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The pioneer activity of transcription factors allows for opening of inaccessible regulatory elements and has been extensively studied in the context of cellular differentiation and reprogramming. In contrast, the function of pioneer activity in self-renewing cell divisions and across the cell cycle is poorly understood. Here we assessed the interplay between OCT4 and SOX2 in controlling chromatin accessibility of mouse embryonic stem cells. We found that OCT4 and SOX2 operate in a largely independent manner even at co-occupied sites, and that their cooperative binding is mostly mediated indirectly through regulation of chromatin accessibility. Controlled protein degradation strategies revealed that the uninterrupted presence of OCT4 is required for post-mitotic re-establishment and interphase maintenance of chromatin accessibility, and that highly OCT4-bound enhancers are particularly vulnerable to transient loss of OCT4 expression. Our study sheds light on the constant pioneer activity required to maintain the dynamic pluripotency regulatory landscape in an accessible state.

Abstract Objectives to evaluate over a 48-month follow-up period the: 1) long-term effectiveness and safety; 2) drug retention rate (DRR); 3) impact of comorbidities and bDMARDs line on MDA and DAPSA remission/low disease activity (LDA) of secukinumab in a multicenter Italian cohort of PsA patients. Methods Consecutive PsA patients receiving secukinumab were followed prospectively in Italian centers between 2016 and 2023. Disease characteristics, previous/ongoing treatments, comorbidities and follow-up duration were recorded. Treatment response was evaluated at 6 and 12 months after initiation, and every year up to 48 months (T48). DRR was assessed according to clinical and demographic features, comorbidities and bDMARDs line. Adverse events (AE) were recorded. Results Six hundred eighty-five patients [42.5% male] were enrolled; 32.9% naïve received secukinumab; 74.2% had ≥ 1 comorbidity. Overall, secukinumab yielded improved outcomes at T48: naïve maintained lower disease activity vs. non-naïve [DAPSA 4.0 (1.4–8.1) vs. 6.0 (2.2–10.4);p = 0.04]; 76.9% naïve and 66.2% non-naïve achieved MDA; MDA no comorbidities vs. 1–3 comorbidities 78.8% vs. 73.3% (p 3 comorbidities 78.8% vs. 48.7% (p 3 comorbidities. Treatment was discontinued in 233 patients due to loss of effectiveness, and in 41 due to AE. The overall DRR at T48 was 66%, with differences according to bDMARDs line (p

The epidemic of obesity has increased worldwide and is associated with comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this context, strategies that modulate body weight and improve glycemic metabolism have increased, and bariatric surgeries such as Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) have been highlighted in obesity treatment. However, the mechanism by which SG reduces body weight and improves glycemic control remains unknown. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate food intake and the expression of hypothalamic genes involved with the regulation of this process in diet-induced obese mice submitted to SG. For this, we used C57BL/6 mice submitted to a 10-week high-fat diet protocol and submitted to SG. Food intake, fed and fasted glycemia, as well as hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic gene expression were evaluated 4 weeks after the surgical procedure. First, we observed that SG reduces body weight (44.19 ± 0.47 HFD, 43.51 ± 0.71 HFD-SHAM, and 38.22 ± 1.31 HFD-SG), fasting glycemia (115.0 ± 4.60 HFD, 122.4 ± 3.48 HFD-SHAM, and 93.43 ± 4.67 HFD-SG), insulinemia (1.77 ± 0.15 HFD, 1.92 ± 0.27 HFD-SHAM, and 0.93 ± 0.05 HFD-SG), and leptinemia (5.86 ± 1.38 HFD, 6.44 ± 1.51 HFD-SHAM, and 1.43 ± 0.35 HFD-SG) in obese mice. Additionally, SG reduces food (5.15 ± 0.18 HFD, 5.49 ± 0.32, HFD-SHAM, and 3.28 ± 0.26 HFD-SG) and total (16.88 ± 0.88 HFD, 17.05 ± 0.42, HFD-SHAM, and 14.30 ± 0.73 HFD-SG) calorie intake without alterations in anorexigenic and orexigenic gene expression. In conclusion, these data indicate that SG improves obesity-associated alterations at least in part by a reduction in food intake. This effect is not associated with the canonical food intake pathway in the hypothalamus, indicating the involvement of non-canonical pathways in this process.

Abstract Long Covid results from the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, involving the release of cytokines and the continuous activation of immune cells. This cross-sectional study investigates leukocyte and cytokine profiles in Long Covid patients in the Amazon, a region where such studies are limited. Blood samples were analysed for differential leukocyte counts and cytokine levels. We suggest elevated lymphocyte counts in hospitalised patients and those with severe COVID-19. Higher eosinophil counts were observed in patients with up to three months of Long Covid, and increased monocyte counts in those with up to six months. IL-2 levels were higher in patients with fewer symptoms and Long Covid duration of more than three months, whereas IL-10 may remain elevated for up to 12 months. We suggest positive correlations between neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes with different cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-2). Women were associated with lower hospitalisation rates and longer durations of Long Covid; increased lymphocyte counts were linked to hospitalisation due to COVID-19, while higher monocyte counts were associated with Long Covid durations of up to six months. We suggest that Long Covid patients may exhibit alterations in inflammatory markers, indicating a persistently pro-inflammatory microenvironment that tends to diminish after 12 months of Long Covid.

Abstract Saline shallow lakes may play an important role in carbon exchange with the atmosphere, but their alteration may change carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions patterns. This study investigated the relationship between carbon metabolic processes and environmental factors, focusing on alterations in salinity, hydroperiod length, and trophic status. The results revealed that disruptions to natural salinity patterns, driven by hydrological changes and ecological degradation, enhanced carbon greenhouse gas emitting metabolisms. In contrast, well-preserved lakes demonstrated significantly higher carbon retention and climate mitigation capacities (–188 ± 412 g C m−2 yr−1) compared to lakes with hydrological and trophic disturbances (–30 ± 141 g C m−2 yr−1). These findings emphasize the relevance of the metabolic activity of saline shallow lakes and highlight the need for targeted management and restoration efforts to maximize their climate regulation potential. The insights gained from this study may also be applicable to similar ecosystems in other regions.

