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Underground stope mapping is crucial to evaluate the quantity of blasted rock and the site integrity. In recent years, lidar-equipped drones have been used to map stopes with higher precision and without blind spots. However, they have limitations, like large size, challenging lidar positioning on the drone, limited flight time for detailed visual inspections, and unreliable communication underground. This paper discusses the development of a compact tethered drone called the NetherDrone, specifically designed for stope inspections. The NetherDrone uses custom ducted propulsion to increase thrust efficiency by 50%. It reduces the propellers’ diameter and overall frame while maintaining an adequate lifting capability with low power consumption. The drone features an onboard 120 m tether spool for communication and power transmission, as well as a rotating arm to deploy the cable and reduce yaw moments from the tether tension. Flights in a real stope demonstrated that the drone could effectively move at least 50 m deep into a complex stope, complete a detailed lidar scan, visually scan one face of the stope in close proximity during 20 min, travel a total distance of 270 m, and maintain communications with an operator at all-time through the tether

Poster session 3, September 23, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM Objectives Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection due to Aspergillus spp., and primarily A. fumigatus. The disease is pervasive in avian populations, especially those under managed care. The incidence and the management of avian aspergillosis can be critically impacted by exposure to high levels of spores via environmental contamination and by strains resistant to azole drugs. The present study aimed at assessing the impact of environmental contamination on the clinical incidence of aspergillosis in penguins managed under human care. ZooParc de Beauval was chosen for the investigations, because this zoological facility hosts a large colony of Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) and it is geographically located in the rural countryside of the Loir-et-Cher district, France, surrounded by numerous large crop fields Material and methods The fungal contamination in the environment was assessed through three serial sessions of surface sampling in bird nests: all isolates were counted, identified by DNA sequencing, and then systematically screened for resistance mutations and MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) elevation for the A. fumigatus strains. In addition, the clinical incidence of aspergillosis was evaluated in the penguin population over a 3-year period. A microsatellite-based analysis tracked A. fumigatus isolates circulation. Results Environmental investigations highlighted a substantial increase in the fungal load during the Autumn season (>12-fold vs. the other timepoints) and a large overrepresentation of species belonging to the Aspergillus section Fumigati (ranging from 22.7 to 94.6%) (Fig. 1). Only one cryptic species (A. nishimurae) and one isolate exhibiting resistance mutation (G138S in the cyp51A gene; MIC itraconazole >4 μg/ml) were detected. The overall incidence of aspergillosis was measured at ∼3.4% case-years and was observed mostly in juvenile penguins (Fig. 1). The analysis of microsatellite polymorphism revealed a high level of genetic diversity among A. fumigatus isolates, except for one strain that was largely over-represented during the Autumn sampling session. A limited number of isolate genotypes was collected from clinical cases and from the environment. Conclusions Fungal environmental contamination and incidence of aspergillosis in penguins appeared variable depending on seasons, but the rural location of the penguin habitat did not seem to influence the emergence of resistant strains.

Aspergillosis is pervasive in bird populations, especially those under human care. Its management can be critically impacted by exposure to high levels of conidia and by resistance to azole drugs. The fungal contamination in the environment of a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) group, housed in a French zoological park next to numerous large crop fields, was assessed through three serial sessions of surface sampling in nests, in 2018–20: all isolates were counted and characterized by sequencing. When identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, they were systematically screened for resistance mutations in the cyp51A gene and tested for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determination. At the same time, the clinical incidence of aspergillosis was evaluated in the penguin population by the means of systematic necropsy and mycological investigations. A microsatellite-based analysis tracked the circulation of A. fumigatus strains. Environmental investigations highlighted the substantial increase of the fungal load during the summer season (>12-fold vs. the other timepoints) and a large overrepresentation of species belonging to the Aspergillus section Fumigati, ranging from 22.7 to 94.6% relative prevalence. Only one cryptic species was detected (A. nishimurae), and one isolate exhibited G138S resistance mutation with elevated MICs. The overall incidence of aspergillosis was measured at ∼3.4% case-years, and mostly in juveniles. The analysis of microsatellite polymorphism revealed a high level of genetic diversity among A. fumigatus clinical isolates. In contrast, one environmental strain appeared largely overrepresented during the summer sampling session. In all, the rural location of the zoo did not influence the emergence of resistant strains. Lay summary

