220 results on '"Anton Z."'
Search Results
2. Rapid wideband characterization of viscoelastic material properties by Bessel function-based time harmonic ultrasound elastography (B-THE)
- Author
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Meyer, Tom, Anders, Matthias, Pietzcker, Anton Z., Doyley, Marvin, Görner, Steffen, Böhm, Oliver, Engl, Pascal, Safraou, Yasmine, Braun, Jürgen, Sack, Ingolf, and Tzschätzsch, Heiko
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. SWOT Analysis Method Application in Assessing the Effectiveness of Moodle Platform.
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Nikolay L. Kharchenko, Anton Z. Izmailov, Natalia S. Varfolomeeva, Ilona Y. Bagdasarova, Natalia S. Lutsenko, and Elena I. Pozhidaeva
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Quantum Yields and N2O Formation from Photolysis of Solid Films of Neonicotinoids
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Wang, Weihong, Aregahegn, Kifle Z, Andersen, Simone T, Ni, Anton Z, Rohrbacher, Andrea F, Nielsen, Ole John, and Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J
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Chemical Sciences ,Physical Chemistry ,Insecticides ,Neonicotinoids ,Nitrous Oxide ,Photolysis ,Spectroscopy ,Fourier Transform Infrared ,Sunlight ,neonicotinoids ,clothianidin ,thiamethoxam ,dinotefuran ,acetamiprid ,thiacloprid ,Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences ,Engineering ,Food Science ,Agricultural ,veterinary and food sciences ,Chemical sciences - Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NN), first introduced in 1991, are found on environmental surfaces where they undergo photolytic degradation. Photolysis studies of thin films of NN were performed using two approaches: (1) transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were analyzed simultaneously, and (2) attenuated-total-reflectance FTIR combined with transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were probed in the same experiment but not at the same time. Photolysis quantum yields using broadband irradiation centered at 313 nm were (2.2 ± 0.9) × 10-3 for clothianidin (CLD), (3.9 ± 0.3) × 10-3 for thiamethoxam (TMX), and (3.3 ± 0.5) × 10-3 for dinotefuran (DNF), with all errors being ±1 s. At 254 nm, which was used to gain insight into the wavelength dependence, quantum yields were in the range of (0.8-20) × 10-3 for all NNs, including acetamiprid (ACM) and thiacloprid (TCD). Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, was the only gas-phase product detected for the photolysis of nitroguanidines, with yields of ΔN2O/ΔNN > 0.5 in air at both 313 and 254 nm. The atmospheric lifetimes with respect to photolysis for CLD, TMX, and DNF, which absorb light in the actinic region, are estimated to be 15, 10, and 11 h, respectively, at a solar zenith angle of 35° and 12, 8, and 10 h at a solar zenith angle of 15°.
- Published
- 2019
5. The hyperbolic moduli space of flat connections and the isomorphism of symplectic multiplicity spaces
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Alekseev, Anton Yu. and Malkin, Anton Z.
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Mathematics - Differential Geometry ,Mathematics - Quantum Algebra - Abstract
Let $G$ be a simple complex Lie group, $\alg{g}$ be its Lie algebra, $K$ be a maximal compact form of $G$ and $\alg{k}$ be a Lie algebra of $K$. We denote by $X\rightarrow \overline{X}$ the anti-involution of $\alg{g}$ which singles out the compact form $\alg{k}$. Consider the space of flat $\alg{g}$-valued connections on a Riemann sphere with three holes which satisfy the additional condition $\overline{A(z)}=-A(\overline{z})$. We call the quotient of this space over the action of the gauge group $\overline{g(z)}=g^{-1}(\overline{z})$ a \emph{hyperbolic} moduli space of flat connections. We prove that the following three symplectic spaces are isomorphic: 1. The hyperbolic moduli space of flat connections. 2. The symplectic multiplicity space obtained as symplectic quotient of the triple product of co-adjoint orbits of $K$. 3. The Poisson-Lie multiplicity space equal to the Poisson quotient of the triple product of dressing orbits of $K$., Comment: 19 pages, AMS LaTeX
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- 1996
6. Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure of Austenitic Steels Fabricated by Laser Synthesis
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Ivan V. Shakirov, Pavel A. Kuznetsov, Anton Z. Zhukov, Vitaliy V. Bobyr, Sergey P. Bogdanov, and Nikolay A. Khristiuk
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Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Materials Science - Abstract
In this work, the evolution of the microstructure, phase composition and crystal structure of 3D products before and after heat treatment, obtained from the original steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti by various metallurgical methods of melting, was studied. The obtained 3D steel samples were subjected to heat treatment, then structural changes were investigated by metallography, X-ray phase (XRD) and X-ray structure (XRD) analyzes. The analysis showed that heat treatment did not increase the grain size of austenite in additive steels, but could lead to an increase in the proportion of ferrite.
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- 2022
7. METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
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Nikolay L. Kharchenko, Ilona Y. Bagdasarova, Natalya S. Lutsenko, Dmitriy V. Snegirev, and Anton Z. Izmailov
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- 2022
8. A Dual CuH- and Pd-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,3-Dienes
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Chuan-Jin Hou, Alexander W. Schuppe, James Levi Knippel, Stephen L. Buchwald, and Anton Z. Ni
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Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Conjugated system ,Biochemistry ,Chemical synthesis ,Enol ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Article ,Catalysis ,Dual (category theory) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Yield (chemistry) ,Copper hydride ,Stereoselectivity ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Palladium - Abstract
Conjugated dienes are versatile building blocks and prevalent substructures in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a method for the stereoselective hydroalkenylation of alkynes, utilizing readily available enol triflates. We leveraged an in situ generated and geometrically pure vinyl-Cu(I) species to form the Z,Z- or Z,E-1,3-dienes in excellent stereoselectivity and yield. This approach allowed for the synthesis of highly substituted Z-dienes, including pentasubstituted 1,3-dienes, which are difficult to prepare by existing approaches.
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- 2021
9. A General Strategy for the Asymmetric Preparation of α‐Stereogenic Allyl Silanes, Germanes, and Boronate Esters via Dual Copper Hydride‐ and Palladium‐Catalysis
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James Levi Knippel, Anton Z. Ni, Alexander W. Schuppe, and Stephen L. Buchwald
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Molecular Structure ,Esters ,Stereoisomerism ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Silanes ,Palladium ,Copper ,Catalysis ,Metalloids - Abstract
α-Stereogenic allyl metalloids are versatile synthetic intermediates which can undergo various stereocontrolled transformations. Most existing methods to prepare α-stereogenic allyl metalloids involve multi-step sequences that curtail the number of compatible substrates and are limited to the synthesis of boronates. Here, we report a general method for the enantioselective preparation of α-stereogenic allyl metalloids utilizing dual CuH- and Pd-catalysis. This approach leverages a stereoretentive Cu-to-Pd transmetalation of an in situ generated alkyl copper species to allow access to enantioenriched allyl silanes, germanes, and boronate esters with broad functional group compatibility.
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- 2022
10. A General Strategy for the Asymmetric Preparation of α‐Stereogenic Allyl Silanes, Germanes, and Boronate Esters via Dual Copper Hydride‐ and Palladium‐Catalysis
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Levi Knippel, James, primary, Ni, Anton Z., additional, Schuppe, Alexander W., additional, and Buchwald, Stephen L., additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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11. THE BIOLOGICAL DETOXICATION OF WHITE PHOSPHORUS
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Anton Z. Mindubaev, Edward V. Babynin, Alexandra D. Voloshina, Elena K. Badeeva, Salima T. Minzanova, Lyubov’ G. Mironova, and Yaw A. Akosah
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- 2021
12. Distance learning in russian higher school
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Irina M. Naumenko, Iulia V. Gluzman, Vladimir A. Vishnevskij, Galina Ivanovna Gribkova, Anton Z. Izmailov, and Elena E. Bodrova
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Higher education ,business.industry ,Institutionalisation ,Process (engineering) ,Component (UML) ,Distance education ,Sociology ,Public relations ,Space (commercial competition) ,business ,Information culture - Abstract
The article is devoted to reforming of the higher education system, which is associated with technological and technical changes, namely, distance learning. The authors emphasize that the distance learning at the university makes education more open and mobile, but interindividual computer-mediated communication not only contributes to the design of a high-quality information educational space of higher school, forming the information culture of the actors of the educational process, but also causes a huge number of risks: informational, organizational, technical, psychological, health risks. As a result of the analysis, the authors concluded that certain elements of distance technologies can strengthen the education system, but a complete distance will exclude the social component from educational practices, which will entail a deformation of society.
