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UID/SOC/04647/2013 O 40º aniversário da revolução de Abril ocorreu num período de crise e de incerteza, voltando a emigração a ser tema de interesse nacional. Os números que foi possível apurar colocam Portugal entre os países da União Europeia e da OCDE com maior taxa de emigração, um fluxo que se intensificou nos últimos anos reavivando memórias da intensa emigração de meados do século XX. Por se constituir como um factor de mudança relevante, cujas consequências se fizeram e fazem sentir na sociedade e no território, a emigração portuguesa não pode deixar de constituir motivo de reflexão quando se analisam as profundas mudanças por que passou o País nas últimas quatro décadas. A partir de um conjunto de entrevistas realizadas a membros de duas famílias, cuja experiência migratória toca sucessivas gerações, são analisados elementos essenciais do fenómeno desde o período imediatamente anterior à instauração da democracia até à actualidade. 40 years have gone by since the Portuguese revolution and the emigration issue remains of utter importance in a time of changes and uncertainty. According to a recent report (Observatório da Emigração, 2014) Portugal has one of the highest emigration rates among the EU and OCDE which echoes the emigration flows of the 1960s. Portugal’s recent history was influenced by these migrations and its study is relevant due to its impact on Portuguese population, society and territory. The aim of this paper is to analyze the emigration phenomenon in this period based on a set of interviews with members of two families with migratory experiences involving different generations. publishersversion published

UID/SOC/04647/2013 Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017 publishersversion published

The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from six Lamiaceae species (Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Th. caespititius, Th. carnosus, Th. lotocephalus and Th. mastichina) grown in Portugal, were evaluated. Th. caespititius and T. capitata carvacrol/thymol-rich EOs showed the best capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation, and scavenging the 2,2 '-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and peroxyl free radicals, as well as for inhibiting lipoxygenase and alpha-amylase. However, Th. caespititius and Th. lotocephalus 1,8-cineole and linalool rich EOs were the best inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase. T. capitata, Th. lotocephalus and Th. albicans EOs were the most active for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Th. caespititius and Th. mastichina EOs were the main scavengers of nitric oxide (NO) radicals. The comparison between the present data with a survey of the existing literature on the in vitro biological activities of the essential oils isolated from the same species from Portuguese origin, using other methodologies, showed some differences. For instance the use of two oxidizable substrates (egg yolk and lecithin liposomes) led to distinct results mainly for those samples with relatively low activity. In addition, the EOs capacity for scavenging peroxyl radicals was also influenced by the presence of cyclodextrins, as a synergism seemed to occur between EOs and those carbohydrates. FEDER PT2020-Compete 2020

UID/ANT/04038/2013 O objetivo deste trabalho é dar a conhecer os resultados de um projeto realizado com a comunidade cigana, em que a dança foi utilizada como prática inclusiva de jovens portugueses ciganos em contexto escolar. A investigação seguiu uma metodologia qualitativa, tendo sido realizadas entrevistas a alunos e pais de etnia cigana e a professores de uma escola do Vale da Amoreira, no município da Moita. A dança tornou-se uma importante estratégia, permitindo quebrar as barreiras do preconceito e criar pontes de diálogo e conhecimento entre a escola, ciganos e não-ciganos. The main goal of this paper is to present the results of a project with the Roma community, where the dance was used as an inclusive practice of Portuguese Roma students in schools. The research followed a qualitative method, with interviews to Roma parents and students and their teachers in the Vale da Amoreira school, municipality of Moita. The dance has become an important strategy to break the barriers of prejudice and to build bridges of dialogue and understanding between the school community, Roma and non-Roma people. publishersversion published

UID/SOC/04647/2013 publishersversion published

The present study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 13 commercial honeys from diverse floral origin, produced in Portugal. The values of electrical conductivity of cardoon and pennyroyal honeys were superior to the maximum limits defined by European legislation. Citrus, strawberry tree, and 1 sample of lavender honeys had values of diastase activity below those determined by European legislation. Strawberry tree, pennyroyal, and cardoon honeys had the highest amounts of potassium that coincided with the highest electrical conductivity. Strawberry tree honey was the most effective as antioxidant along with cardoon and heather honeys. This ability was strongly correlated with the amounts of phenols and flavonoids and not with the levels of vitamin C or proline.

