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Many disorders affect the equine foot, and many hoof problems have multiple predisposing causes. Surgery may be necessary after conservative management has failed. Diseases of the hoof capsule may seem simple, but their effect on performance can be long-lasting and healing is often prolonged. Diagnosis of problems within the hoof capsule is enhanced with the use of computed tomography and MRI. The prognosis of fractures has improved with strategic placement of lag screws across fracture planes using aiming devices and advanced intraoperative imaging techniques. Collaboration between the clinician and a skilled farrier is important for successful management of hoof disorders.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing the bone to cast distance on the resistance of the pin to cyclic loading in equine transfixation pin casts. Study Design Eleven pairs of cadaveric equine third metacarpal bones were prepared and one 6.3/8.0 mm transfixation pin was placed in standard fashion 10 mm proximal to the distal physeal scar into each bone. One metacarpus of each pair was tested with a distance of 10 mm (10 mm group) and the contralateral metacarpus with a distance of 20 mm (20 mm group) between the outer cortex of the bone and the fixation of the pin. Eight pairs were tested using a simplified test set-up in which the pins were fastened at both ends to polyoxymethylene-copolymer sleeves. The pins of the remaining three pairs of bones were incorporated into a fibreglass cast. All specimens were tested under cyclic loading until failure of the pin in axial compression. Results All pins failed uni- or bilaterally at clinically relevant load levels. Pins of the 10 mm group endured significantly (p Conclusion The distance between the bone surface and the cast at the location of pin insertion has a significant effect on resistance of the pins to cyclic loading. Therefore, the amount of padding applied underneath an equine transfixation pin cast can have an influence on the overall stability and durability of the construct.

One of the varied tasks of the Large Animal Rescue Service Switzerland and Liechtenstein (GTRD CH/FL)® is the recovery of animals from manure and cesspools. The aim of the present retrospective study was the evaluation of the rescue protocols of the GTRD CH/FL from such operations and the documentation of a rescue procedure. In the past 25 years, a total of 176 animals have been rescued from manure and cesspools. These included 113 cattle, 51 horses and 12 pigs. All animals could be safely rescued with the animal rescue and transport net (TBTN) or the large animal vertical rescue set (GTVBS). The TBTN is used when the opening of the cesspool is large enough to recover the animal in a horizontal position. The GTVBS is particularly suitable for narrow openings, as the recovery in a -vertical position does not require any constructional modification or the enlargement of the cesspool opening. Both rescue harnesses are characterized by reliable handling and allow gentle recovery.Eine der vielfältigen Aufgaben des Grosstier-Rettungsdienstes Schweiz und Liechtenstein (GTRD CH/FL)® ist die Bergung von Tieren aus Mist- und Jauchegruben. Ziel der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie war die Auswertung der Bergungsprotokolle des GTRD CH/FL aus solchen Einsätzen und die Dokumentation eines Bergungsablaufs. In den vergangenen 25 Jahren sind insgesamt 176 Tiere aus Mist- und Jauchegruben geborgen worden. Darunter befanden sich 113 Rinder, 51 Pferde und 12 Schweine. Alle Tiere konnten sicher mit dem Tier- Bergungs- und Transportnetz (TBTN) oder dem Grosstier- Vertikalbergungsset (GTVBS) geborgen werden. Das TBTN wird eingesetzt, wenn die Öffnung der Jauchegrube gross genug ist, um das Tier in horizontaler Position zu bergen. Bei engen Öffnungen eignet sich das GTVBS vorzüglich, da durch die Bergung in vertikaler Position die Öffnungen der Gruben nicht mehr vergrössert oder durch andere bauliche Massnahmen verändert werden müssen. Beide Bergungsgeschirre zeichnen sich durch eine zuverlässige Handhabung aus und erlauben eine schonende Bergung.L’une des multiples tâches du Service de sauvetage des grands animaux de Suisse et du Liechtenstein (GTRD CH/FL)® est de sortir des animaux de fosses à fumier ou à lisier. Le but de la présente étude rétrospective était l’évaluation des protocoles de sauvetage du GTRD CH/FL sur la base de ces opérations et la documentation d’un processus de sauvetage. Au cours des 25 dernières années, 176 animaux au total ont été tirés de fosses à fumier ou à lisier. Il s’agissait de 113 bovins, 51 chevaux et 12 porcs. Tous les animaux ont pu être secourus en toute sécurité grâce au filet de sauvetage et de transport des animaux (TBTN) ou à l’équipement de sauvetage vertical pour grands animaux (GTVBS). Le TBTN est utilisé lorsque l’ouverture de la fosse à lisier est suffisamment grande pour récupérer l’animal en position horizontale. Le GTVBS est particulièrement adapté aux ouvertures étroites, car la récupération en position verticale permet de ne pas devoir ou modifier modifiées par d’autres mesures structurelles les ouvertures des fosses. Les deux harnais de sauvetage se caractérisent par une manipulation fiable et permettent une récupération en douceur.Uno degli svariati compiti del Servizio di salvataggio di grandi animali di Svizzera e Liechtenstein (GTRD CH/FL)® è il soccorso di animali intrappolati nelle fosse di letame e liquame. Lo scopo di questo studio retrospettivo era di valutare i protocolli di salvataggio del GTRD CH/FL per tali missioni e di documentarne la procedura di salvataggio. Negli ultimi 25 anni, un totale di 176 animali sono stati recuperati dalle fosse di letame e liquami. Tra questi salvataggi si trovavano 113 bovini, 51 cavalli e 12 suini. Tutti gli animali sono stati salvati con sicurezza utilizzando la rete di salvataggio e trasporto animali (TBTN) o il set di recupero verticale per grandi animali (GTVBS). L’imbracatura TBTN viene utilizzata quando l’apertura della fossa di liquame è abbastanza grande per poter recuperare l’animale in posizione orizzontale. In caso di aperture strette, il GTVBS è molto meglio, perché il salvataggio in posizione verticale significa che le aperture delle fosse non devono essere allargate o modificate con altre misure strutturali. Entrambe le imbracature di recupero sono contraddistinte per la loro maneggevolezza e affidabilità che permette un salvataggio in modo gentile dell’animale.

