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Background: Piebaldism (OMIM #172800) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by congenital poliosis and stable patches of leucoderma. Piebaldism is caused by mutations in the KIT and SNAI2 genes. The most common mutations are detected in the KIT gene. Case Presentation: A 5-year-old boy, who was followed up for aphakic glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery, was consulted to the medical genetics and dermatology departments due to premature graying of the hair, white forelock in the frontal region of the scalp, whitening in the inner part of the eyebrows and eyelashes and patchy leukoderma with hyperpigmented islands inside on the extremities and trunk. DNA sequencing revealed a heterozygous missense c.1861G>A mutation in the KIT gene. Mutation was evaluated using in silico 3-D-structure analysis and bioinformatics tools. Conclusion: The KIT gene has a critical role in melanoblast migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival and molecular dynamics simulation and modeling proved that this variant inhibits the migration of melanoblasts and melanocytes by reducing the enzymatic activity of the KIT protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aphakia is an independent risk factor for the development of secondary glaucoma. The literature on this type of glaucoma focuses mainly on pediatric patients, less often adults. The aim of the work is to present the current knowledge on the epidemiology, causes of development and possible treatment of secondary glaucoma in adult aphakic patients after cataract surgery. According to the literature, in the years 1970-1980, glaucoma in aphakic eyes accounted for 37.7% of cases of secondary glaucoma in the population of adults and children, and at the beginning of the 21st century this percentage decreased to 11%. Nevertheless, secondary glaucoma in aphakic eyes is diagnosed in 17.7% of cases. Secondary glaucoma in aphakia is characterized by unclear etiopathogenesis, and often diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. The most common pathomechanisms of this type of glaucoma include: peripheral anterior synechiae, pupillary block, the presence of a loose vitreous in an anterior chamber and an angle region. Less common ones include: epithelial downgrowth into the anterior chamber, ciliovitreal block (malignant glaucoma), the presence of degenerated red blood cells in the angle region (ghost cell glaucoma) and the so far little known mechanisms related to chronic inflammation. Treatment of secondary glaucoma in aphakic eyes includes a wide range of methods which should be used considering the possible pathomechanism in advance. The success of trabeculectomy is not satisfactory. It seems that glaucoma drainage devices can be used with therapeutic effect. There is still a need for more research to expand our knowledge on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AIM: To estimate the efficacy and safety of the Ahmed implant in patients with high risk for failure after glaucoma surgery. METHODS: In 342 eyes of 342 patients with refractory glaucoma, even with application of medical treatment, the Ahmed valve was introduced for intraocular pressure (IOP) control, in the period of the last 20y. The nature of glaucoma was neovascular in 162 eyes, pseudophakic or aphakic in 49 eyes, inflammatory in 29 eyes and non working previous antiglaucomatic surgical interventions in 102 eyes. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from 18 to 120mo with a mean follow-up of 63.2mo. IOP before the operation decreased from 31.6±10.4 mm Hg to 18.3±5.4 mm Hg (no systemic treatment) at the end of follow up period. When we compared the IOP values before the operation using ANOVA showed statistically significant difference (P

Purpose: To compare demographic and clinical factors associated with glaucoma following cataract surgery (GFCS) and glaucoma surgery rates between infants, toddlers, and older children using a large, ophthalmic registry., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Participants: Patients in the IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) who underwent cataract surgery at ≤ 17 years old and between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2020., Methods: Glaucoma diagnosis and procedural codes were extracted from the electronic health records of practices participating in the IRIS Registry. Children with glaucoma diagnosis or surgery before cataract removal were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to determine the cumulative probability of GFCS diagnosis and glaucoma surgery after cataract surgery. Multivariable Cox regression was used to identify factors associated with GFCS and glaucoma surgery., Main Outcome Measures: Cumulative probability of glaucoma diagnosis and surgical intervention within 5 years after cataract surgery., Results: The study included 6658 children (median age, 10.0 years; 46.2% female). The 5-year cumulative probability of GFCS