International audience; A herd of seven captive-born Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi) experienced an outbreak of nasal discharge and sneezing. Clinical signs, including lethargy and anorexia, were severe and acute in three animals, including a 16-mo-old male that died within 48 h. Treatment of two severely affected zebras included valacyclovir (40 mg/kg PO), meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg IM/PO), and cefquinome (2.5 mg/kg IM q48h). An adult female improved rapidly, and clinical signs resolved within 48 h of treatment. Administration of valacyclovir pellets was very complicated in a 2-mo-old female, and death occurred within 48 h. Histologic examination of the two individuals that died revealed severe fibrinonecrotic interstitial pneumonia with prominent hyaline membranes and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. Additionally, the 16-mo-old male presented systemic endothelial activation with vascular thrombosis and necrosis and mild nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Herpesviral DNA was detected in the lungs of both individuals by nested polymerase chain reaction. The nucleic acid sequence of the amplicons showed 100% similarity with previously published equid alphaherpesvirus 9 sequences. Three additional animals developed mild nasal discharge only and recovered spontaneously. The zebras shared housing facilities with other species, including white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), and several antelope species. None of these animals showed clinical signs. Additionally, nasal swabs and whole blood samples were collected from cohoused white rhinoceroses (n = 3) and springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis, n = 3) as well as nasal swabs from cohoused reticulated giraffes (n = 4). Nucleic acid sequence from equid herpesviruses was not detected in any of these samples. The source of the infection in the zebras remains unclear.

A 17-year-old, male long-legged buzzard (

Enterotoxemia is an important issue in various zoological taxa. In this study, serologic responses over a 1-yr period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine were evaluated in 10 adult springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis), 12 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), seven alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and five red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). Antibody production to the Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determined as the percentage of inhibition (% inhib). Initial % inhib was (0.01-18.9)%. All animals received initial vaccination with a booster vaccine 4 weeks apart. Serum samples were collected at T0 (nonvaccinated), 15, 30, 60, 180, and 360 days postvaccination (dpv) for analysis. The vaccine induced a high antibody response that peaked at 15, 30, and 60 dpv in springboks, 30 and 60 dpv in impalas (P < 0.01), and 60 dpv in alpacas and wallabies (P < 0.01). The booster vaccine was followed by a high antibody response, which slowly decreased with time. The antibody response was significantly higher at 360 dpv than at T0 in wallabies and alpacas (P < 0.01). In impalas and springboks, it appeared that a booster every 6 mo might be required to maintain an antibody response above baseline (P < 0.01). Because no challenge studies were performed, it is unknown whether the measured humoral immune responses would have been protective. Further research is warranted to investigate protective effects of antibodies to inoculation challenge in nondomestic species.

Sperm morphometric and morphologic data have been shown to represent useful tools for monitoring fertility, improving assisted reproduction techniques and conservation of genetic material as well as detecting inbreeding of endangered primates. We provide here for the first time sperm morphologic and morphometric data from Cercopithecus neglectus, Cercopithecus cephus, Papio papio and critically endangered Cercopithecus roloway, as well as comparative data from other Cercopithecinae species, i.e. Allochrocebus lhoesti, Mandrillus sphinx and Papio anubis. Following collection from the epididymis, spermatozoa were measured for each species for the following parameters: head length, head width, head perimeter, head area, midpiece length and total flagellum length, and the head volume, ellipticity, elongation, roughness and regularity were then calculated. Our data are consistent with both the general morphology and the morphometric proportions of Cercopithecinae sperm. Some specificities were observed, with C. cephus displaying a narrow head (width = 2.76 ± 0.26 µM) and C. roloway displaying a short midpiece (6.65 ± 0.61 µM). This data set represents an important contribution, especially for Cercopithecus roloway, one of the most endangered monkeys in the world, and further data on additional specimens coupled to data on mating systems and reproductive ecology should allow a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these morphological differences across primate species.

