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Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações considerando-se o módulo Registro do Vacinado, do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Brasil, 2017. Métodos Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se do Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, publicado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States), para avaliar os atributos de simplicidade, flexibilidade, qualidade dos dados, sensibilidade, oportunidade e utilidade do sistema para seis vacinas do calendário de vacinação da criança. Resultados O Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações foi considerado complexo em sua descrição, flexível às mudanças no calendário vacinal, de baixa qualidade dos dados para as vacinas DTP e rotavírus, de aceitabilidade regular, com alta sensibilidade para a vacina BCG, inoportuno para a vacina contra hepatite B e útil às finalidades do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Conclusão Qualidade dos dados, aceitabilidade e oportunidade não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo necessárias ações pelo aprimoramento do sistema de informações. Resumen Objetivo Comparar estructura y proceso de trabajo en atención primaria para implementar la teleconsulta médica en municipios de diferentes regiones y tamaños (mil habitantes: 100). Métodos Estudio transversal, con análisis descriptivo y bivariado, datos de 2017-2018 para evaluar la disponibilidad de computadora con internet, cámara, micrófono, altavoz y proceso de trabajo (uso de Telesalud, centro de regulación central y flujo de comunicación). Resultados Se analizaron 30.346 unidades y 38.865 grupos. La presencia de equipos de teleconsulta osciló entre 1,2% en los grandes municipios del Norte y 26,7% en pequeños municipios del Sur. El proceso de trabajo osciló entre 10,7% en pequeños municipios del Norte y 39,5% en grandes municipios del Sur. En comparación con el Sur, municipios medianos del Norte (OR=0,14 - IC95% 0,11;0,17) y Nordeste (OR=0,21 - IC95% 0,18;0,25) tenían menos probabilidades de contar con los equipos necesarios. Conclusión Existe la necesidad de inversiones en Salud Digital, con desigualdades regionales relevantes. Abstract Objetivo To evaluate the National Immunization Program Immunization Surveillance System, based on its Vaccination Record module, for Brazil in 2017. Methods This was a descriptive study using the Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States) to evaluate the attributes of simplicity, flexibility, data quality, sensitivity, timeliness and usefulness of the system for six vaccines on the child immunization schedule. Results The Immunization Surveillance System was considered complex in its description; flexible to changes in the immunization schedule; of poor data quality for the DTP and rotavirus vaccines; regular acceptability; high sensitivity for the BCG vaccine; untimely for the hepatitis B vaccine and useful for the purposes of the National Immunization Program. Conclusion The data quality, acceptability and timeliness results were not satisfactory, so that actions are needed to enhance the information system.

IntroductionThere is widespread concern that disruption to health services during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to declines in immunization coverage among young children, but there is limited information on the magnitude of such impact.MethodsWe used data from two nationwide sources covering the whole of Brazil. Data from the Information System of the National Immunization Program (SIPNI) on the monthly number of vaccine doses administered to young children were analyzed. The second source was a survey in 133 large cities in the 27 states in the country, carried out from August 24-27. Respondents answered a question on whether children under the age of three years had missed any scheduled vaccinations during the pandemic, and available vaccination cards were photographed for later examination.ResultsSIPNI data showed that, relative to January and February 2020, there was a decline of about 20% in vaccines administered to children aged two months or older during March and April, when social distancing was at the highest level in the country. After May, vaccination levels returned to pre-pandemic values. Survey data, based on the interviews and on examination of the vaccine cards, showed that 19.0% (95% CI 17.0;21.1%) and 20.6% (95% CI 19.0;23.1%) of children, respectively, had missed immunizations. Missed doses were most common in the North (Amazon) region and least common in the South and Southeast, and also more common among children from poor than from wealthy families.InterpretationOur results show that the pandemic was associated with a reduction of about 20% in child vaccinations, but this was reverted in recent months. Children from poor families and from the least developed regions of the country were most affected. There is an urgent need to booster immunization activities in the country to compensate for missed doses, and to reduce geographic and socioeconomic inequalities.