Craniofacial sutures are fibrous connections between the flat bones in the skull, allowing a small amount of movement to absorb strain and load as long as they are patent. In the present study, we examined the histological appearance of facial suture lines in horses of different ages. The internasal, nasofrontal and maxillolacrimal sutures were macroscopically identified and extracted from the skulls of six horses aged 1 day (two horses), 5 days, 2, 6 and 9 years and prepared into histological samples. The suture lines were then examined for width, form, cell density and morphology, vascularisation and morphology of the surrounding tissue and compared based on the age of the horse. Although macroscopically the sutures became difficult to identify in the 6‐ and 9‐year‐old horses, histologically they were clearly visible in all samples, indicating that the sutures were patent and consisted of connective tissue in all analysed horses. The sutures became subjectively narrower with lower cell density in older horses as compared to young horses, and there was a noticeable maturation from woven to cancellous bone surrounding the sutures. Vascular structures were present in all sutures regardless of age or location. In conclusion, this study raises awareness of the histological suture conformation in neonatal and adult horses and their persistence into adulthood. A better understanding of the histological structure of facial sutures and their continued patency into adulthood can aide in the interpretation of radiographs and computed tomography images of the head and in improving treatment methods and outcomes for horses affected with suture exostosis. In addition, if biopsies are taken, clinicians will have a basis on which to determine which cells are related to the disease process and which are normally occurring.

Wry nose (campylorrhinus lateralis) in foals leads to breathing and weaning problems as well as reduced performance. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe a new gingival approach for, and report the outcome after, surgical correction of wry nose in two foals. Two young foals with wry nose were surgically treated using a gingival approach. Osteotomy of the incisive and maxillary bones was carried out, and a 3.5-mm locking compression plate (LCP) with screws was inserted in the incisive and maxillary bones and in several teeth to stabilise the gap. The rostral part of the nasal septum was resected, and osteotomy and plate fixation were used to correct the nasal bone deviation. A 2.4-mm UniLOCK plate was used in one foal and 2.7-mm LCP in the other. Respiratory difficulties and facial malformation were markedly reduced in both foals. The existing brachygnathia superior and nasal bone deviation could not be completely eliminated. Main limitation was the small sample size of only two foals. In conclusion surgical correction of wry nose through a gingival approach resulted in a good outcome with a significant reduction in the deviation and associated clinical signs.

Objective To report on technical aspects and outcomes after scapulohumeral arthrodesis (SHA) with a locking compression plate (LCP) in small equids. Study design Retrospective multicenter case series. Animals Client-owned Shetland Ponies, Miniature Shetlands, and American Miniature Horses (n = 15). Methods Inclusion criteria were completed SHA with an LCP to treat scapulohumeral osteoarthritis/subluxation and availability of postoperative radiographs. Contributing surgeons completed a questionnaire to collect data. All radiographs were reviewed for this study. Follow-up information was obtained via re-admission to the hospital or telephone interview of the referring veterinarian or owner. Outcome was subjectively scored as excellent, good, moderate, or poor based on lameness and function. Results Sixteen SHAs were performed in 15 equids (body weight 65-145 kg) by nine different surgeons. A narrow 4.5/5.0 mm LCP (7-16 holes) was used in 14 of the 16 SHAs. Follow-up was collected 2.5 years after surgery (median; range: 9 weeks to 10 years). Major complications related to the SHAs were noted in 4 of the 13 horses alive long term, consisting of implant failure (n = 1), surgical site infection (n = 2), and scapular fracture (n = 1). The outcome was graded as excellent in 4, good in 5, and moderate in 4 horses. Two ponies were euthanized because scapulohumeral osteoarthritis and subluxation developed in the contralateral limb. Conclusion Although major complications occurred in about one-third of ponies, SHA with LCP led to long-term survival with good function in most ponies. Clinical significance SHA with an LCP offers a high chance for good long-term outcome in small equids although contralateral disease may affect outcome.

In this commentary, first the do's and don'ts of arthrodesis are discussed followed by a description of the different techniques of partial tarsal arthrodesis. Specific comments were made to discuss the case report in this issue by Vlahos (2019) with regards to the plate positioning and at the end some thoughts on pantarsal arthrodesis in adult horses are presented.

This study reports the use of parathyroid hormone fragment peptide 1‐34 (PTH1‐34) cross‐linked to a hydrogel in a fibrin base for the treatment of subchondral cyst‐like lesions (SCLs). The objectives were to determine the clinical and radiographic outcome of 28 horses with lameness attributable to one or two SCLs treated locally with one of three different concentrations of PTH1‐34 and to identify which concentration produces the best results. Twenty‐eight horses (34 SCLs) were treated surgically by debriding the content of the SCL and injecting different concentrations (0.1, 0.4, or 1 mg/mL) of PTH1‐34 in a fibrin hydrogel into the cavity. Treatment was considered successful if the horse was sound 12 months after treatment. The mean age of the horses was 7.2 years. Treatment was successful in 22 (78.6%) horses and improved the radiographic appearance of 27 (79.4%) SCLs. The outcome was not affected by age of the horse or by the number of SCLs (1 or 2) per horse. PTH1‐34 in a fibrin hydrogel administered into the SCL after surgical debridement of the lesion appears to be an effective treatment for horses with one or two SCLs. A PTH1‐34 concentration of 0.4 mg/mL may be slightly superior to concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/mL in resolving SCLs.

The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the outcome of conservative methods and 3D-assisted surgery for treatment of type III fractures of the distal phalanx with regard to recovery time and the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ). The medical records of all horses with type III fracture of the distal phalanx referred to the Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, between 1992 and 2016 were reviewed. The severity of lameness at initial examination, radiographic evaluation, treatment (conservative, group A; 3D-assisted surgery, group B), complications, outcome and recovery time were determined. Follow-up examinations included clinical and radiographic examinations. Of 33 horses, 15 received conservative treatment and 18 underwent surgery. Eleven of the 15 (73.3%) horses in group A returned to their intended use and four were subjected to euthanasia or remained chronically lame. The median recovery time was 240 days (95% CI, 180–374). Thirteen of 15 (86.7%) horses developed OA of the DIPJ within 5 months of the fracture. In group B, 16 of 17 (94.1%) horses returned to their intended use, one horse remained chronically lame, and one horse was subjected to euthanasia because of unrelated reasons. The median recovery time was 139 days (95% CI, 120–270), and seven horses (38.9%) developed OA of the DIPJ within 5 months of the fracture. Overall, the screws had to be removed in five fluoroscopic-assisted surgery cases (three because of implant infection and two because of severe lameness), in one computer-assisted surgery case due to severe lameness and in one computed tomography-assisted surgery case because of implant infection. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in time for recovery of type III fractures of the distal phalanx between the two groups, but surgical treatment led to significantly fewer cases of OA in the DIPJ as determined by subjective radiographic evaluation (P = 0.015).

