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Potato is cultivated all the year round in Pakistan. However, the major crop is the autumn crop which is planted in mid-October and contributes 80–85% of the total production. The abrupt climate change has affected the weather patterns all over the world, resulting in the reduction of the mean air temperature in autumn by almost 1.6 °C in Pakistan, which in turn, has adversely affected the crop performance and tuber yield. This trial, therefore, was conducted to optimize and evaluate the concentration of salicylic acid (SA) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) for inducing frost stress tolerance in an autumn-sown potato crop cv. Sutlej. The findings revealed that the foliar application of 0.5 mM SA significantly enhanced the growth, yield, fluorescent, and biochemical indices of potato plants outperforming 100 mM KNO₃ application in comparison with the control. This included increased plant height by 14% and 17.6%, leaf area index by 6.3% and 26.3%, shoot biomass by 15.4% and 46.2%, crop growth rate by 16.7% and 43.3%, average tuber weight by 8.2% and 23%, tuber diameter by 6.8% and 12.2%, tuber yield by 26.1% and 46.3%, leaf angle by 16.2% and 21.6%, quantum yield of photosystem II by 20.6% and 28.2%, photosynthetically active radiations by 20.5% and 32.4%, chlorophyll content by 6.3% and 14.6%, leaf thickness by 14% and 29%, linear electron flow by 20% and 32.7%, O–2 by 6% and 14.4%, H2O2 by 11.7% and 27.6%, enzyme activities of catalase by 20.7% and 28.5%, superoxide dismutase by 28.6% and 28.5%, peroxidase by 8.3% and 13.5%, ascorbate peroxidase by 17.2% and 37.8%, total protein by 21% and 37%, proline by 36.2% and 114%, and phenolic content by 33% and 63.3% with a reduction in non-photochemical quenching by 12.7% and 29.6%, non-regulatory energy dissipation by 169.5% and 268.5%, and leaf electrolyte leakage by 57.5% and 180%, compared to KNO3 and the control, respectively. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded and recommended that 0.5 mM foliar spray of SA can be utilized on potato crop cv. Sutlej in frost-sensitive regions. However, the application rate of KNO3 needs to be optimized in order to use its maximal frost stress tolerance potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Temperature, an important abiotic factor, alters physiological processes in insects. This study includes effect of temperatures under laboratory (7°C, 12°C, 17°C, 22°C, 27°C and 32°C) and field (10°C–26°C) conditions on the life table parameters, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activities of antioxidative [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], detoxifying [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β‐glucosidase and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST)] and oxidoreductive [peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] enzymes of Aphis craccivora Koch and A. gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Lablab purpureus subsp. bengalensis (Jacq.) Verdc. plants. The longevity and fecundity of both aphids were highest at 22°C, and A. craccivora showed similarity between 22°C and field condition but A. gossypii showed similarity between 17°C and field condition, suggesting that A. craccivora is able to withstand more fluctuating temperature stress than A. gossypii. Total ROS, H2O2 and MDA content were increased at low (7°C) or high (32°C) temperature but these parameters were more increased at high temperature than low temperature, suggesting that high‐temperature stress is more harmful for both aphids. Under low (7°C) or high (32°C) temperature stress, the levels of antioxidative, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes were increased in both adult aphids compared to 22°C or field condition, implicating that both these aphids are trying to detoxify excess ROS by producing more antioxidative, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes. The mortality of both aphids was higher at low (7°C) and high (32°C) temperatures, implicating that both aphids could not detoxify excess ROS by the coordinated action of antioxidative, detoxifying and oxidoreductive enzymes. The findings of this study can assist to envisage the population dynamics of these two important aphids, which can assist in management of these two sucking insect pests in the crop field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal fly ash, is a major waste material of thermal power industry. It is predominantly dumped in fly ash ponds that often results to the seeping of heavy metals present into the surrounding ground water. Fly ash leachate is thus a combination of heavy metals and organic matters. Finding a suitable plant species for phytoremediation is challenging as fly ash leachate is a heterogeneous mix of different heavy metals. Here we have selected Duck weed—Lemna minor (L. minor), a free-floating plant that is widely used for wastewater treatment. In the present study, we have grown L.minor in fly ash leachate for a period of 7 days with the objective that the plant could alleviate the harmful effects of fly ash leachate. The results show that, L. minor can effectively decrease the metal content in fly ash leachate. DNA damage was observed in the fronds of the plants, without any significant changes in the level of photosynthetic pigments and an increased growth rate of the plant was observed. Active participation of antioxidative enzyme system especially catalase activity played a pivotal role in protection of plant from oxidative stress. The accumulation of heavy metals within the plant tissue without any substantial damage to plant growth and physiological functions demonstrated the potential of L. minor to effectively remediate coal fly ash leachate contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent use of electronic devices in daily lives, predominantly reliant on non-ionizing radiation, has increased the prevalence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in natural environment. In light of this, effects of EMR at frequencies of 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz characterized by a power of 10.0 dBm (0.01 W), across varying exposure durations of 1 h/day, 2 h/day, 4 h/day, 6 h/day, and 8 h/day for 7 days, in Allium cepa L. were studied. The effects of the treatment on the morphological features (root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of roots) and biochemical characteristics (protein content and antioxidative enzymes, namely, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and dehydroascorbate (DHAR)) were studied in roots and bulbs of Allium cepa L. Further genotoxicity for different exposure periods at both frequencies was also conducted. Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at both frequencies was found to reduce root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of plant. Furthermore, significant effects were observed on protein content, indicating a reduction with prolonged exposure duration. Investigation into the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as APX, GR, GST, DHAR, CAT, SOD, and POD at a frequency of 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz in roots and bulbs demonstrated a significant enhancement in enzyme activity during 6 h/day and 8 h/day exposure periods. Additional investigation during genotoxicity studies demonstrated the induction of chromosomal aberrations in the root tip cells of the Allium cepa L. plant test system. The current study revealed the initiation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity resulting from long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the studied plant test systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In contemporary floriculture, particularly within the cut flower industry, there is a burgeoning interest in innovative methodologies aimed at enhancing the aesthetic appeal and prolonging the postharvest longevity of floral specimens. Within this context, the application of nanotechnology, specifically the utilization of silicon and selenium nanoparticles, has emerged as a promising approach for augmenting the qualitative attributes and extending the vase life of cut roses. This study evaluated the impact of silicon dioxide (SiO2-NPs) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in preservative solutions on the physio-chemical properties of ‘Black Magic’ roses. Preservative solutions were formulated with varying concentrations of SiO2-NPs (25 and 50 mg L−1) and Se-NPs (10 and 20 mg L−1), supplemented with a continuous treatment of 3% sucrose. Roses treated with 20 mg L−1 Se-NPs exhibited the lowest relative water loss, highest solution uptake, maximum photochemical performance of PSII (Fv/Fm), and elevated antioxidative enzyme activities. The upward trajectory of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in petals was mitigated by different levels of SiO2 and Se-NPs, with the lowest H2O2 and MDA observed in preservatives containing 50 mg L−1 SiO2- and 20 mg L−1 Se-NPs at the 15th day, surpassing controls and other treatments. Extended vase life and a substantial enhancement in antioxidative capacity were noted under Se and Si nanoparticles in preservatives. The levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanin increased during the vase period, particularly in the 50 and 20 mg L−1 Se-NPs and SiO2-NPs. Petal carbohydrate exhibited a declining trend throughout the longevity, with reductions of 8% and 66% observed in 20 mg L−1 Se-NPs and controls, respectively. The longest vase life was achieved with Se-NPs (20 mg L−1), followed by SiO2-NPs (50 mg L−1) up to 16.6 and 15th days, respectively. These findings highlight the significant potential of SiO2- and Se-NPs in enhancing the vase life and physiological qualities of ‘Black Magic’ roses, with SiO2-NPs showing broad-spectrum efficacy.

