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Aims: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate agronomic performance of four pepper genotypes under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the nutritional content of their fruits. Study Design: Was with the completely randomized model with four treatments (genotypes P-01, P-02, P-03 and P-04) and four repetitions each. The comparison of means was by Tukey ≤.05. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental greenhouse "The Bajío” Buenavista, Plant Breeding Department of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. between March 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: Four genotypes of bell pepper were evaluated (P-01, P-02, P-03 and P-04), through the quantification and determination of morphological variables, yield, as well as the physicochemical and nutritional quality of the pepper fruits. Results: Significant statistical differences were identified in the number of fruits per plant, highlighting P-03, P-04 with 13.81 and 13.53 fruits, in fruit length, the P-01 genotype exceeded the rest of the genotypes by more than 16.5 %. For physicochemical evaluations there were no significant differences, however, there was a 10 % increase in firmness and mesocarp thickness in the P-03 and P-04 genotypes. Regarding carotenoids, P-03 had 52 % more than the rest of the genotypes, the P-01 genotype stood out in antioxidant capacity with 6 and 15 % for ABTS and FRAP, while the P-02 genotype stood out in a 26 % for DDPH. The color of the fruits turned out to be yellow red, highlighting P-03 and P-02 in terms of luminosity. Conclusion: Due to the length of the fruits, the genetic potential of the P-03 genotype could be exploited, while due to the number of fruits harvested per plant, the genotypes with the greatest potential are P-02 and P-04. The variables with differences between treatments can lead to the selection of genotypes of better commercial quality and greater fruit set.

Aims: To determine the agronomic response of the bell pepper grown in open field to the application of the Ultrasol chile® fertilizer via fertigation. Study Design: It was with the completely randomized model with five treatments (T0 or control, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile®) and four repetitions each. The comparison of means was by Tukey ≤ .05. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental fields "the Bajío” Buenavista, Plant Breeding Department of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. between June 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: In bell pepper five treatments were applied (T0 or control, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile®). The treatments were carried out via fertigation and applied three times a week, the applications started 15 days after the transplant and until the end of the cycle. Results: The yield behaved in a similar way with the applied doses of the fertilizer, however, they exceeded the control by more than 90%. Average fruit weight (AFW), fruit length (FL) and equatorial diameter of fruit (EDF) showed a differential statistical response, in which the application of 1 g L-1 of Ultrasol chile® via fertigation resulted in a better response and it surpassed the control in 120, 44 and 13.5% respectively. The height of the plant was statistically similar between the control and the 1.2 and 0.8 g L-1 treatments. The correlations indicate that the crop yield is a function of the AFW, FL and NFP, in turn the FL and EDF, are what determine the AFW. Conclusion: The most appropriate dose of Ultrasol chile® for bell pepper grown in the open field was 1 g L-1, since it improves the average weight of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit and length of fruit, therefore, there is feasibility in the use of this commercial formulation.

El maíz morado posee granos con un color morado intenso y se debe a la presencia de antocianinas: subfamilia importante de flavonoides, que abundan en diferentes partes de las plantas, como: en flores, frutos, semillas, hojas de plantas, por ejemplo; cerezas, frambuesas, repollo morado, berenjena y por supuesto el maíz. Es por ello, que es de vital importancia identificar genotipos con mayor capacidad de adaptabilidad, además de estas dos variables importantes, cabe resaltar la necesidad de buscar genotipos tolerantes o resistentes a plagas y enfermedades que representen una fuente de genes de resistencia potencialmente útiles en programas de mejoramiento genético, para el beneficio de los agricultores y sobre todo agricultores de autoconsumo, los cuales utilizan su producción para su alimento, por ejemplo, en el estado de Guerrero la producción de maíces para autoconsumo es similar al 85% del territorio total. Los granos de este maíz poseen una de las tonalidades más profundas del reino vegetal (Figura 1), motivo por el cual ha llamado la atención ya que podría servir como fuente de alternativas a los colorantes sintéticos, por ejemplo, también podría representar una fuente de trabajo para la sociedad ya que con este tipo de maíz se puede preparar bebidas, postres tradicionales, colorantes naturales que podrían ser una alternativa de ingreso económico a la sociedad, en el INIFAP Campo Experimental Iguala, Guerrero, destacan el Dr. Noel Orlando Gómez Montiel y el Dr. Cesar del Ángel Hernández Galeano con la producción de V-239 AZ: primera variedad criolla mejorada de grano azul para la región semicálida de Guerrero.