In Mediterranean countries such as Italy and Portugal an ancient practice among beekepers is the production of a honey-based product that is called "agua-mel" (Portuguese designation) or "abbamele" (Italian designation) that have not only food applications but also medicinal purposes. However, the characterization of such foodstuff is completely absent in Portugal. In our study the main goal was to provide the general chemical characterization and the microbiological quality of samples of "agua-mel". The chemical characterization showed a great variability of the ash percentage (0.167-0.474); electrical conductivity (407-1067 mu S/cm); free acidity (33.2-91.2 meq/kg); lactone acidity (14.60-20.50 meq/kg); total acidity (53.7-122.72 meq/kg); glucose (185.57-258.52 g/kg); fructose (218.49-315.36 g/kg); total polyphenols (1780.0-4963.8 mg/kg); flavonoids (188.8-1702.4 mg/kg) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF) (1812.6-8428.9 mg/kg), depending on the beekeeper and production year. The microbiological quality included the counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, Enterobacteriaceae, sulphite-reducing Clostridium spp. and the presence of Salmonella spp. The results showed that from all "agua-mel" samples analyzed only one sample was contaminated with Clostridium spp. and aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Taken together both chemical and microbiological data indicates a safe consumption of "agua-mel".

Fresh horticultural products are highly perishable and need refrigeration for further preservation. Refrigeration needs energy consumption with consequent economical cost and damage for the environment. The objective of the present work was to use efficiently the refrigeration according to the product needs and time for consumption. Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis fresh branch tips, which are used for fresh salads, were stored at 1, 4 and 9 °C for up to 21 days. In both species, fresh tips were of good consumer acceptability for up to 14 days at 9°C. At 1 and 4 °C fresh tips could be stored in good conditions up to 21 days. For efficient use of energy in refrigeration of fresh salicornia and sarcocornia we conclude that if it is to put those products in the market earlier we can use the higher temperature for storage saving energy. Only for further storage we shall use the lower temperatures.

Propolis is a natural honeybee product known to be beneficial for human health, with a complex chemical composition, highly dependent on the collection site. The objective of the present research was to evaluate phenols and antioxidant activity of propolis samples collected in three main areas of Algarve, South of Portugal. Water revealed to be less effective for extracting phenolic compounds from propolis than the methanol and water/ethanol. The last two were good extraction solvents of phenols. Nevertheless water/ethanol was the solvent chosen because it was able to extract phenols in considerable amounts being less toxic than methanol. In spring, higher amounts of phenols (total phenols, flavones, flavonols, flavanones and dihydroflavonols) were detected in hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis than in winter. Among the three main areas of Algarve where samples were collected, those from Barrocal had the highest levels of polyphenols, independent on the season (winter or spring). Within each area, the levels of phenols changed according to the zone. Concerning antioxidant activity, samples from Barrocal presented better radical scavenging abilities than those from the remaining areas, independent on the antioxidant method and collection season. Such results correlated closely with the levels of total phenols, flavones and flavonols in samples. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The pomegranate, Punica granatum L., which can be found throughout the Mediterranean region, in Southeast Asia, California and Arizona in USA was in ancient times referred as possessing powers of fertility, abundance and good luck (fruit). The biological properties of extracts (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, among other properties) obtained from several parts of pomegranate is reported in the present work. Due to such properties, the extracts have been used in therapeutics, such as in the prevention of infection, inflammation, cancer, among other applications. However, other aspects are also referred in the present work such as the good practices of culture and fruit preservation, search of new compounds, selection of cultivars through biotechnological techniques for obtaining juice or fruits ready to eat. Such compilation of information was based on the search in the ISI Web of Knowledge (Thomson Reuters) from 2009 up to the beginning of October 2010.

The market share of minimally processed fruits and vegetables has continuously increased in the past years due to consumer life style. These products have high expectations regarding quality and shelf-life. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of additives applied externally after cutting in fresh-cut kiwifruit, pears, strawberries, tomatoes, and peppers. Fruit were washed in water, cut longitudinally in quarters and dipped in solutions of 2% citric acid, 2% ascorbic acid or 2% calcium lactate. Subsequently, fruit were packed in plastic trays, covered with 15 mu m thick polyethylene film and stored at 4 degrees C for 9 d. At intervals of 0, 3, 6 and 9 d, measurements of firmness and total phenolics content were performed. Calcium lactate was efficient in maintaining firmness in most fresh-cut fruit. Total phenolics content were higher in kiwifruit, strawberries and peppers than in pears and tomatoes. Ascorbic acid was the most efficient dip to maintain or increase the total phenolics content of the fresh-cut fruit studied.