The objective of this study was to report the outcome of horses treated either conservatively or surgically for luxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) from the calcaneal tuber. Medical records of horses with diagnosed SDFT luxations from the calcaneal tuber were reviewed (1993–2015) and long-term follow-up examinations and owner questionnaires performed. Survival to hospital discharge, complications, final SDFT position, soundness and return to intended use were compared between conservatively or surgically treated horses. Following conservative treatment all horses (n = 8) survived to hospital discharge. At long-term follow-up 71.4% (5/7) had returned to intended use. The SDFT was unstable in all of them resulting in a mild mechanical lameness. Nine horses underwent surgical treatment. The SDFT was reduced and maintained in position with a synthetic mesh and sutures (n = 2), with a synthetic mesh, sutures and suture screws (n = 6) or with sutures and suture screws (n = 1). Only 66.7% (6/9) of the horses survived to hospital discharge. Fatal complications including support limb laminitis (1/9), implant infection (1/9), and support limb laminitis plus infection (1/9) occurred. All horses available for long-term follow-up (n = 5) were clinically sound and 80% (4/5) had returned to intended use. Following conservative treatment, a mild mechanical lameness will persist but will not prevent the horses from returning to their intended use. Surgical repair can result in a stable fixation of the SDFT with long-term soundness and return to intended use; however, fatal complications (support limb laminitis, infection) can occur leading to the euthanasia of the horse in the immediate post-operative period.

Skull fractures, particularly mandibular fractures, are the second most common fractures in horses after limb fractures. The majority of mandibular fractures involves its most rostral part, i.e. the pars incisiva. Like other head fractures, those of the jaws are commonly caused by a blunt external trauma such as a kick from another horse, a fall or a collision with a solid object. Rostral fractures can also occur when horses get caught between vertical metal bars in the stall: the horse bites the bar with its head tilted towards a slightly horizontal position and then suddenly pulls back its head together with a vertical movement of the head, while the teeth remain lodged between the metal bars. In rare cases jaw fractures occuriatrogenically following dental treatment or due to pathological alteration of the bone in case of neoplasia or chronic osteomyelitis. In the majority of cases jaw fractures are open toward the oral cavity and may be severely contaminated. Unstable, bilateral or dislocated fractures which lead to impaired occlusion need surgical intervention. Intraoral wiring is one of the fixation techniques used, depending on the fracture configuration. The Obwegeser multiple-loop intraoral wiring method is particularly suited for fixation of avulsion fractures of the incisors because teeth can be fixed individually, the tension can be distributed evenly among different teeth and the fixation can be extended across a wide area. This method is very suitable for fixation of rostral jaw fractures. It can also be used in combination with other fixation techniques, e.g. plate osteosynthesis, to provide additional stability on the tension side of a fractured mandible and incisor bone. This retrospective study examined 46 patients with jaw fractures that were fixed using the Obwegeser wiring method alone (n=31) or in conjunction with another fixation method (n=15). Medical records, repeated radiological examinations and telephone interviews with the owners were used to gather information about clinical signs on presentation, type of fracture fixation, the healing process, short and long term complications, time of removal of the wires and owner satisfaction with the surgical outcome. The following clinical signs were found with the initial examination: oral haemorrhage (n=28), dysphagia (n=24) and local swelling (n=21). 23 horses suffered from malocclusion and in 5 of 46 patients crepitation was obvious. In 20 cases (43%) the fracture was older than 24 hours at the time of presentation to the hospital. Forty (87%) of the fractures were open. Cases that were fixed using the Obwegeser wiring method alone had a lower complication rate (11/31, 35%) than cases in which wiring was used in conjunction with another fixation method (12/15, 80%). In most cases the fracture could be repaired in the standing horse using sedation and local anaesthesia. An orthopaedic stainless steel wire with a diameter of 1.25 mm was used for cerclage. Wires used alone were left in place for an average of 10 weeks (mean 10.0 and SD±5.8) and those used in addition to another fixation method for an average of 16 weeks (mean 16.0 and SD±8.9). No further complications associated with the fracture occurred in 31 (93%) of the 33 cases that had long-term follow-up information. The fact that in 20 cases (43%) the fracture was older than 24 hours at the time of presentation to the hospital shows that jaw fractures are commonly not recognized immediately or are underestimated by owners or referring veterinarians. The lower complication rate in the 31 cases treated with the Obwegeser wiring method alone may be explained by the lower complexity of the fractures, the intra- versus the extraoral position of the implants and thereby no possible interference of the implant with fracture healing, and the reduced amount of implant material. This study shows that the inexpensive and relatively simple Obwegeser method is a very suitable method for fixation of rostral jaw fractures in the horse.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a potent inducer of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and is used in orthopaedic applications in humans. This study was performed to evaluate (1) recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in clinical cases of subchondral cystic lesion (SCL) in horses and (2) the osteoinductive effects of rhBMP-2 treatment in vitro on primary equine osteoblasts. Three horses with SCLs of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and associated lameness were treated by transcortical debridement and implantation of a collagen sponge containing rhBMP-2. In the in vitro studies, equine osteoblasts were cultured with rhBMP-2 to assess the effects of rhBMP-2 on their differentiation and mineralization. The treatment of SCLs with rhBMP-2 was well tolerated by all the horses, and improvements in subchondral bone radiographic appearance and lameness score were evident between 7 and 10 months post-surgery. Equine osteoblasts treated with rhBMP-2 demonstrated enhanced mineralization as evidenced by increases in Alizarin Red S staining. This was accompanied by significant increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activity, and a significant decrease in secreted osteocalcin levels. In conclusion rhBMP-2 can be used to assist in subchondral bone repair in horses, and we provide in vitro evidence to suggest that its influence on bone formation is mediated through enhanced osteoblast activity.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate cyclic fatigue behaviour of a new pin with a thread run-out design in comparison with three other types of pins commonly used for equine transfixation pin casting. Materials and Methods Twenty-four pairs of equine cadaveric third metacarpal bones (MC3) equipped with one transfixation pin placed horizontally in the distal metaphysis were tested using a simplified model, mimicking the biomechanical situation of equine transfixation pin casting. A 6.3/8.0-mm Imex Duraface pin with thread run-out design (ITROP) was compared with a 6.1-mm smooth Steinmann pin (SSP), a Securos 6.2-mm, positive-profile pin (SPPP) and an Imex 6.3-mm, positive-profile pin (IPPP) under cyclic loading until failure in axial compression of MC3. Results All pins broke at clinically relevant load levels and cycle numbers. The SSP endured significantly (p = 0.0025) more cycles before failure (mean: 48685) than the ITROP (mean 25889). No significant differences in cycles to failure were observed comparing the SPPP versus ITROP, and the IPPP versus ITROP, respectively. Clinical Significance A thread run-out design does not necessarily lead to higher resistance against pin breakage under cyclic loading conditions. The SSP was most resistant against cyclic failure in these testing conditions, even though it was associated with more lateromedial displacement and cortical wear-out. This could outweigh reported disadvantages of the SSP such as reduced resistance to axial extraction and pin loosening.

