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Abstract Background The use of surveillance technologies is becoming increasingly common in inpatient mental health settings, commonly justified as efforts to improve safety and cost-effectiveness. However, their use has been questioned in light of limited research conducted and the sensitivities, ethical concerns and potential harms of surveillance. This systematic review aims to (1) map how surveillance technologies have been employed in inpatient mental health settings, (2) explore how they are experienced by patients, staff and carers and (3) examine evidence regarding their impact. Methods We searched five academic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed and Scopus), one grey literature database (HMIC) and two pre-print servers (medRxiv and PsyArXiv) to identify relevant papers published up to 19/09/2024. We also conducted backwards and forwards citation tracking and contacted experts to identify relevant literature. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool assessed quality. Data were synthesised narratively. Results Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. They reported on CCTV/video monitoring (n = 13), Vision-Based Patient Monitoring and Management (n = 9), body-worn cameras (n = 6), GPS electronic monitoring (n = 2) and wearable sensors (n = 2). Sixteen papers (50.0%) were low quality, five (15.6%) medium quality and eleven (34.4%) high quality. Nine studies (28.1%) declared a conflict of interest. Qualitative findings indicate patient, staff and carer views of surveillance technologies are mixed and complex. Quantitative findings regarding the impact of surveillance on outcomes such as self-harm, violence, aggression, care quality and cost-effectiveness were inconsistent or weak. Conclusions There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that surveillance technologies in inpatient mental health settings are achieving their intended outcomes, such as improving safety and reducing costs. The studies were generally of low methodological quality, lacked lived experience involvement, and a substantial proportion (28.1%) declared conflicts of interest. Further independent coproduced research is needed to more comprehensively evaluate the impact of surveillance technologies in inpatient settings. If they are to be implemented, all key stakeholders should be engaged in the development of policies, procedures and best practice guidance to regulate their use, prioritising patients’ perspectives.

Abstract Background Mental health acute and crisis care consumes a large share of mental health budgets internationally but is often experienced as unsatisfactory and difficult to access. As a result, there is an increasing move towards developing innovative community crisis services, to improve patient experience and relieve pressure on inpatient and emergency services. This study aims to understand what helps and hinders the implementation of innovative mental health crisis care projects in England. Methods Using a qualitative approach, 18 interviews were conducted with crisis care service managers exploring their experiences and views of the development and implementation of their service developed with support from an English national capital funding programme. A framework analysis was conducted informed by implementation science. Results Key facilitators to implementation of innovative crisis services included bottom-up development, service user involvement, strong collaborative working, and leadership and management buy-in. Key barriers that affected the projects implementation included the complexities of crisis care, workforce challenges and resourcing issues. Conclusion There is a recognised need to improve, update, and innovate current crisis care offers. Results from this study suggest that a range of models can help address the heterogenous needs of local populations and that new approaches can be implemented where they utilise a whole-systems approach, involving service users and relevant professional stakeholders beyond mental health services in planning and developing the service.

Studies on the Prussian writer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt and editions of his work are abundant. Among the many outstanding chapters of his famous journey through the American tropics, the two visits to Cuba (1800–1801/1804) stand out as a particular case. To this day very few original documents are known about his actual visits, the colonial sources that informed him and the history of his reception. This is due, in large part, to the fact that documentary sources are difficult to access. To overcome this difficulty, the Project Humboldt Digital was born in 2019, a cooperation project carried out between Havana and Berlin, whose main objective is to publish a collection of texts related to Humboldt’s stay in Cuba. In this article we aim to explain how our digital scholarly editions have been created from a methodological point of view. After outlining the origins, we present the workflow developed between the Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities to digitize, describe, publish, edit and preserve in digital format a collection of previously selected texts. Also, we describe the model of data representation in TEI format, as well as the tools employed to encode and publish the editions. Finally, we analyze the first editorial results obtained and offer some conclusions on the main challenges faced.