A herd of seven captive-born Grevy's zebras (

SummarySperm morphometric and morphologic data have been shown to represent useful tools for monitoring fertility, improving assisted reproduction techniques and conservation of genetic material as well as detecting inbreeding of endangered primates. We provide here for the first time sperm morphologic and morphometric data fromCercopithecus neglectus,Cercopithecus cephus,Papio papioand critically endangeredCercopithecus roloway, as well as comparative data from otherCercopithecinaespecies, i.e.Allochrocebus lhoesti,Mandrillus sphinxandPapio anubis. Following collection from the epididymis, spermatozoa were measured for each species for the following parameters: head length, head width, head perimeter, head area, midpiece length and total flagellum length, and the head volume, ellipticity, elongation, roughness and regularity were then calculated. Our data are consistent with both the general morphology and the morphometric proportions ofCercopithecinaesperm. Some specificities were observed, withC. cephusdisplaying a narrow head (width = 2.76 ± 0.26 µM) andC. rolowaydisplaying a short midpiece (6.65 ± 0.61 µM). This data set represents an important contribution, especially forCercopithecus roloway, one of the most endangered monkeys in the world, and further data on additional specimens coupled to data on mating systems and reproductive ecology should allow a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these morphological differences across primate species.

Enterotoxemia is an important issue in various zoological taxa. In this study, serologic responses over a 1-yr period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine were evaluated in 10 adult springboks (

CASE DESCRIPTION 7 privately owned female African lions (Panthera leo) that had been bred for public exhibition and were housed in outdoor pens were evaluated prior to undergoing elective ovariectomy. CLINICAL FINDINGS All animals were healthy. Median age was 15 months (range, 9 to 34 months), and median body weight was 71 kg (156 lb; range, 48 to 145 kg [106 to 319 lb]). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Surgical sterilization by means of single-incision laparoscopic ovariectomy was elected. A 2- to 3-cm-long skin incision was made just caudal to the umbilicus, and a single-port multiple-access device was bluntly inserted through the incision. Traction was maintained with stay sutures to provide counterpressure, and three 5-mm-diameter cannulae were introduced through the device's access channels with a blunt trocar. The abdomen was insufflated to a pressure of 12 mm Hg with CO2. Each ovary was grasped and suspended with a standard 36-cm-long laparoscopic grasper, and ovariectomy was performed with a 5-mm vessel sealer and divider device. Because of the depth of subcutaneous fat, extensive subcutaneous dissection was necessary to insert the single-port device. In contrast, fat content of the mesovarium was minimal and did not vary markedly among animals. Subjectively, single-incision laparoscopic ovariectomy was easily performed, but all surgeons had experience in laparoscopic surgery. Median duration of the surgical procedure was 29 minutes (range, 21 to 49 minutes). No perioperative complications were encountered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that the single-incision laparoscopic technique may be an acceptable, minimally invasive option for ovariectomy of large felids.

Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) alopecia syndrome (ABAS) commonly affects captive bears, particularly sexually mature females. ABAS is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical predominantly flank alopecia with or without profound pruritus and secondary bacterial and Malassezia infections. There is no effective treatment and severely affected bears have been euthanized. This paper describes the successful management of ABAS in three female Andean bears. Skin biopsies and cytology revealed a mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate, alopecia, hyperkeratosis, and Malassezia dermatitis. Allergen specific serology was positive for environmental allergens in one case. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and thyroid and adrenal function were normal in all cases. There was no consistent response to novel diet trials, antifungals, antihistamines, allergen specific immunotherapy, or topical antimicrobials. There was a partial response to ciclosporin (Atopica® cat, Novartis Animal Health; 5 mg/kg po, sid) in one case and oral glucocorticoids in all cases (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, [Colvasone 0.2%, Norbrook], 0.15 mg/kg po, sid or prednisolone [Deltacortene, Bruno Farmaceutici, and Megasolone 20, Coophavet], 0.3-1.2 mg/kg po, sid), but treatment was withdrawn following adverse effects. Treatment with oclacitinib maleate (Apoquel®, Zoetis; 0.46-0.5 mg/kg po, bid) resulted in rapid and complete resolution of the pruritus with subsequent improvement in demeanor and fur regrowth. After 5 mo, the bears were almost fully furred and off all other medication. Treatment was tapered to the lowest dose that prevented relapse of the pruritus (0.23-0.4 mg/kg po, sid). No adverse effects have been noted. ABAS is usually an intractable condition, and, to our knowledge, oclacitinib is the first treatment shown to result in sustained clinical improvement. Further studies on the etiology of ABAS, and on efficacy and long-term safety of oclacitinib are needed.

National audience; Résumé :Contexte : Chez les équidés, neuf herpèsvirus sont communément décrits. Huit d’entre eux présentent des similitudes plus ou moins importantes avec l’herpèsvirus équin 1 (HVE-1) responsable des formes les plus graves de la pathologie induite chez le cheval. Ces 9 HVEs appartiennent aux sous-familles Alphaherpesvirinae (HVE-1/3/4/6/8 et 9) et Gammaherpesvirinae (HVE-2/5 et 7) et sont capables d’infecter les équidés en milieu naturel ou en captivité. Alors que la majeure partie de ces herpèsvirus sont connus depuis de nombreuses années, deux d’entre eux (HVE-8 et HVE-9) ont récemment été identifiés comme posant un risque potentiel en santé équine. L’herpèsvirus équin de type 8 anciennement nommé herpèsvirus asin de type 3 est le plus souvent décrit chez les ânes. L’herpèsvirus équin de type 9 initialement décrit chez une gazelle de Thomson semble comme l’HVE-1 avoir franchi la barrière d’espèce puisque plusieurs cas ont été décrits chez des zèbres mais également chez des onagres, des rhinocéros et autres espèces d’animaux en captivité. Cette étude présente le premier isolement en France d’une souche HVE-9 issue d’un épisode infectieux survenu en 2018 chez des zèbres de Grévy en captivité d’une part, et la première identification d’un HVE-8 chez un cheval français d’autre part. Matériels et Méthodes : Prélèvements de poumons de zèbre suite à l’euthanasie de l’animal. Echantillons biologiques de chevaux (6 écouvillons et 10 prélèvements de tissus récoltés sur différents animaux entre 2012 et 2018) issus de la banque de LABÉO pour le diagnostic HVE-1 et sélectionnés dans le cadre d’une étude HVE-1. L’ADN est extrait à l’aide des kits DNA Mini Kit®, Qiagen pour les tissus et Viral RNA Mini Kit®, Qiagen pour les liquides respiratoires et écouvillons. Les acides nucléiques sont amplifiés selon la PCR décrite par Diallo et al. (2006) pour la détection d’HVE-1 (PCR1) et selon celle décrite par van Devanter (1996) pour la détection d’herpèsvirus de mammifères (PCR2). Une PCR est également réalisée sur l’ORF30 pour la phylogénie (PCR3). L’analyse est réalisée selon la méthode du Neighbour-Joining, modèle Maximum Composite Likelihood. La culture est réalisée sur cellules RK13. Résultats : Concernant le zèbre, la PCR2 a permis la mise en évidence d’un herpèsvirus de mammifère à partir du poumon. Un premier séquençage de l’amplicon obtenu a montré une homologie de 99% avec plusieurs souches référencés d’HVE-9. Ce résultat a été confirmé par le séquençage complet de l’ORF30 (PCR3). Cette souche d’HVE9 a été isolée sur lignée cellulaire, avec un effet cytopathogène caractéristique observé dès le premier passage et une confirmation par séquençage de l’ORF30. Parallèlement, une analyse des séquences de l’ORF30 des 16 échantillons identifiés comme étant positif pour l’HVE-1 par la PCR1 a permis de montrer qu’un échantillon présentait des différences de séquences par rapport à la majorité des HVE-1 analysés. L’analyse approfondie a montré que cet échantillon présentait une homologie de séquence de 99% avec la souche HVE-8 MF431611.1 récemment décrite par Garvey et al. 2018 et isolée à partir d’un foetus après avortement d’une jument. L’étude phylogénétique de l’ensemble de ces séquences (HVE-1, HVE-8 et HVE-9) a montré une forte proximité de l’HVE-9 et de l’HVE-8 avec l’HVE-1.

