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Background : The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer of the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association BGCA (Part 1) was recently published. On this occasion, countless specialists working in the treatment of this disease expressed their opinion in the face of the statements presented. Aim : To present the BGCA Guidelines (Part 2) regarding indications for surgical treatment, operative techniques, extension of resection and multimodal treatment. Methods: To formulate these guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each declaration present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases initially with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, multimodal treatment. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Results : Of the 43 statements present in this study, 11 (25,6%) were classified with level of evidence A, 20 (46,5%) B and 12 (27,9%) C. Regarding the degree of recommendation, 18 (41,9%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e one (2,3%) 3. Conclusion : The guidelines complement of the guidelines presented here allows surgeons and oncologists who work to combat gastric cancer to offer the best possible treatment, according to the local conditions available. RESUMO Racional: O II Consenso Brasileiro de Câncer Gástrico da Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico ABCG (Parte 1) foi recentemente publicado. Nesta ocasião inúmeros especialistas que atuam no tratamento desta doença expressaram suas opiniões diante declarações apresentadas. Objetivo: Apresentar as Diretrizes da ABCG (Parte 2) quanto às indicações de tratamento cirúrgico, técnicas operatórias, extensão de ressecção e terapia combinada. Métodos: Para formulação destas diretrizes os autores realizaram extensa e atual revisão referente a cada declaração presente no II Consenso, utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO, inicialmente com os seguintes descritores: câncer gástrico, gastrectomia, linfadenectomia, terapia combinada. Ainda, cada declaração foi classificada de acordo com o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Resultados: Das 43 declarações presentes neste estudo, 11 (25,6%) foram classificadas com nível de evidência A, 20 (46,5%) B e 12 (27,9%) C. Quanto ao grau de recomendação, 18 (41,9%) declarações obtiveram grau de recomendação 1, 14 (32,6%) 2a, 10 (23,3%) 2b e um (2,3%) 3. Conclusão: O complemento das diretrizes aqui presentes possibilita que cirurgiões e oncologistas que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico possam oferecer o melhor tratamento possível, de acordo com as condições locais disponíveis.

Obesity became an epidemic condition worldwide with a significant impact in healthcare and surgical interventions emerged as a treatment for it. Due to their health conditions, obese population are at higher risk of presenting opioids adverse effects. The goal of this study is to assess the potential use of nalbuphine on bariatric surgery according to its beneficial effect as an agonist-antagonist opioid. A total of 93 medical records of consecutive patients were selected retrospectively at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre Hospital from January 2018 to January 2019. Patients were overall women, middle-aged, with obesity grade 3 and with stable comorbidities. Sleeve gastrectomy was the main surgery technique by laparoscopic approach. Anesthesia used was essentially TIVA, with Dipyrone and NSAIDS as the main adjuvants associated. The time to the first requirement of nalbuphine (TFRN) and total dose of nalbuphine in 24h (TDN24) had medians of 80 minutes and 20mg, respectively. Respiratory depression, urinary retention and pruritus were not found in any patients. The only data statistically significant was sex related TDN24, with men using almost twice larger median doses than women. The analgesic properties and adverse effects profile look encouraging in this setting. The female prevalence is a relevant information considering the influence of gender in nalbuphine efficacy. We can see the agreement with this concept observing that the only statistically significant difference in all study was the total dose of nalbuphine in the first 24h postoperative, favoring females.

Background: Since the publication of the first Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer (GC) in 2012 carried out by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association, new concepts on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow-up have been incorporated. Aim: This new consensus is to promote an update to professionals working in the fight against GC and to provide guidelines for the management of patients with this condition. Methods: Fifty-nine experts answered 67 statements regarding the diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of GC with five possible alternatives: 1) fully agree; 2) partially agree; 3) undecided; 4) disagree and 5) strongly disagree A consensus was adopted when at least 80% of the sum of the answers “fully agree” and “partially agree” was reached. This article presents only the responses of the participating experts. Comments on each statement, as well as a literature review, will be presented in future publications. Results: Of the 67 statements, there was consensus in 50 (74%). In 10 declarations, there was 100% agreement. Conclusion: The gastric cancer treatment has evolved considerably in recent years. This consensus gathers consolidated principles in the last decades, new knowledge acquired recently, as well as promising perspectives on the management of this disease.

