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1. High-Resolution Wellbore Temperature Logging Combined with a Borehole-Scale Heat Budget: Conceptual and Analytical Approaches to Characterize Hydraulically Active Fractures and Groundwater Origin

Author

Guillaume Meyzonnat, Florent Barbecot, José A. Corcho-Alvarado, Antoine Tognelli, Hermann Zeyen, Alexandra Mattei, and Renald McCormack

Subjects
Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

This work aims to provide an overview of the thermal processes that shape wellbore temperature profiles under static and dynamic conditions. Understanding of the respective influences of advection and conduction heat fluxes is improved through the use of a new heat budget at the borehole scale. Keeping in mind the thermal processes involved, a qualitative interpretation of the temperature profiles allows the occurrence, the position, and the origin of groundwater flowing into wellbores from hydraulically active fractures to be constrained. With the use of a heat budget developed at the borehole scale, temperature logging efficiency has been quantitatively enhanced and allows inflow temperatures to be calculated through the simultaneous use of a flowmeter. Under certain hydraulic or pumping conditions, both inflow intensities and associated temperatures can also be directly modelled from temperature data and the use of the heat budget. Theoretical and applied examples of the heat budget application are provided. Applied examples are shown using high-resolution temperature logging, spinner flow metering, and televiewing for three wells installed in fractured bedrock aquifers in the St-Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada. Through relatively rapid manipulations, thermal measurements in such cases can be used to detect the intervals or discrete positions of hydraulically active fractures in wellbores, as well as the existence of ambient flows with a high degree of sensitivity, even at very low flows. Heat budget calculations at the borehole scale during pumping indicate that heat advection fluxes rapidly dominate over heat conduction fluxes with the borehole wall. The full characterization of inflow intensities provides information about the distribution of hydraulic properties with depth. The full knowledge of inflow temperatures indicates horizons that are drained from within the aquifer, providing advantageous information on the depth from which groundwater originates during pumping.

Published
2018
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2. Borehole Heat Budget Calculator: A New Tool for the Quick Exploitation of High-Resolution Temperature Profiles by Hydrogeologists

Author

Hermann Zeyen, Florent Barbecot, Antoine Tognelli, Renald McCormack, Jean-Marc Lauzon, Marina Alazard, Guillaume Meyzonnat, and José Antonio Corcho Alvarado

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Petroleum engineering, Advection, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Flow (psychology), Borehole, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, Inflow, 010501 environmental sciences, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Aquifer properties, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Distributed temperature sensing is known to provide sharp signals which are very efficient for mapping hydraulically active fractures in wellbores. High-resolution temperature sensing has specifically demonstrated its capacity to characterize very low flows in wellbores. But as sharp as they can be, temperature profiles are often difficult to decipher. The aim of the present work is to provide and to test the “Borehole Heat Budget Calculator” (BHB Calculator), which is implemented as a fast and easy to use tool for the quantitative analysis of depth-temperature profiles. The Calculator is suitable for most pumping and draining configurations, as the heat budget is generalized for modelling multidirectional flow systems within the same wellbore. The formatted worksheet allows the quick exploitation of temperature logs, and is applicable for the characterization of distributed fractures in long screened wellbores. Objectives of the heat modelling are to enhance the readability of complex depth-temperature data, as well as to quantify distribution of inflow intensities and temperatures with depth. The use of heat budget helps to clearly visualize how heat conduction and heat advection contributions are distributed along wellbores profiles. Calculations of inflow temperatures and their evolution through pumping duration is a prerequisite to infer about the nature of aquifer properties (i.e. conduits, distributed or discrete fractures, porous media), as well as to give insight information about the mapping of effective flow paths draining the aquifer. The efficiency and limitations of the BHB Calculator are being tested through high-resolution temperature logging, along with complementary flowmetering and televiewing logging in fractured aquifers located in the St-Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada.