Proceedings of the International Conference “Environmentally friendly and safe technologies for quality of fruit and vegetables”, held in Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal, on January 14-16, 2009. This Conference was a join activity with COST Action 924. In this study we have made exploratory tests on a set of 40 apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’, using spatially resolved reflectance (SRR) and diffuse light backscattering goniometry (DLBG). The objective was to test the potential of DLBG for firmness prediction, as compared with SRR, whose potential has been already proved in the literature. SRR is performed with a red diode laser and a CMOS camera. DLBG uses the same laser shining on the apple and a photomultiplier tube collecting the light reemitted from a small area, at angles ranging from 90 deg (tangent to the surface) to 180 deg (normal to the surface). From the measurements several parameters have been calculated (e.g. decay exponent for SRR profiles, anisotropy factor for the DLBG angular distributions) and Partial Least squares (PLS) models for the prediction of firmness were build. The model based on DLBG variables (only) and on SRR variables (only) gave similar results. From here we conclude that, within the obvious statistical limitations of the test, DLBG seems to match the potential of SRR for firmness prediction. The possibility of combining both measures in one model is also discussed.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are important components of human food. However, horticultural products are highly perishable and losses can be of great importance if postharvest correct measures are not provided. There is a worldwide trend to explore new alternatives to increase storage life, giving priority to methods that reduce horticultural product decay avoiding negative effects to human heath and environment. The objective of our research was to apply environmental and human health friendly techniques to preserve fresh fruit quality through storage. Figs, apricots, oranges, pomegranates and kiwifruits were treated with sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, acetic acid or subjected to modified atmosphere packaging to increase their storage life with minimal quality loss, as well as damage to human health and environment. The use of these treatments and techniques gave a great performance in the reduction of fruit losses, weight loss and fruit softening. Postharvest techniques such as modified atmosphere and calcium, sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid treatments, when applied in adequate concentrations, help to keep fruit quality through storage, without damaging the environment and human health. The benefit of each treatment depends on the type of fruit.

The effects of postharvest treatment and storage at 5 degrees C on changes in the organic acid content in the juice of 'Assaria' and 'Mollar' pomegranate were monitored. The fruit was chill stored after the following treatments: covering boxes with a 25-mu thick low-density polyethylene film and spraying with 1.5% CaCl2; untreated fruit was used as the control. The results showed that citric acid is the main organic acid in the 'Mollar' cultivar, followed by tartaric acid, whereas three organic acids were present at similar levels in 'Assaria' pomegranate: citric, oxalic and tartaric acids. Differences in the main organic acid contents were detected when fruit was submitted to different treatments prior to cold storage. The different pretreatments did not significantly interfere with the accumulation of organic acids in either cultivar. There were two exceptions. The ascorbic acid content was significantly higher in the 'Mollar' cultivar when the fruit was treated with calcium, while the pyruvic acid content was significantly higher in the 'Assaria' cultivar in the untreated fruit.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) was introduced into Northwest Portugal at the early 1970's increasing its importance up to date. The main objective of orchard management is to find out the cultural techniques suitable for the region, in order to obtain good yield and quality fruit. Winter chilling (less than or equal to7.2degreesC) plays a significant role in kiwifruit break dormancy. Insufficient chilling can be countered by chemical agents as hydrogen cyanamid (Dormex). The objective of this research was to quantify the efficiency of hydrogen cyanamide (0%, 4%, and 6%) on bud break dormancy and yield and fruit quality. Experiments were carried out over two years on a mature 'Hayward' kiwifruit orchard. The results showed that 4% Dormex was the most efficient in increasing marketable yield due to increase of flower bud formation and higher level of fruit set. There were no significant differences among treatments in soluble solids content, flesh firmness and dry weight. Titrable acidity showed higher values with increased Dormex concentration.

Tese de Doutoramento, Produção Vegetal, Unidade de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias, Universidade do Algarve, 1999 O kiwi (Acíinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) tem sido considerado um fruto climatérico. No entanto, este fruto comporta-se atipicamente em resposta à aplicação externa de etileno a várias temperaturas. A incapacidade do kiwi para produzir etileno a baixas temperaturas, a produção de etileno à temperatura ambiente após um período de frio. o limite máximo de temperatura para produção de etileno e o seu comportamento pósarmazenamento não estão suficientemente estudados. Nesta tese investigaram-se algumas características particulares do percurso da biossíntese do etileno e o amadurecimento do kiwi induzidos por propileno a temperaturas de 10 a 45ºC, após armazenamento a baixas temperaturas, assim como após armazenamento em atmosfera controlada (CA) e nível de oxigénio ultra baixo (ULO). Kiwifruit (Acíinidia deliciosa A. Chcv.) is considcrcd a climactcric fruit. However, it bchaves atypically in response to externai ethylene application at different temperaturcs. The lack of ability of the kiwifruit to produce ethylene at low temperatures, its chilling requirements and maximum temperalure limil for ethylene production and its behaviour post-storagc are poorly understood. In this thesis were studied some particular features of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and ripening of kiwifruit induced by propylene at temperatures from 10 to 45ºC, during shelf-life after chilling, as well as after storage in controlled atmosphere (CA) and ultra low oxygen (ULO) conditions.

