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Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has varying prevalence rates worldwide, often higher in culturally diverse populations. Cultural differences can affect autism symptom recognition. Language barriers and differing healthcare attitudes may delay diagnosis and intervention. Most autism screening tools were developed in Western, predominantly Caucasian populations, and their appropriateness in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) contexts remains uncertain. There is a lack of comprehensive data on the accuracy of these tools in identifying autism in culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Consequently, it is unclear whether current screening tools are culturally sensitive and appropriate. Methods A research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022367308). A comprehensive search of literature published from inception to October 2022 was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Medline Complete, Scopus, PsychInfo and CINAHL Complete. The articles were screened using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extracted included participant demographics, screening tool psychometric properties (validity, reliability, accuracy) and acceptability. A narrative synthesis approach was used. Results From the initial retrieval of 2310 citations, 51 articles were included for analysis. The studies were conducted in 32 different countries with screening tools in the following languages: Chinese, Spanish, Korean, Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, Serbian, Italian, French, Sinhala, Taiwanese, Finnish, Northern Soho, Albanian, German, Japanese, Vietnamese, Farsi, Greek and English. There was no data on acceptability of the screening tools in CALD populations. Validity, reliability, and accuracy ranged from poor to excellent with consistently high performance by screening tools devised within the populations they are intended for. Conclusions The review evaluated autism screening tools in culturally diverse populations, with a focus on validity, reliability, and acceptability. It highlighted variations in the effectiveness of these tools across different cultures, with high performance by tools devised specifically for the intended population, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive screening tools. Further research is needed to improve culturally specific, reliable autism screening tools for equitable assessment and intervention in diverse communities.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the restorations and soft tissues at 2 years using direct composite resin with injection molding technique to solve open gingival embrasures, also known as black triangles.Materials and Method An observational study of a case series was conducted for the treatment of black triangles. The criteria evaluated in each of the restorations were: color stability, polishing, maintenance of surface gloss, staining in the tooth/restoration margins, secondary caries, radiographic appearance of the restored emergence profile, probing depth and bleeding on probing (of the restored proximal surface), presence of plaque (of the restored proximal surface), detachment, delamination, and fracture of the restoration. The following patient satisfaction criteria were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS): aesthetic, functional and overall satisfaction.Results A total of 36 restorations were performed in the anterior aesthetic area between canines (24 upper and 12 lower). The mechanical and biological survival rate of restorations were both 100% (95%CI: 90.3–100%). Regarding mechanical complications, there were no restorations showing secondary caries, alteration of color, staining in the tooth/restoration interface, detachment, delimitation or fracture during the entire follow-up (0%; 95%CI: 0–9.7%). Regarding biological complications, there were no restorations measuring probing depth higher than 3 mm or showing an unusual radiographic appearance during the entire follow up (0%; 95%CI: 0–9.7%).Conclusions The composite injection technique using anatomical matrices is a cost-effective, minimally traumatic, predictable, and reproducible approach to achieve anterior black triangles closure and creation of pseudopapillas.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to describe some experiences of formal caregivers in geriatric care institutions in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, particularly those feelings regarding satisfaction and care interactions with the elderly. Materials and methods. This study is based on the preliminary results obtained from qualitative methods, which primarily focused on the analysis of speeches from a set of twelve interviews conducted with a sample of formal caregivers who are working within geriatric care institutions for more than 8 hours in their shift. For the analysis of the data, Atlas.ti version 9 was used. Results. In the code “Feeling regarding the satisfaction of caregivers”, the participants expressed that despite doing a very demanding job and having working conditions such as low salaries, a lack of work material, and the stress of the caregiver, their greatest reward is helping the seniors. According to the code “Interaction in Care with the Elderly”, the caregivers expressed that the gratitude on the part of the elderly and practicing empathy, love, and positive communication produce a state of emotional well-being, motivation, and perseverance within the institution. Conclusions. The effort and responsibility of formal caregivers within geriatric care institutions allow the caregiver to be humanized since it contacts him with satisfaction and strengthens his self-esteem and professional development by making him feel useful and productive within his work, where he seeks to promote the quality of life of vulnerable seniors.