A questionnaire was sent to 39 European institutions holding greater kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), in order to determine the causes of captive greater kudu mortality. All reported macroscopic lesions and histopathologic observations, as well as other information regarding individuals that died, were analyzed to determine the most affected body systems and causes of death. Overall response rate was 31%, and 131 individuals were included in the study. The most frequently affected body systems were the digestive system (47%), respiratory system (38%), musculoskeletal system (37%), and cardiovascular system (32%). Most frequent causes of death were infectious diseases (27%) and trauma/accidents (18%); the cause was undetermined in 28% of cases. Nutrition-related disorders were difficult to assess, but results highlight possible nutritional imbalances. This retrospective study represents the first overview of greater kudu mortality in a captive population.

In the present paper we extend the construction of the formal (affine) Demazure algebra due to Hoffnung, Malag\'on-L\'opez, Savage and Zainoulline in two directions. First, we introduce and study the notion of an extendable weight lattice in the Kac-Moody setting and show that all the definitions and properties of the formal (affine) Demazure operators and algebras hold for such lattices. Second, we show that for the hyperbolic formal group law the formal Demazure algebra is isomorphic (after extending the coefficients) to the Hecke algebra., Comment: Final version. Accepted for publication in Algebras and Representation Theory. ALGE-D-15-00163

Background Captive Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) develop a distinct alopecic syndrome of unknown aetiology. Hypothesis/objectives To describe the histological features of healthy Andean bear skin, to define the clinical and histopathological features of Andean bears with signs of alopecia, and to propose an aetiopathogenesis. Animals Eighteen healthy Andean bears housed in 12 European zoos and 13 Andean bears with mild to severe alopecia housed in nine European zoos. Methods Two surveys describing signalment and clinical features of affected bears; follicular density was measured in a single healthy bear using a dermatoscope; cytological samples were collected by tape stripping from two healthy and three alopecic bears; skin biopsies were collected for histological evaluation from healthy and alopecic bears; immunohistochemistry (CD3, AE1/AE3 cytokeratins) was performed when lymphocytic inflammation was observed. Results The syndrome is an acquired, slowly progressive alopecia. Bears are otherwise healthy. Histological features include a dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed of T lymphocytes and eosinophils; atrophy of hair follicles at the level of or below the isthmus, and lymphocytic infiltration of hair follicles and the epidermis. Multinucleated giant cells were present in the outer root sheaths of hair follicles in five bears. Conclusion and clinical importance Andean bear alopecia syndrome is an acquired, progressive alopecia with histological features consistent with a lymphocytic immune-mediated reaction directed against follicular sheaths and the epidermis. Trigger factors have not been identified. Further studies are indicated to define the features of this multifactorial syndrome.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is well documented in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) and most common locations are oral, facial, or pedal. These two cases illustrate an unusual auricular presentation, which is more often reported in white domestic cats. The animals were aged and presented clinical signs of otitis such as head shaking and ear scratching. Clinical examinations showed auricular canal masses with chronic purulent otitis. In both cases, clinical deterioration led to euthanasia and histology of the ear canal was consistent with SCC and showed numerous vascular emboli. These cases illustrate an unreported aggressive localization for SCC in snow leopards, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of otitis in this species. Auricular SCC may be underdiagnosed as the ear canal is infrequently sampled for histopathology. This auricular localization should be considered when metastases are found upon necropsy without internal primary tumor.

