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Introduction: Global mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, significantly impact people's everyday activities. While psychotherapies are commonly used, there is a growing interest in problem-solving approaches within mental health. These approaches focus on enabling individuals to develop personalized strategies to address emotional and psychological challenges and enhance their engagement in meaningful activities, known as occupational performance. This paper examines the feasibility of the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) in assisting adults with mood, anxiety, or adjustment disorders. Method: The study employed a mixed methods single-subject design with replication, using an inductive/deductive approach for qualitative analysis. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants were recruited from a Singaporean hospital's occupational therapy service. CO-OP sessions were conducted either in-person or via telehealth. The intervention involved setting goals collaboratively, followed by weekly sessions over 10 weeks. Various data sources, including demographics, field notes, recordings of sessions, assessments and interviews were collected. Data analysis involved comparing pre- and post-intervention scores, thematic analysis of interviews, and triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data for validity. The study results are organized according to five feasibility domains: acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy. Results: A total of 10 participants, mostly female, were recruited, with two dropping out during the baseline phase. All remaining participants completed the intervention and 1 month follow-up data collection. CO-OP was perceived as acceptable and beneficial in enhancing occupational performance, satisfaction and managing mood and anxiety symptoms. Participants expressed increased confidence and self-efficacy but desired continued therapist support for strategy application and reinforcement. Discussion: Participants generally embraced CO-OP, favoring its personalized nature over therapist-directed approaches, with high retention rates observed. Building a strong therapeutic relationship was essential. Also using complementary approaches like supportive counseling proved beneficial. CO-OP emerges as a viable intervention alongside existing therapy approaches, offering a promising avenue for addressing the complex needs of individuals with mental health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe functional disability rate of anxiety disorders in Chinese community adults and explore related risk factors of functional disability. Methods: To conduct in-depth data analysis on China Mental Health Survey (CMHS). The diagnostic tool for anxiety disorders was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-3. 0, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, 2nd edition, was the functional disability assessment standard for anxiety disorders. Weighted 12-month functional disability rate of DSM-IV anxiety disorder with comorbidities and only anxiety disorder in population and those in patients, as well as days of partial disability were calculated. The effects of anxiety disorders comorbid other mental disorders and physical diseases and demographic factors on the severity and occurrence of functional disability were analyzed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression. Results: The functional disability rate of anxiety disorder with comorbidities in population was 1.7%, and 42.2% in patients, in which constituent rate of grade-four disability was the highest as 84.1%. The functional disability rate of only anxiety disorder in population was 0.3%, and 17.8% in patients. The medians of days of partial disability days in the past 30 days were from 0 to 14. 42. Multiple linear regression showed a positive association between comorbid anxiety disorder with other mental disorders and physical diseases (β= 0.24), comorbid other mental disorders and physical diseases (β=0.21), physical diseases (β=0.18), comorbid anxiety disorder and physical diseases (β = 0. 15), comorbid anxiety disorder with other mental disorders (β=0.08), other mental disorders (β = 0.07), only anxiety disorder (β = 0.06), lower education level (β=0.12), lower economic status (β=0.08), older age (β=0.06), non-marital status (β=0.06), male (p=0.02) and the severity of functional disability. Logistic regression showed that comorbid anxiety with other mental disorders and physical diseases (OR = 64.07), comorbid anxiety disorders with other mental disorders (OR = 36.75), comorbid other mental disorders with physical diseases (OR = 20. 60), comorbid anxiety with physical diseases (OR = 18. 88), anxiety disorder (OR = 9. 20), other mental disorders (OR = 6.65), physical diseases (OR =4.00), 65 years old and over (OR = 4. 40), 50 to 64 years old (OR = 2.33), low economic status (OR = 2. 10), illiterate and below primary school educational level (OR = 1.89), middle economic status (OR = 1.70), elementary school educational level (OR = 1.59), nonmarital status (OR = 1.47), male (OR = 1.16) were the risk factors of the occurrence of functional disability. Conclusion: Comorbidity of anxiety disorders and other mental disorders, and physical diseases increases severity and occurrence of functional disability. Comorbidity, male, gender, older age, lower economic and educational level and non-marital are risk factors of anxiety disorder functional disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the frequency of anxiety disorder, coronavirus anxiety and health anxiety in tinnitus patients during the pandemic and also, determined the psychophysiological impact of COVID‐19 on tinnitus. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted in a tertiary central pandemic hospital from 15 July 2021 to 15 December 2022. In total, 124 patients with tinnitus and 77 healthy controls participated in the study. The sociodemographic data, a set of valid and reliable assessment instruments were used to measure outcomes of anxiety disorder, coronavirus anxiety, health anxiety and severity of tinnitus. Results: Patients with tinnitus were found to experience higher levels of coronavirus anxiety, health anxiety and anxiety disorder than controls (p < 0.05). In tinnitus patients, the frequency of coronavirus anxiety was 22.6% and anxiety disorder was 18.5%. Notably, the levels of tinnitus severity were moderate to severe in more than half of the patients (51.6%) and also most of them (81.3%) reported that the severity of tinnitus during the pandemic was higher compared with the pre‐pandemic. Conclusion: Tinnitus patients had high levels of anxiety disorder, coronavirus anxiety and health anxiety. In line with these findings, it was evaluated that there was a relationship between the COVID‐19 pandemic with psychological problems and tinnitus. Therefore, the predominance of tinnitus symptoms at presentation should not lead the clinician to neglect the underlying psychopathological problems in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Symptoms related to mood and anxiety disorders (emotional disorders) often present in childhood and adolescence. Some of the genetic liability for mental disorders, and emotional and behavioral difficulties seems to be shared. Yet, it is unclear how genetic liability for emotional disorders and related traits influence trajectories of childhood behavioral and emotional difficulties, and if specific developmental patterns are associated with higher genetic liability for these disorders.This study uses data from a genotyped sample of children (n = 54,839) from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We use latent growth models (1.5–5 years) and latent profile analyses (1.5–8 years) to quantify childhood trajectories and profiles of emotional and behavioral difficulties and diagnoses. We examine associations between these trajectories and profiles with polygenic scores for bipolar disorder (PGSBD), anxiety (PGSANX), depression (PGSDEP), and neuroticism (PGSNEUR).Associations between PGSDEP, PGSANX, and PGSNEUR, and emotional and behavioral difficulties in childhood were more persistent than age‐specific across early childhood (1.5–5 years). Higher PGSANX and PGSDEP were associated with steeper increases in behavioral difficulties across early childhood. Latent profile analyses identified five profiles with different associations with emotional disorder diagnosis. All PGS were associated with the probability of classification into profiles characterized by some form of difficulties (vs. a normative reference profile), but only PGSBD was uniquely associated with a single developmental profile.Genetic risk for mood disorders and related traits contribute to both a higher baseline level of, and a more rapid increase in, emotional and behavioral difficulties across early and middle childhood, with some indications for disorder‐specific profiles. Our findings may inform research on developmental pathways to emotional disorders and the improvement of initiatives for early identification and targeted intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public speaking is one of the most commonly feared situations reported in both community and university samples. Despite extensive theoretical models and empirical studies aimed at delineating the underlying factors of Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA), the specific variables contributing to its onset remain incompletely characterised. The research involved 297 participants from an AmazonTurk survey, engaging with virtual public speaking scenarios differentiated by audience size, engagement levels, and room spatial dimensions. Participants' anticipated anxiety levels were quantitatively assessed across these scenarios, enabling a comprehensive exploration of the interaction between situational variables and PSA, thereby providing a framework to explore the influence of audience size, engagement, and spatial dimensions on PSA. The mixed-effect model revealed a significant interaction among audience size, audience engagement, and room spatial dimensions. Further analyses using principal axis factoring and multiple regression identified three main factors: F1 (Engagement in a Large Audience), F2 (Confinement or Evaluation Anxiety), and F3 (Audience Disengagement). These factors significantly predict PSA scores. This study reveals that PSA is influenced by a complex interplay of audience size, room dimensions, and audience engagement. The finding underscores the viable way to incorporate these situational variables in both empirical investigations and therapeutic interventions. Specifically, it introduces a novel framework for standardising audience size relative to room capacity. • Investigated factors influencing Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) in virtual scenarios • Mixed-effect model shows interaction of audience size, room dimensions, and engagement. • Identified three key factors: Large Audience Engagement, Evaluation Anxiety, and Audience Disengagement • Factors significantly predict PSA scores in diverse public speaking situations. • Introduced a new framework for standardising audience size relative to room capacity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Global mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, significantly impact people's everyday activities. While psychotherapies are commonly used, there is a growing interest in problem-solving approaches within mental health. These approaches focus on enabling individuals to develop personalized strategies to address emotional and psychological challenges and enhance their engagement in meaningful activities, known as occupational performance. This paper examines the feasibility of the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) in assisting adults with mood, anxiety, or adjustment disorders. Method: The study employed a mixed methods single-subject design with replication, using an inductive/deductive approach for qualitative analysis. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants were recruited from a Singaporean hospital's occupational therapy service. CO-OP sessions were conducted either in-person or via telehealth. The intervention involved setting goals collaboratively, followed by weekly sessions over 10 weeks. Various data sources, including demographics, field notes, recordings of sessions, assessments and interviews were collected. Data analysis involved comparing pre- and post-intervention scores, thematic analysis of interviews, and triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data for validity. The study results are organized according to five feasibility domains: acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, and limited efficacy. Results: A total of 10 participants, mostly female, were recruited, with two dropping out during the baseline phase. All remaining participants completed the intervention and 1 month follow-up data collection. CO-OP was perceived as acceptable and beneficial in enhancing occupational performance, satisfaction and managing mood and anxiety symptoms. Participants expressed increased confidence and self-efficacy but desired continued therapist support for strategy application and reinforcement. Discussion: Participants generally embraced CO-OP, favoring its personalized nature over therapist-directed approaches, with high retention rates observed. Building a strong therapeutic relationship was essential. Also using complementary approaches like supportive counseling proved beneficial. COOP emerges as a viable intervention alongside existing therapy approaches, offering a promising avenue for addressing the complex needs of individuals with mental health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the symptoms of a mental disorder is essential for accurate diagnosis or selecting appropriate treatment targets. Despite this, there is a surprising lack of systematic research on the symptoms of selective mutism (SM). While the DSM-5 defines failure to speak as the only core symptom of SM, sparse research suggests that children with SM may experience additional symptoms. Previous studies have been limited in their identification of symptoms of SM, either by using a predefined set of symptoms or by only asking for anxiety-specific symptoms. This may have resulted in important symptoms being overlooked. In this study, we provided n = 86 parents of children and adolescents with SM (3–18 years) with a symptom definition appropriate for the target group. Additionally, parents were asked an open-ended question about any other symptoms they had observed in their children, beyond the failure to speak. The symptoms reported were categorized using qualitative content analysis (QCA) and examined for frequency and association with symptom severity. Ten different symptom categories were identified, with fear, freezing, and avoidance/security behaviors being the most prevalent. On average, parents reported M = 4.74 (SD = 2.37) symptoms from different symptom categories. Only fear was found to be related to symptom severity of SM. As the findings suggest that SM encompasses various symptoms beyond failure to speak, a more sophisticated understanding of SM as a mental disorder with multiple symptoms seems essential. The clinical implications of this are discussed in further detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Knowing the prevalence of mental health difficulties in young children is critical for early identification and intervention. In the current study, we examine the agreement among three different data sources estimating the prevalence of diagnoses for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety or mood disorder) for children between birth and 9 years of age. Methods: Data from a prospective pregnancy cohort was linked with provincial administrative health data for children in Alberta, Canada. We report the positive agreement, negative agreement, and Cohen's Kappa of parent-reported child diagnoses provided by a health professional ("parent report"), exceeding a clinical cut-off on a standardized questionnaire completed by parents (the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 3rd edition ["BASC-3"]), and cumulative inpatient, outpatient, or physician claims diagnoses ("administrative data"). Results: Positive and negative agreement for administrative data and parent-reported ADHD diagnoses were 70.8% and 95.6%, respectively, and 30.5% and 94.9% for administrative data and the BASC-3, respectively. For emotional disorders, administrative data and parent-reported diagnoses had a positive agreement of 35.7% and negative agreement of 96.30%. Positive and negative agreement for emotional disorders using administrative data and the BASC-3 were 20.0% and 87.4%, respectively. Kappa coefficients were generally low, indicating poor chance-corrected agreement between these data sources. Conclusions: The data sources highlighted in this study provide disparate agreement for the prevalence of ADHD and emotional disorder diagnoses in young children. Low Kappa coefficients suggest that parent-reported diagnoses, clinically elevated symptoms using a standardized questionnaire, and diagnoses from administrative data serve different purposes and provide discrete estimates of mental health difficulties in early childhood. Plain Language Title: Prevalence of child mental health disorders according to different data sources in Canada Plain Language Summary: Knowing the prevalence of mental health difficulties in young children is critical for informing mental health policy and decision-making. Yet, different sources yield different estimates and we do not know how these estimates compare. In the current study, we examine the agreement among three different information sources estimating the prevalence of diagnoses for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety or mood disorder) for children between birth and 9 years of age. To estimate the prevalence of mental disorders, we asked parents if their child had ever been diagnosed, we asked parents to complete a questionnaire using clinical symptom cut-offs for diagnosis, and we looked at data collected in the health care system to see if a child was ever diagnosed by a healthcare provider. We found that for ADHD, parent report that their child had received a diagnosis and their child having received a diagnosis in the healthcare system were similar. There were larger differences between a parent report of elevated symptoms on a questionnaire and whether they had been diagnosed by a healthcare provider. For emotion disorders, there were larger differences between parent report that their child had received a diagnosis and whether one was documented in the health record. Overall, there was somewhat low agreement between these three sources of data. We conclude that the different sources of data used in this study provide different estimates of ADHD and emotional disorder diagnoses in children. Therefore, when trying to understand the burden of child mental health disorders in young children, it is important to consider multiple sources to obtain a comprehensive picture of the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the relationship between treatment adherence, visual acuity, quality of life (QoL), depression, and anxiety levels in individuals with Behçet's uveitis (BU). Methods: A total of 55 BU patients and 55 healthy controls completed sociodemographic questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-BREF version (WHOQOL-BREF), Self-reported Questionnaire About Treatment Compliance, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). The scores obtained from these scales were analyzed to assess the relationship between treatment adherence, visual acuity, QoL, depression, and anxiety levels. Results: The results revealed that 36 (65.4%) of the 55 BU patients exhibited depressive symptoms, while 45 (81.8%) of them experienced symptoms of anxiety. Patients with BU demonstrated significantly higher BAI and BDI scores compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the patient group reported lower mean scores across multiple domains of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, including general health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant association was observed between low treatment adherence and lower values of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (p < 0.05), as well as a higher frequency of uveitis attacks (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Poor treatment adherence in BU patients has a negative effect on final visual acuity outcomes. Moreover, BU patients experience lower QoL and higher rates of depression and anxiety compared to the healthy control group. These findings highlight the importance of addressing treatment adherence and psychological well-being in the management of BU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders: Parent Version (SCARED-P) was originally developed for use in middle childhood and adolescence. The present study examined the psychometric properties and validity of the SCARED-P in an early childhood sample (predominantly aged 4–7 years). The 41-item version of the SCARED-P was administered to the parents of 233 children (mean age = 6.31 years, SD = 1.08; females = 34.3%). Confirmatory factor analysis provided mixed support for the original five-factor model of the SCARED-P. The SCARED-P demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (total α =.94, subscale α =.68–.89), and good construct validity with the Child Behavior Checklist, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Developmental and Well-being Assessment. These findings indicate overall initial support for the SCARED-P's utility as a measure of anxiety in early childhood, but further psychometric and validation studies are needed in larger community-based samples of young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Vitiligo is a common disorder characterized by the visible loss of skin pigmentation. Non‐segmental vitiligo (NSV) is the major subtype. The disease is caused by autoimmune‐mediated destruction of melanocytes. Vitiligo leads to stigmatization and a significant reduction in quality of life. Disregarding the psychosocial burden, vitiligo is sometimes viewed solely as a cosmetic problem and, according to a global survey, is diagnosed on average only after 2.4 years. This delay contributes to a considerable burden of disease, including suicidal ideation. Stigmatization promotes the development of psychological comorbidities such as anxiety and depressive disorders, with prevalence rates varying by country and study (0.1%–67.9%). Data for Germany are heterogeneous and largely based on estimates. Due to psychosocial factors, the inflammatory component, and a higher incidence of somatic comorbidities, NSV may be regarded as an inflammatory systemic disease. We recommend optimizing care by incorporating the assessment of quality of life as a standard in routine care, in addition to monitoring disease activity. Moreover, early screening for psychological comorbidities is crucial to initiate appropriate treatment before the condition becomes chronic and cumulative (irreversible) impairments occur. The goal is a personalized and patient‐centered integrated care approach that sustainably improves the health status of those affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychiatric disorders had been reported with higher prevalence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [PLWHA] than the general population and its presence could confer poorer prognosis on infected individuals. However, there is limited research on the above subject matter in the North-Central part of Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders (CPD) among adult out-patients PLWHA at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria. Methods: It was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 363 respondents attending the UITH Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) clinic between March and May 2019. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the prevalence of CPD among respondents. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and p value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of depression was 24.5%, anxiety disorder (AD) was 16.8% and alcohol use disorder (AUD) was 0.6%. Respondents from the extended family type were more depressed 70.4% and about half 43.3% of the nuclear family had AD while a 1.6% prevalence of AUD was found among the nuclear family. The association was statistically significant with a p value of 0.001. Conclusion: CPD exist among PLWHA with increasing prevalence therefore screening for these disorders should be encouraged during routine management of PLWHA to improve their psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorders affect up to one-third of individuals during their lives and often impact their ability to work. This study aimed to delineate trajectories of work disability (WD) among individuals diagnosed with anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare and to examine associations between trajectory group membership and sociodemographic, clinical, and clinical-related factors. Methods: The study population included working-age individuals, aged 22–62 years, living in Stockholm County, Sweden, who experienced a new episode of any anxiety-, mood/affective, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare in 2017 (N = 11,304). Data were obtained from Swedish national and regional registers and were linked using pseudonymised unique personal identification numbers. The primary outcome was days with WD (sum of sickness absence and disability pension days) during the three years before and three years after a diagnosis of anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorders in primary healthcare. A zero-inflated Poisson group-based trajectory model was used to identify groups of individuals with similar patterns of WD over the study period, with a multinomial logistic regression used to examine associations of sociodemographic, clinical, and clinical-related factors with trajectory group membership. Results: Four distinct trajectory groups were found, high increasing (5.1%), with high levels, from 16 to 80 days of WD in six-monthly intervals during follow-up, peak (11.1%), with a peak in WD, up to 32 days of WD, around the time of the diagnosis, low increasing (12.8%), with an increase in days of WD from 4 to 22 during the study period, and constant low (71.1%), with almost no WD over the study period. In multinomial regression models, diagnostic category, psychotropic medication use, a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder within secondary healthcare, age at diagnosis, and occupation were associated with WD trajectory groups. Conclusions: Around two-thirds of individuals treated for a new episode of any anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare have an excellent prognosis regarding WD. Several sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were associated with group membership; these factors could identify individuals at risk of long-term welfare dependency and who might benefit from interventions to promote a return to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorder is a universal disease related to neuro-inflammation. Solanesol has shown positive effects because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-ulcer properties. This study focused on determining whether solanesol could ameliorate anxiety-like behaviors in a mouse model of neuro-inflammation and identify its working targets. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced mice that were intra-peritoneally administered with solanesol (50 mg/kg) for 1 week showed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety-like behaviors, as measured by open field and elevated plus-maze tests. Western blot analysis revealed that CFA-induced upregulation of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which played crucial roles in regulating anxiety, returned to normal in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) after solanesol treatment. The level of T cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1 (TIA1), a key component of stress granules, also decreased in the ACC. Moreover, immunofluorescence results indicated that solanesol suppressed CFA-induced microglial and astrocytic activation in the ACC. CFA was injected in the hind paws of TIA1Nestin conditional knockout (cKO) mice to confirm whether TIA1 is a potential modulatory molecule that influences pro-inflammatory cytokines and anxiety-like behaviors. Anxiety-like behaviors could not be observed in cKO mice after CFA injection with IL-1β and TNF-α levels not remarkedly increasing. Our findings suggest that solanesol inhibits neuro-inflammation by decreasing the TIA1 level to reduce IL-1β and TNF-α expression, meanwhile inhibiting microglial and astrocytic activation in the ACC and ultimately ameliorating anxiety-like behaviors in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy are significant public health concerns commonly reported worldwide among pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the impact of anxiety and depression on thyroid function, pregnancy outcomes, and sleep quality among pregnant women with hypothyroidism in the later stages of pregnancy. Methods: Eighty cases of pregnant women with hypothyroidism in late pregnancy who were treated at Zhangjiakou First Hospital from January 2021 to October 2023 were selected for this retrospective study. The pregnant women in late pregnancy were divided into four groups according to the scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): control group with 20 cases, anxiety group with 18 cases, depression group with 22 cases, and anxiety-depression group with 20 cases. A comparison was made among the four groups regarding general information of pregnant women in late pregnancy, HADS scale scores, levels of free thyroxine (FT4, FT3), thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and sleep quality at different time periods. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in comparing general information among the four groups of pregnant women in late pregnancy (p > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in HADS depression and HADS anxiety scores (p < 0.05), levels of FT4, FT3, TSH in pregnant women in late pregnancy postpartum (p < 0.05), occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes (p < 0.05), and comparison of sleep quality of pregnant women in late pregnancy at 1, 3, and 5 months of follow-up among the groups (F = 5.735, 23.930, 11.573, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Anxiety and depression significantly impact thyroid function, pregnancy outcomes, and sleep quality in pregnant women with hypothyroidism in late pregnancy, which is detrimental to the health of pregnant women in late pregnancy. Therefore, necessary interventions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective and efficient measures of functional impairment in youth are needed, as few validated measures exist. The youth-adapted Sheehan Disability Scale (Y-SDS) measures (1) child-reported impairment (Y-SDS-C), (2) parent reported child impairment (Y-SDS-PC), and (3) parent report of their own impairment due to the child's symptoms (Y-SDS-PP). The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Y-SDS, explore potential age-related differences, and examine sensitivity to change over 15 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy. The sample included 583 parent-child dyads presenting to treatment at a specialty outpatient clinic. Youth and parents reported mild to moderate impairment across domains. Cronbach's α was acceptable for all three scales with some variation in child report by age. Inter-rater agreement was fair between parent and child report of child's functional impairment. Greater Y-SDS-C and Y-SDS-PC were significantly correlated with higher clinician-rated illness, anxiety, and depression severity at baseline. Significant reductions in functional impairment were found across treatment and improvements were correlated with improved severity on clinician and child reported measures. Overall, the Y-SDS is a reliable and valid measure of youth and parent functional impairment with utility as an outcome measure in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is growing interest in how peers' genotypes may influence health (i.e., peer social genetic effects). The authors sought to clarify the nature of peer social genetic effects on risk for drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder (AUD), major depression, and anxiety disorder. Method: Cox models were used with data from a population-based Swedish cohort (N=655,327). Outcomes were drug use disorder, AUD, major depression, and anxiety disorder registrations between ages 17 and 30 from medical, criminal, and pharmacy registries. The authors indexed peer social genetic effects with peers' family genetic risk scores (FGRSs) for the same disorders, which are personalized measures of genetic risk inferred from diagnoses in first- to fifth-degree relatives. Results: Across disorders, peer FGRSs predicted increased risks of proband registration (hazard ratio range, 1.01–1.59), with stronger effects for drug use disorder and AUD than for major depression and anxiety disorder. Peer social genetic effects were stronger for school classmates than for geographically proximal peers, and for peers from upper secondary school (ages 16–19) versus peers from lower secondary school (ages 7–16). Peer social genetic effects remained significant following statistical control for sociodemographic confounders, whether peers were affected, and peers' FGRS for educational attainment. Peer social genetic effects were more pronounced for probands at higher genetic risk. Conclusions: The genetic makeup of adolescents' peers has long-reaching consequences on risks for drug use disorder, AUD, major depression, and anxiety disorder. Individuals at high genetic risk are more sensitive to social genetic effects. Alternative hypotheses such as sociodemographic stratification, exposure to affected peers, and genetic predispositions for educational attainment did not explain