BackgroundMothers with mild to moderate depression in pregnancy are at risk of developing postpartum depression. Midwife-led continuity of care may support maternal mental health throughout the perinatal period. Research is needed to better understand how continuity of care may support mothers experiencing depression in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the perspectives of mothers with mild to moderate depression and clinicians regarding continuity of care in the perinatal period.MethodFourteen mothers and clinicians participated in individual interviews or a focus group. Analysis was conducted using inductive reflexive thematic analysis with a constructivist orientation.ResultsFrom the perspectives of mothers and clinicians, continuity of care during the antenatal period benefitted mothers’ mental health by providing connection and rapport, information about pregnancy and referral options, and reassurance about whether pregnancy symptoms were normal. The experience of seeing multiple clinicians was noted by mothers to increase distress while participants discussed the value of extending continuity of care into the postpartum period, including having someone familiar checking in on them. The importance of having a second opinion and not always relying on a single provider during pregnancy was highlighted by some mothers and clinicians. Mothers also described how multiple modes of communication with a midwife can be helpful, including the ease and accessibility of text or email.ConclusionMothers and clinicians perceived benefits of continuity of care for maternal mental health. Offering midwife-led continuity of care to mothers with mild to moderate depression during the perinatal period is recommended.

Abstract Background Significant challenges remain in the early identification of child developmental disabilities in the community. Implementing supports and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental disabilities, including autism. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial, this study seeks to examine and compare the perspectives and experiences of Australian general practitioners (GPs) in relation to a digital developmental surveillance program for autism and usual care pathway, in general practice clinics. Methods A qualitative research methodology with semi-structured interviews and thematic inductive analysis underpinned by grounded theory was utilised. All GPs from South Western Sydney (NSW) and Melbourne (Victoria) who participated in the main program (“GP Surveillance for Autism”) were invited to the interview. GPs who provided consent were interviewed either over online or in-person meeting. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using NVivo12 software. Inductive interpretive approach was adopted and data were analysed thematically. Results Twenty-three GPs across the two sites (NSW: n = 11; Victoria: n = 12) agreed to be interviewed; data saturation had reached following this number of participants. Inductive thematic coding and analysis yielded eight major themes and highlighted common enablers such as the role of GPs in early identification and subsequent supports, enhanced communication between clinicians/professionals, relationship-building with patients, and having standardised screening tools. Specific facilitators to the feasibility and acceptability of a digital screening program for the early identification of developmental disabilities, including the early signs of autism, and encouraging research and education for GPs. However, several practical and socioeconomic barriers were identified, in addition to limited knowledge and uptake of child developmental screening tools as well as COVID-19 lockdown impacts. Common and specific recommendations involve supporting GPs in developmental/paediatrics training, streamlined screening process, and funding and resources in the primary healthcare services. Conclusions The study highlighted the need for practice and policy changes, including further training of GPs alongside sufficient time to complete developmental checks and appropriate financial remuneration through a Medicare billing item. Further research is needed on implementation and scale up of a national surveillance program for early identification of developmental disabilities, including autism.

Adam Smith rompió con la ortodoxia mercantilista y está más allá de ser considerado un profeta de la reacción de los conservadores. Smith estaba magníficamente en contacto con su propia época y con las cuestiones prácticas. Como economista teórico contribuyó con un sistema que aún no se había consolidado y aportó un método de cómo ordenar y gobernar la vida económica. Smith suponía que el interés privado y público coincidían. Lo que buscaba era destacar que la «mano invisible» conduce a los intereses privados y a las pasiones de los hombres hacia lo que es más conveniente a los intereses de la sociedad. Para Smith al racionalizar los instintos egoístas se podrían convertir en virtudes sociales. Entonces, los móviles egoístas de los hombres, transformados por la acción mutua entre ellos mismos, producen el resultado más inesperado: la armonía social.

BackgroundResearch on problematic internet use has largely adhered to addiction paradigms, possibly impeding the identification of specific internet behaviors related to psychopathology. This study presents a novel approach to screening for specific problematic internet behaviors by using a new measure, the emergency department media use screener (EDMUS). ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to identify patterns of internet use in young people presenting with mental health concerns to the emergency department (ED), ascertain associations with their mental health, and evaluate whether the EDMUS can be used to predict subsequent ED presentations within 3 months. MethodsThis cross-sectional retrospective study of Australian young people (N=149, aged 11-25 years; female: n=92, 61.7%) sought to use the EDMUS, a 24-item questionnaire, to identify problematic internet behaviors, including accessing or posting prosuicidal or proeating disorder content, cyberbullying, and inappropriate digital content. Data on each person’s mental health were extracted from electronic medical records to look for associations with EDMUS responses and ED re-presentation over 3 months. EDMUS items were grouped into clusters for analysis using chi-square tests, binary logistic regression, and path analyses. ResultsSharing suicidal digital content was the most common problematic internet use pattern identified by the EDMUS. However, this did not correlate with having a prior mental health diagnosis or predict readmission. Most participants had families with a concern for their internet use; however, this was less likely in participants with a diagnosis of personality disorder. Diagnoses of personality disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder were independent predictors of readmission (P=.003; P=.048). ConclusionsAlthough a history of complex psychopathology increases the likelihood of subsequent ED presentations, its links to internet use–related behaviors are still unclear. The EDMUS has potential for identifying young people who are most vulnerable to problematic internet behaviors and offers the opportunity for early intervention and potential prevention of more entrenched difficulties.