A morphologic and molecular epidemiologic investigation was conducted on a captive African black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colony with a history of Plasmodium infections at La Palmyre Zoo (France). Each penguin received 12.5 mg of pyrimethamine twice a week as a prophylaxis every year from April to November. Although Plasmodium parasites were not detected in blood smears and tissues collected from the penguins, various blood parasites were recorded in blood smears from wild Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) and carrion crows (Corvus corone) sampled at the same time in the study area. These parasites consisted of several Plasmodium spp. (P. lenoblei, P. dorsti, P bioccai, P. relictum, P. dherteae, P. beaucournui, P. maior, P. tranieri, and P. snounoui), Parahaemoproteus spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Leucocytozoon spp. On the other hand, nested polymerase chain reaction enabled detection of Plasmodium DNA in 28/44 (64%) penguins, 15/25 (60%) magpies, and 4/9 (44%) crows. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the parasite DNA amplified from the penguins, magpies, and crows were similar. Magpies and crows could therefore act as a reservoir for penguin Plasmodium infections, which may be more prevalent than previously thought. Morphologic characterization of the Plasmodium spp. detected in the penguins, as well as further biological and epidemiologic studies, are needed to fully understand the transmission of Plasmodium parasites to captive penguins.

The current report describes the temporary regression, due to intensive symptomatic treatment, of ulcerative skin lesions caused by squamous cell carcinoma in a white rhinoceros. A captive, 40-yr-old southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) developed profound, ulcerative skin lesions on the pads of both hind feet. At the peak of the disease, at least one quarter of the pads was affected. A diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made via biopsy. Treatment included anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and local care. The lesions regressed on both feet until they seemed clinically healed. It was presumed that long-term, anti-inflammatory treatment and local bandaging had induced the temporary regression of the lesions. Two years later, however, a small ulcerative lesion reappeared on one pad and post mortem examination confirmed that the carcinoma was also histologically present in the clinically intact tissue. No metastasis was found and computed tomography showed normal digital bones.