To evaluate the National Immunization Program Immunization Surveillance System, based on its Vaccination Record module, for Brazil in 2017.This was a descriptive study using the Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States) to evaluate the attributes of simplicity, flexibility, data quality, sensitivity, timeliness and usefulness of the system for six vaccines on the child immunization schedule.The Immunization Surveillance System was considered complex in its description; flexible to changes in the immunization schedule; of poor data quality for the DTP and rotavirus vaccines; regular acceptability; high sensitivity for the BCG vaccine; untimely for the hepatitis B vaccine and useful for the purposes of the National Immunization Program.The data quality, acceptability and timeliness results were not satisfactory, so that actions are needed to enhance the information system.Avaliar o Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações considerando-se o módulo Registro do Vacinado, do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Brasil, 2017.Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se do Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, publicado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States), para avaliar os atributos de simplicidade, flexibilidade, qualidade dos dados, sensibilidade, oportunidade e utilidade do sistema para seis vacinas do calendário de vacinação da criança.O Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações foi considerado complexo em sua descrição, flexível às mudanças no calendário vacinal, de baixa qualidade dos dados para as vacinas DTP e rotavírus, de aceitabilidade regular, com alta sensibilidade para a vacina BCG, inoportuno para a vacina contra hepatite B e útil às finalidades do Programa Nacional de Imunizações.Qualidade dos dados, aceitabilidade e oportunidade não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo necessárias ações pelo aprimoramento do sistema de informações.Comparar estructura y proceso de trabajo en atención primaria para implementar la teleconsulta médica en municipios de diferentes regiones y tamaños (mil habitantes:25; 25-100;100).Estudio transversal, con análisis descriptivo y bivariado, datos de 2017-2018 para evaluar la disponibilidad de computadora con internet, cámara, micrófono, altavoz y proceso de trabajo (uso de Telesalud, centro de regulación central y flujo de comunicación).Se analizaron 30.346 unidades y 38.865 grupos. La presencia de equipos de teleconsulta osciló entre 1,2% en los grandes municipios del Norte y 26,7% en pequeños municipios del Sur. El proceso de trabajo osciló entre 10,7% en pequeños municipios del Norte y 39,5% en grandes municipios del Sur. En comparación con el Sur, municipios medianos del Norte (OR=0,14 - IC95% 0,11;0,17) y Nordeste (OR=0,21 - IC95% 0,18;0,25) tenían menos probabilidades de contar con los equipos necesarios.Existe la necesidad de inversiones en Salud Digital, con desigualdades regionales relevantes.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever os resultados do Monitoramento Rápido de Vacinação, realizado com o propósito de interromper o surto de sarampo no estado do Ceará em 2015. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados obtidos de 52.216 cadernetas de vacinação de crianças de 6 meses a menos de 5 anos de idade; e com dados sobre cobertura vacinal, homogeneidade e motivos de não vacinação extraídos do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI). Resultados: a cobertura vacinal contra sarampo alcançou 96,7% no Ceará; das 21 Coordenadorias Regionais de Saúde, quatro não atingiram a cobertura mínima de 95% para a primeira dose, e duas para a segunda dose; verificou-se que 836 (1,6%) crianças não foram vacinadas e 1.388 doses deixaram de ser aplicadas. Conclusão: as campanhas de vacinação contra sarampo asseguraram a superação da meta de cobertura vacinal no estado do Ceará, embora se tenha constatado número expressivo de crianças não vacinadas.

To describe the characteristics of vaccine adverse events (VAE) reports in the online VAE Reporting System (VAE-RS) after 2 years of operation.A descriptive analysis of VAE reports entered into the VAE-RS between July 2014 and June 2016 was performed.During the study period, 24 732 VAE were reported. Of 5 570 Brazilian municipalities, 2 571 (46.2%) reported at least one VAE; however, only 1 622 (6.6%) reports had been completed/closed at the end of the study period. Of these, 89.9% referred to mild VAE. Among the completed reports, 19.7% did not provide information on "type of medical care provided," and 98.7% had no information regarding laboratory tests. Systemic neurological symptoms were the most frequent serious VAE among closed reports (59.5% of serious signs/symptoms). Concerning age, the highest VAE reporting coefficients were recorded for children aged ≤ 4 years.The VAE-RS is useful to monitor immunization safety. However, municipal services must increase adherence to the system and perform the required investigation and reporting of VAE, with timely and adequate completion of the VAE-RS form. Knowledge regarding VAE can be used in the daily routine of surveillance services, improving the safety of immunobiological agents.Describir las características de las notificaciones de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV) en el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de EAPV (SI-EAPV, un sistema en línea, durante los primeros 2 años de ejecución del sistema.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los registros de EAPV notificados en el SI-EAPV entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2016.Durante el período del estudio, se registraron 24 732 notificaciones. De 5 570 municipios brasileños, 2 571 (46,2%) notificaron algún EAPV. Sin embargo, solamente 1 622 (6,6%) notificaciones estaban cerradas al momento del estudio; de ellas, el 89,9% no presentó gravedad. Respecto a las notificaciones cerradas, en el 19,7% no fue anotada la variable “atención médica” y el 98,7% no presentó registro de exámenes de laboratorio. Entre los eventos adversos graves cerrados, las manifestaciones clínicas sistémicas neurológicas fueron las más frecuentes, representado el 59,5% de los signos y síntomas. En cuanto a la edad, los mayores coeficientes de notificación se registraron entre los menores de 4 años.El SI-EAPV es útil para el monitoreo de la seguridad de las vacunas. Sin embargo, los municipios necesitan ampliar la adhesión al sistema, así como realizar las investigaciones y notificaciones de los EAPV, llenando la ficha de notificación de forma adecuada y oportuna. El conocimiento sobre EAPV puede ser aplicado en la práctica de los servicios de vigilancia en salud, mejorando la seguridad en la utilización de los productos inmunobiológicos.