Sorghum contains antioxidants such as tannins. However, these are considered antinutritional factors since they are responsible for the low digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, these can be extracted by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of SSF from Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger Aa210 on the tannin contents, phenolic profiles determined by HPLC-MS, and antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) of two genotypes of sorghum. The results showed that with SSF by A. niger Aa210, a higher tannin content was obtained, with yields of 70–84% in hydrolyzable tannins (HT) and 33–49% in condensed tannins (CT), while with SSF by A. oryzae the content of HT decreased by 2–3% and that of CT decreased by 6–23%. The extracts fermented by A. niger at 72 and 84 h exhibited a higher antioxidant activity. In the extracts, 21 polyphenols were identified, such as procyanidins, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, scutellarein, arbutin, and eriodictyol, among others. Therefore, SSF by A. niger was an efficient process for the release of phenolic compounds that can be used as antioxidants in different food products. It is also possible to improve the bioavailability of nutrients in sorghum through SSF. However, more studies are required.

Objective: Calibrate two non-linear models, in three intermediate triple hybrids, by theoretically comparing the accumulation of dry matter in relation to the days after sowing. Methodology: The cuts were every 14 days, from 30 to 170 das, and were adjusted to the Logistic and Richards models. The experimental design was a randomized block, with three replications. Results: The models explained most of the total dry matter yield in corn, observed in the field at 83%. The best fit model was the logistic model in cultivar AN447 and the Richards model in cultivar A7573, both with R2=0.98. The maximum yield simulated with the Richards model was shown in AN447 with 22,616 kg DM ha-1 and the lowest in AN388 with 10,970 kg DM ha-1. Limitations/Implications: Tests of other models in the same conditions and in other environmental conditions with the models under study. Conclusion: The Logistic model allows to simulate with greater precision the yield of dry matter in corn, by using the days after planting as an independent variable.

Aims: The objective was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the strawberry crop under supplementary foliar applications in a vertical system. Study Design: The experimental design used in each test was the completely randomized experimental model with six treatments and four repetitions each. The treatments were Control, Estimulante plus®, AeroBiot®, BasfoliarAktiv®, Basfoliar PS® and HPLS. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out under a greenhouse in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. From October 20, 2019 to February 20, 2020. Methodology: The San Andreas strawberry variety was used, the vertical system consisted of 4” PVC tubes, 1.2 m long, with 5 cm diameter perforations, a mixture of peat moss and perlite was used as substrate in a ratio 70:30 %. The foliar applications were carried out every week, stimulant plus®, AeroBiot®, Basfoliar Activ® and HPLS were at a rate of 2 ml L-1, Basfoliar PS® was at a rate of 2 g L-1, the control was only distilled water. Results: The foliar application of AeroBiot® statistically improved the average weight of the fruit and exceeded the control by 16.7 %, the length of the fruit was statistically similar between the applications of BasfoliarActiv®, AeroBiot®, Basfoliar PS® and HPLS, the rest of the variables showed a similar statistical behavior. Conclusion: The agronomic performance of strawberry cultivation in a vertical system was similar between supplementary foliar applications of products containing macro and microelements, amino acids and protein hydrolysates, while worm leachates such as AeroBiot® improve the average weight of the fruit.

Sorghum is the fifth cereal most produced in the world after wheat, rice, maize, and barley. In some regions, this crop is replacing maize, due to its high yield, resistance to drought and heat. There are several varieties of sorghum, whose coloration varies from cream, lemon-yellow, red, and even black. Pigmented sorghum grain is a rich source of antioxidants like polyphenols, mainly tannins, which have multiple benefits on human health such as, antiproliferative properties associated with the prevention of certain cancers, antioxidant activities related to the prevention of associated diseases to oxidative stress, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, it also improves glucose metabolism. Despite having these types of compounds, it is not possible to assimilate them, their use in the food industry has been limited, since sorghum is considered a food of low nutritional value, due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as strong tannins which form complexes with proteins and iron, thus reducing their digestibility. Based on these restrictions that this product has had as food for humans, the analysis of this review emphasizes the valorization of sorghum as a source of bioactive substances and the importance they confer on human health because of the biological potential it has.