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- 2020
13. A Dual CuH- and Pd-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,3-Dienes
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Hou, Chuan-Jin, Schuppe, Alexander W., Knippel, James Levi, Ni, Anton Z., Buchwald, Stephen L., Hou, Chuan-Jin, Schuppe, Alexander W., Knippel, James Levi, Ni, Anton Z., and Buchwald, Stephen L.
- Abstract
Conjugated dienes are versatile building blocks and prevalent substructures in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a method for the stereoselective hydroalkenylation of alkynes, utilizing readily available enol triflates. We leveraged an in situ-generated and geometrically pure vinyl-Cu(I) species to form the Z,Z- or Z,E-1,3-dienes in excellent stereoselectivity and yield. This approach allowed for the synthesis of highly substituted Z-dienes, including pentasubstituted 1,3-dienes, which are difficult to prepare by existing approaches.
- Published
- 2022
14. Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure of Austenitic Steels Fabricated by Laser Synthesis
- Author
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Shakirov, Ivan V., primary, Kuznetsov, Pavel A., additional, Zhukov, Anton Z., additional, Bobyr, Vitaliy V., additional, Bogdanov, Sergey P., additional, and Khristiuk, Nikolay A., additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. SWOT Analysis Method Application in Assessing the Effectiveness of Moodle Platform
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Kharchenko, Nikolay L., primary, Izmailov, Anton Z., additional, Varfolomeeva, Natalia S., additional, Bagdasarova, Ilona Y., additional, Lutsenko, Natalia S., additional, and Pozhidaeva, Elena I., additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
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Kharchenko, Nikolay L., primary, Bagdasarova, Ilona Y., additional, Lutsenko, Natalya S., additional, Snegirev, Dmitriy V., additional, and Izmailov, Anton Z., additional
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- 2022
- Full Text
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17. Quips, Quotes and Quanta: An Anecdotal History of Physics
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Anton Z Capri
- Published
- 2011
18. A Dual CuH- and Pd-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,3-Dienes
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Hou, Chuan-Jin, primary, Schuppe, Alexander W., additional, Knippel, James Levi, additional, Ni, Anton Z., additional, and Buchwald, Stephen L., additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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19. Quips, Quotes and Quanta: An Anecdotal History of Physics
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Anton Z Capri
- Published
- 2007
20. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Environmental Sensitivity of the Absorption Spectra and Photochemistry of Nitenpyram and Analogs
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Michael J. Ezell, Anton Z. Ni, W. Wang, Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts, R. Benny Gerber, and Dorit Shemesh
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Atmospheric Science ,Aqueous solution ,Tertiary amine ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Proton ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Chromophore ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Photochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,3. Good health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Amine gas treating ,Absorption (chemistry) ,0210 nano-technology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nitenpyram - Abstract
Neonicotinoid (NN) pesticides have widespread use, largely replacing other pesticides such as the carbamates. Hence, there is a need to understand their environmental fates at a molecular level in various media, especially water. We report here the studies of a nitroenamine NN, nitenpyram (NPM), in aqueous solution where the absorption cross sections in the actinic region above 290 nm are observed to dramatically decrease compared to those in nonaqueous solvents. Quantum chemical calculations show that addition of a proton to the tertiary amine nitrogen in NPM breaks the conjugation in the chromophore, shifting the absorption to shorter wavelengths, consistent with experiment. However, surprisingly, adding a proton to the secondary amine nitrogen leads to its immediate transfer to the NO2 group, preserving the conjugation. This explains why the UV absorption of ranitidine (RAN), which has a similar chromophore but only secondary amine nitrogens, does not show a similar large blue shift in water. Photolysi...
- Published
- 2019
21. Quantum Yields and N2O Formation from Photolysis of Solid Films of Neonicotinoids
- Author
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W. Wang, Simone Thirstrup Andersen, Anton Z. Ni, Andrea F. Rohrbacher, Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts, Ole John Nielsen, and Kifle Z. Aregahegn
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0106 biological sciences ,Materials science ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Photodissociation ,Analytical chemistry ,Clothianidin ,General Chemistry ,Thiacloprid ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Wavelength ,chemistry ,Irradiation ,Thiamethoxam ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Thin film ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NN), first introduced in 1991, are found on environmental surfaces where they undergo photolytic degradation. Photolysis studies of thin films of NN were performed using two approaches: (1) transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were analyzed simultaneously, and (2) attenuated-total-reflectance FTIR combined with transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were probed in the same experiment but not at the same time. Photolysis quantum yields using broadband irradiation centered at 313 nm were (2.2 ± 0.9) × 10–3 for clothianidin (CLD), (3.9 ± 0.3) × 10–3 for thiamethoxam (TMX), and (3.3 ± 0.5) × 10–3 for dinotefuran (DNF), with all errors being ±1s. At 254 nm, which was used to gain insight into the wavelength dependence, quantum yields were in the range of (0.8–20) × 10–3 for all NNs, including acetamiprid (ACM) and thiacloprid (TCD). Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, was the only gas-phase product detected for the ...
- Published
- 2019
22. Problems and Solutions in Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics
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Anton Z Capri
- Published
- 2002
23. Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics
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Anton Z Capri
- Published
- 2002
24. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
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Anton Z Capri
- Published
- 2002
25. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
