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The utilization of wastewater in food processing factory has become one of the foremost essential and challengeable problems. In this study, cabbage wastewater was used for a mixed fermentation to obtain a high ester vinegar. The effect of fermentation conditions on the total acid content and total ester content of vinegar was investigated through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology analysis. Under the optimal fermentation conditions of 10.61% inoculation amount, 4.9% initial alcohol content, 29.62 °C fermentation temperature, 75.21 h fermentation time, and the exogenous esterification addition amount of 0.6%. The blending vinegar has a total acid content of 3.80 g 100 mL

Background: Qilong capsule (QLC) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used to treat ischemic stroke (IS). But the pharmacodynamic mechanism of QLC is not clear. Method: we used an existing zebrafish model to explore the protective mechanism of QLC on IS. We treated normally-developing zebrafish larvae with QLC and ponatinib 2 days post fertilization, and used the area of cerebral vascular thrombosis, red blood cell staining intensity, and brain cell apoptosis to quantitate QLC efficacy against IS. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect changes in the expression of genes involved in coagulation, inflammation, vascular endothelium, and apoptosis. Result: We found that QLC reduced the area affected by ponatinib-induced cerebral vascular embolism, erythrocyte staining intensity, and the number of apoptotic brain cells. qPCR showed that QLC inhibited the expression of genes related to coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. Conclusion: QLC had a significant protective efficacy in ponatinib-induced IS.

The separation and recognition of fructose with a large linear detection range, low cost and less time consuming are more concerned in sugar industry production and monitoring of sugar intake in daily diet. In this study, monodisperse and fluorescent microspheres of poly (DVB-co-PBA) were synthesized by a one-step solvothermal reaction. The morphology, surface chemical properties, thermal stability and hydrophilicity of poly(DVB-co-PBA) microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and water contact angle measurement, respectively. The fluorescent poly(DVB-co-PBA) microspheres with structured morphology, narrow diameter distribution and thermal stability could be applied for separation and recognition of sugar. A dual-model spectral detection of D-fructose was established with a large linear range (fluorescence measurement of 0.5 ~ 10 mg mL−1 and UV–VIS detection of 15 ~ 415 mg mL−1). Further, for the extended application of poly(DVB-co-PBA) microspheres, we investigated the applicability of synthetic materials in neutral water and doped the poly(DVB-co-PBA) microspheres with three types of fluorescent nanomaterials by coloring.

Monacolin K is one of the bioactive substances produced by Monascus ruber during fermentation. The multi-factors and their interactions on the effect of solid-state fermentation of Monascus for high yield of monacolin K were attractive to industrial production. A detailed study of 7 single-factor experiments and a series of experiments with Plackette-Burman and Box-Benhnken design, data fitting and modeling, and analyzing the visual 3D response surface plots for investigation of the key factors for Monacolin K production. The results showed that initial moisture (50 ~ 55%) and bran content (4.5 ~ 5.5%) as the key factors of transport for nutrients and oxygen during the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process of Monascus. Under the optimal conditions, a temperature shifting of the SSF with a higher Monacolin K yield of 14.53 ± 0.16 mg·g− 1 compared with the content of monacolin K in the commercially available functional red yeast rice of 8 mg g− 1.

A large body of literature has examined the effect of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on firm valuation, and generally find that M&As reduce acquirers' shareholder value. However, relatively little is known about the effect of M&As on the pricing of corporate debt by debtholders, especially for firms in less developed countries. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms with outstanding bonds from 2007 to 2020, we find that the cost of debt is lower for acquirers than for non-acquirers, and that the effect of acquisitions in reducing cost of debt is more pronounced for firms from provinces with less developed markets, for private firms, and for firms undertaking cross-province acquisitions. Our results are robust to a series of robustness checks that address various endogeneity concerns, including the use of a matched-sample approach, the use of the Heckman two-stage model and a change analysis, the control for acquirers' pre-acquisition bond yield spread, and the exclusion of acquisitions of publicly listed targets. Our analyses of provincial institutional factors show that the relationship between M&As and cost of debt is moderated by government relations to market, private economy development, and the development of market intermediaries and legal environment. We further document that acquirers have lower default risk during the post-acquisition period because of a coinsurance effect, and that acquirers attract more analyst following and investors after acquisitions. Overall, our results indicate that acquisitions can reduce cost of debt through reducing firms' default risk and information risk, and that institutional factors matter for the effect of M&As on the cost of debt.