A 17-month-old Warmblood filly was referred to our clinic for evaluation of congenital facial nerve (FN) paralysis. Clinical examination revealed a right-sided facial paralysis with mild masticatory muscle atrophy, mild dysphagia and exposure keratitis. Apart from the FN deficits, neurological examination of the remaining cranial nerves showed no abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination using a 3.0 Tesla scanner showed that in comparison to the left FN, the intracranial section of the right FN between the pons and internal acoustic canal was thinner, whereas it appeared indistinct and thickened within the internal acoustic canal and facial canal. Signs of meningitis or encephalitis were not present on MRI. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed mild pleocytosis. The owner of the filly requested euthanasia due to the guarded prognosis. At necropsy, the intracranial section of the right FN was macroscopically thinner than the left side and within the facial canal, a 5 mm tissue stump could be identified with an absent extracranial part of the right FN. Histological examination of the brain stem showed different architecture of the left and right motor nuclei of the FN: in the left nucleus, motor neurons of a normal size and well stainable Nissl bodies were present, whereas in the right nucleus, neurons with Nissl bodies were decreased in number and size. Further, a cytoplasmic rich cell population with a nucleus size compatible with normal neurons was present. These cells were suspected to be atrophic neurons. The tissue stump within the facial canal was histologically identified as connective tissue. Unilateral malformation of the FN has not previously been described in the horse. This filly showed a right-sided, intracranial hypoplasia accompanied by an extracranial aplasia of the FN causing complete, congenital facial nerve paralysis, which corresponded to a difference in the architecture of the affected motor nucleus of the FN.

Objective: To determine long term outcomes of nonracing equines athletes treated for short incomplete proximal sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx (SIPSFP1) by lag screw fixation. Study design: Retrospective study. Sample population: Thirty-one horses. Methods: Medical records from horses with an SIPSFP1 (2008-2014) were reviewed. Long-term (≥12 months) outcomes were assessed with telephone interviews and clinical and radiographic examinations. Results: Warmblood was the predominant breed in cases included in the study. Among horses with long-term interview information, 27 of 31 returned to previous athletic activity level. In total, 15 horses with 19 fractures had clinical and radiographic assessment after a minimum of 12 months. Among those, nine of 15 horses were sound at the trot, and six of 15 were mildly lame. Complete radiographic healing was confirmed in six limbs, and the facture line was evident in 13. The position of the proximal screw was not associated with radiographic fracture healing or return to soundness. Conclusion: Most horses treated for SIPSFP1 with lag screw fixation returned to previous activity levels, although radiographic fracture healing remained incomplete 12 months or more after surgery. Clinical significance: Lag screw fixation is a valid treatment for horses not used for racing that are experiencing an SIPSFP1 and results in a high rate of return to intended use, although complete radiographic fracture healing cannot be expected.

There are few reports describing suture periostitis (SP) in horses. This case series outlines the clinical, radiographic and histologic features of SP and compares various types of treatment in 15 horses presented to the Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich. Overall, the incidence of horses with SP presented to our clinic was low, and clinical signs were similar to those previously reported. Radiography was used to diagnose SP, but computed tomography was the imaging modality of choice for determining the extent of the bony changes and the suture lines affected. Horses that underwent surgical stabilization had more rapid resolution of signs than those treated conservatively or not treated at all.

Summary Studies evaluating complications, treatment and survival following wounds to the dorsal carpus (coronation injuries), despite being frequent injuries in equine practice, are lacking. The aim was to describe clinical features and identify risk factors associated with short- and long-term outcomes following coronation injury in horses. Clinical data were obtained for horses undergoing treatment of unilateral or bilateral coronation injuries in a single hospital population. Descriptive data were generated for the clinical variables. Multivariable linear or logistic regression analyses was used to generate six models with short-term outcomes defined as hospitalisation time and hospital survival; and long-term outcomes (>6 months) defined as coronation specific mortality, sound and return to intended use, increased post-injury stumbling and recurrence of coronation injury. One hundred and thirty-eight horses were included. In 15.9% an extensor tendon and in 17.4% a carpal joint was involved. The prognosis for hospital survival was 97.8% and the long-term coronation specific mortality risk was 4.3%. 87.5% were sound and returned to intended use. Risk factors for prolonged hospitalisation time were extensor tendon involvement (4.2 days), carpal joint involvement (3.8 days) and complications (skin necrosis [9.5 days] and local infection [3.2 days]. Coronation injuries reccurred in 8.8% and 20% had evidence of increased post-injury stumbling. Administration of intra-articular antimicrobials (7.8 times) (likely reflecting injury severity grade) and bilateral coronation injury (6.7 times) increased the odds for increased post-injury stumbling. This study has identified risk factors for increased hospitalisation time and post-injury stumbling, which clinicians managing coronation injuries should be aware of.