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Klionsky, DJ, Abdel-Aziz, AK, Abdelfatah, S, Abdellatif, M, Abdoli, A, Abel, S, Abeliovich, H, Abildgaard, MH, Abudu, YP, Acevedo-Arozena, A, Adamopoulos, IE, Adeli, K, Adolph, TE, Adornetto, A, Aflaki, E, Agam, G, Agarwal, A, Aggarwal, BB, Agnello, M, Agostinis, P, Agrewala, JN, Agrotis, A, Aguilar, PV, Ahmad, ST, Ahmed, ZM, Ahumada-Castro, U, Aits, S, Aizawa, S, Akkoc, Y, Akoumianaki, T, Akpinar, HA, Al-Abd, AM, Al-Akra, L, Al-Gharaibeh, A, Alaoui-Jamali, MA, Alberti, S, Alcocer-Gomez, E, Alessandri, C, Ali, M, Al-Bari, MAA, Aliwaini, S, Alizadeh, J, Almacellas, E, Almasan, A, Alonso, A, Alonso, GD, Altan-Bonnet, N, Altieri, DC, Alves, S, da Costa, CA, Alzaharna, MM, Amadio, M, Amantini, C, Amaral, C, Ambrosio, S, Amer, AO, Ammanathan, V, An, ZY, Andersen, SU, Andrabi, SA, Andrade-Silva, M, Andres, AM, Angelini, S, Ann, D, Anozie, UC, Ansari, MY, Antas, P, Antebi, A, Anton, Z, Anwar, T, Apetoh, L, Apostolova, N, Araki, T, Araki, Y, Arasaki, K, Araujo, WL, Araya, J, Arden, C, Arevalo, MA, Arguelles, S, Arias, E, Arikkath, J, Arimoto, H, Ariosa, AR, Armstrong-James, D, Arnaune-Pelloquin, L, Aroca, A, Arroyo, DS, Arsov, I, Artero, R, Asaro, DML, Aschner, M, Ashrafizadeh, M, Ashur-Fabian, O, Atanasov, AG, Au, AK, Auberger, P, Auner, HW, Aurelian, L, Autelli, R, Avagliano, L, Avalos, Y, Aveic, S, Aveleira, CA, AvinWittenberg, T, Aydin, Y, Ayton, S, Ayyadevara, S, Azzopardi, M, Baba, M, Backer, JM, Backues, SK, Bae, DH, Bae, ON, Bae, SH, Baehrecke, EH, Baek, A, Baek, SH, Bagetta, G, Bagniewska-Zadworna, A, Bai, H, Bai, J, Bai, XY, Bai, YD, Bairagi, N, Baksi, S, Balbi, T, Baldari, CT, Balduini, W, Ballabio, A, Ballester, M, Balazadeh, S, Balzan, R, Bandopadhyay, R, Banerjee, S, Bao, Y, Baptista, MS, Baracca, A, Barbati, C, Bargiela, A, Barila, D, Barlow, PG, Barmada, SJ, Barreiro, E, Barreto, GE, Bartek, J, Bartel, B, Bartolome, A, Barve, GR, Basagoudanavar, SH, Bassham, DC, Jr, RCB, Basu, A, Batoko, H, Batten, I, Baulieu, EE, Baumgarner, BL, Bayry, J, Beale, R, Beau, I, Beaumatin, F, Bechara, LRG, Beck, GR, Beers, MF, Begun, J, Behrends, C, Behrens, GMN, Bei, R, Bejarano, E, Bel, S, Behl, C, Belaid, A, Belgareh-Touze, N, Bellarosa, C, Belleudi, F, Perez, MB, Bello-Morales, R, Beltran, JSD, Beltran, S, Benbrook, DM, Bendorius, M, Benitez, BA, Benito-Cuesta, I, Bensalem, J, Berchtold, MW, Berezowska, S, Bergamaschi, D, Bergami, M, Bergmann, A, Berliocchi, L, Berlioz-Torrent, C, Bernard, A, Berthoux, L, Besirli, CG, Besteiro, S, Betin, VM, Beyaert, R, Bezbradica, JS, Bhaskar, K, Bhatia-Kissova, I, Bhattacharya, R, Bhattacharya, S, Bhattacharyya, S, Bhuiyan, MS, Bhutia, SK, Bi, LR, Bi, XL, Biden, TJ, Bijian, K, Billes, VA, Binart, N, Bincoletto, C, Birgisdottir, AB, Bjorkoy, G, Blanco, G, Blas-Garcia, A, Blasiak, J, Blomgran, R, Blomgren, K, Blum, JS, Boada-Romero, E, Boban, M, BoeszeBattaglia, K, Boeuf, P, Boland, B, Bomont, P, Bonaldo, P, Bonam, SR, Bonfili, L, Bonifacino, JS, Boone, BA, Bootman, MD, Bordi, M, Borner, C, Bornhauser, BC, Borthakur, G, Bosch, J, Bose, S, Botana, LM, Botas, J, Boulanger, CM, Boulton, ME, Bourdenx, M, Bourgeois, B, Bourke, NM, Bousquet, G, Boya, P, Bozhkov, PV, Bozi, LHM, Bozkurt, TO, Brackney, DE, Brandts, CH, Braun, RJ, Braus, GH, Bravo-Sagua, R, Bravo-San Pedro, JM, Brest, P, Bringer, MA, Briones-Herrera, A, Broaddus, VC, Brodersen, P, Alvarez, EMC, Brodsky, JL, Brody, SL, Bronson, PG, Bronstein, JM, Brown, CN, Brown, RE, Brum, PC, Brumell, JH, Brunetti-Pierri, N, Bruno, D, Bryson-Richardson, RJ, Bucci, C, Buchrieser, C, Bueno, M, Buitrago-Molina, LE, Buraschi, S, Buch, S, Buchan, JR, Buckingham, EM, Budak, H, Budini, M, Bultynck, G, Burada, F, Burgoyne, JR, Buron, MI, Bustos, V, Buttner, S, Butturini, E, Byrd, A, Cabas, I, Cabrera-Benitez, S, Cadwell, K, Cai, JJ, Cai, L, Cai, Q, Cairo, M, Calbet, JA, Caldwell, GA, Caldwell, KA, Call, JA, Calvani, R, Calvo, AC, Barrera, MCR, Camara, NO, Camonis, JH, Camougrand, N, Campanella, M, Campbell, EM, Campbell-Valois, FX, Campello, S, Campesi, I, Campos, JC, Camuzard, O, Cancino, J, de Almeida, DC, Canesi, L, Caniggia, I, Canonico, B, Canti, C, Cao, B, Caraglia, M, Carames, B, Carchman, EH, Cardenal-Munoz, E, Cardenas, C, Cardenas, L, Cardoso, SM, Carew, JS, Carle, GF, Carleton, G, Carloni, S, Carmona-Gutierrez, D, Carneiro, LA, Carnevali, O, Carosi, JM, Carra, S, Carrier, A, Carrier, L, Carroll, B, Carter, AB, Carvalho, AN, Casanova, M, Casas, C, Casas, J, Cassioli, C, Castillo, EF, Castillo, K, Castillo-Lluva, S, Castoldi, F, Castori, M, Castro, AF, Castro-Caldas, M, Castro-Hernandez, J, Castro-Obregon, S, Catz, SD, Cavadas, C, Cavaliere, F, Cavallini, G, Cavinato, M, Cayuela, ML, Rica, PC, Cecarini, V, Cecconi, F, Cechowska-Pasko, M, Cenci, S, Ceperuelo-Mallafre, V, Cerqueira, JJ, Cerutti, JM, Cervia, D, Cetintas, VB, Cetrullo, S, Chae, HJ, Chagin, AS, Chai, CY, Chakrabarti, G, Chakrabarti, O, Chakraborty, T, Chami, M, Chamilos, G, Chan, DW, Chan, EYW, Chan, ED, Chan, HYE, Chan, HH, Chan, H, Chan, MTV, Chan, YS, Chandra, PK, Chang, CP, Chang, CM, Chang, HC, Chang, K, Chao, J, Chapman, T, Charlet-Berguerand, N, Chatterjee, S, Chaube, SK, Chaudhary, A, Chauhan, S, Chaum, E, Checler, F, Cheetham, ME, Chen, CS, Chen, GC, Chen, JF, Chen, LL, Chen, L, Chen, ML, Chen, MK, Chen, N, Chen, Q, Chen, RH, Chen, S, Chen, W, Chen, WQ, Chen, XM, Chen, XW, Chen, X, Chen, Y, Chen, YG, Chen, YY, Chen, YQ, Chen, YJ, Chen, ZS, Chen, Z, Chen, ZH, Chen, ZJ, Chen, ZX, Cheng, HH, Cheng, J, Cheng, SY, Cheng, W, Cheng, XD, Cheng, XT, Cheng, YY, Cheng, ZY, Cheong, H, Cheong, JK, Chernyak, BV, Cherry, S, Cheung, CFR, Cheung, CHA, Cheung, KH, Chevet, E, Chi, RJ, Chiang, AKS, Chiaradonna, F, Chiarelli, R, Chiariello, M, Chica, N, Chiocca, S, Chiong, M, Chiou, SH, Chiramel, AI, Chiurchiu, V, Cho, DH, Choe, SK, Choi, AMK, Choi, ME, Choudhury, KR, Chow, NS, Chu, CT, Chua, JP, Chua, JJE, Chung, H, Chung, KP, Chung, S, Chung, SH, Chung, YL, Cianfanelli, V, Ciechomska, IA, Cifuentes, M, Cinque, L, Cirak, S, Cirone, M, Clague, MJ, Clarke, R, Clementi, E, Coccia, EM, Codogno, P, Cohen, E, Cohen, MM, Colasanti, T, Colasuonno, F, Colbert, RA, Colell, A, Coll, NS, Collins, MO, Colombo, MI, Colon-Ramos, DA, Combaret, L, Comincini, S, Cominetti, MR, Consiglio, A, Conte, A, Conti, F, Contu, VR, Cookson, MR, Coombs, KM, Coppens, I, Corasaniti, MT, Corkery, DP, Cordes, N, Cortese, K, Costa, MD, Costantino, S, Costelli, P, Coto-Montes, A, Crack, PJ, Crespo, JL, Criollo, A, Crippa, V, Cristofani, R, Csizmadia, T, Cuadrado, A, Cui, B, Cui, J, Cui, YX, Cui, Y, Culetto, E, Cumino, AC, Cybulsky, AV, Czaja, MJ, Czuczwar, SJ, D'Adamo, S, D'Amelio, M, D'Arcangelo, D, D'Lugos, AC, D'Orazi, G, da Silva, JA, Dafsari, HS, Dagda, RK, Dagdas, Y, Daglia, M, Dai, X, Dai, Y, Dai, YY, Dal Col, J, Dalhaimer, P, Dalla Valle, L, Dallenga, T, Dalmasso, G, Damme, M, Dando, I, Dantuma, NP, Darling, AL, Das, H, Dasarathy, S, Dasari, SK, Dash, S, Daumke, O, Dauphinee, AN, Davies, JS, Davila, VA, Davis, RJ, Davis, T, Naidu, SD, De Amicis, F, De Bosscher, K, De Felice, F, De Franceschi, L, De Leonibus, C, Barbosa, MGD, De Meyer, GRY, De Milito, A, De Nunzio, C, De Palma, C, De Santi, M, De Virgilio, C, De Zio, D, Debnath, J, DeBosch, BJ, Decuypere, J, Deehan, MA, Deflorian, G, DeGregori, J, Dehay, B, Del Rio, G, Delaney, JR, Delbridge, LMD, Delorme-Axford, E, Delpino, MV, Demarchi, F, Dembitz, V, Demers, ND, Deng, HB, Deng, ZQ, Dengjel, J, Dent, P, Denton, D, DePamphilis, ML, Der, CJ, Deretic, V, Descoteaux, A, Devis, L, Devkota, S, Devuyst, O, Dewson, G, Dharmasivam, M, Dhiman, R, di Bernardo, D, Di Cristina, M, Di Domenico, F, Di Fazio, P, Di Fonzo, A, Di Guardo, G, Di Guglielmo, GM, Di Leo, L, Di Malta, C, Di Nardo, A, Di Rienzo, M, Di Sano, F, Diallinas, G, Diao, JJ, Diaz-Araya, G, Diaz-Laviada, I, Dickinson, JM, Diederich, M, Dieude, M, Dikic, I, Ding, SP, Ding, WX, Dini, L, Dinic, M, Dinkova-Kostova, AT, Dionne, MS, Distler, JHW, Diwan, A, Dixon, IMC, Djavaheri-Mergny, M, Dobrinski, I, Dobrovinskaya, O, Dobrowolski, R, Dobson, RCJ, Emre, SD, 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flux ,macroautophagy ,phagophore ,stress ,vacuole ,Autophagosome ,LC3 ,lysosome ,neurodegeneration ,cancer - Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
- Published
- 2021
26. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).