Abstract Objective People with multiple sclerosis (MS) might experience symptoms that are usually underestimated. Dysphagia should be evaluated within the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), but clinicians often do not assess it properly. The objectives of this study are as follows: To assess the prevalence of dysphagia in patients with MS utilizing the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire (SDQ); to examine the correlation with the EDSS; to investigate the relationship between dysphagia and clinico‐demographic characteristics of MS. Methods In total, 177 MS patients underwent evaluations with EDSS, SDQ, cognitive functions, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep quality tests. We compared clinico‐demographic data of patients with and without dysphagia and native‐EDSS to SDQ‐EDSS. Results Out of the 177 MS patients, 56% of individuals were identified having dysphagia according to the SDQ with 41 patients exhibiting mild dysphagia, 31 showing moderate dysphagia and 27 patients having severe dysphagia. Only 6 patients had dysphagia recorded in the EDSS. SDQ‐EDSS scores were significantly higher than native scores. Dysphagia was associated with depressive symptoms and sleep quality. Interpretation Dysphagia affects up to 56% of MS patients. The SDQ questionnaire is useful for identifying dysphagia, which can help in capturing disease progression and preventing complications like aspiration pneumonia. The SDQ‐EDSS was higher than the native‐EDSS, reflecting the poor ability of the native‐EDSS to evaluate certain symptoms such as dysphagia. The SDQ correlated with depressive symptoms, which are associated with a greater perception of MS symptoms, and poor sleep quality, which could be associated with the triggering of pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disease progression.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic’s prolonged extension may have had a long-term negative impact on weight and metabolic parameters associated with the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiometabolic risk markers and weight outcomes of post-bariatric patients. This is a longitudinal study carried out with patients who underwent bariatric surgery before the COVID-19 pandemic. Anthropometric, lipid, glycemic profile, blood pressure, eating behavior and physical activity parameters obtained through face-to-face consultations from 2019 to 2022 were evaluated. An increase in BMI (p = 0.001), percentage of weight gain (p

Abstract Intra-articular fractures of the distal radius require anatomical reduction and stable fixation. When the fracture encompasses the articular facet of the bone, maintaining the reduction is challenging due to the fragment’s size and high instability. While specific implants have been developed to fix this fragment, their effectives have been limited. This study evaluates the mechanical performance of a novel hook plate conceived to stabilize the small fragment of the semilunar facet of the radius in non-osteoporotic bones. A simulated lunate facet fracture was created in an adult radius in a virtual model, and a modification of a hook plate was developed using computer-aided design (CAD). Two groups were established for the finite element method (FEM) simulation: a control group (standard plate Medartis™ (Switzerland, A-5500.23) and an angled plate with hooks set at 60º, 90º and 120º. In the FEM simulation, an axial load of 100 N was applied in the Z-axis direction on the fragment. Fracture displacement along the Z axis was more pronounced in the control model (0.32 mm) and less in the angled models, ranging from 0.22 to 0.28 mm. Notably, the plate with a 90° angle showed a more effective reduction in fragment displacement. The distribution of stresses in the system showed the highest levels of stress in the control group (59.31 MPa), followed by the subgroup with a 60° angle (55.78 MPa). In the side view, the control model showed a higher concentration of stresses (59.74 MPa), while the model with a 90° angle showed a lower value of stresses (18.87 MPa). Critical stress regions were identified in the bolts of the control and 120° models (59.47 MPa and 57.64 MPa, respectively). However, in the 90° model, no critical regions were observed in the bolts, which showed lower stress values, reaching 26.33 MPa. In the bone, the greatest concentration of stress occurred in the region where the plate was anchored. Our results showed that the 90° hook plate had a superior mechanical performance in fixing simulate lunate facet fractures at the distal radius. This angle led to minor displacements and minimized stress concentrations in the hardware, thus contributing to enhance the stability of this specific fracture.

Abstract Background Brazil has the highest number of HTLV-1 infection in Latin America, with around one million cases spread unevenly across regions. However, there is a limited number of studies on this infection in the general population. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV as well as identify types, and subtypes of HTLV among the urban population of Campo Grande, capital of Mato Grosso do Sul state (MS). Results Between July 2023 and March 2024, all information was obtained from self-reported interviews, and blood samples were collected and screened for anti-HTLV-1/2 by immunoassay and confirmed using the immunoblot method. The proviral DNA of HTLV-1/2 in positive samples was quantified by real-time PCR (qPCR) and genotyped by nucleotide sequencing (Sanger’s method). The study enrolled 611 participants, with the majority being women (90.54%), mixed race (46.32%), heterosexual (87.64%), and with a median age of 39 years. The prevalence rate of anti-HTLV-1 infection was 0.82% (CI 95% 0.34–1.96). All positive samples (n = 5) were identified as belonging to the Cosmopolitan subtype, one belonging to Japanese and four to Transcontinental subgroups. Among the five positive individuals, two presented symptoms associated with HTLV-1 infection. Conclusion This study highlights an intermediate prevalence of HTLV-1 in the urban population of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, and provides epidemiological information that could help bridge the gaps in the distribution of HTLV in the general population. Also, medical care was provided for individuals presenting clinical manifestations who were previously unaware of their serological status.

INTRODUÇÃO: Devido ao número crescente de pessoas acima de 80 anos no mundo, surge a necessidade de se discutir como esses idosos estão ultrapassando a expectativa de vida. Espera-se que a longevidade seja acompanhada de qualidade e independência, ou seja, que os idosos longevos atinjam um envelhecimento bem-sucedido. Entretanto, poucos estudos abordam essa temática nesse subgrupo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as informações disponíveis na literatura sobre envelhecimento bem-sucedido em idosos longevos através de uma revisão integrativa. MÉTODOS: Busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, SciELO e LILACS), utilizando os termos: “envelhecimento bem-sucedido” e “successful aging”. Inicialmente, identificamos 4.283 artigos; após a leitura dos títulos e resumos foram selecionados os que abordavam o conceito de envelhecimento bem-sucedido em idosos acima de 80 anos. Foram excluídos os artigos de revisão e estudos que descrevessem a amostra sem abordar o tema. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos oito artigos para análise, escritos na língua inglesa. A metodologia mais empregada foi a do tipo observacional transversal. A definição de envelhecimento bem-sucedido entre longevos foi bastante variável, sendo utilizados diversos componentes. O mais comum foi o físico (ausência de doenças e funcionalidade) e a menor ênfase foi dada aos aspectos psicológicos. Diferentes modelos foram propostos, entretanto, o mais comum foi o de Rowe e Kahn. A prevalência de envelhecimento bem-sucedido foi muito heterogênea variando de 0 a 62,3%, sendo que as menores frequências estiveram relacionadas aos modelos biomédicos. Houve descrição de vários fatores associados, mas os que mais foram descritos entre os estudos foram ser casado e ter maiores níveis educacionais. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento atual sobre envelhecimento bem-sucedido em idosos longevos é limitado, não havendo consenso na literatura sobre sua definição e seus componentes. A maioria dos autores está ainda centrando suas pesquisas em aspectos biomédicos, entretanto, nessa população sugerimos que também deve ser dada atenção a modelos psicossociais.

Abstract Background Tubulins are dimeric proteins expressed in all eukaryotic cells, serving as the fundamental building blocks of microtubule filaments. The TUBB4A gene encodes the protein β-tubulin. Mutations of TUBB4A have been associated with two neurodegenerative diseases with very different clinical characteristics: dystonia type 4 (DYT4) and Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (H-ABC). Several cases of patients with H-ABC or unclassified leukoencephalopathy show spastic ataxia with or without leukodystrophy in association with mutations in exon 5 of TUBB4A gene. Case presentation We report the case of a 65-year-old woman who has been complaining of progressive difficulty in walking since childhood. The neurological examination revealed, among all, a spastic gait, difficulties in standing on the toes and heels, brisk deep tendon reflexes at upper limbs, clonic patellar reflexes, brisk ankle reflexes, as well as bilateral Babinski and Hoffmann sign, brisk jaw jerk and severe lower limb spasticity. NGS studies for inherited cases of spastic paraplegia revealed a novel variant of unknown significance (VUS) (c.1249A > G, p.D417N), in TUBB4A. To the best of our knowledge, this variant has not been reported in the literature or any databases in association with these diseases. Conclusion We report the case of a patient carrying a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) of the TUBB4A gene, showing a progressive, spastic paraparesis, supporting the extension of the phenotypic spectrum up to include spastic paraplegia.