La glándula submandibular está involucrada en solo el 5-10% de los tumores de las glándulas salivales, el adenoma pleomórfico es el tumor que afecta más comúnmente esta glándula. La tasa de recurrencia después de la resección inicial es inferior al 5%. De los tumores de la glándula submaxilar, el adenoma pleomorfo metastásico representa el 1% de los casos y en menos del 1% de los casos los adenomas pleomorfos sufren transformación maligna. El principal factor de riesgo de recurrencia es una cirugía incompleta de manera inicial, y el sexo femenino. La elevación del p16, la ciclina D1, CDK4, E2F y proteína de retinoblastoma pueden ayudar a evaluar el riesgo de recurrencia. La cirugía continúa siendo el pilar de tratamiento. Los receptores de estrógenos parecen ser un factor pronóstico y pueden considerarse un objetivo terapéutico.

La tasa de hospitalización por crisis de asma en niños chilenos se ha duplicado en los últimos años. Diversos estudios muestran una asociación entre hipovitaminosis D y crisis de asma. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue describir la prevalencia de déficit e insuficiencia de vitamina D (vitD) en escolares asmáticos hospitalizados por crisis de asma y evaluar su estado nutricional. Metodología: Estudio analítico, transversal, que incluyó a todos los pacientes de 5 años o más que se hospitalizaron por crisis de asma durante un año calendario en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, se evaluó el nivel de control del asma mediante el cuestionario Asthma Control Test (ACT), se determinó el estado nutricional y se midió la concentración de vitD. Resultados: Se observó que 6 de cada 10 pacientes presentaba déficit o insuficiencia de vitD (22,8 ng/ml ± 10,5), encontrándose una asociación positiva entre concentración de vitD y ACT. La malnutrición por exceso estaba presente en casi la mitad de los pacientes. Aquellos pacientes que se hospitalizaron por más de 3 días tenían una concentración sérica de vitD significativamente menor. Conclusiones: La hipovitaminosis D afectó a la mayoría de los niños hospitalizados por crisis de asma. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre concentración de vitD con días de hospitalización y control de la enfermedad medido por ACT.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar el proceso de publicación de ediciones digitales académicas mediante herramientas informáticas que transforman documentos XML/TEI a HTML. Tras explicar las diferencias existentes entre las webs dinámicas y las webs estáticas en el primer apartado, se exponen algunos desafíos que supone el uso de herramientas de publicación y los efectos derivados de la estandarización y se analiza la publicación web de las Soledades de Luis de Góngora realizada con la herramienta Edition Visualization Technology.

Reseña de Roopika Risam, New Digital Worlds. Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis, and Pedagogy, Northwestern University Press, Illinois, 2019, 176 pp. ISBN: 9780810138858.

Reseña del libro Edición digital de documentos antiguos: marcación XML-TEI basada en los criterios CHARTA.

The objective of this article is to improve the most widely used indicator of quality in public investment management (the PIMI). The methodology was to use an alternative algorithm to build a new version of the PIMI and calculate it for sixteen Latin American countries. The result is a New PIMI that appears better than the original one, as it has a positive correlation with an objective indicator of the efficiency of public investment, which is not achieved by the original PIMI. We recommend the use of the New PIMI, proposed here, as a control variable in studies on aggregated public investment and its impacts on economic growth and social welfare. One limitation of the New PIMI is that it reflects the quality of public investment management at the aggregate level and based on de jure criteria, thus not capturing key differences that occur at a more disaggregated or informal level. Even so, the relevance, originality and replicability of the New PIMI make it a significant contribution to knowledge in this field.