Sorghum (Sorghum (L.) Moench) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and produced for food, feed, and forage. However, several species of insect pests affect sorghum production, especially sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), the most important recent pest. The objective of this research was to identify composition of functional groups of chemicals during sorghum-aphid interaction. Eight experimental lines and two commercial sorghum hybrids were evaluated at the vegetative and reproductive stages at 70 and 100 days after sowing. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications divided into natural conditions (non-chemical treatment) or with chemical treatment for pest control. The agronomic variables of plant height, leaf area, stalk diameter, internode number, number of aphids per area, and total soluble solids were evaluated. LES267NCT in natural conditions was less infested by aphids and considered a resistant genotype, surpassing commercial hybrid P82G63. Conversely, LESSONU was very infested. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed several functional groups such as OH in hydrogenated aromatic, aliphatic, and phenolic alcoholic compounds, tannins, and methylene groups in aromatic compounds, lipids, and lignin.

Objective: To evaluate ten triticale genotypes to assess the quality of the seeds under two production systems, with cut and without cut, in the municipalities of Matamoros (L1) and Francisco I. Madero (L2), Coahuila,Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: The agronomic variables evaluated were: Grain yield (GY), number of seeds per spike (NSS), spike length (SL), number of spikelets per spike (SS) and plant height (PH). Variables in the laboratory were: normal seedlings (NS), abnormal seedlings (AS), seeds without germinating (SWG), dry seedling weight (DW), plumule length (PL) and radicle length (RL). Statistical analysis was performed with the PROC ANOVA procedure, of the SAS software.Results: A higher grain yield was found for Matamoros (L1) compared to Francisco I. Madero (L2); however,for the variable number of seeds per spike it was higher in the latter (L2). For the physiological quality of seeds in L2, the highest values were in the variables normal seedlings and radicle length. In the comparison of production systems, the best response was for the system without cut in both locations; therefore, good quality triticale seed can be produced with acceptable grain yield.Study Limitations/Implications: It is necessary to describe the performance of triticale in the springsummer agricultural cycle in the central region of the country.Findings/Conclusions: The productive performance of triticale genotypes was variable depending on the production system, and there was also a different effect on the physiological quality of the harvested seed

Objective: To determine the effect of colored plastic mulches on the foliar micromorphology of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized statistical model was used with five treatments (black, white, blue, red and green padding) with three repetitions each, 95% reliability and Tukey's mean test ?0.05. To quantify the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) a portable GreenSeeker® sensor was used, for the measurement of total soluble solids an Atago® brand Digital refractometer, the density and stomatal index, length and width of stomata were determined with a microscope Carl Zeeis with integrated camera and AxionVisionRel measurement software 4.8. Results: The results did not show significant differences in NDVI and total soluble solids. The micromorphological variables of adaxial stomatal density and adaxial stomatal index, were superior in the blue padding and exceeded the black padding in 95 % and 50 % respectively, the rest of the micromorphological variables were statistically similar, the yield per plant was statistically similar in the black, white, red and green padding, while blue was less yield. Study limitations / implications: The blue padding improves micromorphological characteristics, but not the yield of the husk tomato crop. Findings / conclusions: With colored plastic padding, some of the foliar micromorphological characteristics of the husk tomato crop are modified, however, an improvement in these variables does not necessarily improve the crop yield, which is probably due to the radiation absorbed and reflected by colored plastic padding. Keywords: Physalis ixocarpa, stomatic density, stomatic index, epidermal cells.

The objective of this study was to determine the oxidative stress and the physiological and antioxidant responses of coriander plants (Coriandrum sativum) grown for 58 days in soil with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg of Zn/kg of soil. The results revealed that all Zn compounds increased the total chlorophyll content (CHLt) by at least 45%, compared to the control group, however, with 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, chlorophyll accumulation decreased by 34.6%. Zn determination by induction-plasma-coupled atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) showed that Zn absorption in roots and shoots occurred in plants exposed to ZnSO4 at all concentrations, which resulted in high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Only at 400 mg/kg of ZnSO4, a 78.6% decrease in the MDA levels was observed. According to the results, the ZnSO4 treatments were more effective than the ZnO NPs to increase the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidases (POD). The results corroborate that phytotoxicity was higher in plants subjected to ZnSO4 compared to treatments with ZnO NPs, which suggests that the toxicity was due to Zn accumulation in the tissues by absorbing dissolved Zn++ ions.