Published
2019
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3. A new quasi-3D unsaturated–saturated hydrogeologic model of the Plateau de Saclay (France)

Author

Antoine Tognelli and François Renard

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hydrogeology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Piezometer, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Effective porosity, 020801 environmental engineering, Hydraulic head, Permeability (earth sciences), Infiltration (hydrology), Vadose zone, Geomorphology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Summary A new hydrogeologic model is developed for the Plateau de Saclay (20 km south-west of Paris, France), which covers an area of 74 km 2 . It is based on a 2D model of the Fontainebleau Sands aquifer, combined with a 1D model of the unsaturated zone, taking into account the spatial variability of the groundwater permeability field and the thickness of the unsaturated zone. The paper focuses on the estimation of a triplet of parameters (permeability, infiltration and effective porosity), based on transient flow simulations. First, the permeability is obtained by inversion of mean hydraulic head data for different values of infiltration. Then, infiltration and effective porosity are determined by using transient flow simulations and fitting the hydraulic head measurements at several piezometers over the 1970–2014 period. The infiltration is estimated at between 125 and 150 mm/yr, the mean permeability between 2 · 10 −5 and 6 · 10 −5 m/s, and the effective porosity between 20% and 30%. Furthermore, the role of the unsaturated zone is quantified and the induced delay is estimated at about 20 years in the case of the transport of a tracer.

Published
2016
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4. High-Resolution Wellbore Temperature Logging Combined with a Borehole-Scale Heat Budget: Conceptual and Analytical Approaches to Characterize Hydraulically Active Fractures and Groundwater Origin

Author

J.A. Corcho-Alvarado, Guillaume Meyzonnat, Hermann Zeyen, Alexandra Mattei, Antoine Tognelli, Renald McCormack, Florent Barbecot, Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Fondation MINES ParisTech, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Laboratoire de Détection et de Géophysique (CEA) (LDG), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Géosciences (GEOSCIENCES), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Envir’Eau-Puits Inc., Saint-Nicolas, Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), and MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Subjects
Article Subject, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydraulics, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Borehole, Aquifer, Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Inflow, 01 natural sciences, Flow measurement, law.invention, law, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Advection, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Thermal conduction, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Groundwater, Geology
Abstract

International audience; This work aims to provide an overview of the thermal processes that shape wellbore temperature profiles under static and dynamicconditions. Understanding of the respective influences of advection and conduction heat fluxes is improved through the useof a new heat budget at the borehole scale. Keeping in mind the thermal processes involved, a qualitative interpretation of thetemperature profiles allows the occurrence, the position, and the origin of groundwater flowing into wellbores from hydraulicallyactive fractures to be constrained.With the use of a heat budget developed at the borehole scale, temperature logging efficiency hasbeen quantitatively enhanced and allows inflow temperatures to be calculated through the simultaneous use of a flowmeter. Undercertain hydraulic or pumping conditions, both inflow intensities and associated temperatures can also be directly modelled fromtemperature data and the use of the heat budget. Theoretical and applied examples of the heat budget application are provided.Applied examples are shown using high-resolution temperature logging, spinner flow metering, and televiewing for three wellsinstalled in fractured bedrock aquifers in the St-Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada. Through relatively rapid manipulations,thermal measurements in such cases can be used to detect the intervals or discrete positions of hydraulically active fractures inwellbores, as well as the existence of ambient flows with a high degree of sensitivity, even at very low flows. Heat budget calculationsat the borehole scale during pumping indicate that heat advection fluxes rapidly dominate over heat conduction fluxes with theborehole wall. The full characterization of inflow intensities provides information about the distribution of hydraulic propertieswith depth. The full knowledge of inflow temperatures indicates horizons that are drained from within the aquifer, providingadvantageous information on the depth from which groundwater originates during pumping.1. Introduction

Published
2018
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5. Spatial organization of the impulse response in a karst aquifer

Author

Florent Barbecot, L. Couchoux, C. Delbart, Antoine Tognelli, Danièle Valdes, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Groundwater flow, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Borehole, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, Water level, Aquifer test, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Vadose zone, Spatial variability, Geomorphology, Groundwater, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

International audience; Karst aquifers are characterized by a strong heterogeneity in their physical properties. The purpose of the study is the spatial variability of water transfers in a carbonated karstic aquifer. To this end, a high spatial density of information about the water transfer is needed. The characteristics of the site, a topographic hill of 13 km2 with eight boreholes, which was monitored hourly over four years, allows the study of the spatial variability of water transfers. The variability of the impulse response of the system is studied using autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis between the rainfall and piezometric level time series. The shapes of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions vary according to the geographical location of the boreholes, that proves a spatial organization of the groundwater transfer. The response time varies depending on the thickness of the unsaturated zone by an unusual inverse correlation. In this case, the water level signal spatially integrates the signal transfer of the unsaturated zone and the signal transfer of the saturated part of the aquifer. Consequently, inertia and response time increased with the distance between the borehole and the top of piezometric dome. This description supports highly organized fast transfers in this karst aquifer and a highly connected fracture network.