Abstract Background T1‐weighted dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been broadly utilized in the evaluation of brain tumors. We aimed at assessing the diagnostic accuracy of DCE‐MRI in discriminating between low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) and high‐grade gliomas (HGGs), between tumor recurrence and treatment‐related changes, and between primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) and HGGs. Methods We performed this study based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies criteria. We systematically surveyed studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of DCE‐MRI for the aforementioned entities. Meta‐analysis was conducted with the use of a random effects model. Results Twenty‐seven studies were included after screening of 2945 possible entries. We categorized the eligible studies into three groups: those utilizing DCE‐MRI to differentiate between HGGs and LGGs (14 studies, 546 patients), between recurrence and treatment‐related changes (9 studies, 298 patients) and between PCNSLs and HGGs (5 studies, 224 patients). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for differentiating HGGs from LGGs were 0.93, 0.90, and 0.96, for differentiating tumor relapse from treatment‐related changes were 0.88, 0.86, and 0.89, and for differentiating PCNSLs from HGGs were 0.78, 0.81, and 0.86, respectively. Conclusions Dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐Magnetic resonance imaging is a promising noninvasive imaging method that has moderate or high accuracy in stratifying gliomas. DCE‐MRI shows high diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between HGGs and their low‐grade counterparts, and moderate diagnostic accuracy in discriminating recurrent lesions and treatment‐related changes as well as PCNSLs and HGGs.

Abstract Background Local public health service delivery and policy-setting in England was overhauled in 2013, with local government now responsible for the complex tasks involved in protecting and improving population health and addressing health inequalities. Since 2013, public health funding per person has declined, adding to the challenge of public health decision-making. In a climate of austerity, research evidence could help to guide the more effective use of resources, although there are concerns that the reorganisation of public health decision-making structures has disrupted traditional evidence use patterns. This study aimed to explore local public health evidence use and needs in this new decision-making climate. Methods Semi-structured interviews with Public Health Practitioners across three Local Authorities were conducted, with sites purposefully selected to represent urban, suburban and county Local Authorities, and to reflect a range of public health issues that might be encountered. A topic guide was developed that allowed participants to reflect on their experience and involvement in providing evidence for, or making a decision around, commissioning a public health service. Data were transcribed and template analysis was employed to understand the findings, which involved developing a coding template based on an initial transcript and applying this to subsequent transcripts. Results Increased political involvement in local public health decision-making, while welcomed by some participants as a form of democratising public health, has influenced evidence preferences in a number of ways. Political and individual ideologies of locally elected officials meant that certain forms of evidence could be overlooked in favour of evidence that corresponded to decision-makers’ preferences. Political involvement at the local level has increased the appetite for local knowledge and evidence. Research evidence needs to demonstrate its local salience if it is to contribute to decision-making alongside competing sources, particularly anecdotal information. Conclusion To better meet decision-making needs of politicians and practitioners, a shift in the scope of public health evidence is required. At a systematic review level, this could involve moving away from producing evidence that reflects broad global generalisations about narrow and simple questions, and instead towards producing forms of evidence that have local applicability and can support complex policy-focussed decisions.

Abstract Background The study of the health effects of perceived discrimination based on ethnic and social traits has a long-standing and widespread tradition in epidemiological research, but less attention has been paid to the study of multiple discrimination, particularly its effects on mental health. The present work aims to analyse the association between multiple discrimination and depressive symptoms in Europe, and the impact of contextual socioeconomic circumstances on this relationship. Methods In this study, data from the 7th Round of the European Social Survey was used. Given that the outcome variable, CES-D8, is a depression scale from 0 to 24 possible values and the hierarchical organisation of individuals (level-1 units) clustered within countries (level-2 units), a linear multilevel model was carried out. Results Our findings suggest that multiple discrimination increases our risk of suffering depressive disorder, but in addition this work provides an important step forward to explain and understand how the relationship between multiple discrimination and depression might vary depending the socioeconomic context. In particular, we can observe that differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms along multiple discrimination levels decrease as GDP per capita increases among European countries. Conclusion This study is relevant since provides new evidence on how the association between multiple discrimination and depression operates at the micro and macro-level context, which is fundamental to understand how macro-economic fluctuations of countries may determine depressive disorders through the effect of single and combined forms of discrimination.