Este artículo destaca el papel del crédito bancario en una economía pequeña y abierta de la periferia que experimenta un modelo económico con soberanía monetaria, estabilidad macroeconómica y desarrollo económico y social. Desde el 2006, Bolivia impulsó un nuevo patrón de reproducción social y económica que garantizó una senda de crecimiento con estabilidad y desarrollo social. Se trata del Modelo Económico Social Comunitario Productivo (MESCP) que destaca la función social del sistema financiero con el uso productivo del crédito bancario para atender la necesidad de financiamiento de actividades productivas de sectores estratégicos de la economía, generadores de empleo e ingreso con especial atención a la demanda de la micro y pequeña empresa, artesanos y organizaciones comunitarias de productores que permitieron una experiencia para el fomento productivo de bien común.

La madera es ampliamente usada como material renovable para la industria de los muebles, para ello debe pasar por un proceso de secado que garantice calidad final del producto. Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un prototipo secador de madera para procesamiento secundario con tecnología de efecto invernadero, colectores solares de aire y sistemas de control electrónico. Para ello llevamos a cabo una investigación aplicada, no experimental, descriptiva, de corte tecnológico para transferencia de conocimiento en una empresa carpintera donde construimos el prototipo con un sistema de medición, monitoreo y control de la temperatura y humedad, bajo un sistema IoT con un Arduino Mega 2 560 y un Raspberry Pi, aplicando algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo. Logramos construir el prototipo para secar diferentes especies de madera con una capacidad promedio de 1 078 pies, con un tiempo de secado de 5,3 días, con un 95% de maderas sin deformaciones y 100% en uniformidad del color. El secador permite tener resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a las características físicas de la madera con porcentajes altamente aceptables.

Background and study aims Mucinous pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) have the potential for malignant transformation, for which the only accepted curative modality is surgery. A novel intracystic therapy with large surface area microparticle paclitaxel (LSAM-PTX) may treat PCLs without local or systemic toxicities. Safety and preliminary efficacy of LSAM-PTX for the treatment of PCLs administered by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle injection (EUS-FNI) was evaluated. Patients and methods Ten subjects with confirmed PCLs (size > 1.5 cm) received intracystic LSAM-PTX via EUS-FNI at volumes equal to those aspirated from the cyst in sequential cohorts at 6, 10, and 15 mg/mL in a standard “3 + 3” dose-escalation protocol. The highest dose with acceptable safety and tolerability was taken into the confirmatory phase where nine additional subjects received two injections of LSAM-PTX 12 weeks apart. Subjects were followed for 6 months after initial LSAM-PTX treatment for endpoints including: adverse events (AEs), tolerability, pharmacokinetic analysis of systemic paclitaxel drug levels, and change in cyst volume. Results Nineteen subjects completed the study. No dose-limiting toxicities, treatment-related serious AEs, or clinically significant laboratory changes were reported. Systemic paclitaxel concentrations did not exceed 3.5 ng/mL at any timepoint measured and fell below 1 ng/mL by Week 2, supporting the lack of systemic toxicity. By Week 24 a cyst volume reduction (10–78 %) was seen in 70.6 % of subjects. Conclusions Intracystic injection of LSAM-PTX into mucinous PCLs resulted in no significant AEs, a lack of systemic absorption, and resulted in reduction of cyst volume over a 6 month period.

Objectives Implementing support and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental conditions including autism. This study examined parents’/caregivers’ experiences and perceptions about a digital developmental surveillance pathway for autism, the autism surveillance pathway (ASP), and usual care, the surveillance as usual (SaU) pathway, in the primary healthcare general practice setting.Design This qualitative study involves using a convenience selection process of the full sample of parents/caregivers that participated in the main programme, ‘General Practice Surveillance for Autism’, a cluster-randomised controlled trial study. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded using NVivo V.12 software. An inductive thematic interpretive approach was adopted and data were analysed thematically.Participants Twelve parents/caregivers of children with or without a developmental condition/autism (who participated in the main programme) in South Western Sydney and Melbourne were interviewed.Settings All interviews were completed over the phone.Results There were seven major themes and 20 subthemes that included positive experiences, such as pre-existing patient–doctor relationships and their perceptions on the importance of knowing and accessing early support/services. Barriers or challenges experienced while using the SaU pathway included long waiting periods, poor communication and lack of action plans, complexity associated with navigating the healthcare system and lack of understanding by general practitioners (GPs). Common suggestions for improvement included greater awareness/education for parents/carers and the availability of accessible resources on child development for parents/caregivers.Conclusion The findings support the use of digital screening tools for developmental surveillance, including for autism, using opportunistic contacts in the general practice setting.Trial registration number ANZCTR (ACTRN12619001200178).