the risk associated with peer social genetic effects for substance use and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk factors of a chronic course of anxiety and depressive disorders were previously studied using a limited definition of recovery, i.e. remission of the index disorder. However, frequently, other mental disorders are present at follow-up. Thus, the course of anxiety and depressive disorders was represented too rosy and the identified determinants may not apply when using a broader, more realistic definition. Additionally, physical health risk factors have often been ignored. Methods: Data were used from two waves of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 including 509 respondents with 12-month anxiety disorder (panic disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia or generalized anxiety disorder) or/and major depressive disorder at baseline. Chronic course was defined as (1) presence of index disorder; and (2) presence of any anxiety, mood or substance use disorder (overall course) during the subsequent three years. Regression models were built with sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle/physical health indicators. Predictive accuracy was evaluated with area under the curve (AUC). Results: Chronic course of the index disorder was present among 24.8% of cases, whereas 38.7% had a chronic overall course. The accuracy of prediction of chronic course of the index disorder was suboptimal (AUC = 0.68) compared to prediction of overall course (AUC = 0.75). The main risk factors were baseline number of mental disorders, neuroticism, childhood abuse, parental psychopathology and alcohol use. Lifestyle and physical health indicators were marginally relevant. Conclusion: Transdiagnostic risk factors are important in predicting overall course of anxiety and depressive disorders but cannot accurately predict chronic course of the index disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among medical students in Nigeria, the impact of socio-demographic factors associated with generalized anxiety disorder, and the efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral therapy in the management of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. This study involved 277 medical students (62 males and 215 females). This study used a multistage design (survey and experiment). The survey design was utilized to determine the prevalence of generalized anxiety among medical students, whereas the experimental approach was used for therapy (cognitive behavioral method). Data was collected using a questionnaire, and the given hypotheses were tested using descriptive statistics and an independent t-test. The study examined two hypotheses, and both were approved. The findings revealed that Cognitive-Behavioral therapy is useful in managing the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Male participants had significantly higher scores on Generalized Anxiety Disorder than female individuals. The findings were discussed in light of the associated literature that was reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorders affect up to one-third of individuals during their lives and often impact their ability to work. This study aimed to delineate trajectories of work disability (WD) among individuals diagnosed with anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare and to examine associations between trajectory group membership and sociodemographic, clinical, and clinical-related factors. Methods The study population included working-age individuals, aged 22–62 years, living in Stockholm County, Sweden, who experienced a new episode of any anxiety-, mood/affective, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare in 2017 (N = 11,304). Data were obtained from Swedish national and regional registers and were linked using pseudonymised unique personal identification numbers. The primary outcome was days with WD (sum of sickness absence and disability pension days) during the three years before and three years after a diagnosis of anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorders in primary healthcare. A zero-inflated Poisson group-based trajectory model was used to identify groups of individuals with similar patterns of WD over the study period, with a multinomial logistic regression used to examine associations of sociodemographic, clinical, and clinical-related factors with trajectory group membership. Results Four distinct trajectory groups were found, high increasing (5.1%), with high levels, from 16 to 80 days of WD in six-monthly intervals during follow-up, peak (11.1%), with a peak in WD, up to 32 days of WD, around the time of the diagnosis, low increasing (12.8%), with an increase in days of WD from 4 to 22 during the study period, and constant low (71.1%), with almost no WD over the study period. In multinomial regression models, diagnostic category, psychotropic medication use, a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder within secondary healthcare, age at diagnosis, and occupation were associated with WD trajectory groups. Conclusions Around two-thirds of individuals treated for a new episode of any anxiety-, mood/affective-, or stress-related disorder in primary healthcare have an excellent prognosis regarding WD. Several sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were associated with group membership; these factors could identify individuals at risk of long-term welfare dependency and who might benefit from interventions to promote a return to work.

Abstract Background The relationship between alcohol consumption and mental health is complex; drinking may exacerbate anxiety, and in turn, anxiety can lead to excessive drinking. This study explores the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns including wine, beer, and spirits, and anxiety prevalence in selected 13 South American nations. Methods This study utilises secondary data spanning 29 years from 1991 to 2019 obtained from the Our World in Data database. It investigates the causal link between the prevalence of anxiety and alcohol consumption in the selected countries using the Granger causality test. Results Anxiety was found to have a unidirectional effect on wine and beer consumption in Chile, Suriname, Uruguay, and Trinidad and Tobago. Additionally, drinking alcohol consumption appears to impact anxiety levels in Brazil. Argentina demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between anxiety and all three types of alcohol consumption, with similar patterns observed in Brazil (wine and beer), Chile (spirits), and Paraguay (spirits). Conclusion No significant causal relationships for alcohol consumption patterns were found in other nations. The identified Granger causal links follow four distinct directions in this study. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, governments, and international investors for informed decision-making regarding regulation and policy tools.

Abstract Background Psychiatric disorders had been reported with higher prevalence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [PLWHA] than the general population and its presence could confer poorer prognosis on infected individuals. However, there is limited research on the above subject matter in the North-Central part of Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders (CPD) among adult out-patients PLWHA at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria. Methods It was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted among 363 respondents attending the UITH Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) clinic between March and May 2019. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the prevalence of CPD among respondents. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and p value of

Anxiety disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder are common psychiatric disorders, and their association with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) has been of great interest. This study aimed to investigate the potential causal relationship between these psychiatric disorders and AIT. We used publicly available summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies to select, quality control and cluster genetic variant loci associated with anxiety disorder, depression, bipolar disorder and AIT as instrumental variables (IVs). The Mendelian randomization (MR) study mainly used inverse variance weighting (IVW) combined with MR-egger regression and weighted median estimation (WME) to estimate bidirectional causality between mental disorders and AIT. In addition, we conducted heterogeneity and multivariate tests to verify the validity of IVW. Two-sample bidirectional MR analysis revealed a positive causal link between depression and AIT. The forward MR analysis of IVW (OR 1.614, 95 % CI 1.104–2.358, P = 0.013) and WME (OR 2.314, 95 % CI 1.315–4.074, P = 0.004) demonstrated thatdepression potentially elevate the risk of AIT development, while, our investigation did not uncover a causal relationship between anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder and AIT. The results of reverse MR analysis showed that there was no significant causal relationship between AIT and anxiety disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder (P > 0.05). The results of the forward MR analysis suggest a positive association between depression, and AIT risk, while indicating no support for a causal link between anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder and AIT risk based on the current data. Subsequent studies will be essential for elucidating the biological mechanisms and potential confounders underlying these associations. • There is a causal relationship between depression and autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). • Reverse MR analysis did not identify a causal relationship between AIT and common psychiatric disorders. • Psychiatric disorders induce AIT mainly by affecting the levels of T and B lymphocytes and by influencing the HPT axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In everyday life, humans perform sequences of tasks. These tasks may be disrupted in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Symptoms, such as compulsions, can be considered sequential and often cause repetitions of tasks that disrupt daily living (e.g., checking the stove while cooking). Motor sequences have been used to study behavioral deficits in OCD. However, not all sequences are motor sequences. Some are more "abstract" in that they are composed of a series of tasks (e.g., chopping and stirring) rather than being dependent on individual actions or stimuli. These abstract task sequences require cognitive control mechanisms for their execution. Although theory has proposed deficits in these sequences in OCD as well, they have not been directly investigated. We tested the hypotheses that OCD participants exhibit deficits in the control mechanisms specific to abstract task sequences and more general flexible behavior (measured with task switching within the sequences), relative to health controls (HCs) and clinical controls (participants with anxiety disorders [ANX]). A total of 112 participants completed abstract task sequences consisting of simple categorization tasks. Surprisingly, participants with OCD did not perform worse than HCs or ANX. However, ANX participants showed impairments specific to sequential control that did not extend to more general flexible control. Thus, we showed a novel behavioral dissociation between OCD and ANX specific to abstract task sequential control. These results also implicate deficits in specific frontal sequential control neural circuitry in ANX and not in OCD, where implicit sequential deficits may more closely align with striatal circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypnotherapy combined with cognitive therapy is an effective way to intervene anxiety problems, which also responds to the call that using hypnotherapy to treat somatic disorders should become a trend in the future. This paper constructs an evaluation index of the intervention effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on anxiety patients, and then uses neural network to evaluate its effect. At last, we have completed the following work: 1) This paper constructs the theoretical basis related to this topic after searching and sorting out the related literature on anxiety disorders and hypnotherapy at home and abroad. 