Background: The widespread use of social media represents an unprecedented opportunity for health promotion. We have more information and evidence-based health related knowledge, for instance about healthy habits or possible risk behaviors. However, these tools also carry some disadvantages since they also open the door to new social and health risks, in particular during health emergencies. This systematic review aims to study the determinants of infodemics during disease outbreaks, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative methods.Methods: We searched research articles in PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Sociological abstracts, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Additional research works were included by searching bibliographies of electronically retrieved review articles.Results: Finally, 42 studies were included in the review. Five determinants of infodemics were identified: (1) information sources; (2) online communities' structure and consensus; (3) communication channels (i.e., mass media, social media, forums, and websites); (4) messages content (i.e., quality of information, sensationalism, etc.,); and (5) context (e.g., social consensus, health emergencies, public opinion, etc.). Studied selected in this systematic review identified different measures to combat misinformation during outbreaks.Conclusion: The clarity of the health promotion messages has been proven essential to prevent the spread of a particular disease and to avoid potential risks, but it is also fundamental to understand the network structure of social media platforms and the emergency context where misinformation might dynamically evolve. Therefore, in order to prevent future infodemics, special attention will need to be paid both to increase the visibility of evidence-based knowledge generated by health organizations and academia, and to detect the possible sources of mis/disinformation.

Abstract Background Public health decision-making structures in England have transformed since the implementation of reforms in 2013, with responsibility for public health services and planning having shifted from the “health” boundary to local authority (LA; local government) control. This transformation may have interrupted flows of research evidence use in decision-making and introduced a new political element to public health decision-making. For generators of research evidence, understanding and responding to this new landscape and decision-makers’ evidence needs is essential. Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review of the literature, drawing upon four databases and undertaking manual searching and citation tracking. Included studies were English-based, published in 2010 onwards, and were focused on public health decision-making, including the utilisation or underutilisation of research evidence use, in local (regional or sub-regional) areas. All studies presented empirical findings collected through primary research methods or through the reanalysis of existing primary data. Results From a total of 903 records, 23 papers from 21 studies were deemed to be eligible and were included for further data extraction. Three clear trends in evidence use were identified: (i) the primacy of local evidence, (ii) the important role of local experts in providing evidence and knowledge, and (iii) the high value placed on local evaluation evidence despite the varying methodological rigour. Barriers to the use of research evidence included issues around access and availability of applicable research evidence, and indications that the use of evidence could be perceived as a bureaucratic process. Two new factors resulting from reforms to public health structures were identified that potentially changed existing patterns of research evidence use and decision-making requirements: (i) greater emphasis among public health practitioners on the perceived uniqueness of LA areas and structures following devolution of public health into LAs and (ii) challenges introduced in responding to higher levels of local political accountability. Conclusions There is a need to better understand and respond to the evidence needs of decision-makers working in public health and to work more collaboratively in developing solutions to the underutilisation of research evidence in decision-making.

The project “Re-enactments events in Catalonia” seeks to identify and analyse annually occurring events that make use of cultural heritage and history for the purposes of tourism, economic promotion and dissemination, and for other festive, recreational or educational ends. The activity programmes of all active events currently held in Catalonia were analysed and quantitative data provided in order to facilitate evaluation of their role in tourism and in promoting cultural heritage. The research was overseen by the Projects and Communication Unit of the Catalan Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (ICRPC) and performed within the framework of the Cultural Heritage of Catalonia research group. Preconsolidated Research Group (GRPRE) (2017 SGR 835).

The aim of this article is to study the complete poetry of Luis de Góngora using a contrastive analysis. To this end, the poems, which do not pose any attribution problem, published in digital format by the Observatoire de la vie littéraire (OBVIL) have been selected (with the exception of theatre) and divided into three parts on the basis of a chronological criteria. Next, the tool Stylo has been used to obtain three lists of preferred and avoided words in the poems dated between 1580 and 1610 (sub-corpus A), 1611 and 1618 (sub-corpus B) and 1619 and 1625 (sub-corpus C). The results obtained allow us to characterize the contrast between these three sub-corpus, suggest an evolution of Góngora’s aesthetics and confirm a change produced in the poems written between 1611 and 1618. However, while Stylo may be useful for detecting a trend or dominant aesthetics, we believe that the data generated is unsatisfactory for analyzing the style at the scale of the sentence.