Insect infestation triggers multiple defense responses in plants, both locally at the infection site and systemically throughout the plant, including the production of feeding deterrents, toxins, defensive proteins, enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Our study aimed to compare the endogenous levels of antioxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, phytohormones, total phenols, and flavonoids in bark-beetle-infested and uninfested trees. We evaluated the surviving trees in bark-beetle-infested stands, assessing both the condition and defense of uninfested and infested beech (Fagus sylvatica), pine (Pinus sylvestris), and fir (Abies alba) trees. Sampling was performed at six affected sites in the Czech Republic, targeting trees that were resilient to significant health deterioration caused by abiotic and biotic factors. The results showed different levels of most of the measured compounds in the three species. Among all the tested species, photosynthetic pigment levels showed the strongest association with infestation status, which was generally lower in the infested plants. For chlorophyll a, extremely significant reductions were observed from 123 ± 20.6 to 101 ± 17.9 μg/g dry weight (DW) in pine, from 231 ± 33.1 to 199 ± 22.2 μg/g DW in beech, and from 60 ± 5.66 to 51.3 ± 6.27 μg/g DW in fir. In contrast, enzymatic activities indicated only isolated instances of significant association, whereas antioxidative properties (total phenolic content, flavonoids, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity) were not significantly associated with infestation status. There was a statistically significant increase in glutathione reductase activity in infested fir and pine trees. However, this difference was not statistically significant in beech. In contrast, a significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity was detected in infected beech trees. Phytohormones have emerged as the most diverse group of analyzed compounds. Cytokinins were the most distinct, with many of them being significantly increased in infested pines, whereas both beech and fir showed only one significant association. Additionally, derivatives of jasmonic acid also showed a distinct pattern of change associated with bark beetle infestation, with the levels of three out of the four analyzed jasmonates being significantly decreased in infested pines, whereas no effects were observed in beeches and firs. Notably, many phytohormones were significantly elevated in the infested pine, whereas both beech and fir exhibited only one significant association. Overall, the data showed that pines responded differently to bark beetles than to beeches or firs. The greatest changes in phytohormones were observed in pine, whereas the most significant changes in photosynthetic pigments were observed in beech and fir trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects the agricultural sector and poses a significant threat to sustainable crop production. Nanoparticles (NPs) act as biostimulants and significantly mitigate abiotic stress. In this context, this experiment was designed to assess the effects of foliar application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at 200 and 400 ppm on the growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena) seedlings under moderate (75 mM) and high (150 mM) salinity stress. The TiO2-NPs employed were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The seedlings were assessed physiologically, growth-wise, and biochemically. The seedlings were significantly affected by their physiological attributes (Fv′/Fm′, Fv/Fm, NPQ), growth (root length, shoot length, number of leaves, fresh biomass, dry biomass, leaf greenness), antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APx, GR), stress indicators (H2O2, MDA), and toxic ion (Na+) concentrations. The maximum decrease in physiological and growth attributes in eggplant seedling leaves was observed with no TiO2-NP application at 150 mM NaCl. Applying TiO2-NPs at 200 ppm showed significantly less decrease in Fv'/Fm', root length, shoot length, number of leaves, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and leaf greenness. In contrast, there were larger increases in SOD, POD, CAT, APx, GR, and TSP. This led to less accumulation of H2O2, MDA, and Na+. No significant difference was observed in higher concentrations of TiO2-NPs compared to the control. Therefore, TiO2-NPs at 200 ppm might be used to grow eggplant seedlings at moderate and high salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal (HM) stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting flora and fauna worldwide due to a rapid global increase in the urbanization and industrialization and the consequent rise of HM concentration in the atmosphere. Typically, plants have distinct mechanisms to cope up with HM stress. These mechanisms rendering tolerance to the plants by detoxifying the HMs. Additionally, a number of physiological and molecular changes occur in plant cells due to their exposure to HMs. This culminates in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress in plants, which significantly affects plant metabolism and disrupts normal vital cellular functions. However, in order to cope with such stresses, plants possess a strong antioxidant defence system to counteract increases in the ROS-induced stress. The enzymatic components of this system include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR). The non-enzymatic components are ascorbate, glutathione and phenolic compounds along with lipid-soluble molecules such as carotenoids and tocopherols. This review makes an effort to collect and collate the currently available information on metal stress and cellular antioxidant systems of plants, emphasizing upon the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms for detoxification of HM-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the role of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA) (5-50 µM) in mitigating the effects of cypermethrin (CYP) stress on Amaranthus hybridus L., at its recommended (100 PPM) and double dose (200 PPM). CYP application at recommended dose proliferated the growth of the crop, while the double dose affected negatively. SA boosted the performance of the CYP-treated plants by reducing oxidative radical formation via increasing the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase, dehydroascorbate reductase, ascorbate, and proline. SA increased photosynthetic activity by increasing the leaf area, chlorophyll content and regulating the level of intracellular CO2, stomatal conductance, and transpiration in the CYP-treated plants. The fresh weight of the crop showed maximal increase with 10 µM SA (57 %) at recommended dose and with 20 µM SA (36.8 %) at double dose of CYP. Additionally, CYP residues showed maximum decline with 10 µM and 20 µM SA application in 100P and 200P plants, respectively. UHPLC-MS analysis showed increased levels of crucial secondary metabolites such as antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, kaempferol, rutin, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, trigonelline, coumarin, scoparone, esculin, caryophyllene oxide, jasmonal with SA supplementation at 10 µM with 100P and at 20 µM with 200P treatments. The observed changes in enzyme activities, physiology and metabolite profiles underscore the potential of SA in mitigating pesticide-induced stress and enhancing plant growth and health. This study could further be explored in future by combining SA with other phytohormones and applying omics approaches could enhance crop resilience across diverse environments.