Introduction Continuity of child and family healthcare is vital for optimal child health and development for developmentally vulnerable children. Migrant and refugee communities are often at-risk of poor health outcomes, facing barriers to health service attendance including cultural, language, limited health literacy, discrimination and unmet psychosocial needs. ‘Integrated health-social care hubs’ are physical hubs where health and social services are co-located, with shared referral pathways and care navigation.Aim Our study will evaluate the impact, implementation and cost-benefit of the First 2000 Days Care Connect (FDCC) integrated hub model for pregnant migrant and refugee women and their infants.Materials and methods This study has three components. Component 1 is a non-randomised controlled trial to compare the FDCC model of care with usual care. This trial will allocate eligible women to intervention and control groups based on their proximity to the Hub sites. Outcome measures include: the proportion of children attending child and family health (CFH) nurse services and completing their CFH checks to 12 months of age; improved surveillance of growth and development in children up to 12 months, post partum; improved breastfeeding rates; reduced emergency department presentations; and improved maternal well-being. These will be measured using linked medical record data and surveys. Component 2 will involve a mixed-method implementation evaluation to clarify how and why FDCC was implemented within the sites to inform future roll-out. Component 3 is a within-trial economic evaluation from a healthcare perspective to assess the cost-effectiveness of the Hubs relative to usual care and the implementation costs if Hubs were scaled and replicated.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was granted by the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee in July 2021 (Project ID: 020/ETH03295). Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences.Trial registration number ACTRN12621001088831.

Introduction The increasing prevalence of developmental disorders in early childhood poses a significant global health burden. Early detection of developmental problems is vital to ensure timely access to early intervention, and universal developmental surveillance is recommended best practice for identifying issues. Despite this, there is currently considerable variation in developmental surveillance and screening between Australian states and territories and low rates of developmental screening uptake by parents. This study aims to evaluate an innovative web-based developmental surveillance programme and a sustainable approach to referral and care pathways, linking primary care general practice (GP) services that fall under federal policy responsibility and state government-funded child health services.Methods and analysis The proposed study describes a longitudinal cluster randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) comparing a ‘Watch Me Grow Integrated’ (WMG-I) approach for developmental screening, to Surveillance as Usual (SaU) in GPs. Forty practices will be recruited across New South Wales and Queensland, and randomly allocated into either the (1) WMG-I or (2) SaU group. A cohort of 2000 children will be recruited during their 18-month vaccination visit or opportunistic visit to GP. At the end of the c-RCT, a qualitative study using focus groups/interviews will evaluate parent and practitioner views of the WMG-I programme and inform national and state policy recommendations.Ethics and dissemination The South Western Sydney Local Health District (2020/ETH01625), UNSW Sydney (2020/ETH01625) and University of Queensland (2021/HE000667) Human Research Ethics Committees independently reviewed and approved this study. Findings will be reported to the funding bodies, study institutes and partners; families and peer-reviewed conferences/publications.Trial registration number ANZCTR12621000680864.

Objective To examine and synthesise the literature on adverse childhood experience (ACE) screening in clinical and healthcare settings servicing children (0–11) and young people (12–25).Design A systematic review of literature was undertaken.Data source PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and CINAHL were searched through June 2021. Additional searches were also undertaken.Eligibility criteria English language studies were included if they reported results of an ACE tool being used in a clinical or healthcare setting, participants were aged between 0 and 25 years and the ACE tool was completed by children/young people or by parents/caregivers/clinicians on behalf of the child/young person. Studies assessing clinicians’ views on ACE screening in children/young people attending health settings were also included.Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed for risk of bias using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results were synthesised qualitatively.Results Initial searches identified 5231 articles, of which 36 were included in the final review. Findings showed that the most commonly used tool for assessing ACE was the ACE questionnaire; administering ACE tools was found to be feasible and acceptable; there were limited studies looking at the utility, feasibility and acceptability of assessing for ACE in First Nations people; and while four studies provided information on actions taken following ACE screening, no follow-up data were collected to determine whether participants accessed services and/or the impact of accessing services.Conclusion As the evidence stands, widespread ACE screening is not recommended for routine clinical use. More research is needed on how and what specific ACE to screen for and the impact of screening on well-being.PROSPERO registration number University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD42021260420).