Tras la difusión de la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea de Luis de Góngora en 1613, los poetas del siglo XVII expandieron las posibilidades poéticas de la mitología clásica y establecieron un diálogo con las Metamorfosis de Ovidio creando poemas épicos breves de estilo elevado. En este artículo se pretende conseguir tres objetivos: en primer lugar, describir en términos cuantitativos un corpus de 25 fábulas mitológicas escritas por poetas como Luis de Góngora, Lope de Vega, Francisco de Quevedo, Juan de Jáuregui o Villamediana, entre otros; en segundo lugar, clasificar los textos con el paquete Stylo teniendo en cuenta como medida las palabras más frecuentes; de esta manera, se espera comprobar la validez de la división entre poetas «oscuros» y poetas «claros». Por último, analizar el léxico a partir de las palabras clave generadas con AntConc y la frecuencia relativa de los cultismos léxicos obtenidas con R.

Con este artículo se pretende, en primer lugar, revisar algunos ideas recurrentes en torno a la teoría de la crítica digital como el incremento de la escala y la interactividad; en segundo lugar, exponer los fundamentos de la codificación XML/TEI con especial atención a la representación del aparato crítico; por último, describir la metodología utilizada para codificar las variantes de copista y de autor encontradas en 22 testimonios cotejados que transmiten las Soledades de Luis de Góngora; en términos generales, se defiende que los elementos TEI , y deben contener elementos de naturaleza estructural con el objetivo de representar la variación textual de manera adecuada.

La dama boba: edición crítica y archivo digital is an ambitious project that focuses on the history of Lope de Vega’s play. It gives access to the facsimile and the modernized spelling transcription of three witnesses and it presents a critical text with an apparatus and explanatory notes. While it would benefit from documenting its markup and making all witnesses available for downloading, this edition succeeds in providing multiple views of the same work and it allows new inquiries to scholars interested in the transmission of the text.

This article aims to introduce the Spanish reader to the current debates in the English speaking community of Digital Humanities. Rather than trying to define the discipline in absolute terms the approach is broadly diachronic though some principles as interdisciplinarity and modeling, values as openness and practices as data mining and collaboracion are emphasized.

This article is divided into three sections: the first focuses on some analogies and historical parallels that shape digital technology, the hypertext and interactivity, such as the book and the printing press. My aim in the second section is to map the development of the creation of digital environments for archives, corpus, libraries and scholarly editions of medieval and Golden Age literary works by the Spanish-speaking academic community from 1986 to 2005. Of course my account cannot be comprehensive, but it aims to be representative, nevertheless. The last section traces the evolution of the relationship between the literary studies and information technology from 2006 until 2013 when the first official Digital Humanities conference took place in Spain.

We evaluate the elimination of the microscopic stage of conventional xenodiagnosis (XD) to optimize the parasitological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic Chagas disease. To this purpose we applied under informed consent two XD cages to 150 Chilean chronic chagasic patients. The fecal samples (FS) of the triatomines at 30, 60 and 90 days post feeding were divided into two parts: in one a microscopic search for mobile trypomastigote and/or epimastigote forms was performed. In the other part, DNA extraction-purification for PCR directed to the conserved region of kDNA minicircles of trypanosomes (PCR-XD), without previous microscopic observation was done. An XD was considered positive when at least one mobile T. cruzi parasite in any one of three periods of incubation was observed, whereas PCR-XD was considered positive when the 330 bp band specific for T. cruzi was detected. 25 of 26 cases with positive conventional XD were PCR-XD positive (concordance 96.2%), whereas 85 of 124 cases with negative conventional XD were positive by PCR-XD (68.5%). Human chromosome 12 detected by Real-time PCR used as exogenous internal control of PCR-XD reaction allowed to discounting of PCR inhibition and false negative in 40 cases with negative PCR-XD. Conclusion: PCR-XD performed without previous microscopic observation is a useful tool for detection of viable parasites with higher efficiency then conventional XD.