was 7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1%-8.1%) and glaucoma surgery was 2.6% (95% CI, 1.9%-3.2%). The 5-year cumulative probability of GFCS for children aged < 1 year was 22.3% (95% CI, 15.7%-28.4%). Risk factors for GFCS included aphakia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.63; 95% CI, 1.96-3.57), unilateral cataract (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.96), and Black race (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.12-2.32). The most common surgery was glaucoma drainage device insertion (32.6%), followed by angle surgery (23.3%), cyclophotocoagulation (15.1%), and trabeculectomy (5.8%)., Conclusions: Glaucoma following cataract surgery diagnosis in children in the IRIS Registry was associated with young age, aphakia, unilateral cataract, and Black race. Glaucoma drainage device surgery was the preferred surgical treatment, consistent with the World Glaucoma Association 2013 consensus recommendations for GFCS management., Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article., (Copyright © 2023 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical findings and possible risk factors of patients with aphakic glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery and identify the factors affecting response to glaucoma treatment.Methods: A retrospective chart review of 173 patients was performed who underwent congenital cataract surgery before the age of 12 months and 40 eyes of 25 patients with aphakic glaucoma were enrolled. Age of the patients at the time of the cataract surgery, postoperative complications, additional ocular pathologies and the type of glaucoma treatment needed were investigated.Results: Mean age of 25 patients at the time of cataract surgery was 3.31 ± 2.28 (range 1-11) months with a mean follow-up period of 79 ± 30.5 (32-176) months. Out of 40 eyes, medical therapy was effective in 20 (50%) eyes, whereas 20 (50%) eyes needed surgery for glaucoma. In these 20 eyes, 6 (30%) eyes underwent only 1, 4 (20%) eyes underwent 2 and 10 (50%) eyes underwent 3 or more procedures. Age at the time of cataract surgery, pupillary membrane formation and additional ocular pathologies were not significantly associated both with the need for glaucoma surgery or the number of operations (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: Aphakic glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery is a serious complication which requires surgery in half (50%) of the patients. Usually, more than one surgical procedure (70%) is needed. It can be detected even years after cataract surgery (range 0.3-94 months), so long-term careful follow-up is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma Following Cataract Surgery (GFCS) remains a menace, so parents must be counseled prior to cataract removal in children. Age less than 7 months at the time of surgery increases this risk, and IOL placement has no effect. To lower IOP in GFCS, start with drops and before you escalate to surgery, consider phospholine iodide. Then, proceed cautiously with angle surgery and shunts, mixing in cycloablative procedures where appropriate in your hands. With patient-centered models for access, follow-up & adherence to treatment, GFCS can be controlled. Partnering with our certified orthoptist colleagues, we can achieve excellent results for the "whole patient" spanning cataracts, glaucoma, strabismus, and amblyopia.

Purpose: To study the current profile of secondary glaucomas for their incidence and to identify risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective chart review, 2997 patients newly diagnosed and referred with glaucoma to our tertiary glaucoma center in the year 2005 were included. Evaluation of all cases was done on the basis of a detailed history and recorded examination including vision, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment examination, gonioscopy and fundus evaluation by glaucoma specialists. Demographic data, etiology of secondary glaucoma, and any other significant findings were noted. Results: Of 2997 referred patients, 2650 had glaucoma or were glaucoma suspects. Of all glaucoma patients or glaucoma suspects, 579 patients (21.84%) had secondary glaucoma. Age distribution was as follows: 25% were between 0-20 years; 27% were between 21-40 years; 30% were between 41-60 years and 18% were> 60 years. The male female ratio was 2.2. Frequent causes of secondary glaucoma were post - vitrectomy 14%, trauma 13%, corneo-iridic scar 12%, aphakia 11%, neovascular glaucoma 9%. Post-vitrectomy glaucoma eyes had vitreous substitutes in 83% cases of which 66% eyes had retained silicone oil for more than three months. Vision ≤20/200 was present in 63% eyes, 57% eyes had baseline IOP > 30 mm Hg. Of all traumatic glaucoma patients, 71% cases were < 30 years of age. Fifty per cent had baseline IOP of> 30 mm Hg and vision ≤20/200. Conclusions: Most patients with secondary glaucoma have poor vision (≤20/200) with high IOP and advanced fundus changes at presentation.