We report acute Oropouche virus infections in 2 previously healthy women from a nonendemic region of Brazil outside the Amazon Basin. Infections rapidly progressed to hemorrhagic manifestations and fatal outcomes in 4–5 days. These cases highlight the critical need for enhanced surveillance to clarify epidemiology of this neglected disease.

Con la intención de realizar una interpretación que haga justicia a la particularidad metodológica de Minima Moralia, este artículo plantea la necesidad de repensar la relación dialéctica entre forma y contenido en la obra de Adorno. La dilucidación del funcionamiento particular de tal relación en el interior de cada texto es considerada en estas páginas como una de las claves insoslayables para una correcta intelección de los textos adornianos. Así, por una parte, en este artículo se hace una lectura de Minima Moralia que trata de activar la crítica inmanente a la forma-sujeto moderna a través de sus formas de expresión alienadas, utilizando en gran medida la categoría de «estilo tardío». Por otra parte, esta lectura de Minima Moralia trata de ganar la visibilidad de la continuidad fundamental de unas mismas condiciones de subjetivización a lo largo de toda la modernidad capitalista, basados en la hegemonía de la ley del valor como forma general de la socialización.

Abstract Background Medical education has undergone significant changes over the last decades. Scientific and technological progress alongside contemporary society’s changing requirements have driven demand for highly trained, competent doctors. In response to this need, university faculties of medicine have sought innovative forms of teaching and evaluating the students on their degree courses. The aim of this study was to quantify the characteristics and extent of academic training in teaching methods, of participation in innovative teaching initiatives, and training in simulation and debriefing among the teaching personnel on the degree course in medicine at the University of Granada (Spain). Methods This transversal descriptive study was conducted among a population of 121 educators teaching on the medical degree course at the University of Granada, Spain. All responded to a specially designed CoRe-Content Representation questionnaire. This consisted of various parts: (a) demographic data; (b) teaching experience and qualifications; (c) specific information about training in teaching skills received. The Fisher test was applied whenever the dependent variable had two values (dichotomous) and the Chi-square test when it had more than two values (polytomic). Statistical significance was established with an alpha error of 5%. Results The results showed that 87.60% of the educators had received no training in debriefing. There was a notable gender gap, whereby women held fewer management posts, fewer were engaged in clinical activity, and fewer had undergone training in clinical simulation. Teachers with degrees in medicine had undergone less regulated training than educators with other degree qualifications. Conclusion The main areas of medical training that require improvement (and so present challenges to be met in the years to come) are as follows: a definitive solution to the existing gender gap, general implementation of new educational models and methods (especially learning based on clinical problem-solving and simulation), closing generation gaps, and improved training processes for educators with clinical attachment.

Background/Objectives: Bimodal stimulation (BS), which combines the use of a cochlear implant (CI) in one ear and a hearing aid (HA) in the opposite ear, is an established strategy to treat hearing loss by exploiting the unique capabilities of each device. CIs stimulate the auditory nerve by bypassing damaged hair cells, while HAs amplify sounds by requiring a functional hearing residual. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of BS such as speech perception in noise. Methods: We examined clinical studies published from October 2020 to July 2024, following the PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of BS on speech perception in noise in adulthood. Results: BS in adult patients significantly improves speech perception in quiet and noisy environments, especially for those with increased residual hearing. Unilateral CIs and BS perform similarly in quiet conditions, but BS significantly improves speech discrimination in noisy environments if loudness between the two devices is appropriately balanced. Conclusions: Directional microphones and programming software are new technologies that succeed in reducing environmental noise and improving verbal perception outcomes, although their features in the literature are controversial. In addition, the individuals using BS may face temporal mismatches mainly due to differing device latencies, affecting sound localization. Compensating for these mismatches can enhance localization accuracy. However, modulated noise remains a significant obstacle to verbal perception in noise. Valuable assessment tools such as music tests provide further information on hearing performance and quality of life. More research is needed to define certain selection criteria.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the shining leaf chafer Mimela junii was sequenced and is herein described. The mitogenome consists of a circular molecule of 16,805 bp, with an overall AT content of 75.7%. It encodes for 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and contains a non-coding Control Region (CR) characterized by the presence of tandem repeats. The gene order corresponds to the ancestral Pancrustacea model and mitogenome characteristics are congruous with those of hexapods. In the phylogenetic analysis, M. junii is nested within a paraphyletic Anomala with high support, and is herein associated with Anomala corpulenta with medium/low support.

Abstract Introduction Photobiomodulation (PBM) has become a promising approach for slowing the progression of early and intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD) to advanced AMD. This technique uses light to penetrate tissues and activate molecules that influence biochemical reactions and cellular metabolism. This preliminary analysis is aimed at assessing the safety, tolerability, and short-term effectiveness of the EYE-LIGHT®PBM treatment device in patients with dAMD. Methods The EYE-LIGHT® device employs two wavelengths, 590 nm (yellow) and 630 nm (red), in both continuous and pulsed modes. Patients over 50 years of age with a diagnosis of dAMD in any AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) category were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the sham group. The treatment plan consisted of an initial cycle of two sessions per week for 4 weeks. Safety, tolerability, and compliance outcomes, along with functional and anatomical outcomes, were assessed at the end of the fourth month. Results This preliminary analysis included data from 76 patients (152 eyes). All patients were fully compliant with treatment sessions, and only one fifth of patients treated with PBM reported mild ocular adverse events, highlighting exceptional results in terms of tolerability and adherence. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to month 4 differed significantly between the sham and PBM-treated groups, favoring the latter, with a higher proportion achieving a gain of five or more letters post-treatment (8.9% vs. 20.3%, respectively; p = 0.043). No significant differences in central subfield thickness (CST) were observed between the two groups over the 4-month period. The study also found a statistically significant disparity in mean drusen volume changes from baseline to month 4 between the groups in favor of patients treated with PBM (p = 0.013). Conclusion These preliminary results indicate that PBM treatment using the EYE-LIGHT® system is safe and well tolerated among patients with dAMD. Furthermore, both functional and anatomical data support the treatment’s short-term efficacy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06046118.