BACKGROUND:The characteristics of Emergency Department (ED) attendances due to mental or behavioural health disorders need to be described to enable appropriate development of services. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of mental health-related ED attendances within health care systems free at the point of access, including clinical reason for presentation, previous service use, and patient sociodemographic characteristics. METHOD:Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies describing ED attendances by patients with common mental health conditions. FINDINGS:18 studies from seven countries met eligibility criteria. Patients attending due to mental or behavioural health disorders accounted for 4% of ED attendances; a third were due to self-harm or suicidal ideation. 58.1% of attendees had a history of psychiatric illness and up to 58% were admitted. The majority of studies were single site and of low quality so results must be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSIONS:Prevalence studies of mental health-related ED attendances are required to enable the development of services to meet specific needs.

Los eventos de recreación histórica presentan características y contextos que los dotan de un gran potencial para desarrollar actividades de difusión del patrimonio histórico. En los últimos años se han vuelto cada vez más presentes en el programa anual de actividades municipales. El alto número y variedad de perfiles de visitantes que reciben durante su celebración los convierte en un campo con muchas posibilidades para el diseño de actividades turísticas, el apoyo de sectores económicos tradicionales y el desarrollo de políticas de difusión a través del uso del patrimonio histórico. La exploración y la utilización de estos potenciales es desigual en todos los eventos analizados en este trabajo.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite well documented disparities in health and healthcare in rural communities, evidence in relation to quality improvement (QI) interventions in those settings is still lacking. The main goals of this work were to assess the effectiveness of QI strategies designed to improve diabetes care in rural areas, and identify characteristics associated with greater success. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and 12 additional bibliographic sources. Experimental studies carried out in the OECD member countries assessing the effectiveness of QI interventions aiming to improve diabetes care in rural areas were included. The effect of the interventions and their impact on glycated hemoglobin was pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies assessing the effectiveness of twenty QI interventions were included. Interventions targeted patients (45%), clinicians (5%), the health system (15%), or several targets (35%), and consisted of the implementation of one or multiple QI strategies. Most of the interventions produced a positive impact on processes of care or diabetes self-management, but a lower effect on health outcomes was observed. Interventions with multiple strategies and targeting the health system and/or clinicians were more likely to be effective. Six QI interventions were included in the meta-analysis (1,496 patients), which showed a significant reduction in overall glycated hemoglobin of 0.41 points from baseline in those patients receiving the interventions (95% CI -0.75% to -0.07%). CONCLUSIONS: This work identified several characteristics associated with successful interventions to improve the quality of diabetes care in rural areas. Efforts to improve diabetes care in rural communities should focus on interventions with multiple strategies targeted at clinicians and/or the health system, rather than on traditional patient-oriented interventions.

