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This article is totally based on the literature review about gene expression. Gene is the part of the DNA that is responsible for the formation of the genotype and then a phenotype. Gene can only be expressed in case of formation of protein. The process of the gene expression is accomplished in the two steps; Transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of the formation of the mRNA. Transcription proceeds in the three steps. In initiation step the RNA polymerase moves on the unwind DNA strand until the promoter sequence is reached, next is the elongation step in the newly synthesized RNA strand elongates, the process terminates as the RNA polymerase realize the termination sequence. After the mRNA is formed it is released into the cytoplasm without any alterations in case of prokaryotes, but in case of eukaryotes post transcriptional modifications takes place which include capping, tailing and splicing. Translation is the process of the formation of protein from mRNA. Translation proceeds in the four steps in which the t RNA is charged, the initiation complex is formed with Met-tRNA at the P site start codon is recognized after binding of the ribosomal subunits to mRNA, in elongation step the peptide bond is formed and the polypeptide chain grows, stop codons enters at the A site and thus the process is terminated.

Background: The quality of medical teaching can be refined based on the attitude of the students towards their clinical and teaching environment. The objective was to determine student attitudes towards their profession and education in Punjab. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from 20th July to December 2021 after taking ethical approval. The data was collected through an online google document from physical therapy undergraduates and post graduates from different institutes of Punjab. The outcome was measured using “physical therapy student attitudes questionnaire (PSAQ)”.It had four sections, section A is about the knowledge of the profession, section B includes beliefs about future, section C is about patient exposure in clinical trainings and section D is about level of satisfaction from the learnings. The data was encoded and analyzed using SPPS V.23. The descriptive statistics and mean+ standard deviations were used to present the scores. The independent sample t-test was used to find the difference in mean scores of males and females with p value ≤ 0.05 taken as significant. Results: The current study comprised of 82(32.15%) males and 173(67.84%) females with mean age of 22.5+6.5 years. The overall satisfaction level regarding knowledge, future beliefs, clinical exposure and learning was good with total mean± SD of 87.62+17.64 for males and 87.97+18.67 for females. There was no statistically significant difference of satisfaction among male and female students with P >0.05 Conclusion: The student attitude was quite satisfactory regarding their choice of physical therapy profession, good future, patient exposure and learning skills. There was no statistically significant difference based on the gender. Keywords: Education, Patients, Physical therapy, Satisfaction, Training.

Around the world, maxillofacial disorders are distributed widely. The oral and maxillofacial area is affected by a wide variety of illnesses, from inflammatory lesions to benign and malignant cancers. Objective: This is a base line study that will aid in the diagnosis and management of oral healthcare and also guide recommendations and associated research in the local population in the future. Methods: In this descriptive observational study, 124 patients with orofacial lesions reported at the Hayat Abad medical complex, Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery between 2021 and 2022 were analyzed. Result: A total of 124 orofacial lesions were found, of which 47 were malignant and 57 benign, with the posterior mandible being the most commonly affected area. The pathology that affected most frequently was squamous cell carcinoma. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of life, the soft tissue lesion affected 41% of males and 37% of females. These included squamous cell carcinoma well-differentiated in 32 (25.80%), fibrous epulis in 11 (8.8%), and pyogenic granuloma in 16 (12.90%) of cases. Conclusion: With the posterior mandibular area being the most common site, oral squamous cell carcinoma affects adolescents and the elderly with the most incidence rate.