Chemical fertilizers used in plant development and differentiation have become a global problem affecting the entire ecosystem, especially soil pollution. Food production demand with the increasing population has encouraged scientists to use biogenic nanoparticles in the agricultural field. Evaluation of growth, development, and differentiation processes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings at gradually increasing concentrations of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-NPs) were identified by morphological and physiological parameters in this study. The results showed that growth parameters reached the maximum value at 100 mg/L but were less at other concentrations. At similar concentration, the stomatal density of the leaf was the maximum, while the stomatal area showed the lowest value. The levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the treated seedlings. BIO-NPs increased the antioxidant defense and supported its growth by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2, and MDA contents. The BIO-NP treatment provided positive improvements in phytochemical content in parallel with the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. Different growth parameters, physiological results, supporting enzyme activities, and biochemical data revealed the contribution of the BIO-NP treatments to the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. BIO-NPs improved higher phytochemical production of sweet basil, which may be suitable for its propagation on a commercial scale.

Chemical fertilizers used in plant development and differentiation have become a global problem affecting the entire ecosystem, especially soil pollution. Food production demand with the increasing population has encouraged scientists to use biogenic nanoparticles in the agricultural field. Evaluation of growth, development, and differentiation processes of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings at gradually increasing concentrations of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles (BIO-NPs) were identified by morphological and physiological parameters in this study. The results showed that growth parameters reached the maximum value at 100 mg/L but were less at other concentrations. At similar concentration, the stomatal density of the leaf was the maximum, while the stomatal area showed the lowest value. The levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the treated seedlings. BIO-NPs increased the antioxidant defense and supported its growth by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2, and MDA contents. The BIO-NP treatment provided positive improvements in phytochemical content in parallel with the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. Different growth parameters, physiological results, supporting enzyme activities, and biochemical data revealed the contribution of the BIO-NP treatments to the growth and development of sweet basil seedlings. BIO-NPs improved higher phytochemical production of sweet basil, which may be suitable for its propagation on a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the biotransformation of phenolic compounds in Rosa rugosa through Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation, enhancing their bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity. We developed a sensitive and reproducible analytical method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS), enabling the analysis of 17 phenolic compounds from Rosa (R) and fermented Rosa (FR). Additionally, we conducted a density functional theory (DFT) study to correlate the structure of key phenolic compounds from R and FR with their antioxidant activity. Our findings revealed that both R and FR mitigate oxidative stress in tert-butyl-hydrogen peroxide (TBHP)-induced Caco-2 and HT-29 cells by elevating the activities of crucial antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GR). Furthermore, fermented Rosa significantly upregulated Nrf2, γ-GCS, HO-1, and NOQ-1 mRNA expression in TBHP-induced cells with Quantitative and real-time PCR technology, emphasizing its protective function primarily through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. This study is the first to demonstrate the link between the enhanced antioxidant potential in fermented Rosa and the biotransformation of its phenolic compounds. It paves the way for augmenting the antioxidant capacity of plant foods through Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation, offering a novel approach to reinforce their health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALI is a grave medical ailment that manifests as abrupt inflammation of the lungs and diminished oxygen levels. It poses a considerable challenge to the medical fraternity, with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Our research endeavors to investigate the potential of hibifolin, a flavonoid glucuronide, imbued with potent antioxidant properties, and its molecular mechanism to combat LPS‐induced ALI in mice. The study utilized ICR mice to create an ALI model induced by LPS. Prior to LPS administration, hibifolin was given at 10, 30, or 50 mg/kg, or dexamethasone was given at 1 mg/kg to assess its preventative impact. Changes in lung tissue, pulmonary edema, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed using H&E stain assay, lung wet/dry ratio assay, and MDA formation assay, respectively. Activity assay kits were used to measure MPO activity and antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) activity in the lungs. Western blot assay was used to determine the phosphorylation of Nrf‐2 and AMPK2 in the lungs. Hibifolin demonstrated a concentration‐dependent improvement in LPS‐induced histopathologic pulmonary changes. This treatment notably mitigated pulmonary edema, lipid peroxidation, and MPO activity in ALI mice. Additionally, hibifolin successfully restored antioxidative enzyme activity in the lungs of ALI mice. Moreover, hibifolin effectively promoted Nrf‐2 phosphorylation and reinstated AMPK2 phosphorylation in the lungs of ALI mice. The results indicate that hibifolin could effectively alleviate the pathophysiological impact of LPS‐induced ALI. This is likely due to its antioxidative properties, which help to restore antioxidative enzyme activity and activate the AMPK2/Nrf2 pathway. These findings are valuable in terms of enhancing our knowledge of ALI treatment and pave the way for further investigation into hibifolin as a potential therapeutic option for lung injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative ailment, is caused by progressive damage in dopamine-secreting cells in the substantianigra. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. All organisms have developed adaptive responses to oxidative stress that result in increased production of defensive enzymes and antioxidant molecules. The mutations in a-synuclein protein have a role in modulating the dopamine activity. In this study, we have illustrated the protective effects of bioactive compounds of Mucuna monosperma (MM) against paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in a transgenic Parkinson's disease model (Elav/SNCAA30P) of Drosophila melanogaster. The isolated L-Dopa and Ursolic compounds exhibit antioxidant properties. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and LPO has been measured in L-dopa and Ursolic acid-supplemented PD lines under oxidative stress conditions. The oxidative stress caused by PQ was averted and antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly increased in flies that were fed with a mixture of L-Dopa and Ursolic acid. SOD activities were elevated by 4.2 fold, CAT activates increased by 3.8 fold and G6Pd activates were increased by 4.6 fold under stress conditions. The synergetic effect of these bioactive compounds decreases the LPO activity by 2 fold with the increase of glutathione by 3.36 fold in transgenic PD flies. Based on the findings, we speculate that L-Dopa with Ursolic acid of M. monosperma prevents oxidative stress-related disorders and can be used as a possible therapeutic agent against PD disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, caused by an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species is a major factor in the pathophysiology of complications following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ascorbic acid, a vital antioxidant, has been employed in TBI therapy, but its instability, limited bioavailability, rapid oxidation, and pro-oxidant effects pose significant limitations. To overcome these drawbacks, the ascorbic acid was chemically modified resulting in a fat-soluble L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate. The effects of