Background: The II Brazilian Consensus on Gastric Cancer by the Brazilian Gastric Cancer Association (ABCG) was recently published. On this occasion, several experts in gastric cancer expressed their opinion before the statements presented. Aim: To present the ABCG Guidelines (part 1) regarding the diagnosis, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up of gastric cancer patients. Methods: To forge these Guidelines, the authors carried out an extensive and current review regarding each statement present in the II Consensus, using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases with the following descriptors: gastric cancer, staging, endoscopic treatment and follow-up. In addition, each statement was classified according to the level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Results: Of the 24 statements, two (8.3%) were classified with level of evidence A, 11 (45.8%) with B and 11 (45.8%) with C. As for the degree of recommendation, six (25%) statements obtained grade of recommendation 1, nine (37.5%) recommendation 2a, six (25%) 2b and three (12.5%) grade 3. Conclusion: The guidelines presented here are intended to assist professionals working in the fight against gastric cancer with relevant and current information, granting them to be applied in the daily medical practice. RESUMO Racional: O II Consenso Brasileiro de Câncer Gástrico da Associação Brasileira de Câncer Gástrico (ABCG) foi recentemente publicado. Nesta ocasião, inúmeros especialistas que atuam no tratamento desta doença expressaram sua opinião diante declarações apresentadas. Objetivo: Apresentar as Diretrizes da ABCG (Parte 1) quanto ao diagnóstico, estadiamento, tratamento endoscópico e seguimento dos pacientes com câncer gástrico. Métodos: Para formulação destas Diretrizes os autores realizaram extensa e atual revisão referente a cada declaração presente no II Consenso, utilizando as bases Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO com os seguintes descritores: câncer gástrico, estadiamento, tratamento endoscópico e seguimento. Ainda, cada declaração foi classificada de acordo com o nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Resultados: Das 24 declarações, duas (8,3%) foram classificadas com nível de evidência A, 11 (45,8%) B e 11 (45,8%) C. Quanto ao grau de recomendação, seis (25%) declarações obtiveram grau de recomendação 1, nove (37,5%) grau 2a, seis (25%) 2b e três (12,5%) 3. Conclusão: As diretrizes aqui presentes têm a finalidade de auxiliar os profissionais que atuam no combate ao câncer gástrico com informações relevantes e atuais, permitindo que sejam aplicadas na prática médica diária.

The use of opioid analgesics especially in the postoperative period is commonly used with morphine being the drug of choice Nalbuphine C H NO is a synthetic kappa receptor agonist and partial Mu receptor antagonist opioid drug available and approved in our middle which has been synthesized in an attempt to provide analgesia without the undesirable side effects of pure agonists such as Mu opioids whose main representative is Morphine The possibility of using Nalbuphine as an alternative drug in view of the increasing worldwide addiction dependence rates and therefore alarming rates of opioid overdose deaths may be realized due to its favourable pharmacological profile in terms of adverse effects and its equivalent analgesic potential Thus it was decided to perform a literature review of studies published in the last years in the main databases ldquo PubMed rdquo and ldquo MedLine rdquo to evaluate the basic and clinical scientific evidence about Nalbuphine addiction and its potential role in the current scenario of addiction and dependence to opiates

Background: Malnutrition is very prevalent in patients with gastric cancer and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) appears as an important objective, quick, inexpensive and noninvasive measure to assess the muscle compartment Aim: To compare APMT and other nutritional assessment methods and to correlate these methods with postoperative mortality Methods: Forty-four patients, 29 men and 15 women, mean age of 63±10.2 and ranging from 34-83 years, who underwent nine (20.5%) partial and 34 (77.3%) total gastrectomies due to stomach cancer (stage II to IIIa) were preoperatively assessed by Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), anthropometry and laboratorial profile Results: APMT better predicted death (p

The aim was to investigate the prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and risk factors for hepatic fibrosis in morbidly obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. This retrospective study recruited all patients submitted to bariatric surgery from January 2007 to December 2012 at a reference attendance center of Southern Brazil. Clinical and biochemical data were studied as a function of the histological findings of liver biopsies done during the surgery. Steatosis was present in 226 (90.4%) and NASH in 176 (70.4%) cases. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was established in four cases (1.6%) and fibrosis in 108 (43.2%). Risk factors associated with NASH at multivariate analysis were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) &gt, 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL. All patients with ALT ≥1.5 times the ULN had NASH. When the presence of fibrosis was analyzed, ALT &gt, 1.5 times the ULN and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL were risk factors, furthermore, there was an increase of 1% in the prevalence of fibrosis for each year of age increase. Not only steatosis, but NASH is a frequent finding in MO patients. In the present study, ALT ≥ 1.5 times the ULN identifies all patients with NASH, this finding needs to be further validated in other studies. Moreover, the presence of fibrosis was associated with ALT, triglycerides and age, identifying a subset of patients with more severe disease.