Abstract Background Premenopausal, high-risk, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients are often treated with ovarian suppression in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AI). This combination has important adverse effects, particularly in sexual function, such as vaginal dryness and loss of libido. There is no effective therapy for reduced sexual function in this setting. Our study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety, particularly regarding sexual function, of a low-dose, topical testosterone gel administration. Methods This is a pilot, single-center study, designed to evaluate the efficacy of topical testosterone gel (3 mg/day) in improving sexual function in 29 premenopausal patients on ovarian suppression in combination with an AI. The primary safety endpoint was to assess serum estradiol elevation. The primary efficacy endpoint was sexual function improvement, assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire. Results We report the results on 29 patients. Twenty-two patients (75%) completed the 3-month treatment, and seven discontinued treatment before completion, mostly due to logistical difficulties related to the COVID-19 pandemic. All patients maintained the value of baseline mass spectrometry assay for estradiol of less than 2.7 pg/mL during the undertaken measurements. We observed a significant improvement in Female Sexual Function Index measures over the visits, with an increase from a mean of 11.7 at baseline to 19.1 in the third month (p

In slopes where high pore water pressure exists, deep counterfort drains (also called drainage trenches or trench drains) represent one of the most effective methods for improving stability or mitigating landslide risks. In the cases of deep or very deep slip surfaces, this method represents the only possible intervention. Trench drains can be realized by using panels or secant piles filled with coarse granular material or permeable concrete. If the trenches are adequately “socket” into the stable ground (for example sufficiently below the sliding surface of a landslide or below the critical slip surface of marginally stable slopes) and the filling material has sufficient shear strength and stiffness, like porous concrete, there is a further increase in shear strength due to the “shear keys” effect. The increase in shear strength is due both to the intrinsic resistance of the concrete on the sliding surface and the resistance at the concrete–soil interface (on the lateral surface of the trench). The latter can be very significant in relation to the thickness of the sliding mass, the “socket depth”, and the spacing between the trenches. The increase in shear strength linked to the “shear keys effect” depends on the state of the porous concrete–soil interface. For silty–clayey base soils, it is very significant and is of the same order of magnitude as the increase in shear resistance linked to the permanent reduction on the slip surface in pore water pressure (draining effect). This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the shear strength at the porous interface of concrete and fine-grained soils and demonstrates the high significance and effectiveness of the “shear keys” effect.

Using the SCOPUS database, this paper conducts a systematic literature review to identify the drivers of financial profitability for both microfinance institutions (MFIs) and borrowers. Among the 174 papers reviewed, 39 addressed the profitability drivers of MFIs and borrowers. For, MFIs several factors stand out: financing for women and group credit, portfolio quality; client monitoring; appropriate active and passive interest rates; and control of operating costs. For borrowers, training in small business management; the generation of innovative and well-structured busi-ness ideas, access to microcredit and adequate passive interest rate, monitoring by MFIs and investment-focused credit, are found to drive profitability without jeopardizing their scope and depth of their operations. In this way the MFIs can grow and expand their services in a financially sustainable way, and better serve excluded individuals. These results may provide a valuable framework to MFIs and borrowers to consider in their activities. Additionally, the findings are valuable also to policymakers when designing microfinance policies aimed at poverty reduction. A possible conjecture resulting from this study is that the financial sustainability of microfinance does not lie in subsi-dization, but in the application of market rules. By identifying two sets of factors that drive profitability, for MFIs and for borrowers, this paper provides an interface that incorporates measurement indicators.

Refugee entrepreneurship encompasses the enterprising endeavors undertaken by individuals forced to flee their home countries. This research area has gained scholarly traction due to its profound relevance in the socio-eco-nomic perspective. To provide a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, a thorough systematic liter-ature review was conducted, drawing upon the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review scrutinized a corpus of 57 scholarly articles, which were analyzed and categorized into two main themes: the profile of refugees regarding their entrepreneurial intentions, and the contextual factors within the host countries that either facil-itate or impede their entrepreneurial pursuits. Refugee entrepreneurship is associated with the necessity-driven perspective, as individuals often embark on entrepreneurial ventures due to the shortage of viable employment opportunities in their host countries. However, there exists a nuanced perspective wherein some refugees leverage their innate entrepreneurial traits, finding resonance between the economic landscapes of their home and host countries. Nevertheless, the inception of entrepreneurial endeavors is invariably accompanied by some obstacles, spanning legal, financial, and socio-economic domains. These obstacles do not deter the entrepreneurial spirit in-grained within many refugees. Instead, they serve as catalysts for resilience and innovation, prompting the formu-lation of adaptive strategies to surmount barriers and carve out pathways to success, underscoring the economic activity of displaced individuals and exemplifying their capacity to effectuate positive change amidst adversity.

This research examines passion and self-efficacy through experience and knowledge, as motivational factors that support entrepreneurs within the gig economy (GE). It sheds light on entrepreneurs’ sources of passion in the GE literature. The sample is composed of all the 1164 entrepreneurship activities offered worldwide through Airbnb, Tour by Locals, and Withlocals on 5 May 2022. The study is supported by unsupervised machine learning mod-els and seeks to find latent topics emerging from the analysis of the entrepreneurs’ descriptions and exposes the main correlated clustered dimensions. There are six main motivators behind GE platforms as a first step toward entrepreneurship: Experience, Passion for share, Knowledge, Classic traditions, Empowered community and local activities, and Well-being. It also confirms the correlation between passion and self-efficacy through experience, pointing them as main factors behind entrepreneurship in the GE. Five of the six sources of passion previously pointed by theory were found: Passion for growth, for people, for product/service, for innovation and for so-cial mission. This study discloses self-efficacy and the sources of passion and points directions to practitioners involved in entrepreneurial activities in the GE ecosystem. This work used machine learning models to access quantitatively a paradigm that is inductive by nature. The results point to well-being as a significant factor to be addressed in future research regarding entrepreneurship. This research only studies individuals involved in the GE; as such, further studies should cohort new populations from different fields.

Abstract With the rising prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty, the incidence of revision shoulder arthroplasty is also increasing. The complexity of these revision procedures poses significant challenges, with bone loss being a critical factor impacting treatment outcomes. Addressing substantial humeral bone defects is crucial for ensuring implant stability and functionality. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar to identify existing classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss in the context of revision shoulder arthroplasty. The study assessed the advantages and limitations of these classifications, using this information to propose a new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Several classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss were identified. McLendon et al. classify proximal humeral bone loss based on a 5-cm bone loss threshold and suggest an allograft prosthesis composite for losses exceeding this limit. Boileau’s system stratifies bone loss into four types based on the extent of loss, with specific recommendations for each category. The PHAROS classification provides a detailed anatomical assessment but lacks quantitative precision. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a novel algorithm incorporating preoperative radiographic measurements to determine the percentage of bone loss and guide treatment options. Proximal humeral bone loss presents significant challenges in revision shoulder arthroplasty, necessitating precise preoperative planning and classification to guide surgical intervention. Existing classification systems provide valuable frameworks but often rely on average population values, neglecting individual anatomical variations. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a patient-specific approach, improving the accuracy of bone loss assessment and optimizing treatment strategies. Implementing this classification in clinical practice could enhance surgical outcomes and reduce complications associated with rRSA (revision Reverse Shoulder arthroplasty). Further studies are required to validate this algorithm and explore its long-term efficacy in diverse patient populations.

Abstract Background SmithRNAs (Small MITochondrial Highly-transcribed RNAs) are a novel class of small RNA molecules that are encoded in the mitochondrial genome and regulate the expression of nuclear transcripts. Initial evidence for their existence came from the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, where they have been described and whose activity has been biologically validated through RNA injection experiments. Current evidence on the existence of these RNAs in other species is based only on small RNA sequencing. As a preliminary step to characterize smithRNAs across different metazoan lineages, a dedicated, unified, analytical workflow is needed. Results We propose a novel workflow specifically designed for smithRNAs. Sequence data (from small RNA sequencing) uniquely mapping to the mitochondrial genome are clustered into putative smithRNAs and prefiltered based on their abundance, presence in replicate libraries and 5′ and 3′ transcription boundary conservation. The surviving sequences are subsequently compared to the untranslated regions of nuclear transcripts based on seed pairing, overall match and thermodynamic stability to identify possible targets. Ample collateral information and graphics are produced to help characterize these molecules in the species of choice and guide the operator through the analysis. The workflow was tested on the original Manila clam data. Under basic settings, the results of the original study are largely replicated. The effect of additional parameter customization (clustering threshold, stringency, minimum number of replicates, seed matching) was further evaluated. Conclusions The study of smithRNAs is still in its infancy and no dedicated analytical workflow is currently available. At its core, the SmithHunter workflow builds over the bioinformatic procedure originally applied to identify candidate smithRNAs in the Manila clam. In fact, this is currently the only evidence for smithRNAs that has been biologically validated and, therefore, the elective starting point for characterizing smithRNAs in other species. The original analysis was readapted using current software implementations and some minor issues were solved. Moreover, the workflow was improved by allowing the customization of different analytical parameters, mostly focusing on stringency and the possibility of accounting for a minimal level of genetic differentiation among samples.

Background: Despite extraordinary improvements in the management of psoriasis in recent times, some areas of the body, such as the pretibial area, still show an unsatisfactory response and a more significant impact on patient quality of life. This multicentre study focuses on psoriasis affecting sensitive areas (particularly the pretibial area), its impact on quality of life and the therapeutic response to risankizumab. Methods: This multicentre prospective observational study recruited patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis with pretibial area involvement. All patients underwent treatment with risankizumab (150 mg every 3 weeks), and efficacy was assessed after 24 weeks. Results: The study included 128 patients with a mean age of 51 years, suffering from moderate-to-severe psoriasis with involvement of the pretibial area with median total Psoriasis Area Severity Index score of 17.05 and Dermatology Life Quality Index of 16.27. The group was further divided into two sub-groups: the ‘mother patch’ group, in whom the very first psoriatic plaque appeared in the pretibial region (45 patients), and the ‘non-mother patch’ group, in whom the psoriatic lesion in the pretibial region was present but not as the first manifestation (83 patients). In order to better assess the involvement of psoriasis in the pretibial area, the pretibial plaque lesion severity index was also calculated at baseline in all patients: extent 2.75, erythema 2.64, infiltration 2.45 and desquamation 2.38. All participants in this study showed a good therapeutic response, with a reduction in all scores. Conclusions: The pretibial area is becoming an object of therapeutic interest due to some resistance to clearance and the consequent impairment of patient quality of life. This study showed that risankizumab can give favourable therapeutic results not only in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis with involvement of the difficult-to-treat areas but particularly in patients with recalcitrant plaques in the pretibial area.

I modelli teorici enucleano vari motivi, per cui le persone scelgono di fare volontariato: le identità multiple tra cui il ruolo prosociale, i fattori socio-educativi disposizionali, le spinte personali e organizzative. Vengono somministrati questionari sia per la ricerca teorica che per la selezione e l’accompagnamento dei volontari. Questo studio propone la validazione preliminare di un Inventario di motivazioni al volontariato, ripartite nelle due classi, eterodirette e autodirette. L’Inventario, autoprodotto anche considerando strumenti in uso, è somministrato a 55 soggetti che accedono al volontariato presso due associazioni locali. Sebbene siano presenti limiti connessi alla rappresentatività campionaria, la validazione dello strumento presenta valori accettabili: l’affidabilità con la statistica alpha di Cronbach restituisce 0,772 per le dimensioni etero-dirette, 0,603 per le dimensioni auto-dirette e 0,749 per l’insieme delle dimensioni; la fedeltà testata con il coefficiente split half di Guttman riporta 0,614 nelle dimensioni eterodirette e di 0,786 nelle dimensioni autodirette; l’analisi fattoriale clusterizza le variabili in 4 componenti, che spiegano il 69,6% della varianza totale e che sono intitolabili, in termini di coping psico-equilibratore, riparativo, collaborativo e solidaristico. I risultati depongono per l’applicabilità dell’Inventario, che può essere confermata da studi ulteriori. Lo strumento, compiutamente validato, si presta ad essere impiegato sia per cogliere il profilo prosociale o psico-equilibratore dei nuovi candidati da ammettere nelle associazioni, sia per attenzionare i soggetti che nelle dimensioni eterodirette riportino un punteggio basso e quelli che riportino un punteggio eccedente la media nelle dimensioni autodirette.

Objective: Despite the increasing reports of blaNDM in Enterobacterales in Brazil, comprehensive whole genome sequencing (WGS) data remain scarce. To address this knowledge gap, our study focuses on the characterization of the genome of an New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-1-producing Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae (KQPN) clinical strain isolated in Brazil. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the A-73.113 strain was performed by agar dilution or broth microdilution following the Brazilian Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Committee/European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommendations. WGS was performed using the Illumina® NextSeq platform and the generated reads were assembled using the SPAdes software. The sequences obtained were submitted to the bioinformatics pipelines to determine the sequence type, resistome, plasmidome, and virulome. Results: The A-73.113 strain was identified as KQPN and was susceptible to polymyxins (MICs, ≤0.25 µg/mL), tigecycline (MIC, 0.5 µg/mL), ciprofloxacin (MIC, 0.5 µg/mL), and levofloxacin (MIC, 1 µg/mL). WGS analysis revealed the presence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactams (blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-9, blaOKP-A-5, blaTEM-1), aminoglycosides [aph(3′)-VI, aadA1, aac(6′)-Ib], and fluoroquinolones (oqxAB, qnrS1, aac(6′)-Ib-cr]. Additionally, the presence of the plasmid replicons Col(pHAD28), IncFIA(HI1), IncFIB(K) (pCAV1099-114), IncFIB(pQil), and IncFII(K), as well as virulence-encoding genes fimABCDEFGHIK (type 1 fimbria), pilW (type IV pili), iutA (aerobactin), entABCDEFS/fepABCDG/fes (Ent siderophores), iroE (salmochelin), and allABCDRS (allantoin utilization) was verified. Furthermore, we found that the A-73.113 strain belongs to ST1040. Conclusions: Here we report the genomic characteristics of an NDM-1-producing KQPN ST1040 strain isolated from blood cultures in Brazil. These data will enhance our comprehension of how this species contributes to the acquisition and dissemination of blaNDM-1 in Brazilian nosocomial settings.

Eucalyptus stands out as one of the most productive tree species for large-scale cultivation. However, like all cultivated crops, it requires specialized management practices, including the control of weeds, pathogens, and pests. Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide used in the essential weeding effort, and it ensures the sustainable management of eucalyptus cultivation in Brazil. Given the sensitivity of eucalyptus to glyphosate, existing weed control methods in young eucalyptus farms predominantly rely on protected mechanical or/and knapsack spraying. Both methods contribute to herbicide drift, which compromises tree yield and increases chemical waste due to uneven spraying. This study provides a detailed observation of the physiological parameters and long-term field performance of glyphosate-tolerant (HT), genetically modified (GM) eucalyptus developed by FuturaGene/Suzano S.A. and approved in Brazil for operational deployment. The HT GM eucalyptus events were meticulously evaluated to ensure high levels of glyphosate tolerance. This involved the direct application of herbicide on seedlings in greenhouse studies and on young trees in field conditions. The herbicide-treated GM eucalyptus in all trials demonstrated consistent growth and maintained physiological parameters comparable to their respective non-sprayed wild-type (WT) counterparts. The HT GM eucalyptus represents a significant advancement by enabling the direct application of glyphosate over the top of the trees to control the weeds within the planting row. This innovative approach minimizes the need for frequent mechanical and manual interventions, thereby lowering worker herbicide exposure, reducing the environmental impact of mechanical operations, and enhancing the overall efficiency and sustainability of HT GM eucalyptus stands.

Although the field of studies in Industrial Relations (IR) in Brazil was born along with the Brazilian Academy of Management itself, contributions regarding the models used to compare Industrial Relations Systems (IRSs) from different countries in Brazilian literature are still very rare. On the other hand, models to compare IRSs from different countries are quite present and can be considered traditional in the international literature produced in Europe, the USA, Australia and more recently in Asia. This work presents the trajectory of IRSs theories and the debate surrounding them, from the founders of this field in the USA and England to the VoC model – Varieties of Capitalism, a model that has been widely used internationally. Criticism of this VoC model, initially composed of two types, liberal and regulated, for being excessively focused on the most industrialized countries, generated other types within VoC, such as the Hierarchical Model of Capitalism (HME). This HME type is understood here as a possible starting model for the analysis of Latin American SRTs, including the Brazilian one, although this variant has also suffered criticism, which, in the understanding of this article, does not preclude its use.

Abstract TB/HIV coinfection poses a complex public health challenge. Accurate forecasting of future trends is essential for efficient resource allocation and intervention strategy development. This study compares classical statistical and machine learning models to predict TB/HIV coinfection cases stratified by gender and the general populations. We analyzed time series data using exponential smoothing and ARIMA to establish the baseline trend and seasonality. Subsequently, machine learning models (SVR, XGBoost, LSTM, CNN, GRU, CNN-GRU, and CNN-LSTM) were employed to capture the complex dynamics and inherent non-linearities of TB/HIV coinfection data. Performance metrics (MSE, MAE, sMAPE) and the Diebold-Mariano test were used to evaluate the model performance. Results revealed that Deep Learning models, particularly Bidirectional LSTM and CNN-LSTM, significantly outperformed classical methods. This demonstrates the effectiveness of Deep Learning for modeling TB/HIV coinfection time series and generating more accurate forecasts.

The management of schizophrenia necessitates a comprehensive treatment paradigm that considers individual patient nuances and the efficacy of lurasidone in addressing schizophrenia symptoms, particularly at elevated dosages. Numerous randomized trials have affirmed the efficacy of lurasidone across various dimensions of schizophrenia, demonstrating marked enhancements in positive, negative and cognitive symptoms compared to a placebo. In addition, lurasidone exhibits potential in ameliorating agitation amongst acutely ill patients, showcasing greater efficacy at higher doses. However, despite the favourable outcomes observed with higher lurasidone doses, routine clinical practice often opts for lower doses, potentially limiting its maximal therapeutic impact. Furthermore, lurasidone also shows efficacy in reducing post-psychotic depression in dual psychosis. Moreover, practical insights into lurasidone usage encompass swift dose escalation within a 1–5-day span and recommended combination strategies with other medications such as benzodiazepines for insomnia or agitation, beta-blockers for akathisia, and antihistamines or antimuscarinic drugs for patients transitioning rapidly from antipsychotics with substantial antihistamine and/or anticholinergic effects. Finally, a series of clinical cases is presented, highlighting benefits of lurasidone in terms of cognitive function, functional recovery and other therapeutic aspects for the management of schizophrenia.

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was first reported in 2015 in Brazil as causing microcephaly and other developmental abnormalities in newborns, leading to the identification of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Viral infections have been considered an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders outcome, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Moreover, not only the infection per se, but maternal immune system activation during pregnancy, has been linked to fetal neurodevelopmental disorders. To understand the impact of ZIKV vertical infection on brain development, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from Brazilian children born with CZS, some of the patients also being diagnosed with ASD. Comparing iPSC-derived neurons from CZS with a control group, we found lower levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins and reduced functional synapses by puncta co-localization. Furthermore, neurons and astrocytes derived from the CZS group showed decreased glutamate levels. Additionally, the CZS group exhibited elevated levels of cytokine production, one of which being IL-6, already associated with the ASD phenotype. These preliminary findings suggest that ZIKV vertical infection may cause long-lasting disruptions in brain development during fetal stages, even in the absence of the virus after birth. These disruptions could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders manifestations such as ASD. Our study contributes with novel knowledge of the CZS outcomes and paves the way for clinical validation and the development of potential interventions to mitigate the impact of ZIKV vertical infection on neurodevelopment.

Seed germination (GS) and seedling growth are vital plant stages that can be affected by stresses such as drought and aging, which cause deterioration and reduce seed viability. With the aim of homogenizing and improving GS, priming treatments with biostimulants such as the antioxidant melatonin are commonly used in seeds. In this study, the effects of melatonin on germination and seedling growth in two different situations, i.e., aging seeds of rice, barley, and sorghum and under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress in sorghum, were studied. Aged seeds were primed for 7 days in different concentrations of melatonin, and drought stress seeds were primed for 24 h before PEG treatment for 7 days, and germination and initial growth parameters were monitored. Aging-seeds of rice and barley showed the maximum response in terms of germination percentage at 20 µM melatonin and 0.05 µM respectively; while aging-seeds of sorghum showed improvement in germination for practically all concentrations studied, even the highest tested at 50 µM. Regarding the effect of melatonin treatments on drought stress in sorghum seeds, all the studied parameters showed a significant attenuation of the adverse effects of drought stress, alleviating them, for all concentrations tested but especially at 200 µM melatonin. The results obtained confirm that priming seeds with melatonin under low germinability conditions relieves stress and improves both germination and seedling growth.

An increasing base of evidence suggests that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections may be associated with neurological complications. In accord with the PRISMA statement, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the occurrence of encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with documented RSV infections. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for eligible observational studies published up to 10 April 2024. Raw data included the occurrence of RSV infections among cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathy and cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathy among series of RSV infections. Data were pooled in a random effects model. Case reports were also collected, and their data pooled as a cumulative series. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 measure, while reporting bias was assessed by means of funnel plots and regression analysis. A total of 15 studies for a total of 7719 RSV infections and 1631 cases of encephalitis were analyzed. Moreover, 27 case reports and case series were retrieved, for a total of 84 individual cases of encephalitis/encephalopathy occurring during a documented RSV infection. A pooled prevalence of 2.20 cases of encephalitis/encephalopathy per 100 RSV cases (I2 = 99%) was calculated, while a prevalence of RSV infections among cases of encephalitis/encephalopathy was estimated to 3.53 per 100 cases for studies on respiratory specimens (I2 = 48%) and 0.37 per cases on central nervous system (CNS) specimens (I2 = 0%). Detection of RSV within the CNS was relatively rare (17.86% of pooled case reports), being associated with male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.021, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.104 to 22.831) and recovery with long-term sequelae (aOR 5.699, 95%CI 1.152; 28.183). Case fatality ratio was estimated to be 0.43 per 100 cases on observational studies and 10.71% in case reports, a difference likely due to publication bias. In summary, RSV represented a not frequent but notable cause of encephalitis/encephalopathy in adults and children. The paucity of available studies not only recommends a cautious appraisal of our results but stresses the clinical significance of future studies on incident cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathy.