Objective: describe rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage (RMC) following Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) (2008-2011) and Multivaccination (2012) vaccination campaigns. Methods: descriptive study using National Immunization Program administrative data on vaccine coverage as well as RMC data, in addition to data on the grounds for non-vaccination (2011-2012). Result: MMR vaccine coverage exceeded 95% in the campaigns. RMC data on a single dose of MMR found 92% post-campaign coverage in 2008 and 96% in 2011. In 2011, 41,700 MMR doses were administered post-campaign, raising vaccination coverage to 99.5% in that year. In 2012 post-campaign coverage ranged between 97% (polio and hepatitis B) and 82% (second diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis booster). "Lack of time" was the main motive for non-vaccination (43.6% in 2011 and 32.7% in 2012). Conclusion: RMC is a useful tool for evaluating vaccination coverage and reaching those not vaccinated, in addition to informing interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an adapted version of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) methodology for rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage and its use as a supervisory tool to guide decision-making and strategies for end-stage vaccination activities ("mopup" operations) following a six-week national rubella elimination campaign in Brazil. METHODS: Vaccination coverage assessments modeled on a variation of PAHO's rapid house-to-house coverage monitoring methodology were conducted by Brazilian municipalities following mass immunization of adults and adolescents from August to December 2008. Results of monitoring assessments conducted in 3 658 (65.7%) of 5 564 municipalities were reported to Brazil's National Immunization Program. RESULTS: Information on vaccination against rubella was obtained from more than 1.5 million Brazilians (2.1% of the 70.1 million people targeted for immunization) during vaccination coverage monitoring. According to the assessment data, vaccination targets of 95% coverage were reached in 2 175 (59.5%) of the 3 658 municipalities that reported results. The percentage of municipalities that reached coverage targets was lower than administrative coverage estimates (number of vaccine doses administered divided by the immunization target population). These results informed targeted "mop-up" campaigns to reach unvaccinated populations. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid coverage monitoring implemented at the local level proved useful for deciding when to conclude vaccination activities and where to focus additional efforts to achieve desired coverage.Describir una versión adaptada de la metodología de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el monitoreo rápido de la cobertura de vacunación. Exponer su uso como herramienta de supervisión para guiar la toma de decisiones y las estrategias para las actividades de vacunación finales (campañas "de barrido") después de una campaña nacional de eliminación de la rubéola de 6 semanas de duración en el Brasil. MÉTODOS: Los municipios brasileños llevaron a cabo una evaluación de la cobertura de vacunación basada en una variante de la metodología de monitoreo rápido "casa por casa" de la OPS, después de una campaña masiva de vacunación de adultos y adolescentes efectuada entre agosto y diciembre del 2008. Los resultados de las evaluaciones de seguimiento realizadas en 3 658 (65,7%) de 5 564 municipios se comunicaron al Programa Nacional de Vacunación del Brasil. RESULTADOS: Mediante el monitoreo de la cobertura de vacunación se obtuvo información sobre la vacunación antirrubeólica de más de 1,5 millones de brasileños (2,1% de los 70,1 millones de destinatarios de la inmunización). Según estos datos, se alcanzó la meta de vacunación (cobertura del 95%) en 2 175 (59,5%) de los 3 658 municipios que presentaron resultados. El porcentaje de municipios que alcanzaron la meta de cobertura fue menor que las estimaciones de cobertura administrativa (cantidad de dosis de vacuna administradas dividida por la población destinataria de la inmunización). Estos resultados se usaron para las campañas de vacunación "de barrido" a fin de alcanzar a las poblaciones no vacunadas. CONCLUSIONES: El monitoreo rápido de la cobertura de vacunación en el nivel local resultó útil para decidir cuándo concluir las actividades de vacunación y en qué aspectos se debían concentrar los esfuerzos posteriores para lograr la cobertura deseada.