Objectives: to determine the nutritional evaluation method that best predicts mortality in 90 days of patients submitted to gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: we conducted a prospective study with 44 patients with gastric cancer, stages II to IIIa, of whom nine were submitted to partial gastrectomy, 34 to total gastrectomy, and one to esophago-gastrectomy. All patients were nutritionally evaluated through the same protocol, up to 72h after hospital admission. The parameters used were Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PGSGA), classical anthropometry, current weight and height, percentage of weight loss (%WL) and body mass index (BMI). We also measured the thickness of the thumb adductor muscle (TAM) in both hands, dominant hand (TAMD) and non-dominant hand (TAMND), as well as the calculated the prognostic nutritional index (PNI). The laboratory profile included serum levels of albumin, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, and total lymphocytes count (TLC). Results: of the 44 patients studied, 29 (66%) were malnourished by the subjective method, 15 being grade A, 18 grade B and 11 grade C. Cases with PGSGA grade B and TAMD 10.2±2.9 mm were significantly associated with higher mortality. The ROC curves (95% confidence interval) of both PGSGA and TAMD thickness reliably predicted mortality at 30 and 90 days. No laboratory method allowed predicting mortality at 90 days. Conclusion: PGSGA and the TAMD thickness can be used as preoperative parameters for risk of death in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer. RESUMO Objetivos: determinar o método de avaliação nutricional que melhor prediz a mortalidade em 90 dias de pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia por câncer gástrico. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de 44 pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico, estágios II a IIIa, dos quais nove foram submetidos à gastrectomia parcial, 34 à gastrectomia total e um à esôfago-gastrectomia. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados nutricionalmente através do mesmo protocolo, até 72h da admissão hospitalar. Os parâmetros utilizados foram a Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida Pelo Paciente (ASG-PPP), antropometria clássica, incluindo peso e altura atuais, porcentagem de perda ponderal (%PP) e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A espessura do músculo adutor do polegar (MAP) em ambas mãos, mão dominante (MAPD) e mão não-dominante (MAPND) também foram realizadas, assim como o cálculo do índice nutricional prognóstico (IPN). O perfil laboratorial incluiu níveis séricos de albumina, eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, leucócitos e contagem total de linfócitos (CTL). Resultados: dos 44 pacientes estudados, 29 (66%) eram desnutridos pelo método subjetivo, sendo 15 grau A, 18 grau B e 11 grau C. Os casos com ASG-PPP grau B e com MAPD 10,2±2,9 mm foram significativamente associados à maior mortalidade. As curvas ROC (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de ambas ASG-PPP e espessura da MAPD fidedignamente predisseram mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias. Nenhum método laboratorial permitiu prever a mortalidade em 90 dias. Conclusão: a ASG-PPP e a espessura da MAPD podem ser utilizados como parâmetros pré-operatórios para risco de morte em pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia por câncer gástrico.

RACIONAL: No Brasil, o câncer gástrico é o quarto tumor maligno mais frequente entre os homens e sexto entre as mulheres. A causa é multivariada e os componentes de risco conhecidos. Ele tem seu prognóstico e tratamento definidos pela localização e estadiamento do tumor e número de linfonodos ressecados e acometidos. OBJETIVO: O Consenso Brasileiro sobre Câncer Gástrico foi idealizado pela ABCG com o intuito de emitir diretrizes que possam orientar os profissionais médicos no atendimento aos pacientes portadores desta afecção. MÉTODOS: Foram respondidas e resumidas 43 questões refletindo consenso ou não sobre diagnóstico e tratamento que poderão ser empregadas como orientação para sua abordagem multiprofissional. O método envolveu três etapas. Inicialmente 56 cirurgiões do aparelho digestivo e médicos de especialidades correlatas reuniram-se para formular as perguntas que foram enviadas aos participantes para embasarem as respostas em evidências científicas e na experiência pessoal. Resumos aos temas foram apresentados, discutidos em plenário e votados em duas outras reuniões. Os temas abrangeram 53 perguntas envolvendo: diagnóstico e estadiamento (seis questões); tratamento cirúrgico (35 questões); quimioterapia e radioterapia (sete questões); e anatomopatologia, imunoistoquímica e perspectivas (cinco questões). Considerou-se consenso a concordância de mais de 70% dos votos em cada tema. RESULTADOS: Todas as respostas foram apresentadas e votadas, e em 42 delas houve consenso. CONCLUSÃO: Pôde ser elaborado consenso na maior parte das questões que acompanham o atendimento dos pacientes com câncer gástrico, permitindo a elas serem encaminhadas para a confecção de Diretrizes sobre o tema.