L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate on oxidative stress biomarkers in TBI rats were subsequently evaluated. TBI was developed in rats by a weight drop method. The study involved five experimental groups: ascorbic acid group, L-ascorbyl-6- palmitate group, dimethyl sulfoxide group, traumatized non-treated group, and non-traumatized non-treated control group. A total of twenty-five rats were used in the experiment, with five rats in each group (n=5). The levels of malondialdehyde and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were assessed in serum and brain tissue samples. In both serum and brain tissue, ascorbic acid, L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate, and dimethyl sulfoxide showed significant (P<0.05) elevation in enzyme activities and reduction in malondialdehyde levels compared to the traumatized non-treated group. Additionally, L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate treatment demonstrated higher antioxidant potential and scavenging ability than ascorbic acid treatment, as evidenced by significantly (P<0.05) increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and reduced malondialdehyde levels. These findings demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of Lascorbyl-6-palmitate in managing TBI-induced oxidative stress. Further studies should investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and longterm effects of L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate treatment on neurological recovery and functional outcomes in TBI, as well as explore its potential synergistic effects with other antioxidants or neuroprotective strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal that frequently contaminates our environment. In this study, the bioflocculant-producing, cadmium-resistant Escherichia fergusonii ZSF-15 was characterized from Paharang drain, Bawa Chak, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The Cd-resistant E. fergusonii was used to determine the bioflocculant production using yeast-peptone-glycerol medium (pH 6.5) supplemented with 50 mg L−1 of Cd. The culture was incubated for 3 days at 37 °C in a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. The fermentation broth was centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min after the incubation period. The maximum flocculating activity by isolate ZSF-15 was found to be 71.4% after 48 h of incubation. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the bioflocculant produced by strain ZSF-15 was comprised of typical polysaccharide and protein, i.e. hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups. The strain ZSF-15 exhibited bioflocculant activity at range of pH (6–8) and temperature (35–50℃). Maximum flocculation activity (i.e. 71%) was observed at 47℃, whereas 63% flocculation production was observed at pH 8. In the present study, antioxidant enzyme profile of ZSF-15 was also evaluated under cadmium stress. A significant increase in antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (118%) and ascorbate peroxidase (28%) was observed, whereas contents of catalase (86%), glutathione transferase (13%), and peroxidase (8%) were decreased as compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in cultivating groundcover plants in warm and semiarid areas requires a better understanding of the salinity effects on landscape plants. This work aimed to study the response of three groundcovers (Alternanthera dentate, Sphagneticola trilobata, and Alternanthera amoena) to high sodium chloride concentrations. The trial was conducted in the natural greenhouse environment. Plants were raised in pots filling clay-loamy soil. Hewitt's nutrient solution containing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl irrigated the plants. Plant growth, antioxidative enzyme activity, and the relative water content (RWC), proline, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The study indicated that increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution led to: a) significant differences in the fresh weight of shoots among salinity treatments and among species; b) increased root growth with increasing salinity stress up to the mild stress level of 25 mM NaCl, however at different rates with three species; c) reduced RWC of the leaves of three species grown under salinity-induced stress; d) the increased proline content of the leaves, and more pronounced increases with A. dentate and A. amoena from 0 to 50 mM NaCl, and with S. trilobata from 0 to 100 mM NaCl; e) significant changes in the activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase; f) significant decrease of the K+/Na+ ratio along with increase of salinity stress; g) increased ratio of leaf/root content of Cl- in A. dentate and in particular, A. amoena; h) a significant reduction in visual qualities of all examined plants. Therefore, because of its ability to maintain leaf characteristics, visual quality, and salt-tolerance mechanisms even under high salinity, S. trilobata can be considered for urban landscaping projects in semiarid and saline areas where low-quality water is used for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important stresses in plants. The important role of calcium signal as a second messenger in alleviating drought stress is still unclear. We used tobacco as test material to simulate drought stress with 20 % PEG concentration. Physiological and transcriptome techniques were used to study how the model plant tobacco protects itself from drought stress by examining the mechanism used by exogenous calcium ions to respond to the antioxidant and hormone signals that indicate drought stress. Exogenous calcium was shown to increase the levels of expression of the proteins CDPK, CBL/CIPK and AQPs that respond to signaling by calcium under drought stress. The cis-acting elements of the promoters of the genes related to signals primarily focused on hormone and drought-related elements, which suggests that the exogenous calcium may mediate the transduction of hormone signals in response to drought stress. The results of physiological and transcriptional data showed that oxidative damage occurred in the tobacco leaves under drought stress. Under drought stress, exogenous calcium can enhance the activities of SOD (4.75 %), POD (42.33 %) and APX (512.43 %), up-regulate the expression of the genes that encode antioxidant enzymes to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alleviate the oxidative damage to tobacco leaves under drought stress. The calcium produced during drought stress increased the content of auxin (IAA), decreased that of abscisic acid (ABA) and downstream gene expression, and prevented excessive amplification of the ABA signal. Exogenous calcium enhanced the crosstalk between cytokinin, gibberellin and ABA signals.In summary, exogenous calcium can stimulate the synergistic effect of calcium and hormone signals and the antioxidant system, eliminate ROS, improve the crosstalk between plant hormones, and improve the drought resistance of tobacco.

Stress has been implicated in the etiology of neurological and psychological illnesses. Chronic social isolation (SI) is a psychological stressor that provokes neurobehavioral changes associated with psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. Mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress are hallmarks of anxiety pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate the effects of SI-induced stress on mitochondrial function, antioxidative enzymes, autophagy, and brain derivative neurotrophic factor (BDNF). SI induced a reduction in electron transport chain subunits C-I, C-II, and C-VI and an increase in hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with dihydromyricetin (DHM), extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, counteracted these changes. A dramatic increase in several primary mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was observed after SI and a repeated episode of SI. Both SI and repeated SI induced a reduction in sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62). However, only repeated SI modulated autophagy primary protein beclin-1 (Bcl-1). In addition, SI and repeated SI modulated the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway and the phosphorylation of the downstream extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase1/2 (p-Erk p42 and p-Erk p44) cascade. DHM treatment ameliorated these changes. Collectively, we demonstrated that DHM treatment counteracted the effects of SI and repeated SI on antioxidative enzymes, autophagy, and the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. These findings highlight the molecular mechanisms that partially explain the anxiolytic effects of DHM.