- Author
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Quadrilatero J., Walker D.W., Walker M.J., Walker S.A., Walter J., Wandosell F.G., Wang B., Wang C., Wang C.-Y., Wang D., Wang F., Wang G., Wang H., Wang H.-G., Wang J., Wang K., Wang L., Wang M.H., Wang M., Wang N., Wang P., Wang Q.J., Wang Q., Wang Q.K., Wang Q.A., Wang W.-T., Wang W., Wang X., Wang Y.-Y., Wang Y., Wang Z., Warnes G., Warnsmann V., Watada H., Watanabe E., Watchon M., Wawrzynska A., Weaver T.E., Wegrzyn G., Wehman A.M., Wei H., Wei L., Wei T., Wei Y., Weiergraber O.H., Weihl C.C., Weindl G., Weiskirchen R., Wells A., Wen R.H., Wen X., Werner A., Weykopf B., Wheatley S.P., W... [Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations], Klionsky D.J., Abdel-Aziz A.K., Abdelfatah S., Abdellatif M., Abdoli A., Abel S., Abeliovich H., Abildgaard M.H., Abudu Y.P., Acevedo-Arozena A., Adamopoulos I.E., Adeli K., Adolph T.E., Adornetto A., Aflaki E., Agam G., Agarwal A., Aggarwal B.B., Agnello M., Agostinis P., Agrewala J.N., Agrotis A., Aguilar P.V., Ahmad S.T., Ahmed Z.M., Ahumada-Castro U., Aits S., Aizawa S., Akkoc Y., Akoumianaki T., Akpinar H.A., Al-Abd A.M., Al-Akra L., Al-Gharaibeh A., Alaoui-Jamali M.A., Alberti S., Alcocer-Gomez E., Alessandri C., Ali M., Alim Al-Bari M.A., Aliwaini S., Alizadeh J., Almacellas E., Almasan A., Alonso A., Alonso G.D., Altan-Bonnet N., Altieri D.C., Alvarez E.M.C., Alves S., Alves da Costa C., Alzaharna M.M., Amadio M., Amantini C., Amaral C., Ambrosio S., Amer A.O., Ammanathan V., An Z., Andersen S.U., Andrabi S.A., Andrade-Silva M., Andres A.M., Angelini S., Ann D., Anozie U.C., Ansari M.Y., Antas P., Antebi A., Anton Z., Anwar T., Apetoh L., Apostolova N., Araki T., Araki Y., Arasaki K., Araujo W.L., Araya J., Arden C., Arevalo M.-A., Arguelles S., Arias E., Arikkath J., Arimoto H., Ariosa A.R., Armstrong-James D., Arnaune-Pelloquin L., Aroca A., Arroyo D.S., Arsov I., Artero R., Asaro D.M.L., Aschner M., Ashrafizadeh M., Ashur-Fabian O., Atanasov A.G., Au A.K., Auberger P., Auner H.W., Aurelian L., Autelli R., Avagliano L., Avalos Y., Aveic S., Aveleira C.A., Avin-Wittenberg T., Aydin Y., Ayton S., Ayyadevara S., Azzopardi M., Baba M., Backer J.M., Backues S.K., Bae D.-H., Bae O.-N., Bae S.H., Baehrecke E.H., Baek A., Baek S.-H., Baek S.H., Bagetta G., Bagniewska-Zadworna A., Bai H., Bai J., Bai X., Bai Y., Bairagi N., Baksi S., Balbi T., Baldari C.T., Balduini W., Ballabio A., Ballester M., Balazadeh S., Balzan R., Bandopadhyay R., Banerjee S., Banreti A., Bao Y., Baptista M.S., Baracca A., Barbati C., Bargiela A., Barila D., Barlow P.G., Barmada S.J., Barreiro E., Barreto G.E., Bartek J., 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[Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations], Klionsky D.J., Abdel-Aziz A.K., Abdelfatah S., Abdellatif M., Abdoli A., Abel S., Abeliovich H., Abildgaard M.H., Abudu Y.P., Acevedo-Arozena A., Adamopoulos I.E., Adeli K., Adolph T.E., Adornetto A., Aflaki E., Agam G., Agarwal A., Aggarwal B.B., Agnello M., Agostinis P., Agrewala J.N., Agrotis A., Aguilar P.V., Ahmad S.T., Ahmed Z.M., Ahumada-Castro U., Aits S., Aizawa S., Akkoc Y., Akoumianaki T., Akpinar H.A., Al-Abd A.M., Al-Akra L., Al-Gharaibeh A., Alaoui-Jamali M.A., Alberti S., Alcocer-Gomez E., Alessandri C., Ali M., Alim Al-Bari M.A., Aliwaini S., Alizadeh J., Almacellas E., Almasan A., Alonso A., Alonso G.D., Altan-Bonnet N., Altieri D.C., Alvarez E.M.C., Alves S., Alves da Costa C., Alzaharna M.M., Amadio M., Amantini C., Amaral C., Ambrosio S., Amer A.O., Ammanathan V., An Z., Andersen S.U., Andrabi S.A., Andrade-Silva M., Andres A.M., Angelini S., Ann D., Anozie U.C., Ansari M.Y., Antas P., Antebi A., 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Kroemer G., Ktistakis N.T., Kuchitsu K., Kuenen S., Kuerschner L., Kukar T., Kumar A., Kumar D., Kumar S., Kume S., Kumsta C., Kundu C.N., Kundu M., Kunnumakkara A.B., Kurgan L., Kutateladze T.G., Kutlu O., Kwak S., Kwon H.J., Kwon T.K., Kwon Y.T., Kyrmizi I., La Spada A., Labonte P., Ladoire S., Laface I., Lafont F., Lagace D.C., Lahiri V., Lai Z., Laird A.S., Lakkaraju A., Lamark T., Lan S.-H., Landajuela A., Lane D.J.R., Lane J.D., Lang C.H., Lange C., Langel U., Langer R., Lapaquette P., Laporte J., LaRusso N.F., Lastres-Becker I., Lau W.C.Y., Laurie G.W., Lavandero S., Law B.Y.K., Law H.K.-W., Layfield R., Le W., Le Stunff H., Leary A.Y., Lebrun J.-J., Leck L.Y.W., Leduc-Gaudet J.-P., Lee C., Lee C.-P., Lee D.-H., Lee E.B., Lee E.F., Lee G.M., Lee H.-J., Lee H.K., Lee J.M., Lee J.S., Lee J.-A., Lee J.-Y., Lee J.H., Lee M., Lee M.G., Lee M.J., Lee M.-S., Lee S.-J., Lee S.Y., Lee S.B., Lee W.H., Lee Y.-R., Lee Y.-H., Lee Y., Lefebvre C., Legouis R., Lei Y.L., Lei Y., Leikin S., Leitinger G., Lemus L., Leng S., Lenoir O., Lenz G., Lenz H.J., Lenzi P., Leon Y., Leopoldino A.M., Leschczyk C., Leskela S., Letellier E., Leung C.-T., Leung P.S., Leventhal J.S., Levine B., Lewis P.A., Ley K., Li B., Li D.-Q., Li J., Li K., Li L., Li M., Li P.-L., Li M.-Q., Li Q., Li S., Li T., Li W., Li X., Li Y.-P., Li Y., Lian J., Liang C., Liang Q., Liang W., Liang Y., Liao G., Liao L., Liao M., Liao Y.-F., Librizzi M., Lie P.P.Y., Lilly M.A., Lim H.J., Lima T.R.R., Limana F., Lin C., Lin C.-W., Lin D.-S., Lin F.-C., Lin J.D., Lin K.M., Lin K.-H., Lin L.-T., Lin P.-H., Lin Q., Lin S., Lin S.-J., Lin W., Lin X., Lin Y.-X., Lin Y.-S., Linden R., Lindner P., Ling S.-C., Lingor P., Linnemann A.K., Liou Y.-C., Lipinski M.M., Lipovsek S., Lira V.A., Lisiak N., Liton P.B., Liu C., Liu C.-H., Liu C.-F., Liu C.H., Liu F., Liu H.-S., Liu H.-F., Liu H., Liu J., Liu L., Liu M., Liu Q., Liu W., Liu X.-H., Liu X., Liu Y., Livingston J.A., Lizard G., Lizcano J.M., Ljubojevic-Holzer S., LLeonart 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Viret C., Viscomi M.T., Visnjic D., Vitale I., Vocadlo D.J., Voitsekhovskaja O.V., Volonte C., Volta M., Vomero M., Von Haefen C., Vooijs M.A., Voos W., Vucicevic L., Wade-Martins R., Waguri S., Waite K.A., and Wakatsuki S.
- Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.Copyright © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
- Published
- 2021
27. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.
- Author
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Klionsky D.J., Abdel-Aziz A.K., Abdelfatah S., Abdellatif M., Abdoli A., Abel S., Abeliovich H., Abildgaard M.H., Abudu Y.P., Acevedo-Arozena A., Adamopoulos I.E., Adeli K., Adolph T.E., Adornetto A., Aflaki E., Agam G., Agarwal A., Aggarwal B.B., Agnello M., Agostinis P., Agrewala J.N., Agrotis A., Aguilar P.V., Ahmad S.T., Ahmed Z.M., Ahumada-Castro U., Aits S., Aizawa S., Akkoc Y., Akoumianaki T., Akpinar H.A., Al-Abd A.M., Al-Akra L., Al-Gharaibeh A., Alaoui-Jamali M.A., Alberti S., Alcocer-Gomez E., Alessandri C., Ali M., Alim Al-Bari M.A., Aliwaini S., Alizadeh J., Almacellas E., Almasan A., Alonso A., Alonso G.D., Altan-Bonnet N., Altieri D.C., Alvarez E.M.C., Alves S., Alves da Costa C., Alzaharna M.M., Amadio M., Amantini C., Amaral C., Ambrosio S., Amer A.O., Ammanathan V., An Z., Andersen S.U., Andrabi S.A., Andrade-Silva M., Andres A.M., Angelini S., Ann D., Anozie U.C., Ansari M.Y., Antas P., Antebi A., Anton Z., Anwar T., Apetoh L., Apostolova N., Araki T., Araki Y., 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[Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations], Klionsky D.J., Abdel-Aziz A.K., Abdelfatah S., Abdellatif M., Abdoli A., Abel S., Abeliovich H., Abildgaard M.H., Abudu Y.P., Acevedo-Arozena A., Adamopoulos I.E., Adeli K., Adolph T.E., Adornetto A., Aflaki E., Agam G., Agarwal A., Aggarwal B.B., Agnello M., Agostinis P., Agrewala J.N., Agrotis A., Aguilar P.V., Ahmad S.T., Ahmed Z.M., Ahumada-Castro U., Aits S., Aizawa S., Akkoc Y., Akoumianaki T., Akpinar H.A., Al-Abd A.M., Al-Akra L., Al-Gharaibeh A., Alaoui-Jamali M.A., Alberti S., Alcocer-Gomez E., Alessandri C., Ali M., Alim Al-Bari M.A., Aliwaini S., Alizadeh J., Almacellas E., Almasan A., Alonso A., Alonso G.D., Altan-Bonnet N., Altieri D.C., Alvarez E.M.C., Alves S., Alves da Costa C., Alzaharna M.M., Amadio M., Amantini C., Amaral C., Ambrosio S., Amer A.O., Ammanathan V., An Z., Andersen S.U., Andrabi S.A., Andrade-Silva M., Andres A.M., Angelini S., Ann D., Anozie U.C., Ansari M.Y., Antas P., Antebi A., 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E., Maycotte P., Mayer J., Mazzoccoli G., Mazzoni C., Mazzulli J.R., McCarty N., McDonald C., McGill M.R., McKenna S.L., McLaughlin B., McLoughlin F., McNiven M.A., McWilliams T.G., Mechta-Grigoriou F., Medeiros T.C., Medina D.L., Megeney L.A., Megyeri K., Mehrpour M., Mehta J.L., Meijer A.J., Meijer A.H., Mejlvang J., Melendez A., Melk A., Memisoglu G., Mendes A.F., Meng D., Meng F., Meng T., Menna-Barreto R., Menon M.B., Mercer C., Mercier A.E., Mergny J.-L., Merighi A., Merkley S.D., Merla G., Meske V., Mestre A.C., Metur S.P., Meyer C., Meyer H., Mi W., Mialet-Perez J., Miao J., Micale L., Miki Y., Milan E., Milczarek M., Miller D.L., Miller S.I., Miller S., Millward S.W., Milosevic I., Minina E.A., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H.R., Mirzaei M., Mishra A., Mishra N., Mishra P.K., Misirkic Marjanovic M., Misasi R., Misra A., Misso G., Mitchell C., Mitou G., Miura T., Miyamoto S., Miyazaki M., Miyazaki T., Miyazawa K., Mizushima N., Mogensen T.H., Mograbi B., Mohammadinejad R., Mohamud Y., 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G., Nardacci R., Narita M., Nassif M., Nathan I., Natsumeda M., Naude R.J., Naumann C., Naveiras O., Navid F., Nawrocki S.T., Nazarko T.Y., Nazio F., Negoita F., Neill T., Neisch A.L., Neri L.M., Netea M.G., Neubert P., Neufeld T.P., Neumann D., Neutzner A., Newton P.T., Ney P.A., Nezis I.P., Ng C.C.W., Ng T.B., Nguyen H.T.T., Nguyen L.T., Ni H.-M., Ni Cheallaigh C., Ni Z., Nicolao M.C., Nicoli F., Nieto-Diaz M., Nilsson P., Ning S., Niranjan R., Nishimune H., Niso-Santano M., Nixon R.A., Nobili A., Nobrega C., Noda T., Nogueira-Recalde U., Nolan T.M., Nombela I., Novak I., Novoa B., Nozawa T., Nukina N., Nussbaum-Krammer C., Nylandsted J., O'Donovan T.R., O'Leary S.M., O'Rourke E.J., O'Sullivan M.P., O'Sullivan T.E., Oddo S., Oehme I., Ogawa M., Ogier-Denis E., Ogmundsdottir M.H., Ogretmen B., Oh G.T., Oh S.-H., Oh Y.J., Ohama T., Ohashi Y., Ohmuraya M., Oikonomou V., Ojha R., Okamoto K., Okazawa H., Oku M., Olivan S., Oliveira J.M.A., Ollmann M., Olzmann J.A., Omari S., Omary M.B., Onal G., Ondrej M., Ong S.-B., Ong S.-G., Onnis A., Orellana J.A., Orellana-Munoz S., Ortega-Villaizan M.D.M., Ortiz-Gonzalez X.R., Ortona E., Osiewacz H.D., Osman A.-H.K., Osta R., Otegui M.S., Otsu K., Ott C., Ottobrini L., Ou J.-H.J., Outeiro T.F., Oynebraten I., Ozturk M., Pages G., Pahari S., Pajares M., Pajvani U.B., Pal R., Paladino S., Pallet N., Palmieri M., Palmisano G., Palumbo C., Pampaloni F., Pan L., Pan Q., Pan W., Pan X., Panasyuk G., Pandey R., Pandey U.B., Pandya V., Paneni F., Pang S.Y., Panzarini E., Papademetrio D.L., Papaleo E., Papinski D., Papp D., Park E.C., Park H.T., Park J.-M., Park J.-I., Park J.T., Park J., Park S.C., Park S.-Y., Parola A.H., Parys J.B., Pasquier A., Pasquier B., Passos J.F., Pastore N., Patel H.H., Patschan D., Pattingre S., Pedraza-Alva G., Pedraza-Chaverri J., Pedrozo Z., Pei G., Pei J., Peled-Zehavi H., Pellegrini J.M., Pelletier J., Penalva M.A., Peng D., Peng Y., Penna F., Pennuto M., Pentimalli F., Pereira C.M.F., Pereira G.J.S., Pereira L.C., Pereira de Almeida L., Perera N.D., Perez-Lara A., Perez-Oliva A.B., Perez-Perez M.E., Periyasamy P., Perl A., Perrotta C., Perrotta I., Pestell R.G., Petersen M., Petrache I., Petrovski G., Pfirrmann T., Pfister A.S., Philips J.A., Pi H., Picca A., Pickrell A.M., Picot S., Pierantoni G.M., Pierdominici M., Pierre P., Pierrefite-Carle V., Pierzynowska K., Pietrocola F., Pietruczuk M., Pignata C., Pimentel-Muinos F.X., Pinar M., Pinheiro R.O., Pinkas-Kramarski R., Pinton P., Pircs K., Piya S., Pizzo P., Plantinga T.S., Platta H.W., Plaza-Zabala A., Plomann M., Plotnikov E.Y., Plun-Favreau H., Pluta R., Pocock R., Poggeler S., Pohl C., Poirot M., Poletti A., Ponpuak M., Popelka H., Popova B., Porta H., Porte Alcon S., Portilla-Fernandez E., Post M., Potts M.B., Poulton J., Powers T., Prahlad V., Prajsnar T.K., Pratico D., Prencipe R., Priault M., Proikas-Cezanne T., Promponas V.J., Proud C.G., Puertollano R., Puglielli L., Pulinilkunnil T., Puri D., Puri R., Puyal J., Qi X., Qi Y., Qian W., Qiang L., Qiu Y., Quadrilatero J., Quarleri J., Raben N., Rabinowich H., Ragona D., Ragusa M.J., Rahimi N., Rahmati M., Raia V., Raimundo N., Rajasekaran N.