A series of already published and unpublished seroepidemiological surveys for toxoplasmosis, carried out in Chile in 1982-1994, is reviewed, expanded and analyzed. The surveys included 76,317 apparently healthy individuals of different ages (0.57% of the country's total population), from 309 urban and rural-periurban localities. Urban groups were integrated by blood donors, delivering mothers and middle grade schoolchildren, while rural-periurban individuals corresponded to unselected family groups. Blood samples were collected in filter paper. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), titers > 16 were considered positive. The test resulted positive in 28,124 (36.9%) of the surveyed people. Two hundred and six (0.3%) individuals presented IHAT titers > 1000, probably corresponding to acute or reactivated infections. A progressive increase of positive IHAT from northern to southern regions of the country was noted, phenomenom probably related to geographical conditions and to a higher production and consumption of different types of meat in the latter regions. It is postulated that ingestion of T. gondii cysts by humans is epidemiologically as important as ingestion of oocysts. The results presented stress the epidemiological importance of toxoplasmosis in humans, and warn about eventual implications in immunocompromised patients and in transplacental transmission, organ transplants and transfusions.En este trabajo se revisa, se amplía y se analiza en conjunto una serie de encuestas seroepidemiológicas sobre toxoplasmosis efectuadas en Chile entre 1982 y 1994, utilizando la reacción de hemaglutinación indirecta (RHAI). El estudio incluyó 76.317 personas aparentemente sanas de diferentes edades (0,57% de la problación total del país), procedentes de 309 localidades urbanas y rural-periurbanas. Los grupos urbanos estuvieron constituídos por donantes de sangre, parturientas y escolares del nivel medio de la enseñanza básica, mientras que los habitantes rural-periurbanos correspondieron a grupos familiares no seleccionados. Las muestras de sangre fueron recolectadas en papel filtro, y fueron consideradas positivas las RHAI con títulos > 16. La RHAI resultó positiva en un total de 28.124 (36,9%) de las personas encuestadas, encontrándose títulos > 1000 en 206 (0,3%) individuos, los que probablemente correspondieron a infecciones agudas o reactivadas. Hubo un progresivo incremento de las RHAI positivas desde las regiones del extremo norte hacia las regiones del extremo sur del país, lo que podría relacionarse con una mayor humedad ambiental y con una mayor producción y consumo de diferentes tipos de carne en estas últimas. Los resultados presentados destacan la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en el hombre y alertan sobre eventuales implicancias en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, en la transmisión transplacentaria, transplantes de órganos y transfusiones.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo poner en relación el género literario y el género sexual mediante el estudio del funcionamiento del cronotopo en dos piezas narrativas de Copi (1939-1987). Siguiendo un método comparatista y con la ayuda de diferentes conceptos de teoría literaria, teoría queer y filosofía postestructuralista, se llevará a cabo un análisis, en primer lugar, de los medios con que Copi pretende transgredir las normas de género (literario y sexual); en segundo lugar, de los objetos imitados que son reapropiados según códigos no heterocentrados; por último, del modo en que el espaciamiento del tiempo en la novelística y la cuentística del escritor argentino privilegia una concepción del gender primordialmente prostética.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se realiza una aproximación cuantitativa a la evolución de los periódicos de provincias entre los años 1850 y 1860, tomando como fuente las informaciones sobre el gasto de correo para el franqueo de periódicos e impresos que publica la "Gaceta de Madrid". A partir de la constatación del peso abrumador de la prensa madrileña en el mercado periodístico nacional y del incremento de la distribución postal de periódicos en este período, las fuentes manejadas permiten avanzar algunas conclusiones provisionales: una relativa pérdida de posiciones en el mercado nacional; su fuerte componente oficialista; una clara tendencia hacia la descentralización; su estructura minifundista, de la que sólo escapa la prensa barcelonesa, sensible como la de Madrid a las leyes del mercado; la abrumadora hegemonía del poder político sobre el económico —y por tanto, de Madrid sobre la periferia— como elemento determinante del desarrollo de la prensa. Finalmente, se establecen algunos cálculos sobre las tiradas totales y por publicación de la prensa en España en este período. Palabras Clave: España Isabelina, Prensa Provincial, Correo, Empresas Periodísticas. ABSTRACT: In this article a quantitative approach is made to the evolution of provincial newspapers between the years 1850 and 1860, taking as a source infor- mation on the postal costs of newspapers and printed matter published by the "Gaceta de Madrid". Based on confirmation of the overwhelming importance of the Madrid press in the national newspaper market and the increase in the postal distribution of newspapers during this period, the sources handled allow some provisional conclusions to be advanced with relation to the provincial press: a relative loss of positions in the national market, its strong officialist component; a clear tendency towards descentralization; its "minifundista" structure, of which only the Barcelona press is free, as, like Madrid, it was also sensitive to the laws of the markett; the overwhelming hegemony of political power over economic power —and therefore of Madrid over the periphery— as a determining element in the development of the press. Finally, some calculations are established on the total print editions and the print editions of each newspaper in Spain at that time. Key words: Isabelline Spain, Provincial Press, Post, Newspaper Companies.

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