The objective of the study was to compare the antioxidative capacity of broiler chicken breast and leg muscles after dietary modulation with selenium (Se) and methionine (Met). Free radical scavenging (ABTS, DPPH) and iron reduction (FRAP) activities were determined as the total antioxidative potential (TEAC), as well the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in relation to concentrations of lipid peroxidation end products (TBARS). Analyses were performed on breast m. pectoralis superficialis and profundus individually and together. The studied leg muscles included biceps femoris, gastrocnemicus, iliotiobialis, peroneus longus, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus and all leg muscles together. Flex broiler chickens were fed diets supplemented with 6.7, 8.2, 9.7 and 11.2 g DL-methionine/kg feed and Se as sodium selenite and selenized yeast at 0.26, 0.38 and 0.50 mg Se/kg. Greater TEAC and enzyme activities were observed in leg than in breast muscles. Selenium did not change TEAC in muscles sets, but improved antiradical capacity in the pectoralis major and minor, sartorius and biceps femoris. The highest level of methionine increased TEAC in individual leg muscles. Selenium and methionine at the highest concentrations increased SOD activity in the entire group and individual muscles, while Se raised GPx activity. In conclusion, the diet supplementation with selenium and high concentrations of methionine had a greater impact on the antioxidative potential of individual than the whole set of chicken breast and leg muscles. The positive effect of the studied diet modulation could raise the quality and extend the shelf-life of fresh chicken meat.

Abstract Background Spot blotch is a serious foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, which is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete that has a global impact on productivity. Some Trichoderma spp. is a promising candidate as a biocontrol agent as well as a plant growth stimulant. Also, the application of nanomaterials in agriculture limits the use of harmful agrochemicals and helps improve the yield of different crops. The current study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma. cf. asperellum and the biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to manage the spot blotch disease of barley caused by B. sorokiniana and to assess the plant’s innate defense response. Results Aloe vera L. aqueous leaf extract was used to biosynthesize TiO2 NPs by reducing TiCl4 salt into TiO2 NPs and the biosynthesized NPs were detected using SEM and TEM. It was confirmed that the NPs are anatase-crystalline phases and exist in sizes ranging from 10 to 25 nm. The T. cf. asperellum fungus was detected using morphological traits and rDNA ITS analysis. This fungus showed strong antagonistic activity against B. sorokiniana (57.07%). Additionally, T. cf. asperellum cultures that were 5 days old demonstrated the best antagonistic activity against the pathogen in cell-free culture filtrate. Also, B. sorokiniana was unable to grow on PDA supplemented with 25 and 50 mg/L of TiO2 NPs, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone increased with increasing TiO2 NPs concentration. In an in vivo assay, barley plants treated with T. cf. asperellum or TiO2 NPs were used to evaluate their biocontrol efficiency against B. sorokiniana, in which T. cf. asperellum and TiO2 NPs enhanced the growth of the plant without displaying disease symptoms. Furthermore, the physiological and biochemical parameters of barley plants treated with T. cf. asperellum or TiO2 NPs in response to B. sorokiniana treatment were quantitively estimated. Hence, T. cf. asperellum and TiO2 NPs improve the plant’s tolerance and reduce the growth inhibitory effect of B. sorokiniana. Conclusion Subsequently, T. cf. asperellum and TiO2 NPs were able to protect barley plants against B. sorokiniana via enhancement of chlorophyll content, improvement of plant health, and induction of the barley innate defense system. The present work emphasizes the major contribution of T. cf. asperellum and the biosynthesized TiO2 NPs to the management of spot blotch disease in barley plants, and ultimately to the enhancement of barley plant quality and productivity.

Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress that affects the growth and development of high-value tree species, including sandalwood, which can also be managed effectively on saline soils with the help of suitable host species. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to understand the physiological processes and antioxidant mechanisms in sandalwood along the different salinity gradients to explore the host species that could support sandalwood growth in salt-affected agro-ecosystems. Sandalwood seedlings were grown with ten diverse host species with saline water irrigation gradients (ECiw~3, 6, and 9 dS m−1) and control (ECiw~0.82 dS m−1). Experimental findings indicate a decline in the chlorophyll content (13–33%), relative water content (3–23%), photosynthetic (27–61%) and transpiration rate (23–66%), water and osmotic potential (up to 137%), and ion dynamics (up to 61%) with increasing salinity levels. Conversely, the carotenoid content (23–43%), antioxidant activity (up to 285%), and membrane injury (82–205%) were enhanced with increasing salinity stress. Specifically, among the hosts, Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia showed a minimum reduction in chlorophyll content, relative water content, and plant water relation and gas exchange parameters of sandalwood plants. Surprisingly, most of the host tree species maintained K+/Na+ of sandalwood up to moderate water salinity of ECiw~6 dS m−1; however, a further increase in water salinity decreased the K+/Na+ ratio of sandalwood by many-fold. Salinity stress also enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activity, although the maximum increase was noted with host plants M. dubia, followed by D. sissoo and Azadirachta indica. Overall, the investigation concluded that sandalwood with the host D. sissoo can be successfully grown in nurseries using saline irrigation water and, with the host M. dubia, it can be grown using good quality irrigation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), valued for their nutritional, medicinal, and economic contributions, are threatened by root-knot nematodes, notably Meloidogyne incognita. This research explores the impact of M. incognita on the growth and comprehensive physiological responses of pumpkins. The findings reveal that infection leads to significant growth impairment, as indicated by reduced plant height and biomass along with the development of nematode-induced galls. In addition, there is an observable oxidative stress response characterized by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and an increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms such as crucial antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase) and the accumulation of glutathione. These responses demonstrate a dynamic interplay between the plant and the nematode, where pumpkins mobilize robust antioxidant defenses to counteract the stress induced by nematode infection. Despite these defense mechanisms, pumpkin's ability to combat M. incognita raises concerns about the agricultural production challenges posed by this pest in Cucurbita crops. The insights gained from this study improve our understanding of plant–nematode interactions, paving the way for strategies aimed at increasing resistance against these pests, thus promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), valued for their nutritional, medicinal, and economic significance, face threats from Meloidogyne incognita, a critical plant-parasitic nematode. This study extensively examines the impact of M. incognita on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of C. moschata. We demonstrate that M. incognita infection leads to significant growth impairment in C. moschata, evidenced by reduced plant height and biomass, along with the significant development of nematode-induced galls. Concurrently, a