The study of the epidemiologic association between fluorosis and periodontitis, as well as the effects of fluorosis on periodontal tissues and the effects of periodontal therapy on teeth of non-fluorosed and fluorosed. There has been limited research into the effects of fluorosis on organic tissues for example bones. The biomechanical, histology and biochemical properties of fluorosed bones have still not been studied in alveolar bone, which, like extremities, is an important component of the periodontal tissue. Objective: The goal of this research was to compare the histology of fluorosed femur bones to that of non-fluorosed femur bones. Method: 40 non-fluorosed and fluorosed healthy bone (femoral) samples were tested using a microscope to compare and assess the histology of non-fluorosed with fluorosed bone. Results: When comparing the non-fluorosed group (11.835.21, 9.853.45) to the fluorosed group (7.724.42, 6.702.42), bone of cortical and cancellous cellularity was shown to be substantial in term of statistics. The non-fluorosed and fluorosed bone had the same trabecular density statistically not significant, p-value is equal to 0.726]. Nonfluorosed bone had thick trabeculae, while fluorosed bone had short and thin trabeculae. Conclusion: The identified histologic variations could affect the pathogenesis of periodontitis / the efficacy of periodontal therapy. In widespread fluorosed regions, dental fluoride could likely be identified as an important public health issue.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of urinary tract infection-causing bacteria and their prevalence among children presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional/ Descriptive study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from June, 2021 to May 2022. Methods: Total 112 suspected cases (children) of UTI with ages 6-months to 14 years were presented. After receiving parental agreement, we documented the children's age, gender, residence, and parental education level.It was decided to perform a urine dipstick test to check for nitrites and leucocytes, and then analyze the leucocytes and bacteria under the microscope. Antimicrobial resistance was tested using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique with a panel of antimicrobials.SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: Among 112 included cases, 58 (51.8%) were males and the rest were 54 (48.2%) female children. Frequency of leucocytes and nitrites by urine dipstick method was 30 (26.8%) and 12 (10%) but under the microscope, number of leucocytes were 15 (13.4%) and bacteria was 9 (8.03%). There were 65 (58.04%) gram positive and majority were females and 47 (41.96%) were gram negative cases. We found E.coli was the most prevalent microorganism found in 46 (70.8%) cases, 5 (7.7%) Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. was 4 (6.2%). We found that microorganism were highly resistant (100%) to antibiotics ceftazidime, cefoperazone, ampicillin and ofloxacin while ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone showed high sensitivity. Conclusion: We observed that E.coli was the most frequent bacteria in UTI urine samples. Antimicrobial resistance in UTI-causing pathogens is worrying. It's crucial to monitor UTI-causing microbes' antibiotic susceptibility trends. Keywords:UTI, E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Resistance, Sensitivity

A new acyl thiourea derivative was explored for its binding interaction with RNR and DNA and for excellent urease inhibition activity.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the outcomes experienced by patients diagnosed with mucormycosis linked with COVID-19 while they were hospitalized. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at Sardar Begum Dental College from January, 2022 to June 2022. Methods: There were 215 patients of both genders had age 18-80 years were presented in this study. Included patients had confirmed coronavirus disease with symptoms of mucormycosis. Patients were provided informed written consent for detailed demographics. Clinical and laboratory outcomes among all cases were assessed. We used SPSS 22.0 to analyze all data. Results: There were majority males 165 (76.7%) and 50 (23.3%) females in this study. Mean age of the patients was 45.6±17.53 years and had mean BMI 26.13±8.17 kg/m2. We found that diabetes mellitus was the most common co morbidity in 140 (65.1%) cases, followed by hypertension in 85 (39.5%) cases. Frequency of rhino orbital mucormycosis was found in 110 (51.2%) cases, sinuses in 70 (32.6%) cases and cerebral in 35 (16.3%) cases. Majority of the cases were treated by steroid. Mean hospitalization was 16.8±7.67 days. Frequency of died patients was 28 (13.02%) because of CKD, renal dysfunction and orbital involvement. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that rhino-orbital involvement, CKD and renal dysfunction were a significantly risk factors for mortality among patients of COVID-19 with mucormycosis. Keywords: Mucormycosis, Covid-19, Mortality, Hospitalization, Steroids