Sorghum is the fifth cereal most produced in the world after wheat, rice, maize, and barley. In some regions, this crop is replacing maize, due to its high yield, resistance to drought and heat. There are several varieties of sorghum, whose coloration varies from cream, lemon-yellow, red, and even black. Pigmented sorghum grain is a rich source of antioxidants like polyphenols, mainly tannins, which have multiple benefits on human health such as, antiproliferative properties associated with the prevention of certain cancers, antioxidant activities related to the prevention of associated diseases to oxidative stress, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, it also improves glucose metabolism. Despite having these types of compounds, it is not possible to assimilate them, their use in the food industry has been limited, since sorghum is considered a food of low nutritional value, due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as strong tannins which form complexes with proteins and iron, thus reducing their digestibility. Based on these restrictions that this product has had as food for humans, the analysis of this review emphasizes the valorization of sorghum as a source of bioactive substances and the importance they confer on human health because of the biological potential it has.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar los progenitores y sus cruzas, y estimar la heterosis y la heterobeltiosis en híbridos de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). Los progenitores fueron UAN CC-S2 (1), un genotipo de Physalis angulata (2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6) y UAN 133-05 (7). Los cruzamientos planta a planta fueron en invernadero, en otoño-invierno de 2012; la evaluación de cruzas y progenitores se realizó en el municipio de General Cepeda, Coahuila, México, en primavera-verano de 2013, bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En cuanto a rendimiento, la cruza más rendidora fue 3*4, con rendimientos de 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis de 35.93% y heterobeltiosis de 20.85%; sin embargo, la cruza 1*6 presentó valores mayores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis, 117.91 y 117.62% respectivamente. Para número de frutos por planta, la cruza 7*3 mostró los valores de heterosis y heterobeltiosis mayores, 109.19 y 89.96% respectivamente. En cuanto a peso promedio del fruto, diámetro ecuatorial del fruto y diámetro polar del fruto, la mejor cruza fue la 3*4, que presentó heterosis de 41.17, 11.40 y 12.56% y heterobeltiosis de 37.99, 9.26 y 12.03% respectivamente, si bien la cruza 1*5 mostró valores de 115.91% de heterosis y 107.83% de heterobeltiosis en peso promedio del fruto. Entre las poblaciones estudiadas existe divergencia genética, puesto que presentaron altos valores de heterosis; además, los efectos maternos influyeron de forma significativa en las variables en estudio, indicando la mejor dirección de la cruza. Abstract The objective of the investigation was to evaluate progenitors and their crosses, and to estimate heterosis and heterobeltiosis in hybrid of husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot). The progenitors were UAN CC-S2 (1), a genotype of Physalis angulata (2), UAN CP-S2 (3), Gran Esmeralda (4), UAN CJ-S2 (5), Rendidora (6), and UAN 133- 05 (7). The crosses, plant to plant, were done under greenhouse conditions in autumn-winter of 2012; the evaluation of the crosses and the parents were done in the municipality of General Cepeda, Coahuila, Mexico, in the springsummer of 2013, under a randomized block design with three repetitions. In yield, the best cross was 3*4, with yields of 47.19 t.ha-1, heterosis of 35.93%, and heterobeltiosis of 20.85%; however the 1*6 cross presented the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 117.91 and 117.62% respectively; in number of fruits per plant, crosses 7*3 showed the highest values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, 109.19 and 89.96% respectively; in terms of average fruit weight, equatorial diameter of fruit, and polar diameter of fruit, the best cross was the 3*4, that presented heterosis of 41.17, 11.40, and 12.56%, and heterobeltiosis of 37.99, 9.26, and 12.03%, respectively, although cross 1*5 values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in average weight were 115.91 and 107.83% respectively. Among the populations studied there is genetic divergence, since they presented high values of heterosis; in addition, the maternal effects significantly influenced the variables under study, indicating the best direction of the cross.