Background: Aphakic glaucoma is a common complication after congenital cataract extraction, especially in those who have surgery during infancy. This case report describes a case of bilateral pupillary block glaucoma diagnosed with intraoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) after removal of congenital cataract. Case Presentation: We present a case report of a 9-month-old infant with bilateral corneal enlargement and ocular hypertension after uneventful removal of congenital cataracts. Initial and follow-up examination findings were reviewed. The infant was suspected to have developmental glaucoma and schemed to have bilateral trabeculotomy until pupillary obstruction by vitreous herniation and angle closure with iris bombé were detected by intraoperative UBM. Anterior vitrectomy and goniosynechialysis were then performed as treatment. Conclusion: Pupillary block glaucoma is a rare type of infantile aphakic glaucoma. Application of intraoperative UBM can assist in the differential diagnosis of aphakic glaucoma in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : To study the development of aphakic glaucoma and other complications after congenital cataract surgery. Methods:In this descriptive study 30 children, from 4 months to 2 years of age, with cataract were enrolled.Patients with ocular trauma, congenital glaucoma, anterior segment dysgenesis, posterior segment abnormalities and retinopathy of prematurity were not included in this study. Anterior and posterior segment examination, retinoscopy, keratometry and ultrasonosgraphy were done to assess retinal status. Pupils were dilated using cyclopentolate1% and phenylepherine10%, at 90, 60, 30 and 15 minutes preoperatively. Surgical procedures included anterior capsulotomy/anterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, irrigation and aspiration of lens matter, posterior capsulotomy or posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, anterior vitrectomy, 0.1c.c intravitreal dexamethasone injection. All cases remained on topical steroids and cycloplegic eye drops for six weeks. Patients were followed on first postoperative day and first postoperative week for detection of early postoperative complications. Then patients were followed after three months, six months and one year. In every visit patients were evaluated including funduscopy, cycloplegic retinoscopy and record of intraocular pressure. Results: A total 30 eyes of 30 patients were evaluated before surgical intervention. There were 22 male and 8 female patients . Age range was between 4 months to 2 years. Aphakic glaucoma was observed in 7% of patients. Posterior capsular opacification was seen in 64% (Table 1). There were no reported intraoperative complications. After cataract surgery, all eyes were treated with corticosteroids and antibiotic eyedrops for eight weeks. Postoperatively there were no case of corneal decomprensation or endophthalmitis. . The incidence was noticed in patients less than one year of age and cataract surgery was performed under four months of age. Conclusion: Aphakic glaucoma is higher in patients who were operated within twelve months of age for congenital cataracts

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the incidence and characteristics of strabismus following congenital cataract surgery in infants. Materials and methods: Patients aged <12 months who underwent surgery for congenital cataract and were followed-up for ≥1 years were included. Patients that had strabismus prior to surgery were excluded. Data regarding gender, cataract laterality, morphology, and density, age at the time of cataract surgery, ocular motility post surgery, and the presence of nystagmus were retrospectively obtained from the patients' records. Results: The study included 79 patients (48 male and 31 female). Unilateral surgery was performed in 14 of the patients, versus bilateral surgery in 65. Strabismus did not occur post surgery in 32 (40.5 %) of the patients (group 1), whereas 47 (59.5 %) (group 2) developed strabismus following surgery. The patients in group 1 were followed-up for a mean 50.7 ± 38.5 months, versus 50.3 ± 39 months in group 2. Mean age at the time of cataract surgery in groups 1 and 2 was 3.6 ± 1.9 years and 4.6 ± 3.2 months respectively. Mean duration of time between cataract surgery and the development of strabismus was 13.3 ± 13 months (range: 1-60 months). Unilateral cases were more prone to develop strabismus, which was statistically significant ( p = 0.028). Age at the time of cataract surgery, gender, cataract density, the occurrence of aphakic glaucoma, the presence of nystagmus, and additional ocular surgery were not significantly associated with the development of strabismus. Conclusion: Strabismus develops more frequently in children undergoing cataract surgery. In the present study strabismus occurred in more of the patients that underwent unilateral surgery. Based on the present findings, we think that long-term careful follow-up to monitor the development of strabismus is required in all infants undergoing cataract surgery, especially unilateral cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To describe a paediatric cohort surgically treated for primary or secondary glaucoma ( PG/ SG), with regard to incidences, visual outcome and control of intraocular pressure ( IOP). Methods All children ( n = 29, 42 eyes in total) surgically treated for PG or SG at the age of 4 years or younger between January 2002 and December 2010 at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Mölndal were retrospectively studied through medical records. Median follow-up time after initial surgery was 5.9 years (range 2.4-11.2 years). Results The incidence of primary congenital glaucoma was 4.3 cases per 100 000 live births in the county of Västra Götaland. For glaucoma secondary to cataract surgery, the incidence was 13% with a median postoperative duration to diagnosis of glaucoma of 3.8 months (range 1.6 months to 4.3 years). Preoperative mean IOP was 31.5 ( SD 8.1) mmHg, and mean IOP at last visit was 17.1 ( SD 4.4) mmHg. For the entire cohort, 30% of the glaucoma eyes required more than two IOP-lowering surgical procedures during the study period. BCVA was ≥0.3 (decimal) in 45% of glaucomatous eyes at last follow-up with no statistically significant difference between PG and SG. Analysis of functional visual outcome, that is BCVA in the better eye, showed that 83% of all patients attained a BCVA of ≥0.5. Conclusions The incidences and outcome of surgically treated paediatric glaucoma were in accordance with previous studies. Chamber angle surgery, and if necessary, tube implantation without the use of antimetabolites, is a favourable approach leaving most sites needed for future glaucoma surgery unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cataract surgery in young children poses different challenges and potential complications compared to those encountered in adult populations. We performed a literature review of the complications of pediatric cataract surgery. Methods: Literature review of complications of pediatric cataract surgery. Results: Complications in children vary based on the age of the patient at surgery and the cause of the cataract. Common events discussed include increased inflammatory response, opacification of the posterior capsule, lens reproliferation, pupillary membrane, and amblyopia; less common events include infections, significant bleeding, and retinal detachment. Conclusion: Complications after cataract surgery in children are often associated with a robust inflammatory reaction or secondary opacity and, in infants, glaucoma. Late complications can occur decades later, so that long-term follow-up is required. Though surgery carries significant risks, the consequences of no surgery and irreversible deprivation amblyopia in very young children should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital cataract affects children and their vision from an early age and as such early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Following surgical lensectomy children with congenital cataract will either have an intraocular lens inserted, be fitted with an aphakic contact lens or be prescribed aphakic spectacles. One possible complication of lensectomy in these children is aphakic glaucoma. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of aphakic glaucoma in children with congenital cataract following lensectomy. A retrospective review of children presenting to the eye clinic at The Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW with congenital cataracts between 2008 and 2010 was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report the initial clinical outcomes of combining glaucoma surgery with flanged intrascleral intraocular lens (F-SFIOL) fixation as a single stage procedure., Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative case-series of eyes which underwent combined surgery for glaucoma with F-SFIOL and had at least 6-months of follow-up. A fellowship-trained senior glaucoma surgeon managed all the cases., Results: Twelve-eyes of 10 glaucoma patients (8 males, 2 females) underwent F-SFIOL; only 8 of these eyes were combined with a glaucoma procedure. Mean age of patients was 55.1 ± 16.1 years (95%CI [44.4,73.2], median 61 years) and were followed-up for a mean of 21.0 ± 9.5 months, 95% CI [13.1,28.9], median 18 months. F-SFIOL was combined with trabeculectomy ± Mitomycin C in 4 eyes, Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in 3 eyes and needling of a pre-existing bleb in 1. Each eye had controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) at last follow-up (pre-procedure 29.1 ± 13.4 mmHg, 95% CI [17.9, 40.3], median 27 mmHg to 14.5 ± 3.2 mmHg, 95% CI [11.8, 17.1], median 13 mmHg, p = 0.006) and decreased need for number of anti-glaucoma medication (AGM) (pre-procedure 3.7 ± 1.1, 95% CI [2.8,4.6], median 4 to 0.7 ± 0.7, 95% CI [0.1,1.3] median 1, p < 0.001). In all the eyes, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was either stable or improved; only 1 eye had astigmatism worse than that pre-existing. In 1 eye IOL was explanted, with an additional procedure to control IOP. No serious long-term complications occurred in any subject., Conclusion: The initial experience of single-stage F-SFIOL along with glaucoma surgery, both being performed by the same anterior-segment surgeon, is promising, thereby avoiding the cost, specialised skill, and potential complications of a posterior approach. Glaucoma surgery combined with and adapted to suture-less, flap-less, glue-less intra-scleral IOL fixation is hitherto unreported.

Background: Congenital cataracts can lead to severe effects on the development of the visual system. Resulting complications include reduced acuity, aphakic glaucoma, strabismus, and nystagmus. To allow for the best acuity, cataract surgery should be performed within the first three months of life to prevent visual deprivation. This results in a decreased risk of developing strabismus and nystagmus but an increased possibility of developing glaucoma. Case Report: A 10 year-old male presented with a chief complaint of distance and near blur for the past 10 years. He was born with congenital cataracts which were removed at three months of age. The patient's best corrected visual acuity was reduced, and he had a constant left exotropia with latent nystagmus and aphakic glaucoma. Trabeculectomy was performed bilaterally when the patient was six years old. The patient received low vision devices and specialty contact lenses to improve his ability to perform in school. He was also closely monitored for glaucoma progression. Conclusions: The patient's extensive ocular history impacted his ability to perform his activities of daily living. Medical and functional management of children with congenital cataracts is crucial to visual health as well as development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Congenital and infantile cataracts produce deprivation amblyopia and can thus cause lifelong visual impairment. Successful management is dependent on early diagnosis and referral for