This article compares the lifetime, operating temperature, electronic component condition and electronic board condition of three LED lamps. In the first focus, no thermal paste was applied. In the second focus, thermal paste was applied only on the contact surface of the LED chip card and the heatsink. In the third focus, thermal paste was applied in and around the contact zone, generating a larger contact surface. It was observed that, in the third focus, the thermal paste applied in and around the contact surface optimizes heat transfer to the heatsink.

Resumen El artículo se inscribe en una investigación que surge de la necesidad de pesquisar la interacción de profesores noveles con herramientas digitales para mediar la lectura literaria. El corpus literario del currículo chileno está integrado en su mayoría por clásicos y su enseñanza requiere de diversas estrategias. Los profesores noveles al insertarse en una escuela deben enseñar esta literatura y cumplir una serie de requerimientos que complejiza su mediación. A partir de este problema se propuso analizar la recepción de un hipertexto didáctico digital en un grupo de seis profesores de Castellano en Santiago de Chile el año 2017 para conocer sus necesidades, percepciones y creencias sobre la mediación de esta literatura a través del uso digital en el aula de secundaria. El enfoque utilizado es cualitativo centrado en el diseño sistemático de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los instrumentos aplicados son entrevistas, relatos de vida lectora y un hipertexto digital multimodal diseñado para tal fin. Las categorías levantadas fueron consolidadas a través del análisis de contenido. Los resultados revelan que estos profesores noveles asumen las prácticas mediadoras de su institución, son aprensivos con el uso digital para enseñar la literatura y su incipiente práctica docente profundiza su carencia en la alfabetización digital didáctica. Se concluye que su relación con la literatura y sus percepciones para enseñarla afectan la mediación e interacción con hipertextos digitales, por lo tanto, la identidad lectora y el hipertexto digital multimodal deben ser considerados dentro de la formación inicial docente.

El 10 de noviembre del año 2019 tuvo lugar un golpe de Estado en Bolivia imponiendo un gobierno de facto con base en los mandos militar y policial que amenaza la continuidad de un modelo económico que inició en 2006 y se le atribuyen 14 años de un Estado soberano y económicamente fuerte que recobro la soberanía monetaria para ese país. Hasta el 2005 Bolivia era una economía con dolarización de facto: el dólar era utilizado en Bolivia como unidad de cuenta, depósito de valor y medio de intercambio. Durante los años ochenta y noventa del siglo pasado, los niveles de dolarización financiera alcanzaban el 80% y 90% para depósitos y créditos, respectivamente. Condición que se mantenía hasta mediados de la primera década del siglo XXI. Bolivia era uno de los países más dolarizados del mundo. Desde 2006 se implementaron una serie de políticas dirigidas a la creación de mecanismos que promovían un mayor uso de la moneda nacional, repercutiendo positivamente en la recuperación de las funciones del peso boliviano. Se define como bolivianización (desdolarización) al proceso paulatino, gradual y de largo plazo mediante el cual la moneda nacional recobra en mayor grado las funciones convencionales del dinero, lo anterior como la causa básica para rescatar la soberanía monetaria, mientras que los mecanismos de propagación se encuentran en el comportamiento de los créditos y depósitos.

Background: The early detection of developmental conditions such as autism is vital to ensure children can access appropriate and timely evidence-based supports, services, and interventions. Children who have undetected developmental conditions early in life are more likely to develop later health, developmental, learning, and behavioral issues, which in turn can have a cumulative effect over the life course.Methods: The current protocol describes a multi-site, cluster randomized control trial comparing a developmental surveillance pathway for autism to usual care, using opportunistic visits to general practitioners (GPs). Units of randomization are GP clinics across two Australian states (New South Wales and Victoria), with thirty clinics within each state, each of which will aim to recruit approximately forty children aged between ~18- and 24-months, for a total of ~2,400 participants. Children will be randomized to two clusters; namely, an autism surveillance pathway (ASP) or surveillance as usual (SaU). The screening process for the ASP arm involves primary and secondary screenings for developmental concerns for autism, using both parent and GP reports and observations. Children in both arms who show signs of developmental concerns for autism will be offered a full developmental assessment by the research team at 24 months of age to determine the efficacy of developmental surveillance in successfully identifying children with autism.Trial Registration: The trial is registered with ANZCTR (ACTRN12619001200178) and reporting of the trial results will be according to recommendations in the CONSORT Statement.