pronounced oxidative stress response was observed, characterized by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and a significant increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, including the upregulation of key antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and peroxidase) and the accumulation of glutathione. These responses highlight a dynamic interaction between the plant and the nematode, wherein C. moschata activates a robust antioxidant defense to mitigate the oxidative stress induced by nematode infection. Despite these defenses, the persistence of growth impairment underscores the challenge posed by M. incognita to the agricultural production of C. moschata. Our findings contribute to the understanding of plant–nematode interactions, paving the way for the development of strategies aimed at enhancing resistance in Cucurbitaceae crops against nematode pests, thus supporting sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol P (BPP) is a structural analog of bisphenol A (BPA) and is increasingly used as a substitute of BPA in commercial and household applications. In recent years, BPP has been frequently detected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Very little epidemiological and experimental information are available on the toxicity potential of BPP in human and animal systems, which is very concerning in view of its increasing use. The current study evaluated the biochemical and histopathological effects of BPP in rats. The seven experimental groups (n = 5 rats/group) included BPA5 (5 mg), BPA50 (50 mg), BPA100 (100 mg), BPP5 (5 mg), BPP50 (50 mg), and BPP100 (100 mg) while the remaining one group served as untreated control. At the end of treatment, the organs (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) of rats were harvested for oxidative stress and histopathological analyses. A significant (p <.05) decrease was observed in the weight of the liver, lungs, and kidneys in the BPP100 group similar to the BPA100 group compared with the control group. Further, a significant (p <.05) decrease was also observed for concentrations of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart at the highest two doses of BPP similar to the respective BPA groups compared with the control group. The two highest doses of BPP induced histopathological changes in the liver such as nuclei distortion, excessive necrosis of hepatocytes, nuclei shrinkage and pyknosis of cells with disrupted cell structure (BPP100), and cellular congestion and degeneration of hepatocytes (BPP50) similar to the two respective doses of BPA. The BPP treated groups also showed varying histopathological changes in kidney tissue, heart tissue, and lung tissue similar to BPA treated rats. In conclusion, the present study indicated that BPP has the potential to induce oxidative stress and alter the histomorphological architecture of different organs and is as deleterious as BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the impact of strontium oxide nanoparticles (SrO-NPs), synthesized through a green method, on seedling growth of bread wheat in hydroponic systems. The wheat plants were exposed to SrO-NPs concentrations ranging from 0.5 mM to 8.0 mM. Various parameters, including shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g), root number, root length (cm), root fresh weight (g), chlorophyll value (SPAD), cell membrane damage (%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) value (µmol/g), malondialdehyde (MDA) value (ng/µL), and enzymatic activities like ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity (EU/g FW), peroxidase (POD) activity (EU/g FW), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U/g FW), were measured to assess the effects of SrO-NPs on the wheat plants in hydroponic conditions. The results showed that the SrO-NPs in different concentrations were significantly affected considering all traits. The highest values were obtained from the shoot length (20.77 cm; 0.5 mM), shoot fresh weight (0.184 g; 1 mM), root number (5.39; 8 mM), root length (19.69 cm; 0 mM), root fresh weight (0.142 g; 1 mM), SPAD (33.20; 4 mM), cell membrane damage (58.86%; 4 mM), H2O2 (829.95 µmol/g; 6 mM), MDA (0.66 ng/µl; 8 mM), APX (3.83 U/g FW; 6 mM), POD (70.27 U/g FW; 1.50 mM), and SOD (60.77 U/g FW; 8 mM). The data unequivocally supports the effectiveness of SrO-NPs application in promoting shoot and root development, chlorophyll levels, cellular tolerance, and the activation of enzymes in wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to decipher the variation in constitutive plant biochemicals, and their influence on development, reproduction and survival of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Aphididae: Hemiptera) on diverse Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss. (Brassicales) cultivars. These studies revealed significant differences in total nymphal, reproductive and developmental periods, fecundity and offspring survival of L. erysimi on the test B. juncea cultivars. Toal developmental period was significantly longer, while fecundity and survival were lower on Pusa Mustard 27, NRCHB 101, RLC 3, RH 749, RH 725, DRMR 150-35, Pusa Mustard 26 and Pusa Mustard 25, except in a few cases. Further, total protein, antioxidants, tannins, phenols, FRAP, glucosinolates, photosynthetic pigments and different enzymes tested were significantly higher, and total sugars lower in Pusa Mustard 32, Pusa Mustard 30, NRCHB 101, RLC 3, DRMR 150-35, Pusa Mustard 26 and Pusa Mustard 27 as compared to other B. juncea cultivars, except in a few cases. Total sugars exhibited significant and positive association with survival of L. erysimi, while total protein, ferric ion reducing power, chlorophyll A, carotenoids, catalase, phenyl ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase showed significant and negative correlation with survival of L. erysimi. Further, the biochemical constituents suggested 94.99, 95.88, 95.30, 97.06 and 84.75% variation in total nymphal, reproductive and total developmental periods, fecundity and survival of the L. erysimi on the test B. juncea cultivars, respectively. Overall, DRMR 150-35, RLC 3, NRCHB 101 and Pusa Mustard 26 have higher amounts of anti-nutritional defence compounds and antioxidative enzymes, distress the growth and survival of L. erysimi, and thus could be deployed in Brassica improvement programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was focused on evaluating the short-term irrigation effect of three different types of distillery wastewater, i.e., untreated, primary treated, and secondary treated, on the germination, growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzymes of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Rachna). The findings indicated that exposure to 50% secondary treated distillery wastewater (ST50) resulted in the maximum values for positive germination parameters of pea, including germination percentage, germination value, germination index, peak value, vigor index, speed of germination, and tolerance index. The minimum values were observed at 100% concentration of untreated wastewater (UT100). In contrast, the maximum values for various negative germination parameters, i.e., percent inhibition, seedling mortality, and germination period, were observed at UT100 and minimum at ST50. All the growth parameters studied, i.e., length of shoot, length of root and length of seedlings, fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, dry weight of shoot, and dry weight of root, showed maximum values at ST50 and minimum at UT100. Photosynthetic pigment analysis also followed a similar trend. The antioxidative enzyme characterization of Pisum sativum L. var. Rachna revealed the minimum values of catalase, ascorbic peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase at ST25 (25% concentration of secondary treated distillery wastewater) and maximum values were observed at UT100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering enormous growth in population, technical advancement, and added reliance on electronic devices leading to adverse health effects, in situ simulations were made to evaluate effects of non-ionizing radiations emitted from three cell phone towers (T1, T2, and T3) of frequency bands (800, 1800, 2300 MHz), (900, 1800, 2300 MHz), and (1800 MHz), respectively. Five sites (S1–S5) were selected near cell phone towers exhibiting different power densities. The site with zero power density was considered as control. Effects of radiations were studied on morphology; protein content; antioxidant enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR); and genotoxicity using Allium cepa. Mean power density (μW/cm2) was recorded as 1.05, 1.18, 1.6, 2.73, and 12.9 for sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. A significant change in morphology, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight in Allium cepa was observed under the exposure at different sites. Protein content of roots showed significant difference for samples at all sites while bulbs at sites S4 and S5 when compared to control. Antioxidant activity for root in terms of APX, GST, and POD showed significant changes at S4 and S5 and GR at site S5 and SOD at S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Similarly, bulbs showed significant changes at sites S4 and S5 for APX while at sites S3, S4, and S5 for POD and S2, S3, S4, and S5 for SOD and S5 for GR and GST. Genotoxicity study has shown induction of abnormalities at different stages of the cell cycle in Allium cepa root tips. The samples under exposure to radiation with maximum power density have shown maximum induction of oxidative stress and genotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maydis leaf blight (MLB), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris maydis, has caused considerable yield losses in maize production. The hypothesis that maize plants with higher foliar silicon (Si) concentration can be more resistant against MLB was investigated in this study. This goal was achieved through an in-depth analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus (parameters of leaf gas exchange chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments) changes in activities of defense and antioxidative enzymes in leaves of maize plants with (+Si; 2 mM) and without (−Si; 0 mM) Si supplied, as well as challenged and not with B. maydis. The +Si plants showed reduced MLB symptoms (smaller lesions and lower disease severity) due to higher foliar Si concentration and less production of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and radical anion superoxide compared to −Si plants. Higher values for leaf gas exchange (rate of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance to water vapor, and transpiration rate) and Chl a fluorescence (variable-to-maximum Chl a fluorescence ratio, photochemical yield, and yield for dissipation by downregulation) parameters along with preserved pool of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids were noticed for infected +Si plants compared to infected −Si plants. Activities of defense (chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase) and antioxidative (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) enzymes were higher for infected +Si plants compared to infected −Si plants. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of using Si to boost maize resistance against MLB considering the more operative defense reactions and the robustness of the antioxidative metabolism of plants along with the preservation of their photosynthetic apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The role of L-histidine (L-His) in nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulation is not well known. The present study aimed to understand the impact of L-His on Ni translocation and Ni tolerance in Odontarrhena inflata and Aurinia saxatilis. Methods: To determine the impact of L-His and L-alanine (L-Ala) on the shoot Ni accumulation, we quantified the Ni concentration in plants pretreated with amino acids for 4 h and then exposed to Ni for 8 h. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidant enzymes activities were determined after 4 h of pretreatments and 48 h of Ni treatments. Results: L-histidine increased Ni translocation to shoots in O. inflata and A. saxatilis. Ni increased the activity of POD, APX, and CAT in both species, but the activities of APX and CAT were higher in O. inflata. Ni exposure increased the H2O2 concentration in A. saxatilis. L-His pretreatment did not decrease the H2O2 concentration in Ni-treated plants, but decreased the activity of POD, APX, and CAT only at 300 µM Ni in O. inflata. In A. saxatilis, L-His pretreatment, decreased the activity of CAT, but increased POD activity at 150 and 300 µM Ni. Pretreatment with L-Ala decreased POD and APX activity but had no significant impact on H2O2 concentration and CAT activity. Conclusion: L-Histidine promoted root-to-shoot Ni translocation and alleviated Ni toxicity, possibly through inducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator plants. Histidine might not only facilitate the Ni translocation, but also contribute to Ni tolerance, at least in A. saxatlilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se), as a vital stress ameliorant, possesses a beneficial effect on mediating detrimental effects of environmental threats. However, the mechanisms of Se in mitigating the deleterious effects of drought are still poorly understood. Gentiana macrophylla Pall. is a well-known Chinese medicinal herb, and its root, as the main medicinal site, has significant therapeutic effects. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the functions of Se on the seedling growth and physiobiochemical characteristics in G. macrophylla subjected to drought stress. The changes in microstructure and chloroplast ultrastructure of G. macrophylla leaves under drought exposure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopes and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscope (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Results revealed that drought stress induced a notable increase in oxidative toxicity in G. macrophylla, as evidenced by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA), enhanced antioxidative response, decreased plant photosynthetic function, and inhibited plant growth. Chloroplasts integrity with damaged membranes and excess osmiophilic granule were observed in the drought-stressed plants. Se supplementation notably recovered the stomatal morphology, anatomical structure damage, and chloroplast ultrastructure of G. macrophylla leaves caused by drought exposure. Exogenous Se application markedly enhanced SPAD, photosynthetic stomatal exchange parameters, and photosystem II activity. Se supplementation significantly promoted the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), while reducing levels of MDA, superoxide anion (O2–.) and H2O2, and improving membrane integrity. Furthermore, the ameliorative effects of Se were also suggested by increased contents of osmotic substances (soluble sugar and proline), boosted content of gentiopicroside and loganinic acid in roots, and alleviated the inhibition in plant growth and biomass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of Se-treated G. macrophylla roots under drought stress demonstrated that Se-stimulated metabolites including O-H, C-H, N-H, C-N, and CO functional groups, were involved in resisting drought stress. Correlation analysis indicated an obvious negative correlation between growth parameters and MDA, O2–. and H2O2 content, while a positive correlation with photosynthetic gas exchange parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) results explained the total variance into two principal components contributing the maximum (93.50 %) among the drought exposure with or without Se due to the various experiment indexes. In conclusion, Se exerts beneficial properties on drought-induced detrimental effects in G. macrophylla by relieving oxidative stress, improving photosynthesis indexes, PSII activity, regulating anatomical changes, altering levels of gentiopicroside and loganinic acid, and promoting growth of drought-stressed G. macrophylla.

