus. Two of them cranially attached with hyoid bone and remaining two levator glandulae thyroideae cranially was found to be attached with the corresponding oblique line of thyroid cartilage.

The study was done to see the relationship of right and left uterine artery with corresponding ureter. Their distance from lateral border of uterus and site of crossing in relation to internal os in Bangladeshi female were observed. Sixty post mortem specimens containing uterus, uterine tube, ureter and surrounding structures were collected from cadavers of different age groups and fixed in 10% formol saline solution. Gross and fine dissections were carried out to study the relationship and distance of uterine artery where it crosses the corresponding ureter and the site of crossing in relation to internal os. In the present study our findings were compared with those of the standard text books. In this study, there were no variations regarding relations of right and left uterine artery with corresponding ureter. In all cases of all age groups, ureters were found to cross the uterine artery anteriorly on both sides. Site of crossing of uterine artery of both sides with ureter at the level of internal os was 50% in 2-12 years (Group A) 20.45% in 13-45 years (Group B) and 12.50% in 46-80 years (Group C) age group. Below the level of the os was found in remaining cases except one which crosses above the level of the os in group B. In this study mean distance of uterine artery where it crosses the ureter from lateral border of uterus was more on right side in all age groups, which was 1.67 cm, 2.30 cm and 2.11 cm in age Group A, B & C respectively.