Evidence collected from biological fluids obtained from a crime scene is essentially important in forensic cases. A potential profile can be generated from these obtained samples and this can help in identifying the victims and/or suspects of sexual assault. The water environments selected for this study are all related to the potential crime scenes from which there is a possibility of finding a dead body or clothing of a sexual assault victim. Tap water, River water, Swimming pool water, and Canal water were selected. Fabric types selected were khaddar, linen, silk, polyester, and chiffon. Detection of seminal stains was carried out by three methods; Alternate Light Source (ALS), Acid phosphatase (AP) testing, and Kernechtrot-Picro-indigo-carmine (KPIC) testing. These tests were performed for each fabric type in each water environment after regular intervals, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 4 days, 7 days, and 14 days. This study aimed to compare the ability of five types of fabrics to retain seminal material after immersion in four different types of water environments. Fluorescence was only detected in tap water-soaked silk fabric after 14 days of immersion. Seminal fluid was detected in khaddar, chiffon, silk, and polyester in samples immersed for 14 days in tap water. Spermatozoa were retained by khaddar and silk immersed in tap water, Polyester fabric in tap and river water, Chiffon in only river water and Linen in swimming pool water when immersed for 14 days. However, fluorescence, seminal fluid or spermatozoa were not detected in linen fabric regardless of all the afore mentioned variables.

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. It arises from the endometrium and accompanied by the abnormal growth of the cells. Sign and symptoms include pelvic pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding. It has two categories. Type 1 tumors are estrogen-dependent and they have mutations in PTEN, PIK3CA while Type 2 tumors are more sensitive and have mutations in TP53. Overactivation of the signaling pathway (PI3K) results in anti-apoptosis. Here, this study aims to identify Tumor-Specific Antigen for germline mutations in endometrial cancer which can be used as a potential vaccine candidate. The germline mutations data are obtained from cancer gene census of the cosmic database. Genes mutating with crucial role in endometrial cancer are considered. Peptides libraries are generated using peptide design library. Human leukocyte antigen alleles are identified for the peptide library through NetMHC. Binding affinities of alleles with peptide are determined. Linear regression is performed to generate graphs. PTEN, TP53, PIK3CA, KRAS, and CTNNB1 proved to have critical role. About 575 overlapping peptide libraries are generated and each peptide has a length of 18-20 amino acids. Approximately 58 HLAs are identified, having strong interactions with HLAs. Regression analysis shows that the no. of mutations are directly associated with a binding affinity of peptides. From this, we suggest that the identified TSA can be used as personalized peptide vaccines that directly target the mutated genes in endometrial cancer. This research work can be used in the laboratories for further validation.

Radioactive gold-198 is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic agent. Gold in the form of nanoparticles possesses even more exciting properties. This work aimed at arabinoxylan-mediated synthesis and biodistribution study of radioactive gold nanoparticles (

The current study surveyed the pervasiveness and potential danger factors related with the event of pneumonia among population. Pneumonia is one of the main sources of kids age under 5 years. Acute Respiratory Tract is one of the main sources of Pneumonia; the proportion of death because of pneumonia is more in agricultural nations. Air contamination, solid fuel for food readiness are the significant reasons of respiratory Tract Infection (RTI). RTI cause 42% deaths around the globe. Hemolytic streptococci, the organisms that generally in the lungs a reason for Pneumonia which can prompt measles. The current study features the predominance of the disease in, 61.8 % kid, and 38.2% was babies. Male and Female proportions were 31.4 % and 68.6 % individually. The incidence among low income families prevalence rate was high 60%, while middle class and high financial status families were 30% and 10%. The events of the level of rural and urban were about 51% and 49% respectively.