BackgroundFrom birth, the human propensity to selectively attend and respond to critical super-stimuli forms the basis of future socio-emotional development and health. In particular, the first super-stimuli to preferentially engage and elicit responses in the healthy newborn are the physical touch, voice and face/eyes of caregivers. From this grows selective attention and responsiveness to emotional expression, scaffolding the development of empathy, social cognition, and other higher human capacities. In this paper, the protocol for a longitudinal, prospective birth-cohort study is presented. The major aim of this study is to map the emergence of individual differences and disturbances in the system of social-Responsiveness, Emotional Attention, and Learning (REAL) through the first 3 years of life to predict the specific emergence of the major childhood mental health problems, as well as social adjustment and impairment more generally. A further aim of this study is to examine how the REAL variables interact with the quality of environment/caregiver interactions.Methods/DesignA prospective, longitudinal birth-cohort study will be conducted. Data will be collected from four assessments and mothers' electronic medical records.DiscussionThis study will be the first to test a clear developmental map of both the unique and specific causes of childhood psychopathology and will identify more precise early intervention targets for children with complex comorbid conditions.

Reseña del libro, Critical Essays on the Privatisation Experience, Palgrave Macmillan (International Papers in Political Economy), Basingstoke y Nueva York, 2009, 252 pp., ISBN 978-1-4039-9936-8.

Abstract Background The upper half of the human small intestine, known as the jejunum, is the primary site for absorption of nutrient-derived carbohydrates, amino acids, small peptides, and vitamins. In contrast to the colon, which contains 1011–1012 colony forming units of bacteria per ml (CFU/ml), the normal jejunum generally ranges from 103 to 105 CFU per ml. Because invasive procedures are required to access the jejunum, much less is known about its bacterial microbiota. Bacteria inhabiting the jejunal lumen have been investigated by classical culture techniques, but not by culture-independent metagenomics. Results The lumen of the upper jejunum was sampled during enteroscopy of 20 research subjects. Culture on aerobic and anaerobic media gave live bacterial counts ranging from 5.8 × 103 CFU/ml to 8.0 × 106 CFU/ml. DNA from the same samples was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-specific quantitative PCR, yielding values from 1.5 × 105 to 3.1 × 107 bacterial genomes per ml. When calculated for each sample, estimated bacterial viability ranged from effectively 100% to a low of 0.3%. 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of uncultured bacteria by Illumina MiSeq sequencing gave detailed microbial composition by phylum, genus and species. The genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella and Fusobacterium, were especially abundant, as well as non-oral genera including Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. The jejunum was devoid of the genera Alistipes, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, and other extreme anaerobes abundant in the colon. In patients with higher bacterial loads, there was no significant change in microbial species composition. Conclusions The jejunal lumen contains a distinctive bacterial population consisting primarily of facultative anaerobes and oxygen-tolerant obligate anaerobes similar to those found in the oral cavity. However, the frequent abundance of Enterobacteriaceae represents a major difference from oral microbiota. Although a few genera are shared with the colon, we found no evidence for retrograde movement of the most abundant colonic microbes to the jejunum. Some individuals had much higher bacterial loads, but this was not correlated with decreases in bacterial species diversity or other evidence of dysbiosis.

El objetivo se enfocó en caracterizar el potencial antagonista de PGPR en inhibición al desarrollo micelial, conidios en F. oxysporum y esporas en M. roreri. La técnica de PCR se empleó para la identificación de F. oxysporum y M. roreri. Seleccionando las bacterias: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BMR2-12, Klebsiella variicola BO3-4, Enterobacter asburiae BA4-19, Enterobacter asburiae PM3-14, Pseudomonas protegens CHA0, Pseudomonas veronii R4 y Bacillus subtilis. Se evaluaron actividades antagónicas: a) Inhibición micelial en F. oxysporum y M. roreri; b) Reducción en producción de conidios y esporas por 12 y 15 días post-incubación. La PCR confirmó la amplificación de 670 pb para F. oxysporum. La secuenciación de 750 pb definió un grado de similitud del 99% a M. roreri, al compararse con el GenBank de NCBI. La aplicación de B. subtilis es de mayor actividad antagónica a inhibición (micelial y conidios) con (95 y 90%) a F. oxyporum. La actividad de BO3-4 en M. roreri inhibe totalmente el desarrollo micelial y la producción de esporas 12 y 15 días post-incubación respectivamente. La selección de estos bio-controladores y su aplicación como consorcio ofrecerá una alternativa para beneficiar en la reducción de agroquímicos al cultivo de tomate y cacao.