Antimicrobial resistance has become an important concern in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to describe the rate of antimicrobial resistance in common equine pathogens and to determine the occurrence of multidrug-resistant isolates. A retrospective analysis of all susceptibility testing results from bacterial pathogens cultured from horses at the University of Zurich Equine Hospital (2012-2015) was performed. Strains exhibiting resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial categories were defined as multidrug-resistant. Susceptibility results from 303 bacterial pathogens were analyzed, most commonly Escherichia coli (60/303, 20%) and Staphylococcus aureus (40/303, 13%). High rates of acquired resistance against commonly used antimicrobials were found in most of the frequently isolated equine pathogens. The highest rate of multidrug resistance was found in isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (23/24, 96%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae complex (24/28, 86%) and Escherichia coli (48/60, 80%). Overall, 60% of Escherichia coli isolates were phenotypically ESBL-producing and 68% of Staphylococcus spp. were phenotypically methicillin-resistant. High rates of acquired antimicrobial resistance towards commonly used antibiotics are concerning and underline the importance of individual bacteriological and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide antimicrobial therapy. Minimizing and optimizing antimicrobial therapy in horses is needed.

Horses involved in road traffic accidents (RTAs) are commonly presented to veterinarians with varying types of injuries. The aim of this study was describe the pattern and severity of traffic accident-related injuries in horses in a single hospital population. Medical records of horses either hit by a motorized vehicle or involved in RTAs whilst being transported from 1993 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed and the following data was extracted: Signalement, hospitalisation time, month in which the accident happened, cause of the accident, place of the accident and type of vehicle hitting the horse. Further the different body sites injured (head, neck, breast, fore limb, abdomen, back and spine, pelvis and ileosacral region, hind limb, tail and genital region), the type of injury (wounds, musculoskeletal lesions and internal lesions) and the presence of neurological signs were retrieved from the medical records. 34 horses hit by motorized vehicles and 13 horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported were included in the study. Most of the accidents where horses were hit by motorized vehicles occurred during December (14.7%) and October (14.7%), horses were most commonly hit by cars (85.3%) and the majority of accidents occurred on main roads (26.5%). In 29.4% of the cases, horses had escaped from their paddock and then collided with a motorized vehicle. Most of the accidents with horses involved in RTAs whilst being transported occurred during April (30.8%) and June (23.1%). In 76.9% of the cases the accident happened on a freeway. In the horses hit by motorized vehicles the proximal hind limbs were the body site most commonly affected (44.1%), followed by the proximal front limbs (38.2%) and the head (32.4%). When horses were involved in RTAs whilst being transported the proximal fore limbs (61.5%), the proximal hind limbs (53.8%) and the distal hind limbs, back and head (38.5% each) were the most common injured body sites. Wounds were the most common type of injury in both groups(85.3% hit by motorized vehicle, 76.9% transported ones). In horses hit by a motorized vehicle 35.3% suffered from fractures, in 20.6% a synovial structure was involved and in 5.9% a tendon lesion was present. 14.7% suffered from internal lesions and 14.7% showed neurologic symptoms (40% peripheral, 60% central neurologic deficits). On the other hand, in horses involved in a RTA whilst being transported 30.8% suffered from fractures. There were no synovial structures injured and no tendon injuries were present. Furthermore there were no internal lesions present and only one horse involved in a RTA showed central neurologic symptoms. Injuries of horses being hit by a motorized vehicle were more severe than when horses were protected by a trailer and involved in an RTA whilst being transported. The study has been able to identify the different injury types of traffic accident-related injuries in horses. Awareness of the nature of these injuries is important, to avoid underestimation of their severity.

Summary Fractures of the scapula are uncommon and the majority of these involve the supraglenoid tubercle in young horses 2 years of age or less. Scapula fractures of the neck or body are rare. Comminuted scapula fractures have been diagnosed in racing breeds (Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses) and a review of the literature on the different fracture types and their management is presented in this article. The best prognosis for soundness is given for horses treated surgically. The different techniques for surgical management are described here and comments made with reference to nonsurgical management. A residual gait deficit may persist in some horses because of involvement of the suprascapular nerve at the time of injury, during surgery and follow-up period, the severity of which depends on the degree of nerve trauma.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of lameness and often is a career-ending disease in horses. Treatment of osteoarthritis is usually symptomatic and aimed at controlling the inflammation, either systemically or intra-articularly. Common intra-articular treatments include corticosteroids combined with hyaluronic acid and chondroprotective drugs such as glucosamine and chondroitin. The application of gold compounds, either orally or intramuscularly, has been used therapeutically for many decades, primarily in human patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Gold compounds (aurothiomalate) inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) of chondrocytes. Nitric oxide mediates the destructive effects of IL-1 and TNF, which include reduced collagen and proteoglycan production, apoptosis of chondrocytes and stimulation of metalloproteases. The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of the GOLDIC® treatment with that of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid in horses with arthrogenic lameness. A prospective randomized controlled, two-centre clinical trial was performed. 30 horses with arthrogenic lameness were enrolled in this study. The horses were treated by four injections of gold-induced, autologous conditioned serum GOLDIC® (group B, n = 16) or by a single injection of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid (group A, n = 14). Lameness was assessed using the AAEP Grading system before and 3, 6, 12 and 36 months after treatment. The AAEP grade was the primary endpoint. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Secondary endpoints were the results of the flexion test, degree of joint-effusion, radiographic findings, the ability to return to original performance level and adverse effects. Horses of group B had significantly lower lameness grades at the follow-up examinations compared with the value before treatment (p < 0.01). Both treatment groups showed positive effects on the AAEP-Score. Group B (Goldic®) showed much faster effect on the AAEP-Score. Also in the long run group B (Goldic®) showed a larger effect on the AAEP-Score. Severe side effects did not occur in either group. It has been shown that the treatment of arthrogenic lameness in horses with the gold-induced, autologous conditioned serum method (GOLDIC®) is in certain cases a promising alternative to conventional treatment with corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid.

Objectives It was recently shown that biomechanical stability achieved with a locking compression plate (LCP) for ventral cervical fusion in horses is similar to the commonly used Kerf cut cylinder. The advantages of the LCP system render it an interesting implant for this indication. The goal of this report was to describe surgical technique, complications and outcome of horses that underwent ventral fusion of two or three cervical vertebrae with an LCP. Methods Medical records of eight horses were reviewed for patient data, history, preoperative grade of ataxia, diagnostic imaging, surgical technique and complications. Follow-up information was obtained including clinical re-examination and radiographs whenever possible. Results Two (n = 5) or 3 (n = 3) cervical vertebrae were fused in a mixed population with a median age of 9 months, median weight of 330 kg and median grade of ataxia of 3/5. A narrow 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 6), a broad 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 1) and a human femur 4.5/5.0 LCP (n = 1) were applied. Two horses were re-operated due to implant loosening. Six patients developed a seroma. Long-term complications included ventral screw migration in four, spinal cord injury in one and plate breakage in two horses at 720 to 1116 days after surgery. Outcome was excellent in three, good in four, poor in one patient. Clinical Significance The use of an LCP for ventral cervical vertebral fusion is associated with good clinical results. However, a careful surgical technique is required to further reduce the complication rate.

The effect of age on implant fixation in bone is not always considered during the design of preclinical models. The decision on animal's age is often related to practical or historical reasons, which ultimately may affect the reproducibility of results. This study aimed to quantify the effect of age by monitoring the fixation of contrast-enhanced PEEK screws in rats, hypothesizing that the kinetics of fixation is impaired in older animals but that age effects are less severe than osteoporotic effects. The time course of implant fixation was investigated in healthy rats at 24, 40, and 60 weeks of age; and in ovariectomized rats. Implant fixation was monitored using in-vivo microCT and dynamic histomorphometry during 1 month. The rats were euthanized 28 days post screw insertion. The data was analyzed both in absolute value and after normalization to baseline bone mass. In absolute terms, greater age had a detrimental effect on bone implant contact, bone fraction, implant stiffness, and bone remodeling but less than ovariectomy. Interestingly, once data was normalized to baseline bone mass this effect disappeared, suggesting that the physiologic response to implant placement was not affected by age. In conclusion, implant fixation kinetics is less affected by age than by baseline bone mass in this rat model. Animals of different ages can therefore be compared but data must be construed relatively to baseline bone mass and not in absolute terms. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-12, 2018.

OBJECTIVE To characterize delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) features of healthy hyaline cartilage of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of horses, to determine whether dGEMRIC can be used to differentiate various stages of naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the DIPJ, and to correlate relaxation times determined by dGEMRIC with the glycosaminoglycan concentration, water content, and macroscopic and histologic findings of hyaline cartilage of DIPJs with and without osteoarthritis. SAMPLE 1 cadaveric forelimb DIPJ from each of 12 adult warmblood horses. PROCEDURES T1-weighted cartilage relaxation times were obtained for predetermined sites of the DIPJ before (T1preGd) and after (T1postGd) intra-articular gadolinium administration. Corresponding cartilage sites underwent macroscopic, histologic, and immunohistochemical evaluation, and cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration and water content were determined. Median T1preGd and T1postGd were correlated with macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical data. Mixed generalized linear models were created to evaluate the effects of cartilage site, articular surface, and macroscopic and histologic scores on relaxation times. RESULTS 122 cartilage specimens were analyzed. Median T1postGd was lower than the median T1preGd for normal and diseased cartilage. Both T1preGd and T1postGd were correlated with macroscopic and histologic scores, whereby T1preGd increased and T1postGd decreased as osteoarthritis progressed. There was topographic variation of T1preGd and T1postGd within the DIPJ. Cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration and water content were significantly correlated with T1preGd and macroscopic and histologic scores but were not correlated with T1postGd. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dGEMRIC relaxation times varied for DIPJs with various degrees of osteoarthritis. These findings may help facilitate early detection of osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Fractures occur commonly in equids and often are associated with complications and a poor outcome. There are no reports on the epidemiology of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population. OBJECTIVES: To study the epidemiology of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population, focusing on differences between fractures resulting from a kick and fractures, resulting from other causes and investigating predictors for recovery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Data of all equids presented to the Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich between 1990 and 2014 and diagnosed with a fracture were reviewed and those with a known cause were included in this study. Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests were used to compare recovery rates of fractures resulting from a kick and fractures resulting from other causes, and a logistic regression was carried out for multivariate analysis of the most important factors affecting recovery. RESULTS: Here, 1144 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of all fractures (with a known cause), 43.6% were the result of a kick from another equid. Kicks often produced open fractures (44.7%) that involved bones of the limbs (85.6%). Overall recovery was 70.1%. Logistic regression showed that high-grade lameness accompanying the fracture and severe comminution negatively affected recovery. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The equids in this study were drawn from a referred population, which likely precluded the inclusion of both minor fractures and catastrophic fractures that necessitated immediate euthanasia. Moreover, many cases were excluded because the cause of the fracture could not be determined from the patient record. CONCLUSIONS: Kicks are the most common cause of fractures in a heterogeneous equine population and measures to reduce the incidence of kicks are necessary in group-housing systems.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical findings and outcome of locking compression plate (LCP) fixation of tarsal subluxations in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Horses (n = 3) and ponies (2). METHODS: All horses and ponies diagnosed with tarsal subluxations and treated with LCP fixation at our institution between 2011 and 2013 were included. Data were collected from the medical records, including all radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies and reviewed. Long-term (>1 year) followup examination, including owner interview, and clinical and radiographic examinations were performed for all cases. RESULTS: Subluxations of the tarsometatarsal (n = 3) and proximal intertarsal (2) joints were diagnosed. CT examinations revealed complex joint injuries, including a combination of avulsion fragments and compression injuries at the opposite side of the joint from the subluxation. The LCP was applied to the plantarolateral or medial side of the limb. All horses survived and were discharged from the hospital. Short-term complications included mild laminitis (n = 1) and peroneus tertius rupture (2). At long-term followup, both ponies were sound and used as intended, whereas all horses showed mild to moderate lameness at the trot and were used for pleasure riding only. Radiographic signs of osteoarthritis developed in the joint affected by subluxation in all cases and in adjacent small tarsal joints in 2 horses and 1 pony. CONCLUSION: LCP fixation of tarsal subluxations resulted in stable fixation and allowed adequate healing. Subluxation of the small tarsal joints represents a complex injury and osteoarthritis commonly develops in the affected and adjacent joints

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There are no reports on the configuration of equine central tarsal bone fractures based on cross-sectional imaging and clinical and radiographic long-term outcome after internal fixation. OBJECTIVES: To report clinical, radiographic and computed tomographic findings of equine central tarsal bone fractures and to evaluate the long-term outcome of internal fixation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: All horses diagnosed with a central tarsal bone fracture at our institution in 2009-2013 were included. Computed tomography and internal fixation using lag screw technique was performed in all patients. Medical records and diagnostic images were reviewed retrospectively. A clinical and radiographic follow-up examination was performed at least 1 year post operatively. RESULTS: A central tarsal bone fracture was diagnosed in 6 horses. Five were Warmbloods used for showjumping and one was a Quarter Horse used for reining. All horses had sagittal slab fractures that began dorsally, ran in a plantar or plantaromedial direction and exited the plantar cortex at the plantar or plantaromedial indentation of the central tarsal bone. Marked sclerosis of the central tarsal bone was diagnosed in all patients. At long-term follow-up, 5/6 horses were sound and used as intended although mild osteophyte formation at the distal intertarsal joint was commonly observed. CONCLUSIONS: Central tarsal bone fractures in nonracehorses had a distinct configuration but radiographically subtle additional fracture lines can occur. A chronic stress related aetiology seems likely. Internal fixation of these fractures based on an accurate diagnosis of the individual fracture configuration resulted in a very good prognosis.

Objective To characterize the configuration of incomplete proximal fractures of the proximal phalanx (P1) in horses not used for racing and compare radiographic with computed tomography (CT) findings. Study Design Historical cohort. Animals Twenty-four horses with incomplete fractures of P1. Methods Medical records of horses not used for racing diagnosed with an incomplete proximal fracture of P1 based on clinical and radiographic examination and confirmed by CT between 2008 and 2013 were retrieved. Radiographs and CT studies of these horses were analyzed using a subjective grading system and by measuring variables that characterized fracture configuration. Results Twenty-four horses were included (20 Warmbloods) with a mean age of 9.5 years and mean body weight of 574 kg. Fourteen forelimbs and 10 hind limbs were affected. Mean duration of lameness was 8.7 weeks. Computed tomography was superior to radiography in both identifying the fracture and determining fracture size and location. On CT, 92% of fractures were located in the mid-sagittal plane. Mean proximodistal length of the fracture was 13 mm. Fractures were frequently not bicortical. Fractures in forelimbs were located significantly more dorsally than fractures in hind limbs. A distinct fracture pattern with 2 subchondral lines running parallel in close proximity to each other was identified in 54% of cases. Conclusion Incomplete proximal fractures of P1 have significant variation in their configurations, especially their dorsopalmar/-plantar location. Computed tomography examination allowed clear identification of the fracture configurations and was superior to radiography.

SummaryObjectives: To evaluate the damage inflicted by an unshod hoof and by the various horseshoe materials (steel, aluminium and polyurethane) on the long bones of horses after a simulated kick.Methods: Sixty-four equine radii and tibiae were evaluated using a drop impact test setup. An impactor with a steel, aluminium, polyurethane, or hoof horn head was dropped onto prepared bones. An impactor velocity of 8 m/s was initially used with all four materials and then testing was repeated with a velocity of 12 m/s with the polyurethane and hoof horn heads. The impact process was analysed using a high-speed camera, and physical parameters, including peak contact force and impact duration, were calculated.Results: At 8 m/s, the probability of a fracture was 75% for steel and 81% for aluminium, whereas polyurethane and hoof horn did not damage the bones. At 12 m/s, the probability of a fracture was 25% for polyurethane and 12.5% for hoof horn. The peak contact force and impact duration differed significantly between ‘hard materials’ (aluminium and steel) and ‘soft materials’ (polyurethane and hoof horn).Clinical significance: The observed bone injuries were similar to those seen in analogous experimental studies carried out previously and comparable to clinical fracture cases suggesting that the simulated kick was realistic. The probability of fracture was significantly higher for steel and aluminium than for polyurethane and hoof horn, which suggests that the horseshoe material has a significant influence on the risk of injury for humans or horses kicked by a horse.Supplementary Material for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-17-01-0003ORCID iD MAJ: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-2942

For the equine veterinarian, it is often difficult to interpret degenerative radiographic changes in the small tarsal joints of clinically healthy young horses on sales or prepurchase radiographs. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge in this area by investigating the prevalence and progression of degenerative radiographic findings of the small tarsal joints in a homogenous population of young horses. For this purpose, the first part of the study comprised the radiographic examination of 292 two-year-old, clinically healthy and untrained Warmblood stallions to determine the prevalence of radiographic degenerative changes in the small tarsal joints. The second part of the study assessed the development of such degenerative changes over five to sixteen months. This time period is relevant for the public sale or stallion approval preparation of the horses. Follow-up radiographs of 77 stallions with degenerative changes were taken and evaluated to monitor the development of these changes over time. A standardized evaluation of the radiographs was guaranteed by a detailed evaluation scheme and three experienced and specifically qualified investigators. Our hypotheses were: a. Degenerative radiologic findings in the small tarsal joints have a high prevalence even in young and clinically healthy horses, b. Such radiologic changes can be dynamic over a short period of time. In the first part of the study, 22.6% of the stallions showed radiologic changes consistent with degenerative joint disease. There were osteophytes in the distal intertarsal and/or tarsometatarsal joint in 15.4%, areas of reduced radiopacity in the central tarsal or third tarsal bone in 6.5%, narrowing of the joint space of the distal intertarsal and/or tarsometatarsal joint in 0.3%, and sclerosis at the distal intertarsal joint in 0.7% of the horses. Dorsoproximal spurs at the third metatarsal bone were observed in 27.4% of horses; this was the most common radiologic finding. However, this finding alone did not result in the radiologic diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. In part two of the study, there was a tendency for progression of the findings “spur at third metatarsal bone” and “osteophytes at distal intertarsal and/or tarsometatarsal joint” over time. The finding “areas of reduced radiopacity in the central tarsal or third tarsal bone” appeared to be regressive over time. While the progression of spurs and osteophytes was expected as described in the literature, there was an unexpected regressive dynamic of areas of reduced radiopacity in the small tarsal bones. In the literature, these changes have been interpreted as lytic areas and as a sign of degenerative joint disease. A regression of bone lysis secondary to degenerative joint disease is not described in the literature and seems not plausible. However, it is possible that such areas of reduced radiopacity in the small tarsal bones are due to a delayed increase in bone density in young horses – such areas could really be regressive due to the significant potential for bone remodelling, especially in young animals. Results of our study confirm the high prevalence of degenerative radiographic changes of the small tarsal joints even in young, untrained and clinically healthy Warmblood stallions. However, areas of reduced radiopacity in the small tarsal bones can be regressive over a short period of time and should be evaluated cautiously concerning the radiologic diagnosis of degenerative joint disease.

Subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) are common in horses and often cause lameness and they are commonly diagnosed by radiography. This study compares radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) features of subchondral cystic lesions in horses. It was hypothesized, that CT has a superior diagnostic value for the assessment of the features of SCLs compared to radiography. Horses diagnosed with one or two SCLs in CT and a radiographic study of the affected bone were included. SCLs were evaluated on radiographs and CT for location, size, shape, homogeneity, continuity of the subchondral bone, peripheral sclerosis, presence of a fissure, osteoarthritis (OA) and periostitis. Vascular channels were only assessed with CT. Subsequently, radiographic findings were compared to CT. Forty-two SCLs in a total of 32 horses were included in the study. Radiographic visibility of SCLs diagnosed with CT was 79% (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.88). In joints with two SCLs, the second cystic lesion was more often missed radiographically (p=0.014). A discontinuous subchondral bone was evident in CT in 40 of 42 SCLs whereas it was suspected in only 23 of 33 radiographically diagnosed SCLs. With CT, fissures were more commonly diagnosed and in 16 SCLs, vascular channels were identified. SCLs with fissures showed more periostitis with CT (p=0.01). Radiographically missed SCLs presented less peripheral sclerosis in CT (p=0.023). Intermodality agreement was borderline good (κ=0.60–0.66) for location (proximal, distal; lateral, medial, midsagittal), OA and periostitis, borderline moderate for presence of a fissure (κ=0.42), fair for homogeneity (κ=0.35), and only poor for location (dorsal, central, palmar/plantar), shape, peripheral sclerosis and continuity of the subchondral bone (κ=0.06–0.18). This study highlights the advantages of CT for the characterization of SCLs in horses. Vascular channels appear to be a frequent finding.

Summary This case report describes the clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment of a 14-year-old Warmblood gelding with suture exostosis. The horse was referred to our clinic because of bilateral swelling in the region of the frontal and nasal bone junction and bilateral epiphora. Epiphora was the main concern for the owner and the reason for further investigation and treatment. Radiographic examination showed extensive bone proliferation on the dorsal frontal and nasal bones. Computed tomographic (CT) images further characterised the periosteal proliferation as new bone formation and localised it along the frontonasal and frontolacrimal suture lines. Computed tomographic images also showed pathological changes of both lacrimal ducts. A chronic fracture was suspected to be the cause of the periosteal proliferation, and surgical treatment using 2 small 2.4 Unilock plates was chosen to stabilise the suture between the frontal and nasal bones. The swelling decreased and the epiphora resolved by 6 months post operatively. A CT examination 2 years later showed complete healing.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Computed tomographic (CT) studies evaluating the relevance of individual CT features of apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence and relationship of single CT features in horses with and without clinical evidence of apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. METHODS: Multislice CT scans of the head of 49 horses were evaluated retrospectively. Changes of the infundibulum, pulp, root, lamina dura, periodontal space and alveolar bone in maxillary cheek teeth were recorded. RESULTS: Single CT changes were much more prevalent in the 28 horses with clinical signs. However, infundibular changes and a nondetectable lamina dura were also common in the 21 horses without clinical evidence of apical infection. Computed tomographic abnormalities of the pulp, root, periapical bone and periodontal space and the presence of a tooth fracture were significantly related. Infundibular changes were not associated with other CT signs of apical infection. Although nondetectable lamina dura was the most frequent CT change in all teeth in both studied groups, it was most commonly a solitary feature in otherwise normal teeth. Apical infections, defined as ≥3 CT changes, occurred mainly in the 108/208, 109/209 and 110/210 (Triadan numbers) and were found only in horses with clinical evidence of apical infection, except in one horse without clinical signs that had one affected root. CONCLUSIONS: Combined CT changes of the pulp, root, lamina dura, periapical bone and periodontal space and the presence of a tooth fracture appear to be reliable features to diagnose apical infection in maxillary cheek teeth. As a solitary feature, a nondetectable lamina dura should be interpreted cautiously and may even be considered normal due to its minor thickness and/or too low resolution of the imaging modality.

Summary A closed complete mid-diaphyseal spiral fracture of the left femur in a one-year-old donkey was treated with a 4.5 mm titanium locking compression plate distal femur (LCP-DF)1. This plate was originally manufactured for human orthopaedics, primarily for femoral osteosynthesis. The LCP-DF1 has a distal head plate that was advantageous in this case because the distal fragment was smaller. Post operative radiographs showed optimal femoral reconstruction and a callus was present 3 weeks after surgery. The donkey was sound at the walk and trot 2 months after surgery. Radiographs taken 5 months after surgery showed stable implants and complete healing without complications.

Fur ein Pferd mit schwerwiegender Kolik kann die Erstversorgung vor Ort, die Vorbereitung fur und das Management wahrend des Transports in eine Klinik einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Prognose haben. Verschiedene therapeutische Massnahmen, wie das Setzen einer Nasenschlundsonde, das Verabreichen von Infusionslosungen, die Zakozentese und eine der Intensitat der Koliksymptome angepasste Analgesie mit nichtsteroidalen Entzundungshemmern, Spasmolytika oder Sedativa konnen einen sicheren Transport in eine Klinik gewahrleisten. Gewisse therapeutische Massnahmen (z.B. die Infusionstherapie) konnen auch wahrend des Transports fortgesetzt werden. Wahrend Pferde mit leichten Koliksymptomen gut mit herkommlichen Pferdetransportern transportiert werden konnen, empfiehlt es sich, fur Pferde mit hochgradiger Koliksymptomatik oder festliegende Pferde, trotz Mehraufwand und Mehrkosten, einen Transport in einem Ambulanzfahrzeug, wie es der Grostierrettungsdienst fur die Schweiz und Liechtenstein (GTRD®CH/FL) in Gebrauch hat, in Erwagung zu ziehen. Der Sicherheit des Begleitpersonals, aber auch der ubrigen Verkehrsteilnehmer ist, auch von Gesetzes wegen, besonders Rechnung zu tragen. In der folgenden Ubersichtsarbeit sollen die einzelnen therapeutischen Masnahmen zur Vorbereitung eines Kolikpatienten fur den Transport an eine Klinik und das Management wahrend des Transports praxisnah erlautert werden.