Against hyperglycemic specialists, the biguanide metformin is the most known and effective, highlights as first-line pharmacologic treatment for type 2 diabetes, adequacy and bearableness of which are all around tried, finished up with wellbeing and moderate. In contrast to the sulfonylurea and insulin, metformin isn't related with weight gain or it is very cordial to patients however its mechanism of action has been hard to pinpoint. This study will center to investigate all the degree of proposed mechanism alongside novel selected in the field of medicine.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of USG guided core needle biopsy (US-CNB) as a preoperative diagnostic method of breast cancer. Study Design and duration: This prospective cross-sectional study was held on 93 patients with ultrasound detection of breast lumps at the Department of Pathology and Surgery department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH) Bahawalpur for one-year duration from June 2019 to June 2020. Patients: Methods: A total of 93 women with solid and / or indirect changes in the breasts visualized on ultrasound were included. Apart from clinical treatment, all the above-mentioned patients underwent US-guided core-needle biopsy and excision of the lesions in the breasts. Then, the histopathological diagnosis of US guided core needle biopsy was compared with the results of excision biopsy. Results: Of all 93 cases, 47 (50.5%) had mild ultrasound changes; In US-CNB, 24 were found as fibroadenoma, four with chronic inflammatory mastitis, five with chronic purulent mastitis, one tuberculosis, four fat necroses, two mammary adenomas, and seven cases with benign ductal hyperplasia without atypia. Nine (9.7%) cases showed suspected abnormalities in ultrasound examination; US-CNB revealed five cases with atypical ductal hyperplasia, one ductal carcinoma in situ, and three invasive ductal carcinomas. Thirty-seven (39.8%) cases were highly indicative of malignancy on ultrasound; US-CNB showed 34 invasive ductal carcinomas, two invasive lobular and one medullary. Excision biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of US guided core needle biopsy in all but four cases; one case of chronic purulent mastitis was diagnosed as tuberculosis, and three cases of ductal hyperplasia as invasive ductal carcinoma. Consequently, there was no false positive but four (4.3%) false negatives. Thus, the sensitivity of the US-CNB was 100% and the specificity was 91.1%. Conclusion: USG guided core needle biopsy is a satisfactory method of histopathological diagnosis of breast changes. An open biopsy should be performed after any unsatisfactory, suspicious, or unusual change in the US-CNB. Keywords: breast ultrasound, core biopsy, breast cancer.

Background: Vitiligo has a significant impact on quality of life (QOL) in a society like ours with pigmented skin. The Dermatological Quality of Life Index (DLQI) is a simple and practical tool that can be used to study the impact of any disease on quality of life. Aims: To assess the impact of vitiligo on our patients' quality of life using DLQI and to associate the DLQI score with age, gender, marital status and sites of occurrence. Place and Duration: In the Dermatology department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore for one-year duration from April 2019 to April 2020. Patients and methods: 100 patients (52 women and 48 men) with vitiligo were enrolled in the study. Using ten DLQI entries translated into Urdu, patients were asked to indicate how this had affected their lives during the previous week. Results: The mean DLQI score was 9.56, ranging from 0 to 29. The difference between the mean DLQI score for men (8.17) and women (10.85) was statistically significant. Young women (n = 40) had a mean DLQI score of 11.2. Unmarried women (n = 16) had a greater impairment in quality of life (mean DLQI score = 8.28). Patients with exposed body parts assessed (mean DLQI score = 11.03) higher than patients with covered body disease. Conclusions: Vitiligo has a greater effect on QOL in young and unmarried women with exposed body parts. Keywords: Vitiligo, DLQI, quality of life.

The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV)-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease (covid19) has posed a great threat to human health. Previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) from the same CoV family had posed similar threat to human health and economic growth. To date, not even a single drug specific to any of these CoVs has been developed nor any anti-viral vaccine is available for the treatment of diseases caused by CoVs. Subunits present in spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are involved in binding to human ACE2 Receptor which is the primary method of viral invasion. As it has been observed in the previous studies that there are very minor differences in the spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has an additional furin cleavage site that makes it different from SARS-CoV (Walls et al., 2020). In this study, we have analyzed spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV phylogenetically and subjected them to selection pressure analysis. Selection pressure analysis has revealed some important sites in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins that might be involved in their pathogenicity. Further, we have developed a potential multi-epitope vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing its interactions with HLA-B*15:03 subtype. This vaccine consists of multiple T-helper (TH) cells, B-cells, and Cytotoxic T-cells (CTL) epitopes joined by linkers and an adjuvant to increase its immunogenicity. Conservation of selected epitopes in SARS, MERS, and human hosts, suggests that the designed vaccine could provide cross-protection. The vaccine is designed in silico by following a reverse vaccinology method acknowledging its antigenicity, immunogenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity. The vaccine candidate that we have designed as a result of this work shows promising result indicating its potential capability of simulating an immune response.