2) This paper constructs the evaluation index system of the intervention effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on anxiety patients, and then introduces the basic principle and structure of DBN model. 3) Experiments are used to determine the best values for the DBN model's parameters. To accomplish this, you will need to input the experimental data into the trained model and compare the evaluation results from experts with the model's predictions. The experimental findings of this study demonstrate the great accuracy of the DBN model presented in this work for assessing the effectiveness of cognitive combination hypnotherapy for anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational programs, psychotherapy (cognitive behavioural psychotherapy – CBP, relaxation methods), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are effective in anxiety disorders (AD). In a significant proportion of patients with AD, treatment with SSRIs and SNRIs is ineffective and is discontinued due to adverse events, so the search for new drugs is needed. One of the new drugs that have been shown to be effective in AD is Aviandr, which blocks serotonergic 5-HT7, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT6 receptors, adrenergic 2A, 2B and 2C receptors and histamine H1 receptors. In experimental animal models, Aviander has been shown to have significant anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. The efficacy and safety of Aviandr was investigated in patients with generalized AD (GAD) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study conducted in 17 centers in the Russian Federation. Patients with GAD (n = 129; mean age 42.5 ± 13.1 years; 75 % women) were randomized to receive Aviandr 40 mg/day (group 1; n=42) or 60 mg/day (group 2; n = 44) or placebo (PL; group 3; n = 43) for a period of 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S). After 8 weeks of treatment, anxiety according to HAM-A scale decreased by 53.7, 47.7 and 16.3 % in group1, 2 and 3, respectively, indicating a significant (p < 0.002) benefit of Aviandr over PL and fulfilling the primary efficacy criterion. A significant (p

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as acquired cerebral damage caused by an external mechanical impact, which has the potential to lead to transient or enduring debilitation. TBI is associated with many forms of long-lasting psychiatric conditions, including anxiety disorders. As anxiety is highly debilitating by causing impaired social functioning and decreased quality of life for the afflicted, especially in the form of anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, certain efforts have been made to explore the factors associated with it, and one such factor is TBI. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on January 26th, 2024 for observational case–control or cohort or cross-sectional studies assessing the incidence of anxiety symptoms or disorders in patients with TBI compared to healthy individuals or the same individuals if pre-TBI information regarding anxiety was available. We calculated the pooled incidence and relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95CI) using the inverse variance method. Publication bias was assessed using Eggers’s regression test. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Sub-group analyses were conducted for the type of anxiety (anxiety disorder vs anxiety symptoms), TBI severity, and type of anxiety disorders. Results The incidence rate of anxiety after traumatic brain injury was 17.45% (95CI: 12.59%, 22.31%) in a total of 705,024 individuals. Moreover, TBI patients were found to be 1.9 times as likely to have anxiety compared to their non-TBI counterparts [Random effects model RR = 1.90 [1.62; 2.23], p-value

Shaoqi Mou,1,&ast; Shiyu Yan,1,&ast; Shanhong Shen,2 Yibin Shuai,2 Gang Li,3 Zhongxia Shen,2 Ping Shen2 1Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Sleep Medical Center, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhongxia Shen; Ping Shen, Email snowszx@sina.com; 372063474@qq.comObjective: Anxiety disorder (AD) is a common disabling disease. The prolonged disease course may lead to impaired cognitive performance, brain function, and a bad prognosis. Few studies have examined the effect of disease course on brain function by electroencephalogram (EEG).Methods: Resting-state EEG analysis was performed in 34 AD patients. The 34 patients with AD were divided into two groups according to the duration of their illness: anxious state (AS) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Then, EEG features, including univariate power spectral density (PSD), fuzzy entropy (FE), and multivariable functional connectivity (FC), were extracted and compared between AS and GAD. These features were evaluated by three previously validated machine learning methods to test the accuracy of classification in AS and GAD.Results: Significant decreased PSD and FE in GAD were detected compared with AS, especially in the Alpha 2 band. In addition, FC analysis indicated that GAD patients’ connection between the left and right hemispheres decreased. Based on machine learning, AS and GAD are classified on a six-month criterion with the highest classification accuracy of up to 0.99 ± 0.0015.Conclusion: The brain function of patients is more severely impaired in AD patients with longer illness duration. Resting-state EEG demonstrated to be a promising examination in the classification in GAD and AS using machine learning methods with better classification accuracy.Keywords: electroencephalogram, EEG, disease course, anxiety disorder, brain function, machine learning

Abstract Introduction The enduring COVID-19 pandemic has had persistent, intermittent socioeconomic impacts on migrants. This raises the concern that many Vietnamese migrants in Japan may have developed mental health issues due to the socioeconomic impact. The study aimed to examine changes in the socio-economic and mental health status of Vietnamese migrants in Japan and factors affecting mental health status during the early to mid-COVID-19 period. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among Vietnamese migrants in Japan from September to October 2021 (baseline) and from May to June 2022 (follow-up) using an online questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between changes in socioeconomic status and alterations in symptoms of depression and anxiety within this demographic. Results The mean age of the 159 participants was 26.1 ± 4.9 years, with a mean length of residency in Japan of 4.0 ± 4.1 years. The mean PHQ-9 score exhibited a significant decrease from 7.89 (SD = 6.34) to 6.62 (SD = 5.87) (p = 0.01). Variables associated with changes in depression and anxiety included subjective socioeconomic status (unstandardized partial regression coefficient (UPRC): 1.901, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30 to 3.50, p = 0.02) and (UPRC: 2.060, 95% CI 0.80 to 3.32, p = 0.002), as well as changes in having someone with whom to discuss one’s health (UPRC: 2.689, 95% CI 0.89 to 4.49, p = 0.004) and (UPRC: 1.955, 95% CI 0.54 to 3.38, p = 0.007). Conclusions In this prospective cohort study of depression and anxiety, depressive symptoms among Vietnamese migrants decreased from 2021 to 2022. Key findings underscore the importance of socioeconomic status improvement and having someone to discuss to about their health as protective factors against mental health challenges. Employment and social support have emerged as crucial determinants of mental health among Vietnamese migrants in Japan, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive support strategies addressing both economic vulnerabilities and social connectedness.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as acquired cerebral damage caused by an external mechanical impact, which has the potential to lead to transient or enduring debilitation. TBI is associated with many forms of long-lasting psychiatric conditions, including anxiety disorders. As anxiety is highly debilitating by causing impaired social functioning and decreased quality of life for the afflicted, especially in the form of anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, certain efforts have been made to explore the factors associated with it, and one such factor is TBI. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on January 26th, 2024 for observational case–control or cohort or cross-sectional studies assessing the incidence of anxiety symptoms or disorders in patients with TBI compared to healthy individuals or the same individuals if pre-TBI information regarding anxiety was available. We calculated the pooled incidence and relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95CI) using the inverse variance method. Publication bias was assessed using Eggers's regression test. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Sub-group analyses were conducted for the type of anxiety (anxiety disorder vs anxiety symptoms), TBI severity, and type of anxiety disorders. Results: The incidence rate of anxiety after traumatic brain injury was 17.45% (95CI: 12.59%, 22.31%) in a total of 705,024 individuals. Moreover, TBI patients were found to be 1.9 times as likely to have anxiety compared to their non-TBI counterparts [Random effects model RR = 1.90 [1.62; 2.23], p-value < 0.0001] using a population of 569,875 TBI cases and 1,640,312 non-TBI controls. Sub-group analysis revealed TBI severity was not associated with anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder was the most common type of anxiety disorder reported post-TBI. Conclusion: Patients who have experienced a TBI exhibit a significantly greater incidence of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in the aftermath when compared to healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsExperiential avoidance (EA) may serve as a risk factor for a wide range of anxiety-related psychopathology. Anxiety is thought to trigger the use of EA, while also serving as a consequence of EA efforts. Previous ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies found that EA was associated with greater anxiety in nonclinical undergraduates and patients with social anxiety disorder.The present study examined the in-the-moment, bidirectional relationship between EA, perceived stress, and two facets of anxiety (autonomic arousal and worry/misery) in a sample of treatment-seeking patients broadly diagnosed with an anxiety-related disorder (N = 46). Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by an EMA assessment period (assessments three times daily for seven days). We hypothesized that there would be a bidirectional relationship between EA and anxiety/stress.Results largely supported a unidirectional relationship such that greater EA at one time point predicted higher stress at a later time point controlling for previous stress levels and linear time. Trend-level associations between EA and anxiety symptoms are discussed.The current study provides important insight into the relationship between EA and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample of participants with anxiety-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experiential social factors of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have received little empirical attention. This study examined the mediating role of social interaction anxiety on the relationship between experiential qualities of social interaction and GAD status. Method: College student participants (N = 153) engaged in a one-on-one in-vivo social interaction with a novel adult conversational partner (i.e., confederate interviewer). Participants were asked to recount an emotional event in their lives in as much detail as possible. Subsequently, participants answered self-report questions measuring comfort, reluctance, rapport, and mood disturbance experienced while interacting with the interviewer. Results: Participants with GAD symptoms reported greater symptoms of social anxiety and lower levels of comfort while interacting with the interviewer. Participants with GAD symptoms further exhibited greater mood disturbance immediately following this social interaction. Social interaction anxiety mediated the relations between GAD status predicting mood disturbance and level of comfort experienced while interacting with an interviewer. Discussion: More specifically, GAD status was associated with greater symptoms of social interaction anxiety, which in turn, were associated with greater mood disturbance and lower levels of comfort experienced in a social interaction. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First systematic review looking at suPAR as a biomarker in a psychiatric population. • Primary analyses showed elevated suPAR levels in those with depressive disorder. • Secondary analysis showed elevated plasma suPAR levels in those with schizophrenia. • Two studies found no difference in serum suPAR levels between groups. • Chronic inflammatory dysregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders. There is some evidence of an association between inflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker of chronic inflammation, which provides a more stable index of systemic inflammation than more widely used biomarkers. This review aims to synthesise studies that measured suPAR concentrations in individuals with a psychiatric disorder, to determine if these concentrations are altered in comparison to healthy participants. Comprehensive literature searches from inception to October 2023 were conducted of five relevant databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, APA PsychInfo). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to compare the standardised mean difference of blood suPAR levels (i.e. plasma or serum) for individuals with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls. Separate meta-analyses of suPAR levels were conducted for individuals with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder and depressive disorder. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Post-hoc sensitivity analyses included excluding studies at high risk of bias, and analyses of studies that measured suPAR concentrations either in serum or in plasma separately. The literature search identified 149 records. Ten full-text studies were screened for eligibility and 9 studies were included for review. Primary analyses revealed no significant difference in suPAR levels between individuals with any psychiatric disorder compared to controls (k = 7, SMD = 0.42, 95 % CI [−0.20, 1.04]). However, those with depressive disorder had elevated suPAR levels relative to controls (k = 3, SMD = 0.61, 95 % CI [0.34, 0.87]). Similarly, secondary analyses showed no evidence of a significant difference in suPAR levels in individuals with any psychiatric disorder when studies at high risk of bias were excluded (k = 6, SMD = 0.54, 95 % CI [−0.14, 1.22]), but elevated suPAR concentrations for those with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder were found (k = 3, SMD = 0.98, 95 % CI [0.39, 1.58]). Furthermore, studies that analysed plasma suPAR concentrations found elevated plasma suPAR levels in individuals with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls (k = 5, SMD = 0.84, 95 % CI [0.38, 1.29]), while studies measuring serum suPAR levels in any psychiatric disorder did not find a difference (k = 2, SMD = -0.61, 95 % CI [−1.27, 0.04]). For plasma, elevated suPAR concentrations were also identified for those with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder (k = 3, SMD = 0.98, 95 % CI [0.39, 1.58]). When studies measuring either only serum or only plasma suPAR were considered, no significant difference in suPAR levels were observed between psychiatric disorder groups, although significantly elevated suPAR levels were detected in those with moderate to severe depressive disorder. However, plasma suPAR levels were significantly elevated in those with any psychiatric disorder relative to controls, while no difference in serum samples was found. A similar finding was reported for schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder. The plasma findings suggest that chronic inflammatory dysregulation may contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia and depressive disorder. Future longitudinal studies are required to fully elucidate the role of this marker in the psychopathology of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As screens have become ubiquitous in modern-day society, investigating the effects of high screen time on mental health is highly warranted. In the past decade, many studies have determined that higher levels of screen time engagement are associated with adverse mental health outcomes like anxiety and depression. However, the nature of the relationship between screen time and mental health requires further investigation to gain a better understanding of its mechanisms and properties. The purpose of this study is to utilize a nationally representative data set to (1) examine how factors like sex, age, and socioeconomic status moderate the relationship between screen time and mental health in Canadian youth and (2) determine whether this relationship supports the Goldilocks hypothesis or an exposure-response curve. It was hypothesized that (1) young, female, lower socioeconomic status individuals will be more strongly associated with poor mental health, and that (2) mental health will peak at low screen time usage, therefore, supporting an exposure-response curve. A series of moderation analyses concluded that young, male, lower socioeconomic status individuals strongly moderated the relationship between screen time and poor mental health compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, three out of the four mental health (presence of mood disorder, presence of anxiety disorder, and depression severity) measures peaked at an average of 12 hours and 19 minutes of screen time per week, hence, supporting the exposure-response curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Infantile colic (IC) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects around 20% of infants, and postpartum (PPD) depression is a common disorder that affects between 15 and 22% of mothers. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the maternal psychological state in the first postpartum year and IC, with the aim of assessing the importance of feeding type in infants and maternal well-being. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in women in their first year postpartum. Demographic, medical, and obstetric data of the mothers and infants were collected, and the type of feeding was identified. The emotional status of the mother was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Infant Colic Severity Questionnaire (ICSQ) was used for IC diagnosis. (3) Results: A total of 528 women were analyzed, of which 170 (32%) were diagnosed with possible PPD. Two-thirds of the women without depression breastfed their babies on demand; therefore, we report that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) appears to reduce the risk of possible PPD (p < 0.001; OR = 2.353). IC was present in 39% of babies, and around 70% of babies without colic were breastfed on demand. Infants who were not exclusively breastfed showed almost double the risk of developing colic (p = 0.016; OR = 1.577). There was a significant association between the EPDS and ICSQ scores (p < 0.001). More than half of the women with PPD had babies with colic. However, our results show that 75% of babies without colic had mothers who reported optimal postpartum emotional well-being (p < 0.001; OR = 2.105). (4) Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that postpartum maternal psychological well-being reduces the risk of IC. Therefore, we report that EBF on demand, together with a healthy emotional state in new mothers, may be a protective factor against colic in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders (AD) usually onset in childhood or adolescence and are related to brain development and early experiences during this period. As the hub of the fear circuit, the amygdala plays a crucial role in the development of emotional processing, and abnormalities in its structure and function are associated with anxiety disorders. We aim to uncover the amygdala volume's moderation between parenting and anxiety severity in children and adolescents with AD. 129 children and adolescents with anxiety and 135 age- and sex-matched Health controls (HC) using the publicly available Healthy Brain Network (HBN) dataset were included. Anxiety severity was measured using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Self-report (SCARED-SR) and parenting was measured using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Self-Report (APQ-SR). We investigated age-related differences in amygdala volume in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Further, we examined the role of amygdala volume in moderating the association between parental involvement, particularly the maternal involvement, and anxiety symptoms in this population. We found larger bilateral amygdala in the AD group compared with the HC among the age range of 7–12. And increases in amygdala volume tended to negatively moderate the linear relationships between maternal involvement and anxiety symptoms in the AD group. These findings provide new evidence of abnormal brain alteration in children and adolescents with anxiety and may reflect proactive adaptations of adolescent brain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social anxiety disorder (SAD) is widespread and associated with significant distress, its etiology is not yet fully explored. We aimed to examine how metacognitions and mindfulness interact with SAD symptoms. 