Published
2016
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6. Temporal variability of karst aquifer response time established by the sliding-windows cross-correlation method

Author

Laurent Couchoux, C. Delbart, Florent Barbecot, Antoine Tognelli, Patrick Richon, Danièle Valdes, Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Borehole, Response time, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Aquifer, 02 engineering and technology, Karst, 01 natural sciences, Infiltration (hydrology), 13. Climate action, Time series, 020701 environmental engineering, Saturation (chemistry), Geology, Impulse response, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

International audience; We study the temporal variability of water transfer through the infiltration zone of a karst aquifer by estimating the impulse response of the system using cross-correlogram analyses between rainfall and piezometric level time series. We apply a sliding-window cross-correlation method, which calculates cross-correlograms on partially superposed short time series windows. We apply this method for rainfall and piezometric level time series at six boreholes in a fractured karstic aquifer located in Burgundy, France. Based on cross-correlogram functions, we obtain a time series of response time. At most of the boreholes, the cross-correlation functions change over time, and the response times vary seasonally, being shorter during the summer. This unusual structure can be partly explained by the seasonal variability in rainfall intensity, which is higher during the summer (May–September), inducing the seasonal behaviour of the epikarst. During the summer, when rainfall intensity is higher, the epikarst is more easily and quickly saturated. This induces an increase in lateral water transfer within the epikarst and an increase in concentrated fast flows. We also show that the response time seems to tend towards a limit which represents the maximum saturation of the epikarst.

Published
2014
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7. Investigation of Young water inflow in karst aquifers using SF6-CFC-3H/He-85Kr-39Ar and stable isotope components

Author

Roland Purtschert, Danièle Valdes, L. Couchoux, Elise Fourré, Florent Barbecot, Antoine Tognelli, Philippe Jean-Baptiste, C. Delbart, Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre d'Études de Limeil-Valenton (CEA-DAM), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Géosciences Paris Sud ( GEOPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GEOTOP-UQAM-McGill, UQAM-McGill, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols ( METIS ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre d'Études de Limeil-Valenton ( CEA-DAM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern], Direction des Applications Militaires ( DAM ), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)

Subjects
Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Baseflow, Stable isotope ratio, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Aquifer, [ SDU.STU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Groundwater recharge, Karst, Residence time (fluid dynamics), Pollution, 6. Clean water, Panoply, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Depression-focused recharge, Environmental Chemistry, Groundwater, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Karst aquifers are known for their wide distribution of water transfer velocities. From this observation, a multiple geochemical tracer approach seems to be particularly well suited to provide a significant assessment of groundwater flows, but the choice of adapted tracers is essential. In this study, several common tracers in karst aquifers such as physicochemical parameters, major ions, stable isotopes, and δ13C to more specific tracers such as dating tracers – 14C, 3H, 3H–3He, CFC-12, SF6 and 85Kr, and 39Ar – were used, in a fractured karstic carbonated aquifer located in Burgundy (France). The information carried by each tracer and the best sampling strategy are compared on the basis of geochemical monitoring done during several recharge events and over longer time periods (months to years). This study’s results demonstrate that at the seasonal and recharge event time scale, the variability of concentrations is low for most tracers due to the broad spectrum of groundwater mixings. The tracers used traditionally for the study of karst aquifers, i.e., physicochemical parameters and major ions, efficiently describe hydrological processes such as the direct and differed recharge, but require being monitored at short time steps during recharge events to be maximized. From stable isotopes, tritium, and Cl− contents, the proportion of the fast direct recharge by the largest porosity was estimated using a binary mixing model. The use of tracers such as CFC-12, SF6, and 85Kr in karst aquifers provides additional information, notably an estimation of apparent age, but they require good preliminary knowledge of the karst system to interpret the results suitably. The CFC-12 and SF6 methods efficiently determine the apparent age of baseflow, but it is preferable to sample the groundwater during the recharge event. Furthermore, these methods are based on different assumptions such as regional enrichment in atmospheric SF6, excess air, and flow models among others. 85Kr and 39Ar concentrations can potentially provide a more direct estimation of groundwater residence time. Conversely, the 3H–3He method is inefficient in the karst aquifer for dating due to 3He degassing.

Published
2014
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