surgery when indicated. Accurate optical rehabilitation and postoperative supervision are essential.The timing of surgery and its relationship to the duration of deprivation is important. Unilateral congenital cataract surgery within 6 weeks of birth produces the best outcomes. The equivalent ‘latent’ period for bilateral visual deprivation may be longer at around 10 weeks.Visual deprivation has a significant impact on the development of fixation stability. Major form deprivation, even after early surgery, leads to nystagmus. This is mostly manifest latent nystagmus (MLN). The latent period for fixation stability may be as short as 3 weeks. Preoperative congenital nystagmus (CN) can convert to more benign MLN after surgery.Infantile IOL implantation is becoming increasingly accepted. A satisfactory long-term refractive result requires that allowance be made for childhood axial growth and myopic shift. In a series of 25 infants (33 eyes) implanted before 12 months of age, the mean myopic shift at 12 months was 4.83 D. This increased to 5.3 D in infants implanted before 10 weeks. The initial desired refractive outcome following IOL implantation is thus hypermetropia, with the degree dependent on the age of the child.Glaucoma or ocular hypertension is a common complication following paediatric cataract surgery. Microphthalmia and surgery in early infancy are risk factors. Tonometry results may be influenced by the increased corneal thickness seen in aphakic and pseudophakic children. The long-term prognosis of eyes with aphakic glaucoma is not necessarily poor but intraocular pressure control may require three or more medications. Surgical intervention appears to be necessary in over a quarter of eyes.Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is common in infants undergoing primary lens implantation. Primary capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy reduce the risk of PCO. In the absence of anterior vitrectomy, primary posterior capsulotomy does not prevent visual axis opacification.Further developments will continue to be driven by clinical research. The prevention of capsule opacification and cellular proliferation may in future be achieved by the use of devices to specifically target epithelial cells at surgery.Eye (2007) 21, 1301–1309. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702845 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A Boston Terrier puppy presented with a full-thickness peripheral corneal defect, iris prolapse and anterior lens capsule tear in the left eye (OS). Phacofragmentation and primary repair of the corneal laceration was performed. At surgery, subluxation of the lens was also apparent. One day postoperative, there was severe corneal edema, diffuse hyphema, an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 65 mmHg and a small amount of vitreous that protruded from the corneal incision OS. Malignant glaucoma or pupillary block glaucoma were suspected. Intravenous mannitol was administered preoperatively and had no effect. An anterior vitrectomy was performed on the vitreous within the anterior chamber and pupil. One day postoperative the IOP was 16 mmHg in the right eye (OD) and 20 mmHg OS. Postoperative iridocyclitis was managed medically, and additional elevations in IOP were not recorded. Resolution of the elevated IOP following anterior vitrectomy was supportive of pupillary block or malignant glaucoma. Vision returned 3 weeks after the initial surgery. Two years after the initial injury, the eye is visual and comfortable with infrequent topical anti-inflammatory therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of primary Ahmed glaucoma valve in refractory secondary glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery, particularly in persistent foetal vasculature., Method: Retrospective review of paediatric patients after Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation for refractory post-lensectomy glaucoma in a tertiary referral centre in Spain. Surgical complications, additional and/or replacements of Ahmed glaucoma valve, intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, glaucoma medications and final visual acuity were studied., Results: A total of 29 eyes, 41% with persistent foetal vasculature and 59% with non-persistent foetal vasculature were included with mean follow-up of 105 ± 67 and 74 ± 45 months, respectively, after first Ahmed glaucoma valve implant. Median survival time for the first Ahmed glaucoma valve was significantly lower in persistent foetal vasculature (7.0 ± 3.2 months) compared to non-persistent foetal vasculature (over 129 months), p = 0.001. The cumulative probability of success in persistent foetal vasculature and non-persistent foetal vasculature eyes with Ahmed glaucoma valve were, respectively, 37.5% and 88.2% at year 1 and 28.1% and 71.9% at year 5. Cox regression model suggested persistent foetal vasculature as predictive risk factor of time to Ahmed glaucoma valve failure (hazard ratio: 5.77, p = 0.004). Four eyes developed phthisis bulbi. Mean intraocular pressure prior glaucoma surgery was 32.66 ± 6.73 mmHg and decreased to 16.54 ± 2.75 mmHg (p < 0.001) at final visit. The most frequent early postoperative complication was severe hypotony (32.6%) which tended to be self-limiting. Vitreous haemorrhage was associated with persistent foetal vasculature (p = 0.024). Ahmed glaucoma valve replacements after complications and additional Ahmed glaucoma valve implantations due to unsatisfactory intraocular pressure were more common in the persistent foetal vasculature group., Conclusion: Eyes with persistent foetal vasculature and secondary glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery followed by AGV implantation had a higher number of complications and a decreased probability of success compared to the non-persistent foetal vasculature group. Both groups achieved a significant decrease in intraocular pressure; thus, Ahmed glaucoma valve may be considered as first-line treatment in refractory glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery.