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1. Impact of Engineered Nanoparticles on Virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and on Rice Sensitivity at its Infection

Author

Giuliano Degrassi, Livia Vittori Antisari, Vittorio Venturi, Serena Carbone, Antonietta M. Gatti, Chiara Gambardella, Carla Falugi, and Gilmo Vianello

Subjects
engineered nanoparticles, Ag, Co, Ni, CeO2, rice, Xanthomonas oryzae, Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5
Abstract

The present work of nanocotoxicity wants to propose a new plant model starting from the rice plant. The model takes into consideration the impact of engineered nanoparticles (Ag, Co, Ni, CeO2, Fe3O4, TiO2) on rice plants that were weakened by infections of Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae bacteria. The results indicate that some NPs increase the rice sensitivity to the pathogen while others decrease the virulence of the pathogen towards rice. No-enrichment in component metal concentration is detected in above organs of rice, with exception of Ni-NPs treatment. An imbalance of major elements in infected rice crops treated with NPs was investigated.

Published
2014
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2. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOTOXICITY

Author

Antonietta M. Gatti, Isabella Massamba, Federico Capitani, Mario Commodo, and Patrizia Minutolo

Subjects
nanoparticles, nanotoxiticy, nanoecotoxicity, Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5
Abstract

A special greenhouse was constructed to verify the impact of nanoparticles dispersed in air and in the soil on plant and small animal models. A 40x4m2 greenhouse was divided in two specular parts in order to have a polluted area (B) and the reference one (A). Two different systems to spray nanoparticles (NPs) were set up: the first consists in a combustion of wood or coke perfused with an alcoholic solution containing Copper and Cobalt NPs and following emission of the micro and nanosized by-products in the greenhouse. The second system is a suitable sprayer of NPs starting from a water solution of engineered NPs of Cobalt, Nickel, Silver, Titania, Cerine. Plants (tomato, rice, tillandsia and moss) and insects (Ceratitis capitata) were exposed to NPs according to specific protocols, as well as aquatic marine animal models (Earth worms (Lumbricus rubellus), Sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus), Brine shrimps (Artemia salina), Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Barnacles (Balanus amphitrite). The results indicate that the NPs produce some effects in photosinthesis in the plant and biological damages at the developmental stage in the sea urchins.

Published
2012
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3. Novel chemical-physical autopsy investigation in sudden infant death and sudden intrauterine unexplained death syndromes

Author

Antonietta M Gatti, Marko Ristic, Stefano Stanzani, and Anna M Lavezzi

Subjects
Biomedical Engineering, Medicine (miscellaneous), Brain, Humans, General Materials Science, Bioengineering, Autopsy, Syndrome, Development, Fetal Death, Sudden Infant Death
Abstract

Aim: Verify the presence of inorganic nanoparticle entities in brain tissue samples from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)/sudden intrauterine unexplained death syndrome (SIUDS) cases. The presence of inorganic debris could be a cofactor that compromises proper brain tissue functionality. Materials & methods: A novel autopsy approach that consists of neuropathological analysis procedures combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy/field emission gun environmental scanning electron microscopy investigations was implemented on 10 SIDS/SIUDS cases, whereas control samples were obtained from 10 cases of fetal/infant death from known cause. Results: Developmental abnormalities of the brain were associated with the presence of foreign bodies. Although nanoparticles were present as well in control samples, they were not associated with histological brain anomalies, as was the case in SIDS/SIUDS. Conclusion: Inorganic particles present in brain tissues demonstrate their ability to cross the hemato–encephalic barrier and to interact with tissues and cells in an unknown yet pathological fashion. This gives a rationale to consider them as cofactors of lethality.

Published
2022

4. Contributors

Author

Hikmate Abriouel, Nurul Absar, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Naveed Ahmad, Thonas Alexiou, Muhammad Ali, Gjumrakch Aliev, Mohammad AL-Mamun, Ali Asghar, Ghulam Ashraf, Mukerrem B.Y. Aycan, Nurgul K. Bakirhan, Sonia Barberis, Cristina Barcia, Md. Latiful Bari, Samina Bashir, Karsten Becker, Nabil Benomar, Anupam Bishayee, Baishakhi Biswas, Giuseppe Blaiotta, Romina Brasca, Shalini Chandel, Daniele Chieffi, Gyu-Sung Cho, Tuhina Chowdhury, María J. Culzoni, Reynaldo De la Cruz-Quiroz, Nora Debattista, K.D. Devi Nelluri, Tuba Dilmaçünal, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Charles M.A.P. Franz, Vincenzina Fusco, Antonietta M. Gatti, Gunjan Goel, Héctor C. Goicoechea, Amanda G. Gonçalves, Avinash S. Hanumakonda, Gassan Hodaifa, Humberto M. Hungaro, Irum Iqrar, Jan Kabisch, Mohammad A. Kamal, Oya B. Karaca, Ali T. Khalil, Ali H. Khalil, Siva K. Korada, Hakan Kuleaşan, Sevinc Kurbanoglu, Dhananjaya B. Lakkappa, Alain Largeteau, Da-Yong Lu, Rishi Mahajan, Eduardo Martínez-Terrazas, Stefano Montanari, Muhammad Nadeem, Karen Nathiely Ramírez-Guzmán, Leopoldo M. Nieto, Celile A. Oluk, Sibel A. Ozkan, Maura Palmery, Ilaria Peluso, Mythili Prakasam, Swathi Putta, Héctor G. Quiroga, Muhammad Atif Randhawa, Raffaella Reggi, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Mahdi Seyedsalehi, Zabta K. Shinwari, null Sidrah, Willian C. Silva, Marcio R. Silva, Juan M. Talia, Brenda N. Targino, Navya Sree Thota, Cristian Torres-León, Bengi Uslu, Sabina Yeasmin, and Nagendra S. Yarla

Published
2018
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6. Case Studies in Nanotoxicology and Particle Toxicology

Author

Antonietta M Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Antonietta M Gatti, and Stefano Montanari

Subjects
Pollutants, Nanostructured materials--Toxicology, Nanoparticles--Toxicology
Abstract

Case Studies in Nanotoxicology and Particle Toxicology presents a highly-illustrated analysis of the most prominent cases on the adverse effects of nanoparticles and their impact on humans and the environment. This comprehensive reference demonstrates the possible risks imposed by managing and handling nanoparticles, showing the effects of involuntary inhalation or ingestion during their use and after their incineration. Through the use of numerous examples, readers will discover the possible risks and effects of working with nanoparticles, along with best practices to prevent these effects. The text is an essential reference for anyone working in the risk assessment of nanoparticles, including nanosafety professionals, occupational toxicologists, regulatory toxicologists, and clinicians. - Presents real-life cases showing the potential risks to human health following exposure to nanoparticles - An ideal reference for anyone working in the risk assessment of nanoparticles, including nanosafety professionals, occupational toxicologists, regulatory toxicologists, and clinicians - Provides examples to help assess risks of handling engineered nanomaterials - Advises on the best forms of protection and the safest nanotechnological products

Published
2015

9. RELIABILITY OF PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE ZEISS FUNDUS CAMERA

Author

Sergio Fonda, Antonietta M. Gatti, and Deanna Vecchi

Subjects
Systematic error, Retinal blood flow, Computer science, business.industry, Image processing, General Medicine, Models, Biological, Sample (graphics), Fundus camera, Photometry, Ophthalmology, Optics, Cineangiography, Fluorescein Angiography, business, Reliability (statistics), Densitometry
Abstract

The authors test the hypothesis of systematic errors in photometric and/or densitometric measurements performed by Fundus camera equipment. By means of 2 different methods (reflection and transmission) the non-uniformity of light-distribution on sample surfaces placed in front of the fundus camera is shown. The consequent point by point variability in retinal illumination can be defined as the 'retinal shading problem'. This conclusion must be taken into account when equidensitometric measurements are carried out on eye fundus images with fundus camera, by photographic, cinematographic or TV techniques.

Published
2009
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11. Review: Morphofunctional and biochemical markers of stress in sea urchin life stages exposed to engineered nanoparticles

Author

Chiara, Gambardella, Sara, Ferrando, Antonietta M, Gatti, Edoardo, Cataldi, Paola, Ramoino, Maria Grazia, Aluigi, Marco, Faimali, Alberto, Diaspro, and Carla, Falugi

Subjects
Male, Embryo, Nonmammalian, risk assessment, health, Spermatozoa, echinoderm, monitoring, coastal marine water, Stress, Physiological, Paracentrotus lividus, Fertilization, Larva, Sea Urchins, Animals, Nanoparticles
Abstract

We describe the use of different life stages of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus for the assessment of the possible risk posed by nanoparticles (NPs) in the coastal water. A first screening for the presence of NPs in sea water may be obtained by checking their presence inside tissues of organisms taken from the wild. The ability of NPs to pass from gut to the coelomic fluid is demonstrated by accumulation in sea urchin coelomocytes; the toxicity on sperms can be measured by embryotoxicity markers after sperm exposure, whereas the transfer through the food chain can be observed by developmental anomalies in larvae fed with microalgae exposed to NPs. The most used spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity tests are described, as well as the biochemical and histochemical analyses of cholinesterase (ChE) activities, which are used to verify toxicity parameters such as inflammation, neurotoxicity, and interference in cell-to-cell communication. Morphological markers of toxicity, in particular skeletal anomalies, are described and classified. In addition, NPs may impair viability of the immune cells of adult specimens. Molecular similarity between echinoderm and human immune cells is shown and discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1552-1562, 2016.

Published
2016

12. Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in an Atypical Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Abdominal Wall

Author

Antonietta M. Gatti, Luca Roncati, Giuseppe Barbolini, Beniamino Palmieri, Antonio Maiorana, and Federico Capitani

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, Biology, Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive euroectodermal tumor, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Abdominal wall, Metal, Ointments, microanalysis, Structural Biology, bismuth, medicine, Humans, Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral, heavy metals, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Aluminum, bioaccumulation, scanning electron microscope, Poisoning, Pruritus, Abdominal Wall, Heavy metals, Histology, Antipruritics, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Immunohistochemistry, Heavy Metal Poisoning, medicine.anatomical_structure, Bioaccumulation, visual_art, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Intracellular, Electron Probe Microanalysis
Abstract

Heavy metals are able to interfere with the function of vital cellular components. Besides in trace heavy metals, which are essential at low concentration for humans, there are heavy metals with a well-known toxic and oncogenic potential. In this study, for the first time in literature, we report the unique adulthood case of an atypical primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the abdominal wall, diagnosed by histology and immunohistochemistry, with the molecular hybridization support. The neoplasia occurred in a patient chronically exposed to a transdermal delivery of heavy metal salts (aluminum and bismuth), whose intracellular bioaccumulation has been revealed by elemental microanalysis.

Published
2015

13. Nanomedicine and Nanopathology: Two Opposite Aspects of Nanotechnologies

Author

Antonietta M Gatti

Subjects
Biomimetic materials, Materials science, Nanostructured materials, Nanomedicine, Healthy tissue, Nanorobotics, Nanotechnology, Host tissue, Foreign Bodies, Completely sure
Abstract

bullets” capable of hitting with extraordinary accuracy targets located in some organ or tissue and treat their pathologies. A novel field of research, another nano, had been opened: “nanomedicine”. An attempt was made with iron-oxide particles. Once they had been driven to their target, in that case a cancerous tissue, they were heated up by a strong magnetic field at a temperature high enough to kill the diseased cells. Having not been reached by the particles, the healthy tissue remained undamaged. And iron-oxide particles can also be used for imaging purpose with excellent technical results. The problem is that those particles are not degradable by our organism which has no ways to get rid of them. And unfortunately, at least for the time being, no artificial technique exists for that purpose. So the question is: what is the fate of those materials, undoubtedly foreign bodies, in the long run? Impossible not to expect a reaction by the host tissue, and the obvious reaction is an inflammatory one. Marginally, we are not even completely sure that all the particles injected hit the target and that a few of them are not dispersed elsewhere.

Published
2014
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14. Toxic effects of colloidal nanosilver in zebrafish embryos

Author

Maider, Olasagasti, Antonietta M, Gatti, Federico, Capitani, Alejandro, Barranco, Miguel Angel, Pardo, Kepa, Escuredo, and Sandra, Rainieri

Subjects
Lethal Dose 50, Solutions, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Silver, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Nanoparticles, Tissue Distribution, Colloids, Zebrafish
Abstract

A variety of consumer products containing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are currently marketed. However, their safety for humans and for the environment has not yet been established and no standard method to assess their toxicity is currently available. The objective of this work was to develop an effective method to test Ag NP toxicity and to evaluate the effects of ion release and Ag NP size on a vertebrate model. To this aim, the zebrafish animal model was exposed to a solution of commercial nanosilver. While the exposure of embryos still surrounded by the chorion did not allow a definite estimation of the toxic effects exerted by the compound, the exposure for 48 h of 3-day-old zebrafish hatched embryos afforded a reliable evaluation of the effects of Ag NPs. The effects of the exposure were detected especially at molecular level; in fact, some selected genes expressed differentially after the exposure. The Ag NP toxic performance was due to the combined effect of Ag(+) ion release and Ag NP size. However, the effect of NP size was particularly detectable at the lowest concentration of nanosilver tested (0.01 mg l(-1)) and depended on the solubilization media. The results obtained indicate that in vivo toxicity studies of nanosilver should be performed with ad hoc methods (in this case using hatched embryos) that might be different depending on the type of nanosilver. Moreover, the addition of this compound to commercial products should take into consideration the Ag NP solubilization media.

Published
2013

15. Contributors

Author

Cataldo Abaterusso, Stéphane P. Ahern, Maria Cristina Aisa, Robert C. Albright, Vicente Alfaro, Ali Al-Khafaji, Jean-Christophe Allo, Richard Amerling, Alessandro Amore, Robert J. Anderson, Michele Andreucci, Vittorio E. Andreucci, Emilios Andrikos, Vicente Arroyo, John M. Arthur, Stephen R. Ash, Emilio Assanelli, Filippo Aucella, Sean M. Bagshaw, Olga Balafa, André Luís Balbi, Ian Baldwin, Marco Ballestri, Joanne M. Bargman, Gina-Marie Barletta, Jeffrey F. Barletta, Libero Barozzi, Rashad S. Barsoum, Monica Beaulieu, Donna Beer-Stolz, Rinaldo Bellomo, Jose Bernardo, Michele Bertolotto, John T. Bestoso, Gerard A. Betro, Mallar Bhattacharya, Geoffrey R. Bihl, Stijn I. Blot, Willem Boer, Mirian A. Boim, Monica Bonello, Joseph V. Bonventre, A.D. Booth, Edmund Bourke, George Braitberg, Diego Brancaccio, Alessandra Brendolan, Brigida Brezzi, James C. Brodie, Patrick D. Brophy, Ryan Brown, Richard Bucala, Jonathan Buckmaster, Milos N. Budisavljevic, Timothy E. Bunchman, Emmanuel A. Burdmann, Benedetta Bussolati, Matthew A. Butkus, Daniela Buzzelli, Paolo Calzavacca, Giovanni Camussi, Bernard Canaud, Noël J.M. Cano, Vincenzo Cantaluppi, Giovambattista Capasso, Gianni Cappelli, Eleonora Carlesso, Francesco G. Casino, Leticia Castillo, Roberta Cerutti, Lakhmir S. Chawla, Chang Yin Chionh, Alexander Chiu, May T. Chow, Kirpal S. Chugh, Bruno Cianciaruso, Mauro Cignarelli, Yann-Erick Claessens, John A. Clark, William R. Clark, David J. Cohen, Scott D. Cohen, Peter Constable, Rosanna Coppo, Howard E. Corey, Mario Cozzolino, Maureen Craig, Carl H. Cramer, Mark Crandall, Paolo Cravedi, Carlo Crepaldi, R. John Crew, Donald F. Cronin, Dinna N. Cruz, Antonio Dal Canton, Maurizio Dan, Angela D'Angelo, Andrew Davenport, Andrew R. Davies, James W. Dear, Andrea De Gasperi, Roberto Dell'Aquila, Giorgio Della Rocca, Dorella Del Prete, Russell L. Delude, Thomas Depner, Lorenzo E. Derchi, Prasad Devarajan, Jan J. De Waele, Jean-François Dhainaut, José A. Diaz-Buxo, Lucia Di Micco, José Carolina Divino-Filho, Sarah Doernberg, Gordon S. Doig, David J. Dries, Francesco Maria Drudi, Wilfred Druml, Graeme Duke, Andrew Durward, Moritoki Egi, Ciro Esposito, Pieter Evenepoel, Teresa Faga, Sheung Tat Fan, Donald A. Feinfeld, Eric Féraille, Javier Fernández, Simon Finfer, Mitchell P. Fink, Kevin W. Finkel, Michael F. Flessner, Marco Formica, Lui G. Forni, James D. Fortenberry, Craig French, Roberto Fumagalli, Mario Furlanut, Micheline Djouguela Fute, Daniela Ponce Gabriel, Andrea Galassi, Miriam Galbusera, Francesco Galli, Giovanni Galli, Maurizio Gallieni, Giampiero Gallo, Giovanni Gambaro, Hilary S. Gammill, Ezio Nicola Gangemi, Dayong Gao, Susan Garwood, Francesco Garzotto, Antonietta M. Gatti, Luciano Gattinoni, John P. Geibel, Stephen George, Loreto Gesualdo, R.T. Noel Gibney, Debbie S. Gipson, Ilya G. Glezerman, Griet Glorieux, Stuart L. Goldstein, Thomas A. Golper, Manjula Gowrishankar, Fabio Grandi, Cesare Gregoretti, Brian W. Grinnell, A.B. Johan Groeneveld, Steven J. Gruber, Gualtiero Guadagni, Kyle J. Gunnerson, Akanksha Gupta, Victor Gura, Isabella Guzzo, Richard Hackbarth, Mitchell L. Halperin, Nikolas Harbord, Jean-Philippe Haymann, Alan C. Heffner, Anthony J. Hennessy, Samuel N. Heyman, Graham L. Hill, Philip J. Hilton, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Hiroyuki Hirasawa, Nicholas A. Hoenich, Stephen R. Holdsworth, Anthony Holley, Patrick M. Honoré, Eric A.J. Hoste, Andrew A. House, David T. Huang, Zhongping Huang, Rolf D. Hubmayr, Alun D. Hughes, H. David Humes, T. Alp Ikizler, Barbara Imberti, Todd S. Ing, Bertrand L. Jaber, Gérard Janvier, Arundhathi Jeyabalan, Vivekanand Jha, Olivier Joannes-Boyau, Michael Joannidis, Daryl A. Jones, Achim Jörres, Kamel S. Kamel, Ryan C. Kamp, Neeta Kannan, Lewis J. Kaplan, Özgür Karacan, Vijay Karajala-Subramanyam, Gur P. Kaushal, John A. Kellum, Markus J. Kemper, Asjad Khan, Ramesh Khanna, Vijay Kher, Paul L. Kimmel, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, A. Richard Kitching, Carl M. Kjellstrand, Orly F. Kohn, Laura A. Kooienga, Jeroen P. Kooman, Peter Kotanko, Raymond T. Krediet, A.A. Kroon, Dingwei Kuang, Martin K. Kuhlmann, Jan Willem Kuiper, Man-Fai Lam, Olga Lamacchia, Norbert Lameire, Christoph Langenberg, Gianfranco Lauri, Martine Leblanc, Ingrid Ledebo, Paolo Lentini, Edward F. Leonard, Jeffrey J. Letteri, Karel M. Leunissen, Xavier M. Leverve, Adeera Levin, John K. Leypoldt, Orfeas Liangos, Elisa Licari, Wilfred Lieberthal, Peter K. Linden, Jeffrey Lipman, Kathleen D. Liu, Shiguang Liu, Sergio Livigni, Wai-Kei Lo, Manuela Lugano, Sing-Leung Lui, Antonio Lupo, Valerie A. Luyckx, William L. Macias, Nicholas Madden, François Madore, Daniel S. Majors, Elena Mancini, Filippo Mangione, Sunil Mankad, Pier Paolo Manzini, Martino Marangella, Giancarlo Marenzi, Filippo Mariano, Paul E. Marik, John J. Marini, François Marquis, John C. Marshall, Mark R. Marshall, Roy Mathew, Kenichi Matsuda, Michael A. Matthay, Norma J. Maxvold, Clive N. May, Jerry McCauley, Maureen McCunn, Joseph McKenna, Ravindra L. Mehta, Caterina Mele, Aicha Merouani, Laurent Mesnard, Piergiorgio Messa, Philipp G.H. Metnitz, Madhukar Misra, Steffen R. Mitzner, Barry A. Mizock, Babak Mokhlesi, Bruce A. Molitoris, Andrea Morelli, Thomas John Morgan, Marina Morigi, Peter Mount, Roberto Pozzi Mucelli, Bruce A. Mueller, Patrick Murray, Raghavan Murugan, Masataka Nakamura, Federico Nalesso, Carla M. Nester, Allen Nissenson, Karl Nolph, Catalina Ocampo, Shigeto Oda, Mark D. Okusa, Steven M. Opal, Helen Opdam, Hartmut Osswald, Heleen M. Oudemans–van Straaten, Massimo A. Padalino, Matthew L. Paden, Emil P. Paganini, Paul M. Palevsky, Mani John Panat, Francesco Paolini, Dipen Parikh, Nicolò Patroniti, Pietro Pavlica, Didier Payen de La Garanderie, Federico Pea, Zhiyong Peng, Mark A. Perazella, Angelo F. Perego, Estela Regina Pereira, Evans R. Fernández Pérez, Norberto Perico, Nicoletta Pertica, Giovanni Pertosa, Licia Peruzzi, Dimitris Petras, Phuong-Chi Pham, Phuong-Thu Pham, Richard K.S. Phoon, Stefano Picca, Pasquale Piccinni, Maury N. Pinsk, Michael R. Pinsky, Marta Piroddi, Isabelle Plamondon, Lindsay D. Plank, Frans B. Plötz, Lusine Poghosyan, Natalia Polanco, Patricio M. Polanco, Hans Dietrich Polaschegg, Rafael Ponikvar, Silvia Porecca, Didier Portilla, T. Brian Powell, Raymond Quigley, Hamid Rabb, Maximilian Ragaller, Teresa Rampino, Reena Ranpuria, Anjay Rastogi, Ranistha Ratanarat, Naem Raza, Michael C. Reade, John H. Reeves, Karl Reiter, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Zaccaria Ricci, Sven-Erik Ricksten, Christophe Ridel, Kinan Rifai, Troels Ring, Julie Riopel, Eduardo Rocha, Eric Roessler, Roberto Rona, Claudio Ronco, Eric Rondeau, Seymour Rosen, Christian Rosenberger, Shane Rowan, Thomas Roy, Georges Saab, Tomohito Sadahiro, Carla Sala, Chiara Sala, Alan D. Salama, Adrian Salmon, Gabriela Salvatori, Ramin Sam, Ruben M. Sandoval, Antonio Santoro, Takao Saotome, Penny L. Sappington, J. Vidya Sarma, Judy Savige, Francesco Paolo Schena, Eva Schepers, Miet Schetz, Gregory A. Schmidt, Nestor Schor, Nicola Schusterschitz, Giuseppe Segoloni, Nirva Shah, Shamik H. Shah, Sudhir V. Shah, Asif A. Sharfuddin, Andrew Shaw, Hidetoshi Shiga, Hisataka Shoji, Ashutosh Shukla, Fiona Simpson, Kai Singbartl, Mervyn Singer, Kim Solez, Kevin M. Sowinski, Mark Stafford-Smith, Jan Stange, Luca Stefanelli, Deborah M. Stein, Maurizio Stella, Giovanni Stellin, David A. Story, Sanjay Subramanian, Kristina Swärd, Jordan M. Symons, Kian Bun Tai, James Tattersall, Luisa Tedeschi, Isaac Teitelbaum, Vicente P. Castro Teixeira, Ciro Tetta, Charuhas V. Thakar, Hermann Theilen, Karl W. Thomas, Ashita Tolwani, Francesco Trepiccione, Giorgio Triolo, Jennifer L.Y. Tsang, Emre Tutal, Shigehiko Uchino, Mark Unruh, G. Matthew Vail, Massimo Valentino, Volker Vallon, Wim Van Biesen, Frank M. van der Sande, Dominique M. Vandijck, Raymond Vanholder, Sanju A. Varghese, Ramesh Venkataraman, Bala Venkatesh, Anton Verbine, Jean-Louis Vincent, Christophe Vinsonneau, Ravindran Visvanathan, Alexandra Voinescu, Scott Walters, Li Wan, Peter A. Ward, Richard A. Ward, Stephen Warrillow, Steve Webb, Kenneth Scott Whitlow, Anders Wieslander, Alan H. Wilkinson, Keith Wille, James Frank Winchester, Christine Wu, James Yassin, Jane Y. Yeun, Terence Pok-Siu Yip, Alex W. Yu, Miriam Zacchia, Najam Zaida, Nereo Zamperetti, Michael Zappitelli, and Alexander Zarbock

Published
2009
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16. Innate defence functions of macrophages can be biased by nano-sized ceramic and metallic particles

Author

Marilena, Lucarelli, Antonietta M, Gatti, Graziana, Savarino, Paola, Quattroni, Lucia, Martinelli, Emanuela, Monari, and Diana, Boraschi

Subjects
Ceramics, Innate, defence, functions, macrophages, nano-sized, ceramic, metallic particles, Metals, Macrophages, Cytokines, Humans, Biocompatible Materials, U937 Cells, Immunity, Innate, Nanostructures
Abstract

Nano-sized particles of ceramic and metallic materials are generated by high-tech industrial activities, and can be generated from worn-out replacement and prosthetic implants. The interaction with the human body of such nanoparticles has been investigated, with a particular emphasis on innate defence mechanisms. Human macrophages (PMA-differentiated myelomonocytic U-937 cells) were exposed in vitro to non-toxic concentrations of TiO(2), SiO(2), ZrO(2), or Co nanoparticles, and their inflammatory response (expression of TLR receptors and co-receptors, and cytokine production) was examined. Expression of TLR receptors was generally unaffected by exposure to the different nanoparticles, except for some notable cases. Exposure to nanoparticles of ZrO(2) (and to a lesser extent TiO(2)), upregulated expression of viral TLR receptors TLR3 and TLR7. Expression of TLR10 was also increased by TiO(2) and ZrO(2) nanoparticles. On the other hand, TLR9 expression was decreased by SiO(2) nano-particles, and expression of the co-receptor CD14 was inhibited by Co nanoparticles. Basal and LPS-induced production of cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-1Ra was examined in macrophages exposed to nanoparticles. SiO(2) nanoparticles strongly biased naive macrophages towards inflammation (M1 polarisation), by selectively inducing production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. SiO(2) nanoparticles also significantly amplified the inflammatory phenotype of LPS-polarised M1 macrophages. Other ceramic nanoparticles had little influence on cytokine production, either in resting macrophages, or in LPS-activated cells. Generally, Co nanoparticles had an overall pro-inflammatory effect on naive macrophages, by reducing anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra and inducing inflammatory TNF-alpha. However, Co nanoparticles reduced production of IL-1beta and IL-1Ra, but not TNF-alpha, in LPS-polarised M1 macrophages. Thus, exposure to different nanoparticles can modulate, in different ways, the defence/inflammatory capacities of macrophages. A thorough analysis of these biasing effects may shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of several diseases based on dysregulation of the immune response (allergies, autoimmunity, tumours).

Published
2004

18. Effects of nano-scaled particles on endothelial cell function in vitro: Studies on viability, proliferation and inflammation.

Author

Kirsten Peters, Ronald E. Unger, C. James Kirkpatrick, Antonietta M. Gatti, and Emanuela Monari

Abstract

Recent studies give support for a connection between the presence of inorganic particles (of μm and nm size) in different organs and tissues and the development of inflammatory foci, called granulomas. As the potential source of particles (e.g. porcelain dental bridges) and the location of particle detection were topographically far apart, a distribution via the blood stream appears highly probable. Thus, endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, would come into direct contact with these particles, making particle–endothelial interactions potentially pathogenically relevant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects that five different nano-scaled particles (PVC, TiO2, SiO2, Co, Ni) have on endothelial cell function and viability. Therefore, human endothelial cells were exposed to different amounts of the above-mentioned particles. Although most particle types are shown to be internalised (except Ni-particles), only Co-particles possessed cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, an impairment of the proliferative activity and a pro-inflammatory stimulation of endothelial cells were induced by exposure to Co- and, to a lesser extent, by SiO2-particles. If a pro-inflammatory stimulation of endothelial cells occurs in vivo, a chronic inflammation could be a possible consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

19. Toxicity and transfer of metal oxide nanoparticles from microalgae to sea urchin larvae

Author

Lorenzo Gallus, Serena Carbone, Sara Ferrando, Livia Vittori Antisari, Marco Faimali, Carla Falugi, Chiara Gambardella, Antonietta Gatti, Chiara Gambardella, Lorenzo Gallu, Antonietta M. Gatti, Marco Faimali, Serena Carbone, Livia Vittori Antisari, Carla Falugi, and Sara Ferrando

Subjects
animal structures, Paracentrotus lividus, sea urchin, Food chain, Algae, biology.animal, Pluteus, Sea urchin, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, General Environmental Science, Trophic level, Ecology, biology, food, microalgae, nanoparticle, toxiciy, Aquatic ecosystem, echinoderms, fungi, technology, industry, and agriculture, toxicity, biology.organism_classification, echinoderm, Environmental chemistry, Toxicity, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, nanoparticles, Paracentrotus lividu
Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) contained in commercial products are released and enter into the aquatic ecosystem, posing serious possible risks to the environment and affecting the food chain. Therefore, investigating the potential toxicity of NPs on aquatic organisms has become an important issue. This study assessed the toxicity and trophic transfer of metal oxide NPs from marine microalgae (Cricosphaera elongata) to the larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Larvae (24 h old) were fed on 2000 cell mL−1 48 h of microalgae contaminated with 5 mg L−1 of several metal oxide NPs (SiO2, SnO2, CeO2, Fe3O4) for 15 days. Larval viability and development were monitored from the 4-arm stage to the 8-arm pluteus stage. A significant decrease in survival was observed in larvae fed with microalgae exposed to SiO2 and CeO2 NPs. Abnormal development, characterised by skeletal degeneration and altered rudiment growth, was observed in all larvae fed with contaminated NP algae. Our findings revealed that SiO2 and CeO2 NPs exerted a toxic effect in the trophic interaction analysed, by reducing sea urchin larval viability, and all metal oxide NPs induced toxicological effects. In conclusion, metal oxide NPs may enter the food chain and become bioavailable for marine organisms, affecting their development.

Published
2014
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