The genetic improvement program of the Seed Technology Training and Development Center works on the agronomic characterization and the content of bioactive compounds in eight genotypes of habanero pepper. The objective is to select genotypes with good agronomic performance that allow the generation of inbred lines to obtain hybrids. In this study, the agronomic performance and the content of bioactive compounds (capsaicinoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity) were evaluated in eight genotypes of habanero pepper grown in the southeast of Coahuila, Mexico, identified as HNC-1, HNC-2, HNC-3, HNC-4, HNC-5, HNC-6, HNC-7, and HCC-8. The plants were grown in a greenhouse for 127 days, under a completely randomized design with four replications each. The results revealed that the yield (g·plant−1) and number of fruits per plant did not show significant differences between genotypes. However, for the fruit length, the genotypes HCC-8, HNC-7, HNC-6, and HNC-5 stood out with over 40 mm, while in equatorial diameter of the fruit, HCC-8, HNC-4, and HNC-2 stood out with 26.45, 26.46, and 25.12 mm, respectively. The results of the chemical analyses allowed us to identify that HNC-5 and HNC-6 had the highest capsaicin concentration (931.38 and 959.77 mg·kg−1), dihydrocapsaicin (434.95 and 445.89 mg·kg−1), Scoville Heat Units greater than 210,000, total phenols (67.54 and 71.15 mg/100 g) and total flavonoids (34.21 and 38.29 mg/100 g), respectively. The HNC-1 and HNC-6 genotypes had the highest carotenoids concentration with 103.96 and 105.07 mg/100 g, and HCC-8 registered the highest anthocyanin content with 22.08 mg C3GE/100 g. The antioxidant capacities showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between genotypes, with a range of 43.22 to 110.39 µmol TE/100 g, 72.37 to 186.56 µmol TE/100 g, and 191.41 to 244.98 µmol TE/100 g for the tests of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The results of this research will be used to select habanero pepper genotypes that can be used in genetic improvement programs to increase the productive potential and the content of bioactive compounds in the fruits to expand their applications in the food industry.

For any food, it is important to know consumption, preference, and the characteristics as quality parameters that are important to consumers of a product. The descriptive methodologies are an important tool to know the quality attributes of the products. Within these methodologies is the flash profile (FP), which is based on the generation of the distinctive attributes of the products without any expensive and time-consuming training sessions. The aim of this research was to study the consumption and preference of flour tortillas by consumers and to develop the descriptive characterization of the tortillas by using the flash profile method. The wheat flour tortillas used were two commercial and two handcrafted samples. Ten experienced panelists participated as the FP panel. The panelists generated 22 descriptors, six for texture, seven for appearance, five for odor, and four for flavor. These descriptors differentiate the samples of the flour tortillas. The panelists’ performance was assessed using the consensus index (Rc = 0.508). The first two dimensions of the Generalized Procrustes Analysis represent 83.78% of the data variability. Flash profile proved to be an easy and rapid technique that allowed the distinctive attributes of flour tortillas to be obtained.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico de líneas isogénicas A, B y líneas R restauradoras de la androfertilidad de sorgo para grano. El ensayo se realizó durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2009-2010 en Marín Nuevo León, México, bajo riego por goteo. Se evaluaron días a floración, rendimiento de semilla en gramos por planta, grados Brix en el jugo del tallo y peso de 1000 semillas. Se realizó el análisis estadístico con la prueba de comparación de medias con muestras independientes en las líneas isogénicas A y B. En las líneas R, se realizó el análisis de varianza y la prueba DMS (P

La descripción varietal de los vegetales es un rasgo distintivo de la planta o parte de ella, donde se observan diversos patrones de distinción, uniformidad y estabilidad que permiten caracterizar y distinguir a una población de plantas que constituyen una variedad. La identificación correcta del material vegetal garantiza que la variedad adquirida posea características deseables, además permite la operación exitosa de esquemas nacionales para certificación de semillas mediante una adecuada identificación de la variedad. En el presente trabajo se realizó la descripción varietal, con propósitos de registro de las variedades de tomate ANTi1 (F3), AN-Td1 (R1) y AN-Td4 (Q3), las cuales fueron generadas en el programa de mejoramiento fisiotécnico de tomate de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Las evaluaciones se realizaron durante 2005 y 2006 bajo condiciones de campo abierto en la Paila, Ramos Arizpe y Buenavista del estado de Coahuila. Las observaciones se hicieron en 20 plantas, considerándose a cada una de ellas como una repetición en tres variedades del programa de mejoramiento de tomate y en dos variedades testigo. La descripción varietal se realizó con la guía de UPOV para tomate (TG/44/10). Los resultados mostraron que en los descriptores cuantitativos existieron diferencias altamente significativas (p 0.01), para los descriptores número de inflorescencias y longitud del entrenudo en las fuentes de localidades y variedades, así como para longitud de folíolos y longitud de la capa de abscisión, indicaron que están influenciadas por el medio ambiente, ya que los factores climáticos influyeron en los procesos fenológicos y fisiológicos del cultivo, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en los otros caracteres, indicando con esto que las variedades son estables por su menor interacción genotipo ambiente.