Abstract In this work, we present a novel preclinical device utilizing Torsional Wave Elastography (TWE). It comprises a rotational actuator element and a piezoceramic receiver ring circumferentially aligned. Both allow the transmission of shear waves that interact with the tissue before being received. Our main objective is to demonstrate and characterize the reliability, robustness, and accuracy of the device for characterizing the stiffness of elastic materials and soft tissues. Experimental tests are performed using two sets of tissue mimicking phantoms. The first set consists of calibrated CIRS gels with known stiffness value, while the second test uses non-calibrated manufactured phantoms. Our experimental observations show that the proposed device consistently and repeatably quantifies the stiffness of elastic materials with high accuracy. Furthermore, comparison with established techniques demonstrates a very high correlation (> 95%), supporting the potential medical application of this technology. The results obtained pave the way for a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the correlation between gestational age and cervical elastic properties during pregnancy.

Abstract Estimating the tissue parameters of skin tumors is crucial for diagnosis and effective therapy in dermatology and related fields. However, identifying the most sensitive biomarkers require an optimal rheological model for simulating skin behavior this remains an ongoing research endeavor. Additionally, the multi-layered structure of the skin introduces further complexity to this task. In order to surmount these challenges, an inverse problem methodology, in conjunction with signal analysis techniques, is being employed. In this study, a fractional rheological model is presented to enhance the precision of skin tissue parameter estimation from the acquired signal from torsional wave elastography technique (TWE) on skin tumor-mimicking phantoms for lab validation and the estimation of the thickness of the cancerous layer. An exhaustive analysis of the spring-pot model (SP) solved by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) is conducted. The results of experiments performed using a TWE probe designed and prototyped in the laboratory were validated against ultrafast imaging carried out by the Verasonics Research System. Twelve tissue-mimicking phantoms, which precisely simulated the characteristics of skin tissue, were prepared for our experimental setting. The experimental data from these bi-layer phantoms were measured using a TWE probe, and the parameters of the skin tissue were estimated using inverse problem-solving. The agreement between the two datasets was evaluated by comparing the experimental data obtained from the TWE technique with simulated data from the SP- FDTD model using Pearson correlation, dynamic time warping (DTW), and time-frequency representation. Our findings show that the SP-FDTD model and TWE are capable of determining the mechanical properties of both layers in a bilayer phantom, using a single signal and an inverse problem approach. The ultrafast imaging and the validation of TWE results further demonstrate the robustness and reliability of our technology for a realistic range of phantoms. This fusion of the SP-FDTD model and TWE, as well as inverse problem-solving methods has the potential to have a considerable impact on diagnoses and treatments in dermatology and related fields.

PHYSICS MISCONCEPTIONS IN FIRST CYCLE SCHOOL: AN EDUCATION QUESTIONNAIRE Abstract The achievement of an adequate level of scientific knowledge is unanimously recognized as an important milestone, not only for training future scientists but above all to enable the new generations to possess important skills for responsible and critically informed citizenship. Regarding Italy, international comparisons highlight the accentuation of specific critical issues in this area. Concerning the search for teaching actions aimed at improving the understanding of physical phenomena, it remains fundamental to understand the preconceptions from which students start and the cognitive obstacles that these entail. We have prepared and validated a questionnaire with the aim of highlighting the most common critical elements in the explanation of physical phenomena by students aged 11-14. The collected data confirm the presence of widespread misconceptions already reported in the literature, which it is appropriate to bring to the attention of teachers. The questionnaire is complemented by formative feedback intended to provide initial indications for their revision.

RESUMO Em meio às discussões da política energética, raramente a demanda é levada em consideração. Este artigo discute números referentes ao consumo doméstico de energia e visa contribuir para a formulação de políticas que entendam os diferentes efeitos e o que significa o acesso à energia para a população.

Reseña del libro: RAYO MUÑOZ, Gema, Una iglesia a la sombra de la monarquía: dinero y poder en el reino de Granada (1487-1526), Madrid, CSIC, 2023, 436 pp.

Abstract Carbon is considered to exist in three basic forms: diamond, graphite/graphene/fullerenes, and carbyne, which differ in a type of atomic orbitals hybridization. Since several decades the existence of the fourth basic carbon allotropic form with the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal lattice has been a matter of discussion despite clear evidence for its laboratory synthesis and presence in nature. Here, we obtain this carbon allotrope in form of epitaxial films on diamond in a quantity sufficient to perform their comprehensive studies. The carbon material has an fcc crystal structure, shows a negative electron affinity, and is characterized by a peculiar hybridization of the valence atomic orbitals. Its bandgap (~6 eV) is typical for insulators, whereas the noticeable electrical conductivity (~0.1 S m−1) increases with temperature, which is typical for semiconductors. Ab initio calculations explain this apparent contradiction by noncovalent sharing p-electrons present in the uncommon valence band structure comprising an intraband gap. This carbon allotrope can create a new pathway to ‘carbon electronics’ as the first intrinsic semiconductor with an ultra-wide bandgap.

Purpose – This study aims to answer the question of how to structure a circular ecosystem for extractive fishing in the Amazon region. It explores possibilities for implementing a circular ecosystem management model in an imperfect market with low technological availability, high informality and limited public assistance. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative approach was adopted for this paper, with a case study on extractive fishing in the state of Amazonas. Data was collected through 35 interviews and direct observation of the processes of collecting, storing and transporting fish on two routes: Tapauá-Manaus and Manacapuru-Manaus. Findings – Through the data collected, it was possible to observe the importance of an orchestrating agent – such as an association or even a public authority – for the establishment and development of a circular ecosystem for extractive fishing in the region. Research limitations/implications – The paper makes theoretical contributions by presenting how a circular ecosystem management model could be implemented for an imperfect market in the Global South, as well as contributing to the literature on how the circular economy contributes to mitigate the threat to biodiversity posed by the linear economy. Practical implications – It contributes to the management practice of structuring circular ecosystems. Social implications – The role of public authorities and the collective organization of fishermen as orchestrators connecting the network of actors that develop the extractive fishing ecosystem is fundamental, guaranteeing effective social participation in solving local problems. Originality/value – The idea of circular ecosystems was applied to imperfect contexts, with high informality, weak institutions and bioeconomy, topics still little explored in the literature.