The increasing interest in cultivating groundcover plants in warm and semiarid areas requires a better understanding of the salinity effects on landscape plants. This work aimed to study the response of three groundcovers (Alternanthera dentate, Sphagneticola trilobata, and Alternanthera amoena) to high sodium chloride concentrations. The trial was conducted in the natural greenhouse environment. Plants were raised in pots filling clay-loamy soil. Hewitt’s nutrient solution containing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl irrigated the plants. Plant growth, antioxidative enzyme activity, and the relative water content (RWC), proline, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The study indicated that increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution led to: a) significant differences in the fresh weight of shoots among salinity treatments and among species; b) increased root growth with increasing salinity stress up to the mild stress level of 25 mM NaCl, however at different rates with three species; c) reduced RWC of the leaves of three species grown under salinity-induced stress; d) the increased proline content of the leaves, and more pronounced increases with A. dentate and A. amoena from 0 to 50 mM NaCl, and with S. trilobata from 0 to 100 mM NaCl; e) significant changes in the activities of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase; f) significant decrease of the K+/Na+ ratio along with increase of salinity stress; g) increased ratio of leaf/ root content of Cl– in A. dentate and in particular, A. amoena; h) a significant reduction in visual qualities of all examined plants. Therefore, because of its ability to maintain leaf characteristics, visual quality, and salt-tolerance mechanisms even under high salinity, S. trilobata can be considered for urban landscaping projects in semiarid and saline areas where low-quality water is used for irrigation.

AbstractThe present study synthesised and characterised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using spinach tree, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and investigated its potential use as nanofertilizer. The synthesised nanoparticles showed UV–Vis absorption peak at 378 nm which is a feature of ZnO NPs. FT-IR analysis further revealed the presence of O-H stretching, C = C bending, O-H bending and C-N stretching functional groups of the stabilising action of the plant extract on the surface of the nanoparticles. SEM images displayed the shape of NPs to be spherical whereas TEM images showed their distribution sizes to be 100 nm. Synthesised ZnO NPs were used as a nano fertilizer on Sorghum bicolour plant. An increase in the shoot leaf length with an average length of 16.13 ± 0.19 cm as compared to the control group of 15.13 ± 0.07 cm was observed. The rate of photosynthesis also showed a significant increase with total chlorophyll content of 0.2806 ± 0.006 mg/mL as compared with control of 0.2476 ± 0.002 mg/mL. The activity of antioxidative enzymes was measured with an increase in the specific activity of SOD in the plant when ZnO NPs were used over NPK whereas, the specific activities of CAT were similar in all cases.

Abstract The drop in temperature during the winter months can lead to a decrease in growth, induce metabolic stress, and increase mortality incidences. The present study evaluated the potential of functional feed additives in mitigating the negative impacts of winter‐rearing conditions in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Four test diets were evaluated over a twelve‐week feed trial: (1) zinc‐acetate (Zn‐acetate), (2) selenomethionine (Se‐Met), (3) β‐glucan, and (4) control with no added feed additive. The survival rate in the β‐glucan (95.00%) and Zn‐acetate (93.30%) dietary groups was higher than the control (78.30%) and Se‐Met (85.00%). Fish fed with the β‐glucan had the highest weight gain (20.75% increase), specific growth rate (13.75% increase), and lower feed conversion ratio (9.64 % decrease). However, feed additives did not influence the fatty acid profiles or whole‐body proximate composition. Although, Zn‐acetate and Se‐Met had higher body ash content. Serum cortisol and glucose levels were lower in β‐glucan and Zn‐acetate than in other treatment groups. All feed additives resulted in higher superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activity in the liver and muscle. This study found that β‐glucan and zinc‐acetate can improve cold stress resistance and offer a sustainable strategy for catfish rearing over winter.

ABSTRACTIn the current study, the most effective concentrations of moringa leaf extract (MLE), aloe vera gel (AV gel), ascorbic acid (1 mM) and oxalic acid (5 mM) were used. Physically mature fruits harvested from a commercial orchard were dipped in aqueous solutions of different edible coatings and kept at ambient conditions (25±2ºC & 55-60% RH) for evaluation of the quality and enzymatic parameters on daily basis till marketability. Current results revealed that 5 mM ascorbic acid treatment resulted in 57% reduced fruit weight loss; while 20% AV gel coating increased firmness by 60% over a 5-day ambient storage period. Application 6% MLE exhibited 50.7% and 49.7% reduced respiration rate and ethylene production respectively. Fruit biochemical quality parameters were also improved with the lowest accumulation of total soluble solids as a result of slow respiration, higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid contents, carotenoids and anthocyanin contents in all treated fruit. While, total phenolic contents and total antioxidants along with superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and anthocyanins were higher in ascorbic acid treated fruits. The activity of poly phenol oxidase enzyme was lowest in fruits treated with 5 mM ascorbic acid solution. Conclusively, the application of different edible coatings was proved to be beneficial as numerous fruit biochemical and antioxidative attributes were improved by ascorbic acid treatment; furthermore, MLE, AV gel and oxalic acid treatments were also helpful in maintaining fruit quality of strawberry fruits over a 5-days ambient storage period.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects the agricultural sector and poses a significant threat to sustainable crop production. Nanoparticles (NPs) act as biostimulants and significantly mitigate abiotic stress. In this context, this experiment was designed to assess the effects of foliar application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles at 200 and 400 ppm on the growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena) seedlings under moderate (75 mM) and high (150 mM) salinity stress. The TiO2-NPs employed were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The seedlings were assessed physiologically, growth-wise, and biochemically. The seedlings were significantly affected by their physiological attributes (Fv′/Fm′, Fv/Fm, NPQ), growth (root length, shoot length, number of leaves, fresh biomass, dry biomass, leaf greenness), antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APx, GR), stress indicators (H2O2, MDA), and toxic ion (Na+) concentrations. The maximum decrease in physiological and growth attributes in eggplant seedling leaves was observed with no TiO2-NP application at 150 mM NaCl. Applying TiO2-NPs at 200 ppm showed significantly less decrease in Fv’/Fm’, root length, shoot length, number of leaves, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and leaf greenness. In contrast, there were larger increases in SOD, POD, CAT, APx, GR, and TSP. This led to less accumulation of H2O2, MDA, and Na+. No significant difference was observed in higher concentrations of TiO2-NPs compared to the control. Therefore, TiO2-NPs at 200 ppm might be used to grow eggplant seedlings at moderate and high salinity.