Le macaque de Barbarie ou magot (Macaca sylvanus) etait autrefois tres represente en Afrique du Nord et en Europe. En une trentaine d’annees, sa population sauvage a diminue de plus de la moitie. Les individus presents sont localises dans des regions isolees. En parc zoologique, il existe depuis 2009, un ESB (European StudBook) pour cette espece, cela permet de coordonner les transferts et favoriser le brassage genetique. Le maintien d’une population stable necessite un certain nombre d’outils tels que le transfert d’animaux entre institutions ou la gestion de la reproduction par contraception, sterilisation (temporaire ou definitive), reproduction artificielle, etc. Le macaque de Barbarie est un animal qui vit en groupe multi — mâles/multi — femelles avec des liens sociaux et une structure complexes avec a sa tete un mâle dominant. Les femelles acquierent leur statut par le systeme matrilineaire classique. Cette etude a pour but de determiner les liens sociaux entre les individus, etudies au ZooParc de Beauval, ainsi que leurs statuts dans la hierarchie. En effet, ce groupe s’agrandit d’annee en annee et la gestion des populations est essentielle pour le parc. Le transfert ou l’arrivee d’un individu modifie plus ou moins la structure sociale. L’objectif est d’evaluer les differentes options de transferts et/ou de contraception qui perturberaient le moins le groupe. Ce dernier est compose de 11 mâles (âges de 3 a 26 ans), dont un dominant, 15 femelles (âgees de 3 a 16 ans), 8 jeunes (âges de 1 a 2 ans) et 5 bebes (âges de moins d’un an). Chaque magot a ete pris en compte pour cette etude. Un systeme de reconnaissance par tatouage sur le visage a ete mis en place afin d’identifier precisement chaque individu. Quatre observations majeures ont ete faites. Lors des nourrissages, la position des individus par rapport a la zone centrale d’alimentation a ete notee a l’aide d’une methode de scan. Les durees de chaque comportement ainsi que les occurrences des comportements les plus brefs ont ete notees, pour chacun des 39 individus du groupe, observes dix fois vingt minutes a l’aide de la methode de focus. La localisation, de l’individu observe, a ete suivie lors de ces focus. En outre, en debut et en fin de chaque observation, les distances du primate observe avec ses partenaires ont ete repertoriees. Les distances inter-individuelles ainsi que les comportements sociaux (affiliatifs ou agonistiques) permettent la creation de sociogrammes. Ces derniers mettent en evidence 4 groupes distincts, composes de femelles, de jeunes et de quelques mâles avec beaucoup d’interaction et de proximite entre animaux. L’un des groupes semble avoir l’ascendant sur les autres, ses individus emettent plus de comportements de dominance. Quelques individus expriment un comportement qui ne permet pas de les rattacher a un de ces groupes. Le mâle dominant etabli et identifie depuis longtemps ne semble plus jouer totalement son role. Certains comportements indiquent qu’il conserve une place importante dans le groupe. Il n’occupe pas l’espace comme les autres mâles, mais son âge avance et de possibles douleurs articulaires peuvent l’en empecher. L’ensemble des observations montrent que deux autres mâles tirent profit de cette situation et occupent cet espace. Cette etude a permis d’etablir le sociogramme d’un groupe social complexe. Son utilisation permet d’envisager l’impact de n’importe quel scenario dans le cadre de gestion de cette population et gestion de la reproduction. Toutes les possibilites de transferts ont ete etudiees : groupe reproducteur ou non, individu solitaire, mâle, femelle, jeune, etc. La structure sociale complexe de ce groupe est amenee a evoluer continuellement, l’etude serait donc a poursuivre et pourquoi pas a affiner avec une analyse genetique.Je remercie la direction du ZooParc de Beauval ainsi que l’association Beauval Nature de m’avoir permis d’effectuer ce premier stage d’ethologie avec des primates. Je remercie egalement les soigneurs du secteur magots qui etaient toujours disponibles pour repondre a mes questions : Pauline, Aurelie et Arnaud. En dehors de mon etude, je remercie toutes les personnes qui m’ont soutenu : ma famille, Caroline et mes colocataires.

Systemic arterial hypertension (SHT) has been widely described in the domestic cat ( Felis catus ). In these feline patients, SHT is considered as the most common vascular disorder of middle-aged to older animals, and secondary SHT related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the most common form of the disease. We describe here the first two cases of spontaneous SHT in large felids, i.e. one 18-year old, 34.4 kg, male North-Chinese leopard ( Panthera pardus japonensis , case #1) and one 20-year old, 28.7 kg, female snow leopard ( Panthera uncia , case #2), both captive-bred and previously diagnosed with CKD. Both animals underwent complete echocardiographic examination under general anesthesia due to abnormal cardiac auscultation (heart murmur and/or gallop sound), and recurrent lethargy in case #1. The combination of left ventricular remodeling with moderate aortic regurgitation of high velocity was highly suggestive of SHT, which was confirmed by indirect blood pressure measurement (systolic arterial blood pressure of 183 mmHg for case #1 and 180 mmHg for case #2). Amlodipine was prescribed (0.35–0.70 mg/kg/day orally) for 31 and 6 months respectively after the initial diagnosis. In case #1, concurrent amlodipine and benazepril treatment was associated with decreased heart murmur grade and reduced aortic insufficiency severity. These reports illustrate that, similarly to domestic cats, SHT should be suspected in old large felids with CKD and that amlodipine is a well-tolerated antihypertensive drug in these species.