-S., Ramachandra Rao S., Rami A., Ramirez-Pardo I., Ramsden D.B., Randow F., Rangarajan P.N., Ranieri D., Rao H., Rao L., Rao R., Rathore S., Ratnayaka J.A., Ratovitski E.A., Ravanan P., Ravegnini G., Ray S.K., Razani B., Rebecca V., Reggiori F., Regnier-Vigouroux A., Reichert A.S., Reigada D., Reiling J.H., Rein T., Reipert S., Rekha R.S., Ren H., Ren J., Ren W., Renault T., Renga G., Reue K., Rewitz K., Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos B., Riazuddin S.A., Ribeiro-Rodrigues T.M., Ricci J.-E., Ricci R., Riccio V., Richardson D.R., Rikihisa Y., Risbud M.V., Risueno R.M., Ritis K., Rizza S., Rizzuto R., Roberts H.C., Roberts L.D., Robinson K.J., Roccheri M.C., Rocchi S., Rodney G.G., Rodrigues T., Rodrigues Silva V.R., Rodriguez A., Rodriguez-Barrueco R., Rodriguez-Henche N., Rodriguez-Rocha H., Roelofs J., Rogers R.S., Rogov V.V., Rojo A.I., Rolka K., Romanello V., Romani L., Romano A., Romano P.S., Romeo-Guitart D., Romero L.C., Romero M., Roney J.C., Rongo C., Roperto S., Rosenfeldt M.T., Rosenstiel P., Rosenwald A.G., Roth K.A., Roth L., Roth S., Rouschop K.M.A., Roussel B.D., Roux S., Rovere-Querini P., Roy A., Rozieres A., Ruano D., Rubinsztein D.C., Rubtsova M.P., Ruckdeschel K., Ruckenstuhl C., Rudolf E., Rudolf R., Ruggieri A., Ruparelia A.A., Rusmini P., Russell R.R., Russo G.L., Russo M., Russo R., Ryabaya O.O., Ryan K.M., Ryu K.-Y., Sabater-Arcis M., Sachdev U., Sacher M., Sachse C., Sadhu A., Sadoshima J., Safren N., Saftig P., Sagona A.P., Sahay G., Sahebkar A., Sahin M., Sahin O., Sahni S., Saito N., Saito S., Saito T., Sakai R., Sakai Y., Sakamaki J.-I., Saksela K., Salazar G., Salazar-Degracia A., Salekdeh G.H., Saluja A.K., Sampaio-Marques B., Sanchez M.C., Sanchez-Alcazar J.A., Sanchez-Vera V., Sancho-Shimizu V., Sanderson J.T., Sandri M., Santaguida S., Santambrogio L., Santana M.M., Santoni G., Sanz A., Sanz P., Saran S., Sardiello M., Sargeant T.J., Sarin A., Sarkar C., Sarrias M.-R., Sarkar S., Sarmah D.T., Sarparanta J., Sathyanarayan A., Sathyanarayanan R., Scaglione K.M., Scatozza F., Schaefer L., Schafer Z.T., Schaible U.E., Schapira A.H.V., Scharl M., Schatzl H.M., Schein C.H., Scheper W., Scheuring D., Schiaffino M.V., Schiappacassi M., Schindl R., Schlattner U., Schmidt O., Schmitt R., Schmidt S.D., Schmitz I., Schmukler E., Schneider A., Schneider B.E., Schober R., Schoijet A.C., Schott M.B., Schramm M., Schroder B., Schuh K., Schuller C., Schulze R.J., Schurmanns L., Schwamborn J.C., Schwarten M., Scialo F., Sciarretta S., Scott M.J., Scotto K.W., Scovassi A.I., Scrima A., Scrivo A., Sebastian D., Sebti S., Sedej S., Segatori L., Segev N., Seglen P.O., Seiliez I., Seki E., Selleck S.B., Sellke F.W., Selsby J.T., Sendtner M., Senturk S., Seranova E., Sergi C., Serra-Moreno R., Sesaki H., Settembre C., Setty S.R.G., Sgarbi G., Sha O., Shacka J.J., Shah J.A., Shang D., Shao C., Shao F., Sharbati S., Sharkey L.M., Sharma D., Sharma G., Sharma K., Sharma P., Sharma S., Shen H.-M., Shen H., Shen J., Shen M., Shen W., Shen Z., Sheng R., Sheng Z., Sheng Z.-H., Shi J., Shi X., Shi Y.-H., Shiba-Fukushima K., Shieh J.-J., Shimada Y., Shimizu S., Shimozawa M., Shintani T., Shoemaker C.J., Shojaei S., Shoji I., Shravage B.V., Shridhar V., Shu C.-W., Shu H.-B., Shui K., Shukla A.K., Shutt T.E., Sica V., Siddiqui A., Sierra A., Sierra-Torre V., Signorelli S., Sil P., Silva B.J.D.A., Silva J.D., Silva-Pavez E., Silvente-Poirot S., Simmonds R.E., Simon A.K., Simon H.-U., Simons M., Singh A., Singh L.P., Singh R., Singh S.V., Singh S.K., Singh S.B., Singh S., Singh S.P., Sinha D., Sinha R.A., Sinha S., Sirko A., Sirohi K., Sivridis E.L., Skendros P., Skirycz A., Slaninova I., Smaili S.S., Smertenko A., Smith M.D., Soenen S.J., Sohn E.J., Sok S.P.M., Solaini G., Soldati T., Soleimanpour S.A., Soler R.M., Solovchenko A., Somarelli J.A., Sonawane A., Song F., Song H.K., Song J.-X., Song K., Song Z., Soria L.R., Sorice M., Soukas A.A., Soukup S.-F., Sousa D., Sousa N., Spagnuolo P.A., Spector S.A., Srinivas Bharath M.M., St. Clair D., Stagni V., Staiano L., Stalnecker C.A., Stankov M.V., Stathopulos P.B., Stefan K., Stefan S.M., Stefanis L., Steffan J.S., Steinkasserer A., Stenmark H., Sterneckert J., Stevens C., Stoka V., Storch S., Stork B., Strappazzon F., Strohecker A.M., Stupack D.G., Su H., Su L.-Y., Su L., Suarez-Fontes A.M., Subauste C.S., Subbian S., Subirada P.V., Sudhandiran G., Sue C.M., Sui X., Summers C., Sun G., Sun J., Sun K., Sun M.-X., Sun Q., Sun Y., Sun Z., Sunahara K.K.S., Sundberg E., Susztak K., Sutovsky P., Suzuki H., Sweeney G., Symons J.D., Sze S.C.W., Szewczyk N.J., Tabecka-Lonczynska A., Tabolacci C., Tacke F., Taegtmeyer H., Tafani M., Tagaya M., Tai H., Tait S.W.G., Takahashi Y., Takats S., Talwar P., Tam C., Tam S.Y., Tampellini D., Tamura A., Tan C.T., Tan E.-K., Tan Y.-Q., Tanaka M., Tang D., Tang J., Tang T.-S., Tanida I., Tao Z., Taouis M., Tatenhorst L., Tavernarakis N., Taylor A., Taylor G.A., Taylor J.M., Tchetina E., Tee A.R., Tegeder I., Teis D., Teixeira N., Teixeira-Clerc F., Tekirdag K.A., Tencomnao T., Tenreiro S., Tepikin A.V., Testillano P.S., Tettamanti G., Tharaux P.-L., Thedieck K., Thekkinghat A.A., Thellung S., Thinwa J.W., Thirumalaikumar V.P., Thomas S.M., Thomes P.G., Thorburn A., Thukral L., Thum T., Thumm M., Tian L., Tichy A., Till A., Timmerman V., Titorenko V.I., Todi S.V., Todorova K., Toivonen J.M., Tomaipitinca L., Tomar D., Tomas-Zapico C., Tomic S., Tong B.C.-K., Tong C., Tong X., Tooze S.A., Torgersen M.L., Torii S., Torres-Lopez L., Torriglia A., Towers C.G., Towns R., Toyokuni S., Trajkovic V., Tramontano D., Tran Q.-G., Travassos L.H., Trelford C.B., Tremel S., Trougakos I.P., Tsao B.P., Tschan M.P., Tse H.