Existe una estrecha relación entre el fortalecimiento del proceso de financiarización y la gestión de las diferentes monedas. Dicha relación aparece cuando en los espacios monetarios locales se abandona la demanda de moneda nacional en beneficio de alguna otra moneda o cualquier objeto especulativo. Se trata de una política económica a favor del beneficio financiero. En la gestión de las monedas locales, se impone la nueva norma de las altas finanzas: remuneración elevada, inflación escasa. El tipo de cambio en México está en función de las condiciones de confianza y rentabilidad del beneficio financiero. Las fluctuaciones en el tipo de cambio se convirtien en un factor determinante de las variaciones experimentadas por los flujos de tesorería, las ventas, los beneficios y los activos de las grandes empresas dedicadas a la actividad productiva cotizados en diversas monedas. Lo anterior se traduce en un atractivo para el capital monopolista ­financiero local, pues significa no sólo mantener su riqueza financiera y recibir íntegramente sus intereses, sino que también verse premiadas con un beneficio financiero, en su propia moneda. La certidumbre relativa sobre la evolución del tipo de cambio en la economía mexicana es una acción necesaria para que un sector importante de las grandes empresas relacionadas al capital – monopolista financiero mantenga sus condiciones de rentabilidad.

Genomic analysis of the kelp fly Fucellia costalis (Family Anthomyiidae) from Asilomar beach, Pacific Grove, California, resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,175 bp in length, A + T biased (78.1%), contains 37 genes, a large 1356 bp control region, and has a high-level of gene synteny to other Muscoidea. Phylogenetic analysis of F. costalis fully resolves it in a clade with two members of the Anthomyiidae, Delia platura (8.2% pairwise genetic distance) and D. antiqua (9.2% distance), in a sister position to Scathophaga stercoraria (7.8% distance) from the Scathophagidae. The phylogenetic position and genetic distances of F. costalis support the continued recognition of the subfamily Fucellinae. This identification and data extends the distributional range of F. costalis northward from California to Vancouver Island, Canada.

Sobre la base de la teoría de la regulación se desarrolla una amplia reflexión sobre los mecanismos, formas y expresión de la crisis. Se analiza desde una perspectiva histórica las características tanto del modo de regulación como del régimen de acumulación. Mediante una revisión de estos estatutos teóricos se explica de manera sólida la crisis actual en un contexto del largo plazo.

Reseña al Libro de Eugenia Correa, Arturo Guillén y Gregorio Vidal (coordinadores), Capitalismo ¿Recuperación? ¿Descomposición?, Miguel Ángel Porrúa Editor-UAM–Iztapalapa, 2010, pp. 198

La reflexión final subraya que la rentabilidad para las grandes empresas no tiene como única fuente y muchas veces ni siquiera preferentemente su actividad productiva sino las colocaciones financieras. Se sostiene que en tiempos de financiarización, un sector importante de grandes empresas que operan en México mantiene condiciones de rentabilidad, a pesar de socavar su propia actividad productiva. Se analiza el comportamiento de las tesorerías de algunos de los grandes grupos de capital privado con origen en México para mostrar la manera en que manejaron sus flujos de efectivo para la construcción de su beneficio. El objetivo es destacar que estas empresas persiguen resultados a corto plazo ligados a la exigencia de obtención de cuantiosas rentas, más que su capacidad productiva y la generación de ganancias estables a largo plazo. Se seleccionó una muestra de cuatro grandes empresas que son propiedad de inversionistas del país con asociaciones diversas de capital externo. Se examina mediante su información contable y financiera para ilustrar la magnitud de sus beneficios financieros en relación a los productivos. Son empresas situadas en sectores económicos dinámicos y estratégicos de la economía mexicana durante los últimos treinta años.

We interrogated the genetic modulation of maternal oxytocin response and its association with maternal behavior using genetic risk scores within the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. We identified a novel SNP, rs968389, to be significantly associated with maternal oxytocin response after a challenging mother-infant interaction task (Still Face Paradigm) and maternal separation anxiety from the infant. Performing a multiallelic analysis across OXTR by calculating a cumulative genetic risk score revealed a significant gene-by-environment (G×E) interaction, with OXTR genetic risk score interacting with adult separation anxiety to modulate levels of maternal sensitivity. Mothers with higher OXTR genetic risk score and adult separation anxiety showed significantly reduced levels of maternal sensitivity during free play with the infant. The same G×E interaction was also observed for the extended OXTR cumulative genetic risk score that included rs968389. Moreover, the extended cumulative OXTR genetic risk score itself was found to be significantly associated with maternal separation anxiety as it specifically relates to the infant. Our results suggest a complex montage of individual and synergistic genetic mediators of maternal behavior. These findings add to specific knowledge about genetic regulation of maternal oxytocin response in relation to maternal adjustment and infant bonding through the first few months of life.