Introduction: It has been estimated that the proportion of blood donors in Brazil is below 2.0 %, lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization, which is between 3 % and 5 % of the population. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that can influence blood donation. Method: This is an integrative review, whose bibliographic search was carried out through the Virtual Health Library, considering scientific articles indexed in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in the Health Sciences database. Results: This process was performed in July 2022 with term “blood donors” and 901 publications were identified, without delimitation of the study period or any other aspects. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 articles were fully reviewed. The studies were categorized according to the main content discussed in “characteristics and perspectives of donors”, “perspective of health professionals and services” and “loyalty strategies: marketing and communication in health”. Access to coherent information about the donation process was the motivational aspect evidenced in the three categories of analysis, that is, indispensable from the perspective of users, health professionals who work in blood therapy services and for marketing and communication in health. It is through the knowledge of the procedure that uncertainties and fear are decreased and loyal donors are increased. Conclusion: Altruism was the most frequent driving feeling in the consulted literature, whereas the lack of time and fear were the routine obstacles. The campaigns were identified as communication and health education actions relevant to attracting and retaining the donor, as well as applications and social networks.

Abstract Background Cocaine craving is a central symptom of cocaine use disorders (CUD). Virtual reality cue-exposure therapy for craving (VRCET) allows more immersive, realistic, and controllable exposure than traditional non-VR cue-exposure therapy (CET), whose efficacy is limited in treating substance use disorders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of VRCET, as a stand-alone and add-on intervention (i.e., combined with cognitive therapy), compared to a picture-based CET (PCET), in reducing self-reported cocaine craving in inpatients hospitalized for CUD. Methods Fifty-four inpatients hospitalized for CUD will be randomized in one of two intensive 3-week treatment arms: 10 meetings/2-week treatment of VRCET plus 5 meetings/1-week treatment of memory-focused cognitive therapy (MFCT; experimental arm), or 15 meetings/3-week treatment of PCET (active control arm). The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ – F & S) will be used to assess the primary outcome, i.e., the post-treatment decrease of self-reported cocaine craving frequency (within the past 2 weeks) and intensity scores (in VR exposure to cocaine cues). Secondary endpoints include urinary, physiological, and self-reported cocaine use-related measures. Assessments are scheduled at pretreatment, after 2 weeks of treatment (i.e., VRCET vs. PCET), post-treatment (3 weeks, i.e., VRCET + MFCT vs. PCET), and at 1-month follow-up. Acceptability will be evaluated via (i) the Spatial Presence for Immersive Environments – Cybersickness along VRCET and (ii) the Client Satisfaction Questionnaires after 2 weeks of treatment and post-treatment. Discussion This study will be the first to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of VRCET for CUD, as a psychotherapeutic add-on, to reduce both cocaine craving frequency and intensity. Additionally, this study will provide evidence about the specific interest of VRCET, compared to a non-VR-based CET, as a cue reactivity and exposure paradigm for treating substance use disorders. Trial registration NCT05833529 [clinicaltrials.gov]. Prospectively registered on April 17, 2023.

The question of history learning at school and its improvement has long been a subject of discussion, but it continues to present unresolved critical issues due to pupils’ difficulties in understanding this discipline, difficulties in defining clear and accountable learning objectives and the lack of adequate assessment systems. In line with international research, this article intends to show how it is possible to overcome these critical issues by identifying the development of historical thinking as the purpose of learning history, making explicit the dimensions of which it is composed and matching them with a taxonomy of learning objectives that can be translated into adequate assessment tests. The work presents an example of this process in the construction of a model test applied in the final year of primary school as part of an instructional intervention for progressive improvement of whose objectives the pupils were made aware.

Abstract Aiming at understanding the source of the fluids that mineralizing within seismically active fault zones, we investigate the noble gas isotopes (i.e., helium (He), neon (Ne), and argon (Ar)) in the fluid inclusions (FIs) trapped in the calcite veins sampled along high‐angle fault zones of the Contursi hydrothermal basin, southern Italy. The latter basin lies in close vicinity of the MW = 6.9, 1980 Irpinia earthquake and exposes numerous fault scarps dissecting Mesozoic shallow‐water carbonates. The analyses of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar) are conducted to identify the origin of the volatiles circulating along the faults at the time of calcite precipitation. Then, outcomes of this discussions are compared with currently outgassing of deep‐sourced CO2 coupled to mantle‐derived He in that area, whose output is larger than those from some volcanic areas worldwide. The results indicate that He in FIs is dominated by a crustal radiogenic component (4He), and by an up to 20% of a mantle‐derived component (3He), with a highest isotopic signature of 1.38 Ra. This value is consistent with the highest percentage of mantle‐derived He associated to high‐flux CO2 gas emission in the investigated area (1.41 Ra). We propose that the variability of the He isotopic signature measured in primary FIs can result from early trapping of fluid inclusions or post trapping processes and seismic activity that modify the pristine He isotopic signature (i.e., derived from the crust and/or mantle) in groundwater along the faults during periods of background seismicity. Such investigations are fundamental to understand fluid migration in fault systems and the role of fluids in processes of earthquake nucleation.

ABSTRACT: Equine piroplasmosis is an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan-caused disease that affects equids worldwide. Horses that survive piroplasmosis can become asymptomatic carriers for the rest of their lives. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of piroplasms and to compare three different blood smear tests (jugular, peripheral, and splenic blood) to detect piroplasms in asymptomatic wandering horses seized by the “Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal” (SEAGRI-DF), Midwest region of Brazil. Of the 100 horses evaluated, 38 were diagnosed positive for piroplasm (38%), with the etiological agents found at the jugular blood smear in 11% (11/100) of horses, peripheral blood smear in 13% (13/100), and splenic blood smear in 38% (38/100). Piroplasm-positive horses showed anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, but the hematological changes did not differ statistically between positive and negative horses. In summary, the stray horses evaluated showed a high incidence of piroplasm (38%). All positive horses presented one of the etiologic agents in the splenic blood, but some did not show the parasite in the jugular blood smear (27/38, 71%) or the peripheral blood smear (25/38, 65.8%). Thus, the splenic blood was shown to be the best sample to determine the presence of piroplasm in wandering horses. As it is a low-cost and easy-to-perform test, it can be included in the routine diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis, helping to monitor the prevalence of piroplasms in places where molecular techniques are not accessible.

IntroductionThe increasing prevalence of mental health disorders has elicited significant concern within society, particularly among adolescents who are disproportionately affected by this concerning trend. Consequently, institutions are seeking efficacious and cost-effective interventions to address this situation, while the scientific community has identified physical activity as a potential means to mitigate this epidemic. Motor self-efficacy and physical self-concept have been demonstrated to confer benefits to the mental health of young individuals, comparable to those of physical fitness. These aspects not only influence physical health but also the emotional and psychological well-being of individuals, contributing to a better overall quality of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the moderating role of self-perceived physical fitness in motor self-efficacy and physical self-concept, in high school physical education students.MethodsTo this end, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to identify the non-normality of the data and the Mann–Whitney U test to determine the differences by sex in the variables studied to subsequently perform a moderation analysis and a regression test for the physical self-concept prediction model.ResultsThe results showed that self-perceived physical fitness positively moderated the relationship motor self-efficacy and physical self-concept, enhancing the positive effect size of self-efficacy on physical self-concept.ConclusionThus, self-perceived physical fitness could be important in interventions aimed at improving physical and emotional well-being and health of adolescents.