-F., Tse T.F., Tsugawa H., Tsvetkov A.S., Tumbarello D.A., Tumtas Y., Tunon M.J., Turcotte S., Turk B., Turk V., Turner B.J., Tuxworth R.I., Tyler J.K., Tyutereva E.V., Uchiyama Y., Ugun-Klusek A., Uhlig H.H., Ulamek-Koziol M., Ulasov I.V., Umekawa M., Ungermann C., Unno R., Urbe S., Uribe-Carretero E., Ustun S., Uversky V.N., Vaccari T., Vaccaro M.I., Vahsen B.F., Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H., Valdor R., Valente M.J., Valko A., Vallee R.B., Valverde A.M., Van den Berghe G., van der Veen S., Van Kaer L., van Loosdregt J., van Wijk S.J.L., Vandenberghe W., Vanhorebeek I., Vannier-Santos M.A., Vannini N., Vanrell M.C., Vantaggiato C., Varano G., Varela-Nieto I., Varga M., Vasconcelos M.H., Vats S., Vavvas D.G., Vega-Naredo I., Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S., Velasco G., Velazquez A.P., Vellai T., Vellenga E., Velotti F., Verdier M., Verginis P., Vergne I., Verkade P., Verma M., Verstreken P., Vervliet T., Vervoorts J., Vessoni A.T., Victor V.M., Vidal M., Vidoni C., Vieira O.V., Vierstra R.D., Vigano S., Vihinen H., Vijayan V., Vila M., Vilar M., Villalba J.M., Villalobo A., Villarejo-Zori B., Villarroya F., Villarroya J., Vincent O., Vindis C., Viret C., Viscomi M.T., Visnjic D., Vitale I., Vocadlo D.J., Voitsekhovskaja O.V., Volonte C., Volta M., Vomero M., Von Haefen C., Vooijs M.A., Voos W., Vucicevic L., Wade-Martins R., Waguri S., Waite K.A., Wakatsuki S., Walker D.W., Walker M.J., Walker S.A., Walter J., Wandosell F.G., Wang B., Wang C., Wang C.-Y., Wang D., Wang F., Wang G., Wang H., Wang H.-G., Wang J., Wang K., Wang L., Wang M.H., Wang M., Wang N., Wang P., Wang Q.J., Wang Q., Wang Q.K., Wang Q.A., Wang W.-T., Wang W., Wang X., Wang Y.-Y., Wang Y., Wang Z., Warnes G., Warnsmann V., Watada H., Watanabe E., Watchon M., Wawrzynska A., Weaver T.E., Wegrzyn G., Wehman A.M., Wei H., Wei L., Wei T., Wei Y., Weiergraber O.H., Weihl C.C., Weindl G., Weiskirchen R., Wells A., Wen R.H., Wen X., Werner A., Weykopf B., Wheatley S.P., and W... [Ovid has truncated this field to avoid Excel character limitations]
- Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.Copyright © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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- 2021
28. Distance learning in russian higher school
- Author
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Iulia V. Gluzman, Vladimir A. Vishnevskij, Elena E. Bodrova, Galina I. Gribkova, Anton Z. Izmailov, and Irina M. Naumenko
- Subjects
Education higher school ,lcsh:LC8-6691 ,lcsh:Special aspects of education ,Innovations ,Educational system reforms ,lcsh:L ,Online education ,Education ,lcsh:Education - Abstract
The article is devoted to reforming of the higher education system, which is associated with technological and technical changes, namely, distance learning. The authors emphasize that the distance learning at the university makes education more open and mobile, but interindividual computer-mediated communication not only contributes to the design of a high-quality information educational space of higher school, forming the information culture of the actors of the educational process, but also causes a huge number of risks: informational, organizational, technical, psychological, health risks. As a result of the analysis, the authors concluded that certain elements of distance technologies can strengthen the education system, but a complete distance will exclude the social component from educational practices, which will entail a deformation of society.
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- 2020
29. THE BIOLOGICAL DETOXICATION OF WHITE PHOSPHORUS
- Author
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Mindubaev, Anton Z., primary, Babynin, Edward V., additional, Voloshina, Alexandra D., additional, Badeeva, Elena K., additional, Minzanova, Salima T., additional, Mironova, Lyubov’ G., additional, and Akosah, Yaw A., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Distance learning in russian higher school
- Author
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Gluzman, Iulia V., primary, Vishnevskij, Vladimir A., additional, Bodrova, Elena E., additional, Gribkova, Galina I., additional, Izmailov, Anton Z., additional, and Naumenko, Irina M., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Quantum Yields and N
- Author
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Weihong, Wang, Kifle Z, Aregahegn, Simone T, Andersen, Anton Z, Ni, Andrea F, Rohrbacher, Ole John, Nielsen, and Barbara J, Finlayson-Pitts
- Subjects
Insecticides ,Neonicotinoids ,Photolysis ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Nitrous Oxide ,Sunlight - Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NN), first introduced in 1991, are found on environmental surfaces where they undergo photolytic degradation. Photolysis studies of thin films of NN were performed using two approaches: (1) transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were analyzed simultaneously, and (2) attenuated-total-reflectance FTIR combined with transmission FTIR, in which solid films of NN and the gas-phase products were probed in the same experiment but not at the same time. Photolysis quantum yields using broadband irradiation centered at 313 nm were (2.2 ± 0.9) × 10
- Published
- 2019
32. Particles and Fields 2
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri and Anton Z. Capri
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- Gauge fields (Physics)--Congresses, Weak interactions (Nuclear physics)--Congresses, Quantum chromodynamics--Congresses, Grand unified theories (Nuclear physics)--Congre
- Published
- 2013
33. Nonlocal Structure of Higher Spin Fields
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Spin polarization ,Quantum mechanics ,Structure (category theory) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Spin-½ - Published
- 2002
34. Book review
- Author
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Capri, Anton Z., Weinhold, Frank, Uberoi, Mahinder S., and Balachandran, A. P.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Finite particle creation in 1+1 dimensional spacetime compact in space
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Anton Z. Capri and D. J. Lamb
- Subjects
Physics ,Annihilation ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Spacetime ,Observer (quantum physics) ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,One-dimensional space ,Massive particle ,01 natural sciences ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Bogoliubov transformation ,Classical mechanics ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics - Abstract
In this paper we calculate the massive particle creation as seen by a stationary observer in a 1+1 dimensional spacetime compact in space. The Bogoliubov transformation relating the annihilation and creation operators between two spacelike surfaces is calculated. The particle creation, as observed by a stationary observer who moves from the first spacelike surface to the second, is then calculated and shown to be finite, as is expected for a spacetime with finite spatial volume.