Se expusieron a la atmósfera probetas de aceros estructurales de bajo contenido de carbono, en varios sitios de Colombia y Cuba, que se retiraron a intervalos de 2, 3, 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses. Se determinó la corrosión por pérdida de masa y se buscaron relaciones de causalidad con el tiempo de exposición y las cantidades de cloruro y óxidos de azufre depositados. El análisis permitió ajustar modelos de regresión múltiple y también, a través de variables dicótomas, realizar la comparación de la corrosión atmosférica entre Colombia y Cuba, mediante análisis de covarianza.

Seismicity recorded from June 1994 to May 1995 on a portable network of analog and digital seismic stations defines the geometry of the Wadati-Benioff zone under Chiapas and the distributions of the principal stresses along the subducted slab. Seismicity at the outer-rise region is not well located. A Poisson’s ratio of 0.24 was calculated for the crust of Chiapas. We located 321 earthquakes in the magnitude range from 3.3 to 5.6. Hypocenters define a Wadati-Benioff zone 39±4 km thick dipping 40° ± 3° to N45° E. Earthquake depths range from 10 km to 300 km. The Cocos plate dips nearly 25° in Oaxaca, 30° to 35° under the Gulf of Tehuantepec and 40° to the Southeast. A major change in dip occurs at the intersection of the Tehuantepec Ridge with the Middle America Trench. Seismicity in this zone is diffuse to depths of 200 km. Our data suggests a gradual increase of the dip of the Cocos plate from Oaxaca to Chiapas. Focal mechanisms of events with depths less than 50 km indicate that the subducted crust is under tension in this region, while at depths between 50 and 200 km there is a mixed pattern of stress distribution. At depths from 200 to 300 km the subducted lithosphere is under down-dip compression.

La sismicidad registrada desde junio de 1994 a mayo de 1995, en una red portátil de estaciones sismológicas analógicas y digitales, definieron la geometría de la zona Wadati-Benioff bajo Chiapas, así como la distribución de los esfuerzos principales en la placa subducida. La sismicidad localizada en el antearco no fue bien localizada. Un módulo de Poisson de 0.24 fue calculado para la corteza de Chiapas. 321 sismos fueron localizados en el rango de magnitudes entre 3.3 y 5.6. Los hipocentros definieron la zona Wadati-Benioff de 39±4 km de grueso buzando 40°±3° hacia N45°E. La profundidad de los sismos varió entre 10 a 300 km. La placa de Cocos buza aproximadamente 25° en Oaxaca, 30° bajo el Golfo de Tehuantepec y 40° hacia el sudeste. Un fuerte cambio en el buzamiento de la placa de Cocos ocurre en la intersección de la cordillera de Tehuantepec y la Trinchera de Centro Amé- rica. La sismicidad en esta zona es difusa hasta profundidades de 200 km. Nuestros datos sugieren un incremento gradual del buzamiento de la placa de Cocos de Oaxaca a Chiapas. Los mecanismos focales de eventos con profundidades menores de 50 km indican que la placa subducida está bajo tensión, mientras que a profundidades entre 50 y 200 km la placa experimenta un régimen mixto de esfuerzos. A profundidades entre 200 y 300 km la litosfera subducida está bajo un régimen comprensivo en la dirección del buzamiento. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1999.38.2.386

El artículo recoge una revisión de la proyección de las opciones de investigación más adecuadas para conocer el análisis del espacio educativo y de investigación correspondiente a ‘primeras lenguas’ y a ‘lenguas extranjeras’. Ese espacio, cada vez menos diferenciado, se está modificando a partir de conceptos y orientaciones como educación plurilingüe, competencia plurilingüe se ha entrado en una interesante intersección metodológica y conceptual en la que entran en juego supuestos propios de la formación en L1 junto a otros propios de L2 / LE, como se indica en los documentos de la CE. El desarrollo de nuevas competencias, multilingüismo y plurilingüismo, enseñanza integrada de contenidos, la reflexión crítica del docente, etc. se encaminan hacia la convergencia con los planteamientos marco, favorecidos por orientaciones constructivistas. Las didácticas específicas hacen posible que la investigación educativa emerja realmente de las mismas aulas, con el soporte de propuestas y modelos de investigación en y desde el aula, especialmente gracias a las opciones etnográficas, la observación participante y la investigación- acción –“a quiet methodological revolution”, según Denzin y Lincoln, (1998).