People who migrate in uncertain and traumatic circumstances can suffer from symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The life they will live after traumatic events can affect the process of treatment and healing. Daily stressors in host communities including basic survival needs, insecure and unhygienic shelter, lack of social support, language and cultural barriers, low socioeconomic status, and job insecurity can affect the process of integration negatively. This paper will explore the literature to understand the effects of short-term Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) along with the role of Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) tool on the integration of migrants suffering from PTSD. Literature supports that NET is effective as it has shown to help reduce the symptoms of PTSD in migrants, but social factors and daily stressors can become a hindrance in treatment. Some MIPEX tool indicators address the daily stressors which are required to decrease the symptoms of PTSD. Therefore, research concludes that NET and some MIPEX tool indicators if implemented correctly and simultaneously can help in reducing symptoms of PTSD and eventually help migrants better integrated.

University classes may be demanding and tiring. The lunch/coffee breaks are the opportunities to reload energies for the next hour by interacting with other students and have fun together. Technology can help in enhancing this positive experience. Thus, we used the Interaction Design process to study the needs for a digital solution, which can enhance a ludic experience during lunch breaks in schools and developed an interactive prototype. Through interviews and observations, we explored what students considered ludic during breaks. Socializing in common areas and being involved in activities that require collaborative engagement, was highlighted. We used the assumptions of ludic design discussed by Gaver et al. [1] for designing our prototype, an Interactive Coffee Table, called Willy’s Pond. The solution consists of a tabletop transformed into a digital pond for Willy, the fish, to swim around. The prototype was tested in a natural setting with approximately 25 students in groups and individually. We found that the Interactive Coffee table enhances the ludic experience. Moreover, a relevant finding was that collaborative engagement was seen as a critical element for ludic design in addition to Gaver et al. [1] assumptions for designing for a ludic experience.

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We aimed to determine the involvement of the most vulnerable side and site in the creation of an oroantral fistula. OAC (Oroantral Communication) and its subsequent oroantral fistula formulation one of the repeated complications of dental maxillary molars extraction. There may be an involvement of the complications due to chronic oroantral fistula into sequelae of the chronic sinusitis. We carried out this research at Allied Hospital, Faisalabad from August 2016 to November 2017 on a total of sixty oroantral fistula patients in the Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. Our research diagnostic criteria consisted of history, periapical views, clinical examination, PNS (Paranasal Air Sinuses) and orthopantomogram. The involvement of the first maxillary molar was among sixty percent of the patients, thirty percent cases were of the second molar, six percent in the last molar and four percent cases were of premolars. The involvement of right and the left side was respectively reported among 52% and 48% of the cases. Keywords: Molar, Premolar, Dental Extraction, Maxillary, Sequalae, Chronic, Sinusitis and Oroantral Fistula (OAF).

Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to assess the condition of the deep bite of orthodontic patients. Study design: A Retrospective Study. Location and duration: In the Orthodontic Department of Nishter Institute of Dentistry Multan for one year duration from April 2017 to April 2018. Methods: The patients in the orthodontic department consisted of 100 studies. Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS (18.0). Results: In general, an open bite was found in 7% of patients. 76% of the patients showed a normal cut-off value in the bite, while 76% had variable deep bit values. From 76 patients (76%), male were 28% and female were 72%. These 76 patients distribution was according to various categories of deep bites. Conclusion: The most of the patients; 92% had mild to moderate deep bites, and only 8% had lower incisors. Keywords: Malocclusion, orthodontic treatment, deep bite, over bite.