- Published
- 1995
36. DISCRETE SPECTRAL SHIFT IN AN ANISOTROPIC UNIVERSE
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M. Kobayashi, Anton Z. Capri, and D. J. Lamb
- Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory ,Physics ,Length scale ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Observer (quantum physics) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) ,Spectral shift ,Curvature ,01 natural sciences ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) ,0103 physical sciences ,Energy spectrum ,Anisotropy ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Scalar field ,Mathematical physics - Abstract
In this paper we calculate the particle creation as seen by a stationary observer in an anisotropic universe. By using an observer and geometry dependent time to quantise a massive scalar field we show that a discrete energy spectrum shift occurs. The length scale associated with the geometry provides the energy scale by which the spectrum is shifted. The $\beta(p,q)$ coefficient for the Bogolubov transformation calculated is proportional to a series of delta functions whose argument contains $p$ and $q$ and half multiples of the root of the curvature., Comment: 11 pages, RevTeX, no figures
- Published
- 1994
37. Axi-symmetric eigenmodes for an elastic semi-infinite circular cylindrical rod
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri and Pratap N. Sahay
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Physics ,General Energy ,Geophysics ,Flat surface ,Semi-infinite ,Homogeneous ,Isotropy ,Displacement field ,Geometry ,Boundary value problem ,Orthonormality - Abstract
Construimos un conjunto complete de ejes simétricos para el campo de desplazamientos dentro de una barra elástica, homogénea, isotrópica y semi-infinita con condiciones de frontera semi-rígidas sobre la superficie curva de la barra y condiciones de frontera libre de esfuerzo sobre la superficie plana de la misma.
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- 1994
38. COORDINATE-INDEPENDENT DEFINITION OF TIME AND VACUUM IN CURVED SPACE–TIME
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri and S. M. Roy
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Observer (quantum physics) ,Geodesic ,Mathematical analysis ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Linear subspace ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Generalized coordinates ,Classical mechanics ,Hypersurface ,De Sitter universe ,Minkowski space ,Curved space - Abstract
We propose a definition of time and of the vacuum such that they are intrinsic to a given globally hyperbolic 1 + (n − 1)-dimensional space–time geometry and independent of the choice of coordinates. To arrive at this definition we use the new physical principle that a 1 + 1-dimensional Poincaré algebra, including Killing conditions on the generators, should be valid on the hypersurface of instantaneity. Given a timelike vector at a point (an observer's velocity) we define "an instant of time" to be the spacelike surface of geodesics which pass through that point and are orthogonal to that timelike vector. Gaussian coordinates erected on this surface yield 1 + 1-dimensional subspaces with Poincaré symmetry valid on that surface. The generator associated with time translation now uniquely picks out the direction of time on that surface. This fact permits unambiguous quantization on the surface of a field evolving in this background metric. For flat space–time the corresponding vacuum is always the Minkowski vacuum. We also consider in detail the case of static and Robertson–Walker metrics in 1 + 1 dimensions and find our vacuum to be different from those given before. The vacuum for the de Sitter metric in 1 + 1 dimensions is compared with the results in the literature and found to be different. Our definition of particles, and hence particle production, is consequently different also.
- Published
- 1994
39. LORENTZ-COVARIANT AND GAUGE-INVARIANT INSTANTANEOUS VACUUM FOR EXTERNAL FIELD PROBLEMS
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri and S. M. Roy
- Subjects
Electromagnetic field ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Introduction to gauge theory ,Lorentz transformation ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Lorentz covariance ,Invariant (physics) ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Bogoliubov transformation ,symbols.namesake ,Classical mechanics ,symbols ,Covariant transformation ,Gauge theory - Abstract
For a Dirac field coupled to time-dependent external electromagnetic field we define an instantaneous (on a fixed spacelike surface) causal vacuum respecting Lorentz covariance and gauge invariance. The instantaneous particle states on this surface are then defined covariantly and connected to states at another time by a Bogoliubov transformation.
- Published
- 1994
40. Quips, Quotes and Quanta
- Author
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Anton Z. Capri
- Subjects
Literature ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,History of physics ,Art ,business ,media_common - Published
- 2011
41. THE DEFINITION OF TIME AND QUANTUM VACUUM IN 1 + 1 DIMENSIONS
- Author
-
S. M. Roy and Anton Z. Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Geodesic ,Space time ,Infinitesimal ,Mathematical analysis ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Lie group ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Quantization (physics) ,Classical mechanics ,Hypersurface ,Vacuum energy ,Minkowski space - Abstract
We prove that for any (1 + 1)-dimensional globally hyperbolic space-time it is possible to define an instant of time as a special space-like geodesic which is independent of the coordinates chosen. This definition follows uniquely from the requirement of validity of Poincaré symmetry in an infinitesimal neighborhood of the hypersurface of instantaneity. The generator associated with time translation then selects the direction of time. This fact permits unambiguous field quantization of this surface. For flat space-time the corresponding time and vacuum coincide with those of Minkowski space-time. We apply these results to static and Robertson-Walker space-times.
- Published
- 1992
42. The vacuum for an interacting scalar field
- Author
-
Anton Z. Capri and D. J. Lamb
- Subjects
Physics ,QED vacuum ,Field (physics) ,Vacuum state ,General Engineering ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Auxiliary field ,Classical mechanics ,Quantum electrodynamics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Scattering theory ,Scalar field ,Energy (signal processing) ,General Environmental Science ,Vacuum expectation value - Abstract
We define a vacuum for a real scalar field interacting with a time-dependentc-number source which vanishes rapidly in the remote past and future. We then show that this vacuum is a more appropriate vacuum for the interacting field than the vacuum for the incoming Heisenberg field in the sense that the energy of the field is lower in the vacuum we propose as compared to the energy of the field in the vacuum for the incoming Heisenberg field.
- Published
- 1992
43. A CAUSAL, LORENTZ COVARIANT AND GAUGE-INVARIANT VACUUM FOR A DIRAC FIELD IN THE PRESENCE OF AN EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
- Author
-
Anton Z. Capri and S. M. Roy
- Subjects
Electromagnetic field ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,symbols.namesake ,Hypersurface ,Classical mechanics ,Planar ,Lorentz transformation ,symbols ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Covariant transformation ,Invariant (physics) - Abstract
We show how to construct, for a Dirac field coupled to time-dependent external electromagnetic field, an instantaneous causal vacuum that depends only on the (planar) hypersurface of instantaneity and is independent of coordinates and gauges. The instantaneous particle states are then defined covariantly and connected to states defined with respect to other hypersurfaces of instantaneity by Bogoliubov transformations.
- Published
- 1992
44. Nonlocal Structure of Higher Spin Fields
- Author
-
Anton Z. Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Structure (category theory) ,Spin-½ - Published
- 2007
45. Quantum Field Theory
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Quantum technology ,Quantum probability ,Open quantum system ,Quantization (physics) ,Thermal quantum field theory ,Quantum mechanics ,Quantum gravity ,Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory ,S-matrix - Published
- 2007
46. Loss of Innocence: The Atom Bomb
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Philosophy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Innocence ,Atomic physics ,media_common - Published
- 2007
47. Space Becomes Curved
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Geometry ,Space (mathematics) - Published
- 2007
48. The Electron Spins
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Electron pair ,Materials science ,Spins ,Pulsed EPR ,Electron ,Atomic physics - Published
- 2007
49. Boys' Physics and Quantum Jumping
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Physics ,Theoretical physics ,Jumping ,medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Quantum - Published
- 2007
50. The Purest Soul's Beautiful Quantum Mechanics
- Author
-
Anton Z Capri
- Subjects
Theoretical physics ,Classical mechanics ,Philosophy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Soul ,media_common - Published
- 2007
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