531 college students were enrolled in this study. Participants completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). A path analysis was run to explore the associations between test variables. A positive correlation was found between metacognition and SAD symptoms, while mindfulness negatively correlated with SAD symptoms and metacognition. In the established path model, metacognition had an indirect effect on SAD symptoms, which is partially mediated by mindfulness. Our findings imply that metacognitions and mindfulness may influence SAD symptoms among young adults. Mindfulness seems to have a prominent role in regulating metacognition's effects on SAD symptoms. Therefore, interventions that accurately target these factors may alleviate the symptoms of this debilitating psychological disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many children around the globe suffer from spider phobia. Virtual reality exposure therapy is an effective phobia treatment, but so far predominantly tailored for adults. A gamified approach utilizing gaze interaction would allow for a more child-friendly and engaging experience, and provide the possibility to foster working mechanisms of exposure therapy. We developed an application in which children make spiders change in positively connoted ways (e.g., make them dance or shrink) if sufficient visual attention towards them is captured via eye tracking. Thereby, motivation for and positive affects during exposure towards spiders are aspired. In this pilot study on 21 children without (n = 11) and with fear of spiders (n = 10), we examined positive and negative affect during exposure to a virtual spider and to different gaze-related transformations of the spider within a quasi-experimental design. Within a one-group design, we additionally examined fear of spiders in spider fearful children before and one week after the intervention. We found that significantly more positive than negative affect was induced by the spiders' transformations in children without and with fear of spiders. Fear of spiders was furthermore significantly reduced in spider-fearful children, showing large effect sizes (d >.80). Findings indicate eligibility for future clinical use and evaluation in children with spider phobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism includes core symptoms affecting general and social development. Up to 60% of autistic adolescents experience co-occurring anxiety disorders negatively influencing educational, social, and general development together with quality of life. A manualised cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) program 'Cool Kids - Autism Spectrum Adaptation (ASA)' has previously demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety in children with co-occurring autism. The current study investigates the feasibility of adapting this program for adolescents. Fifteen autistic adolescents, aged 14–17 years, with co-occurring anxiety disorders were enrolled in the study. Outcome measures collected from both adolescents and parents pre-, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up included participant evaluation of the program, scores from a semi-structured anxiety interview, and questionnaires on anxiety symptoms, life interference, and quality of life. 92% of the families who completed the program found it useful and would recommend it to other families in a similar situation. At follow-up, 55% no longer met the criteria for their primary anxiety diagnosis and 34% of adolescents were free of all anxiety diagnoses. Of the five adolescents who did not attend school before treatment three (60%) had returned to school after treatment. This study suggests that the adaptation of the program 'Cool Kids - ASA' into an adolescent version is feasible and has the potential to show good effects thus enhancing the possibility of education, development and independence in future life for this group. Larger RCTs studies are, however, needed to examine the efficacy of the adolescent version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The enduring COVID-19 pandemic has had persistent, intermittent socioeconomic impacts on migrants. This raises the concern that many Vietnamese migrants in Japan may have developed mental health issues due to the socioeconomic impact. The study aimed to examine changes in the socio-economic and mental health status of Vietnamese migrants in Japan and factors affecting mental health status during the early to mid-COVID-19 period. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study among Vietnamese migrants in Japan from September to October 2021 (baseline) and from May to June 2022 (follow-up) using an online questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between changes in socioeconomic status and alterations in symptoms of depression and anxiety within this demographic. Results: The mean age of the 159 participants was 26.1 ± 4.9 years, with a mean length of residency in Japan of 4.0 ± 4.1 years. The mean PHQ-9 score exhibited a significant decrease from 7.89 (SD = 6.34) to 6.62 (SD = 5.87) (p = 0.01). Variables associated with changes in depression and anxiety included subjective socioeconomic status (unstandardized partial regression coefficient (UPRC): 1.901, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30 to 3.50, p = 0.02) and (UPRC: 2.060, 95% CI 0.80 to 3.32, p = 0.002), as well as changes in having someone with whom to discuss one's health (UPRC: 2.689, 95% CI 0.89 to 4.49, p = 0.004) and (UPRC: 1.955, 95% CI 0.54 to 3.38, p = 0.007). Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study of depression and anxiety, depressive symptoms among Vietnamese migrants decreased from 2021 to 2022. Key findings underscore the importance of socioeconomic status improvement and having someone to discuss to about their health as protective factors against mental health challenges. Employment and social support have emerged as crucial determinants of mental health among Vietnamese migrants in Japan, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive support strategies addressing both economic vulnerabilities and social connectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korean medicine (KM) is used to treat anxiety disorders, but there is limited research on its effects. This study aimed to examine the associations between improved QoL and reduced clinical symptoms and KM in patients with anxiety disorders. The medical records of patients with anxiety who were treated with KM (acupuncture, psychotherapy, Chuna therapy, aromatherapy, or herbal medicine) for at least 4 weeks were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, QoL, and cost outcomes were measured at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12 (Anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI X-1 (state), X-2 (trait)], Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]; anger: State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory State [STAXI-S (state), T (trait)], Anger Expression Inventory [AXI-K-I (anger-in), AXI-K-O (anger-out), AXI-K-C (anger-control); depression: Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI II], QoL: QoL-related instruments Euro Quality of Life 5 Dimensions utility score [EQ-5D], Euro QoL Visual Analog Scale [EQ-VAS]). The total costs for each item were calculated in terms of NHIS-covered costs and patients' out-of-pocket costs from the perspective of the healthcare system. The medical records of 67 patients were evaluated. The KM treatments were found to be associated with decreased anxiety (STAI X-1; STAI X-2; BAI, p < 0.0001), depression (BDI-II, p < 0.0001), and anger (AKI-K-I; AKI-K-O, p < 0.05) and increased QoL (EQ-5D; EQ-VAS, p < 0.0001). An average of USD 1360 was paid for the KM treatments for 4 weeks. The study findings suggested that KM may improve clinical symptoms and QoL outcomes in patients with anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic insomnia disorder (CID) is usually associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), which may change brain structure and function. However, the possible brain markers, imaging characteristics, and pathophysiology are unknown. Objective: To look at the probable brain markers, imaging characteristics, and pathogenesis of CID in combination with GAD. Methods: A total of 57 patients with CID concomitant GAD and 57 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional connectivity (FC) were utilized to measure gray matter volume (GMV) and functional changes. Correlation analysis was utilized to identify relationships between brain changes and clinical characteristics. Results: Patients had decreased GMV in the left cerebellum, right cerebellar peduncle, and left insula; increased FC between the left cerebellum and right angular gyrus, as well as between the left insula and anterior left cingulate gyrus; and decreased FC in several areas, including the left cerebellum with the middle left cingulate gyrus and the left insula with the left superior postcentral gyrus. These brain changes related to CID and GAD. These data could be used to identify relevant brain markers, imaging features, and to better understand the etiology. Conclusion: The intensity of insomnia in patients was strongly related to the severity of anxiety. The lower GMV in the cerebellum could be interpreted as an imaging characteristic of CID. Reduced GMV in the insula, as well as aberrant function in the cingulate gyrus and prefrontal lobe, may contribute to the pathophysiology of CID and GAD. Abnormal function in the postcentral gyrus and angular gyrus may be associated with patients' clinical complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) treatment of mild traumatic brain injury persistent postconcussion syndrome in military and civilian subjects have shown simultaneous improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or PTSD symptoms, suggesting that HBOT may be an effective treatment for PTSD. This is a systematic review and dosage analysis of HBOT treatment of patients with PTSD symptoms. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Systematic Review Database were searched from September 18 to November 23, 2023, for all adult clinical studies published in English on HBOT and PTSD. Randomized trials and studies with symptomatic outcomes were selected for final analysis and analyzed according to the dose of oxygen and barometric pressure on symptom outcomes. Outcome assessment was for statistically significant change and Reliable Change or Clinically Significant Change according to the National Center for PTSD Guidelines. Methodologic quality and bias were determined with the PEDro Scale. Results: Eight studies were included, all with < 75 subjects/study, total 393 subjects: seven randomized trials and one imaging case-controlled study. Six studies were on military subjects, one on civilian and military subjects, and one on civilians. Subjects were 3-450 months post trauma. Statistically significant symptomatic improvements, as well as Reliable Change or Clinically Significant changes, were achieved for patients treated with 40-60 HBOTS over a wide range of pressures from 1.3 to 2.0 ATA. There was a linear doseresponse relationship for increased symptomatic improvement with increasing cumulative oxygen dose from 1002 to 11,400 atmosphere-minutes of oxygen. The greater symptomatic response was accompanied by a greater and severe reversible exacerbation of emotional symptoms at the highest oxygen doses in 30-39% of subjects. Other side effects were transient and minor. In three studies the symptomatic improvements were associated with functional and anatomic brain imaging changes. All 7 randomized trials were found to be of good-highest quality by PEDro scale scoring. Discussion: In multiple randomized and randomized controlled clinical trials HBOT demonstrated statistically significant symptomatic improvements, Reliable Changes, or Clinically Significant Changes in patients with PTSD symptoms or PTSD over a wide range of pressure and oxygen doses. The highest doses were associated with a severe reversible exacerbation of emotional symptoms in 30- 39% of subjects. Symptomatic improvements were supported by correlative functional and microstructural imaging changes in PTSD-affected brain regions. The imaging findings and hyperbaric oxygen therapy effects indicate that PTSD can no longer be considered strictly a psychiatric disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amygdala (AMY) is widely implicated in fear learning and fear behaviour, but it remains unclear how the many biological components present within AMY interact to achieve these abilities. Building on previous work, we hypothesize that individual AMY nuclei represent different quantities and that fear conditioning arises from error‐driven learning on the synapses between AMY nuclei. We present a computational model of AMY that (a) recreates the divisions and connections between AMY nuclei and their constituent pyramidal and inhibitory neurons; (b) accommodates scalable high‐dimensional representations of external stimuli; (c) learns to associate complex stimuli with the presence (or absence) of an aversive stimulus; (d) preserves feature information when mapping inputs to salience estimates, such that these estimates generalize to similar stimuli; and (e) induces a diverse profile of neural responses within each nucleus. Our model predicts (1) defensive responses and neural activities in several experimental conditions, (2) the consequence of artificially ablating particular nuclei and (3) the tendency to generalize defensive responses to novel stimuli. We test these predictions by comparing model outputs to neural and behavioural data from animals and humans. Despite the relative simplicity of our model, we find significant overlap between simulated and empirical data, which supports our claim that the model captures many of the neural mechanisms that support fear conditioning. We conclude by comparing our model to other computational models and by characterizing the theoretical relationship between pattern separation and fear generalization in healthy versus anxious individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Patients with generalized anxiety disorder have psychological problems and require therapeutic interventions. The current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on the the believability of anxious feelings and thoughts in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all outpatient psychiatric patients at the Zare Hospital Psychiatric Clinic in Sari in the fall 2023. Thirty-two individuals were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (16 individuals each). The experimental group received 8 sessions of metacognitive therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection was done using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale by Spitzer et al. (2006) and the Believability of Anxious Feelings and Thoughts Questionnaire by Herzberg et al. (2012). Multivariate analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. Results: Metacognitive therapy had a significant effect on the believability of anxious feelings and thoughts in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.001). The mean of believability of anxious feelings and thoughts scores in the experimental group were 86.44 and 55.94 in the pretest and posttest, respectively. This effectiveness was observed across all dimensions of believability of anxious feelings and thoughts with an effect size of 0.869 on the overall (p<0.001 ). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that metacognitive therapy is effective in improving the believability of anxious feelings and thoughts in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, it is recommended this approach be used to enhance the mental health of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment remains understudied in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), despite the high prevalence and substantial burden associated with this disorder. We aimed to assess cognitive impairment in patients with GAD and evaluate the ability of cognitive tests to detect this disorder. Because of its high rate of comorbidity, we also examined how other anxiety disorders and current major depressive episodes affected our results. We tested 263 consecutive general practice outpatients. We used the GAD-7 and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to detect anxiety and mood disorders. We assessed cognitive performance with the Stroop test, a facial emotion recognition test, and the trail-making test (TMT). Compared to patients without GAD, patients with GAD were significantly slower to complete the TMT (B-A) and faster to recognize emotions, especially negative ones such as disgust and anger. When controlling for other anxiety disorders and current major depressive episode, GAD retained a significant effect on the TMT (B-A) , but not on the emotion recognition test. The TMT (B-A) could detect GAD with good accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.83, maximal Youden's index = 0.56), which was by no means comparable to the GAD-7 (AUC = 0.97, Youden's index = 0.81). While it is not efficient enough to replace the GAD-7 as a diagnostic tool, the capacity of the TMT (B-A) to detect GAD emphasizes the importance of cognitive flexibility impairment in GAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to categorize the types of precompetition anxiety experienced by junior athletes immediately before official sports events. Methods: Valid and reliable psychodiagnostic tools, well-established in sports research, were utilized to accurately measure anxiety phenomena in junior athletes. Results: Descriptive frequency characteristics were analyzed to construct a comprehensive profile of pre-competition anxiety among the participants. K-means clustering identified four distinct types: "Destructive Anxiety Disorder" (DAD) (n = 42; 13.13%); "Personal Precompetition Anxiety" (PPA) (n = 120; 37.50%); "Situational Precompetition Anxiety" (SPA) (n = 102; 31.87%); and "Social Unprotected Anxiety" (SUA) (n = 56; 17.50%). Notably, DAD is the most concerning type, potentially impacting both performance and the athlete's overall health. Additionally, SUA was identified as posing significant risks. It was explained that this type can become a plateau of stagnation and be transformed into a psychological problem later. It was highlighted that anxiety performs an important function in an athlete's sporting activities and it is important how efficiently a junior athlete can utilize their resources. We performed comparison of the types of pre-competition anxiety of junior athletes representing team sports (Group 1) and individual sports (Group 2) by Fisher's criterion (φ). Two statistically significant advantages were established: Group 1 (n = 79; 49.37%) has an advantage by "SPA" (φ = 1.89; p ≤ .05); Group 2 (n = 42; 26.25%) has an advantage by "SUA" (φ = 2.12; p ≤ .05). Discussion and conclusions. It was substantiated that the types of junior athletes' pre-competition anxiety are considered to be psycho-physiological states related to awaiting a sports competition, which are accompanied by psycho-emotional stress, require the development of athletes' self-regulation, stress-resistance and resilience, and depend on their individual-psychological characteristics, experience and mastery. We recommend that coaching staffs should diagnose the types of pre-competition anxiety that will allow making timely corrections to an athlete's performance that can have a considerable impact on the result of a sports competition and also protect athletes against traumas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research applies the fine tuning attribute weighted naïve Bayes (FTAWNB) model using ordinal data. It is known that in previous research, the FTAWNB model outperformed its competitors on the dataset used. However, the FTAWNB model has not been applied in the mental health domain that uses ordinal data. Therefore, this research used the anxiety gamers dataset to test the fine-tuning attribute weighted naïve Bayes (FTAWNB) model. Anxiety disorders are mental health disorders that can indicate the emergence of a gaming disorder. Gamers can experience anxiety disorders classified into four classes, namely minimal, mild, moderate, and severe anxiety. Then compare the results by FTAWNB obtained with three other naïve Bayes algorithms, namely Gaussian naïve Bayes, multinomial naïve Bayes, and categorical naïve Bayes, using the same dataset. Model performance is measured based on accuracy, precision, recall, and processing time. The test results show that the FTAWNB outperforms the other three models' accuracy, precision, and recall, with an accuracy value of 99.22%. While the accuracy of Gaussian NB is 91.132%, Categorical is 91.592%, and multinomial naïve Bayes is 61.104%. However, the FTAWNB takes slightly longer than the other three models' processing time. The FTAWNB takes 0.07 seconds to build the model and 0.05 seconds to test the model on training data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) is a behavioral intervention that systematically attenuates external sensory input to the nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated acute anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of single sessions of REST in anxious individuals, however the duration and time course of these effects is unknown. In the current study, we used experience sampling and multiple sessions of REST to explore the time course of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects over a 48-hour time period. METHODS: 75 adults with anxiety and/or depression were randomized to complete 6 sessions of REST (either pool-REST, pool-REST preferred, or chair-REST). Post-REST effects were tracked using experience sampling on a smartphone with a ten-item survey administered at 6 time points for each session (i.e., immediately before and after REST and then 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours later). Using principal component analysis, responses to survey items at baseline were reduced to broad symptom clusters of anxiety, depression, and serenity and were utilized in linear mixed effects models to determine the magnitude and time course of post-REST effects. RESULTS: REST was associated with significant decreases in anxiety and depression, and significant increases in serenity, with effects lasting for 48 hours. Repeated exposure to REST was associated with lower baseline levels of anxiety at later sessions. CONCLUSION: These initial findings suggest that the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of REST persist for at least two days, and that repeated REST sessions may have additive effects on lowering anxiety-related symptoms. These findings could help to determine the optimal intervention frequency of REST and facilitate future investigations focused on the combination of REST with standard treatments for anxiety and depression.