Este relatório tem como objetivo apresentar as principais atividades desenvolvidas no estágio curricular, que decorreu no Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors (CIEJD) do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, entre outubro de 2021 e abril de 2022. Durante estes seis meses de estágio, trabalhei na construção de um dossiê informativo sobre os fluxos migratórios na União Europeia, que se encontra disponível no portal Eurocid. O propósito deste trabalho, cuja criação e desenvolvimento foi o objetivo principal do estágio, é dar a conhecer, em língua portuguesa, as diferentes dimensões das migrações em direção à UE e a forma como são geridas. A política de imigração da União Europeia, nomeadamente a sua dimensão externa, constitui o tema central deste relatório, tendo a cooperação com a Líbia, enquanto país terceiro, como estudo de caso. O período temporal de análise é de 2015 a 2021, quando se observou uma diminuição de quase 90% no número de chegadas irregulares à Europa pelo Mar Mediterrâneo. A redução do número de requerentes de asilo é o resultado do combate à imigração irregular, um dos objetivos da política de imigração da União Europeia, e que foi possível devido à externalização das suas fronteiras. Na rota do mar Mediterrâneo central, especificamente, as chegadas diminuíram de modo significativo devido ao Memorando de Entendimento assinado entre Itália e a Líbia, como será explorado. Para refletir sobre a política de imigração da UE, este relatório analisa as suas competências e a forma como é abordada, e estabelece o enquadramento legislativo desta política. Ainda neste sentido, são explorados os principais e mais recentes desenvolvimentos da política de imigração, como a Abordagem Global para a Migração e a Mobilidade (AGMM), a Agenda Europeia da Migração (AEM) e o Programa de Parcerias de Mobilidade. Estes instrumentos remetem-nos para a dimensão externa da política de imigração pois o seu maior objetivo é cooperar com países terceiros, emissores de imigrantes, para prevenir fluxos não autorizados em direção à Europa. Seguidamente, são exploradas teoricamente as diferentes abordagens da dimensão externa da política de imigração da UE, externalização e prevenção, e é feito um resumo da evolução histórica e da forma como a própria União vê esta dimensão externa da sua política migratória. Antes de abordar o caso da Líbia como aplicação da dimensão externa da política de imigração e exemplo de cooperação com um país terceiro no combate à imigração irregular, este relatório introduz as chegadas irregulares à UE e apresenta as diferentes rotas migratórias de entrada na Europa, focando-se na situação e nos números das três rotas do Mar Mediterrâneo, ocidental, central e oriental, para mostrar com existiu uma redução significativa de chegadas de requerentes de asilo entre 2015 e 2021. This report aims to present the main activities developed in the curricular internship, which took place between October 2021 and April 2022 at the Jacques Delors European Information Centre (CIEJD) of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The internship took place as part of non-teaching component of the Master's in Migrations, Inter-Ethnicities and Transnationalism, a Master's programme of the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa. During these six months of internship, I worked on the construction of an informative dossier about the migratory flows in the European Union (EU), which is now available online. The purpose of this work, - whose creation and development were the main goal of the internship, is to share information -, in Portuguese, about the different dimensions of migrations towards the EU and the way they are managed. The EU’s migration policy, namely its external dimension, constitutes the central theme of this report, with the cooperation with Libya, as a third country, as a case study. The time period of analysis is from 2015 to 2021, when a decrease of almost 90% in the number of irregular arrivals in Europe via the Mediterranean Sea was observed. The reduction in the number of asylum seekers to Europe is the result of the fight against irregular migration (one of the goals of the European Union's migration policy), and was possible due to the externalisation of the European Union's borders. On the central Mediterranean Sea route specifically, arrivals have decreased significantly due to the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between Italy and Libya, as will be explored in this report. To reflect on the EU's migration policy, this report sets out the legislative framework of this policy and elaborates on its competencies and how they are addressed. In addition, the report explores the main and most recent developments in migration policy, such as the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), the European Agenda on Migration (EMMA) and the Mobility Partnership Programme (MPP). These tools bring us back to the external dimension of migration policy, as their main goal is to cooperate with third countries, from which people are migrating, to prevent unauthorised migration flows towards Europe. The report then explores the historical evolution of Externalisation and Prevention (the external dimension of EU’s migration policy) before addressing the way the Union itself views this dimension of their migration policy. Before addressing the case of Libya as an application of the external dimension of migration policy and an example of cooperation with a third country in combating irregular immigration, this report introduces irregular arrivals to the EU and presents the different migratory routes of entry in Europe, focusing on the situation and figures of the three Mediterranean Sea routes, western, central and eastern, to show how there has been a significant reduction of asylum seeker arrivals between 2015 and 2021.