Brazil recommends universal yellow fever (YF) vaccination for children who reside in or travel to endemic areas. We conducted a household survey to calculate YF vaccine coverage among children 18-30 months of age in 27 capital cities. A total of 9285 children were surveyed in the 15 cities with YF fever universal vaccination; 7290 (79%) had documented evidence of YF vaccination by 12 months of age, 7996 (86%) by 18 months of age, and 8479 (91%) prior to the survey. In 12 cities with selective YF vaccination coverage was only 1% by 18 months of age. YF fever vaccination can be improved to reach all children where vaccine is recommended.

To describe an adapted version of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) methodology for rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage and its use as a supervisory tool to guide decision-making and strategies for end-stage vaccination activities ("mop-up" operations) following a six-week national rubella elimination campaign in Brazil.Vaccination coverage assessments modeled on a variation of PAHO's rapid house-to-house coverage monitoring methodology were conducted by Brazilian municipalities following mass immunization of adults and adolescents from August to December 2008. Results of monitoring assessments conducted in 3 658 (65.7%) of 5 564 municipalities were reported to Brazil's National Immunization Program.Information on vaccination against rubella was obtained from more than 1.5 million Brazilians (2.1% of the 70.1 million people targeted for immunization) during vaccination coverage monitoring. According to the assessment data, vaccination targets of 95% coverage were reached in 2 175 (59.5%) of the 3 658 municipalities that reported results. The percentage of municipalities that reached coverage targets was lower than administrative coverage estimates (number of vaccine doses administered divided by the immunization target population). These results informed targeted "mop-up" campaigns to reach unvaccinated populations.Rapid coverage monitoring implemented at the local level proved useful for deciding when to conclude vaccination activities and where to focus additional efforts to achieve desired coverage.

A partir de dados coletados para um estudo de casos e controles sobre mortalidade infantil por doenças infecciosas e desnutrição realizado em Porto Alegre e Pelotas, RS (Brasil), comparou-se as causas de óbito constantes do atestado médico com as causas obtidas através de uma revisão detalhada, realizada pela equipe da investigação. Concluiu-se que as estatísticas oficiais não são fidedignas, tendo havido sobre-registro de broncopneumonias (CID 485X) e de septicemias (CID 038.9), e sub-registro de gastroenterites (CID 009.1) e de mortes súbitas (CID 798.0). A concordância entre os atestados refeitos e os oficiais, em termos de grupos de causas de óbito, foi de apenas 27.9%. The validity of the official information on the causes of infant deaths was studied in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Pelotas in 1985. Using data collected for a population-based case-control study of infant mortality due to infectious diseases or malnutrition, a comparison was made between the causes of death reported on the death certificates and those obtained after a careful review of case-notes and a medical interview with the parents of the deceased infants. Official death certificates showed an excess of deaths attribute to bronchopneumonia (ICD 485X) and septicemia (ICD 038.9), and an underestimation of the number of deaths due to diarrheal diseases (ICD 009.1) and of sudden infant deaths (ICD 798.0). The overall rate of agreement between official and revised certificates, in terms of groups of causes of death, was only 27.9%. Lower respiratory infections, which were the leading infectious cause of infant deaths according to official statistics, were superseded by diarrheal diseases after this revision.

In a population-based case-control study in the metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre and Pelotas in southern Brazil children dying in infancy from diarrhoea were compared to neighbourhood controls in terms of several social and environmental variables. Factors found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of death from diarrhoea included the non-availability of piped water, the absence of a flush toilet, residence in a poorly built house and household overcrowding. When adjustment was made for confounding variables and the mutual confounding effect of the environmental variables on each other, the only association that remained statistically significant was that with the availability of piped water. The association with poor housing was almost significant (p = 0.052). Compared to those with water piped to their house, those without easy access to piped water were found to be 4.8 times more likely to suffer infant death from diarrhoea (95% confidence interval 1.7 to 13.8) and those with water piped to their plot but not to their house had a 1.5 times greater risk (95% confidence interval 0.8 to 3.0).