0,307/ 0,284, respectively, and the pooled RR was 0.78 (95%CI, 0.602–0.997; P = 0.048) for nausea, 0.65 (95%CI, 0.50–0.85; P = 0.001) for vomiting. The incidence of respiratory depression with Nalbuphine and Morphine was 0,075 and 0,197, respectively, and the pooled RR was 0.27 (95%CI, 0.12–0.57; P = 0.001). The most serious side effect of opioid use is respiratory depression. Nalbuphine has a plateau effect on respiratory depression, and it has been shown to reverse the respiratory depression from both intravenous [18] and epidural [19] mu-opioids. Because of the growing number of indications and performance of bariatric surgeries, more obese patients are being admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) [20]. Among factors predisposing to admission in the ICU are mentioned: male gender, age ≥ 50 years BMI ≥ 60 Kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, OSAS, cardiopathies, venous difficulty and complications in the intra or immediate postoperative [20,21] mainly due to respiratory complications such as pneumonia, thromboembolic disease, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and to a lesser extent, respiratory arrest [21-23]. Postoperative complications and stay in the ICU increase hospital costs [22]. The opposite is also true, fewer complications reduce hospital stay and therefore lessen hospital costs [24]. At postoperative, obeses present difficulties in early mobilization. Immobility increases the risk of adverse thromboembolitic events, especially in surgeries of the upper abdomen [24]. On the other hand, early walking reduces the risk of pulmonary thromboembolism and other respiratory problems at postoperative affording and improving lung expansion, minimizing and reverting atelectasias formed by the prolonged decubitus in the bed [20].

Summary Objectives: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), compared with nonsurgical treatment (NS group), as an instrument for inducing remission of co-morbidities related to Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in patients with Obesity, grades 2 and 3 (Ob2,3). Methods: two hundred and fifty eight Ob2,3 patients were selected in a retrospective analysis and included in a case control study. MetS was defined as described by the International Diabetes Federation. One hundred and twenty-nine of these patients underwent RYGB (S group), and 129 were assessed as an NS group. Results: at baseline, S and NS groups did not differ in BMI, age, female sex and prevalence of MetS (p>0.05). For the S group the outcomes were a reduction in BMI of 38.1% (p0,05). No grupo C, houve uma redução no IMC de 38,1% (p

Malnourished patients with gastrointestinal tumours are at risk for postoperative complications and death. The aim of this study was to determine which nutritional assessment method better predicts outcome. Seventy-four patients, 45 men and 29 women; mean (SD) age of 63 (102) yr (range = 34 to 83), undergoing surgical resections for esophageal (n = 19) gastric (n = 43) and pancreatic (n = 12) tumors were preoperatively assessed by Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment, anthropometry, and by laboratory sampling. Forty-three (58%) of them were unnourished; 25 Subjective Global Assessment (SGA)-A, 34 SGA-B, and 15 SGA-C cases. Mean (SD) of dominant hand adductor pollicis muscle thickness (DAPM) was 13 (3.5) mm and mean (SD) serum albumin was 3.8 (0.5) g/dL. Mean (SD) hospital staying for patients who complicated and died was 34 (29) days and 23 (13) days for survivors (not significant); SGA-B cases were significantly associated with higher mortality (n = 12, P

The presentation of acute appendicitis in femoral hernia is rare. The gastrointestinal symptons are overshadowed by the local findings. This may lead to delayed diagnosis and complications such as formation of fistula. The authors report a case of a 76-year-old female patient which presented with stercoral fistula after drainage of a right groin abscess ten months earlier.