Background & objective: Leptin facilitates onset of puberty by impact on hypothalamic Kisspeptin, gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone. The link of peripheral Leptin-Kisspeptin in regulating the ovarian and endometrial tissue in relation to adiposity is unknown. Therefore, we wanted to identify Kisspeptin-Leptin association with body mass index (BMI) and success of assisted reproductive treatments (ART) in infertile females. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried from August 2014 till May 2016 after receiving ethical approval at Australian Concept Infertility Medical Centre, and Aga Khan University. The study group comprised of females with an age range of 25-37 year who had duration of unexplained infertility for more than two years. They were grouped as; underweight (25 kg/m2). Kisspeptin and Leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay before down regulation of ovaries and initiation of treatment protocol of ART. Failure of procedure was detected by beta human chorionic gonadotropin 25mIU/ml and cardiac activity on trans-vaginal scan were declared pregnant. Results: Highest Kisspeptin and Leptin levels were seen in normal weight group (374.80 ± 185.08ng/L; 12.78 ± 6.8 pg/ml) respectively, yet the highest number of clinical pregnancy was observed in overweight group (42%).A strong correlation of Kisspeptin with Leptin (r=0.794, p=0.001) was observed in the overweight females. Conclusion: Leptin-Kisspeptin-fertility link is expressed by maximum number of clinical pregnancies in the female group that showed strongest relationship between serum Leptin and Kisspeptin levels, irrespective of their BMI.

Objective: To compare Tolteridine and Solifenacin in cases of Urinary Incontinence in terms of side effects. Material and methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology THQ Hospital, Sadiqabad from March 2017 to September 2017. Comparison between Tolteridine and Solifenacin in cases of Urinary Incontinence in terms of side effects was done. Results: Mean age of patients was 58.34±12.54 years. Dry mouth was observed in 123/415 (29.64%) patients in Group-A and 101/415 (24.34%) in Group-B (p-value 0.085), while constipation was observed in 41/415 (9.88%) patients in Group-A and 21/415(5.96%) patients in Group B. (p-value 0.000) Conclusion: Solifenacin succinate (5mg) had a significantly higher occurrence of constipation as compared to Tolterodine (4mg) while the occurrence of dry mouth was also higher but not significant. These results showed a difference in side effects between Tolterodine and Solifenacin succinate in patients with urinary incontinence.

Objective: To assess uterine scar dehiscence in in cases of having a previous c-section during the trial of labour. Material and methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, THW Hospital Sadiq Abad from January 2016 to June 2016. A total of 100 patients with a previous one c-section was selected for this study. Results: A total of 100 patients were selected for this study. The mean age of the patients was 29.55 ± 6.37 years. Mean gestational age was 38.87 ± 2.25 weeks. Scar tenderness was developed in 12 (12%) patients during labour trial. Out of these 12 patients, scar dehiscence was observed in 16.87% of patients. Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of patients with previous one Cesarean section who develop scar tenderness during the trial of labour is not remarkably higher and the trial of labour in these patients may continue confidently and thus decrease the rising cesarean section rate in our population.&nbsp

Radioactive gold-198 is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic agent. Gold in the form of nanoparticles possesses even more exciting properties. This work aimed at arabinoxylan-mediated synthesis and biodistribution study of radioactive gold nanoparticles (198AuNPs). The particles were synthesized by mixing suspension of arabinoxylan with H198AuCl4 without use of any additional reducing and stabilizing agents. An aqueous suspension of arabinoxylan was added to a H198AuCl4 solution, which resulted in reduction of Au3+ to 198AuNPs. Biodistribution was studied in vitro and in rabbit. The particles having exceptional stability were readily formed. Highest radioactivity was recorded in spleen after 3 h followed by liver, heart, kidney, and lungs after i.v. administration. After 24 h, the activity was not detectable in the spleen; it accumulated in the liver. However, after oral administration, the activity mainly accumulated in the colon. In serum proteins, the distribution was α1-globulin 6.5%, α2-globulin ~ 2%, β-globulin ~ 1%, γ-globulin 0.7%, and albumin 0.7% of the administered dose. This indicates a low protein binding implying high bioavailability of the particles. The cytotoxicity study showed that the particles were inactive against HeLa cell line and Agrobacteriumtumefaciens. Highly stable 198AuNPs reported in this work have the potential for targeting the colon. They show affinity for globulins, the property that can be used in the study of the immune system.