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The present study was carried out to assess the fruit traits and phytochemical properties of 39 mulberry genotypes [Morus alba L. (16 white mulberry), Morus rubra L. (11 red mulberry), and Morus nigra L. (12 black mulberry)] selected in Bitlis province (Hizan) of Türkiye. Approximately, 1 kg fruit were hand‐harvested from each genotype. The fruit size, fruit color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content (SSC), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and individual phenolic compounds were determined. The fruit weight varied between 1.80 and 5.84 g in black mulberry, 1.22 and 4.18 g in red mulberry, and 1.29 and 3.10 g in white mulberry. In white mulberry, SSC was determined to be between 19.00% and 38.86%, and in black and red mulberry it was between 11.86% and 21.90% and 12.60% and 18.90%, respectively. The titratable acidity rate, which varied depending on the species, was lower in white mulberry, but the highest acidity rate was recorded in red mulberry. Vitamin C was determined as 33.13 mg 100 g−1 in red mulberry, 24.10 mg 100 g−1 in black mulberry, and 14.03 mg 100 g−1 in white mulberry. Total phenolics in mulberries varied depending on the species, and the red mulberry fruit contained higher phenolic substances, followed by black and white mulberries. The total flavonoids varied between 0.27 and 7.83 g QE kg−1, whereas the flavonoids varied depending on the species and genotype. The highest values in terms of bioactive compounds were recorded in fruits of the 13HZN23 and 37 genotypes. Black and red mulberry fruit were found to have higher levels of individual phenolic content than the white mulberrry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One prominent aspect of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of elevated levels of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Syagrus coronata (S. coronata), a palm tree, exhibits antioxidant activity attributed to its phytochemical composition, containing fatty acids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. The aim of this investigation was to examine the potential neuroprotective effects of S. coronata fixed oil against rotenone-induced toxicity using Drosophila melanogaster. Young Drosophila specimens (3–4 d old) were exposed to a diet supplemented with rotenone (50 µM) for 7 d with and without the inclusion of S. coronata fixed oil (0.2 mg/g diet). Data demonstrated that rotenone exposure resulted in significant locomotor impairment and increased mortality rates in flies. Further, rotenone administration reduced total thiol levels but elevated lipid peroxidation, iron (Fe) levels, and nitric oxide (NO) levels while decreasing the reduced capacity of mitochondria. Concomitant administration of S. coronata exhibited a protective effect against rotenone, as evidenced by a return to control levels of Fe, NO, and total thiols, lowered lipid peroxidation levels, reversed locomotor impairment, and enhanced % cell viability. Molecular docking of the oil lipidic components with antioxidant enzymes showed strong binding affinity to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) enzymes. Overall, treatment with S. coronata fixed oil was found to prevent rotenone-induced movement disorders and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is a biological process in which one organism releases biochemicals that affect the growth and development of other organisms. The current investigation sought to determine the allelopathic effect of Rumex acetosella on white clover (Trifolium repens) growth and development by using its shoot extract (lower IC50 value) as a foliar treatment. Here, different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 g/L) of shoot extract from Rumex acetosella were used as treatments. With increasing concentrations of shoot extract, the plant growth parameters, chlorophyll and total protein content of Trifolium repens decreased. On the other hand, ROS, such as O2.− and H2O2, and antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and POD, increased with increasing shoot extract concentration. A phytohormonal study indicated that increased treatment concentrations increased ABA and SA levels while JA levels were reduced. For the identification of allelochemicals, liquid‒liquid extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and open-column chromatography were conducted using R. acetosella shoot extracts, followed by a seed bioassay on the separated layer. A lower IC50 value was obtained through GC/MS analysis. gammaSitosterol was identified as the most abundant component. The shoot extract of Rumex acetosella has strong allelochemical properties that may significantly impede the growth and development of Trifolium repens. This approach could help to understand the competitive abilities of this weed species and in further research provide an alternate weed management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoid, phenolic component, fatty acid composition, and mineral quantities of cookies produced from cookie dough prepared with a mixture of chufa tubers and wheat flour in different proportions are investigated. The total phenolic quantities of the cookie samples are assessed to be between 28.77 (0% chufa flour) and 110.20 (mg GAE/100 g) (100% chufa flour). The total flavonoid amounts of flour cookies are assigned to be between 34.52 (mg QE/100 g) and 76.43 (mg QE/100 g). The highest antioxidant activity in cookie samples is established as 0.74 (mmol kg−1). The main phenolic components of the cookies with chufa flour added are kaempferol, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acids. While the gallic acid quantities of the samples are depicted between 5.02 mg/100 g (0%) and 0.86 mg/100 g, the 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of the cookies range from 1.79 mg/100 g (75% chufa flour) to 0.95 mg/100 g (100% chufa flour). The phosphorus quantities of the cookie samples are found to be between 2493 and 3196 mg kg−1, while the magnesium amounts are displayed between 578 and 3210 mg kg−1. The potassium quantities of the cookies are established to be between 599 and 2182 mg kg−1. The predominant fatty acids of the oil extracted from the cookie sample are oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid. While the oleic acid quantities of cookie oils vary between 32.08% (0% chufa flour) and 42.33% (100% chufa flour), the linolenic acid quantities of cookie oils are determined between 26.78% (100% chufa flour) and 32.94% (0% chufa flour). In the sensory analysis results of flour cookies, 0% and 25% chufa concentrations receive the highest overall approval rating of 4.75. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis of a novel series of imine derivatives derived from imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine as potential therapeutic agents. The imines were obtained by condensing 2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐6‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3‐carbaldehyde with primary amines, leading to high‐purity products that were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The compounds demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as fungi, such as Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties of the imine derivatives were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS techniques, and the IC50 values measured revealed their ability to scavenge free radicals. Overall, this study provides a valuable contribution to the field of pharmacology by synthesizing a new series of imine derivatives with significant potential as new therapeutic agents, exhibiting both antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The global prevalence of iron deficiency has posed significant public health risks. Animal‐derived collagen peptides have been recognized for their potent metal ion‐chelating capabilities, which can greatly enhance the bioavailability of iron. Yak skins, typically discarded during production and processing, serve as a valuable resource. Based on yak skin collagen peptide (YSP), we have developed a novel iron‐chelating peptide: yak skin collagen iron‐chelating peptide (YSP‐Fe).The maximum level of iron chelation of YSP‐Fe achieved was 42.72 ± 0.65 mg g−1. Structural analysis indicated that YSP‐Fe was primarily formed from amino, carboxyl and carbonyl groups combined with ferrous ions. Through examination of the amino acid composition, molecular docking and peptide sequence identification, it was determined that Gly, Asp and Arg played crucial roles in the chelation of ferrous ions by YSP. Furthermore, YSP‐Fe was more stable in simulated gastrointestinal digestion compared to FeSO4.YSP‐Fe demonstrated dual benefits of iron supplementation and antioxidant effects. These significant findings provide a foundation for the development of novel iron supplements and the effective utilization of yak skin as a valuable resource. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the antioxidant components in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves were separated by offline two‐dimensional liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection (LC×LC‐ECD) and identified by LC‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). A total of 33 antioxidants, mainly proanthocyanidins, and glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin, were identified. The antioxidant assays demonstrated that the fractions collected from the first‐dimension LC (1D‐LC) possessed considerable radical scavenging capabilities, with correlation coefficients of peak area versus radical scavenging capability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) being 0.9335 and 0.9116, respectively. The fingerprinting showed that 37 peaks were present in all samples. The major antioxidant components of persimmon leaves were the glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Finally, fourteen antioxidants were quantitatively assessed. Offline LC×LC provided high peak capacity and separation; ECD enabled specific screening and detection of antioxidant components; and MS/MS provided excellent identification capability. In this study, the combination of the three approaches was utilized to screen for antioxidant components in persimmon leaves, with satisfactory findings. In conclusion, this technique is an effective means for rapid analysis of antioxidant components and quality control of medicinal plants, achieving rapid separation of congeners and facilitating more accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical characterization of the essential oil of the endemic Moroccan species, Calendula maroccana, was achieved by GC and GC-MS methods. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of this essential oil were also studied. Eighty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil, representing 94.82% of the total. Sesquiterpenes predominate in the essential oil; 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (16.13%), δ-amorphene (13.56%), α-cedrene (6.23%), γ-curcumene (5.10%) and α-bisabolol (4.94%) were the main constituents. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays: the essential oil exhibited antioxidant effectiveness with IC50 values of 0.92, 0.3 and 1.7 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the essential oil showed potent antimicrobial activity as revealed by inhibition zone values against selected clinically important pathogenic microorganisms. Inhibition zone values of 15.33 ± 0.19, 23 ± 0.05 and 15.33 ± 0.33 mm were observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and C. tropicalis, respectively. The maximal and minimal inhibition concentration values were in the range of 0.25 ± 0.17 - 4.68 ± 0.10 mg/mL for bacteria and 0.06 ± 0.03 - 0.12 ± 0.14 mg/mL, for Candida. The essential oil showed potent anti-biofilm activity with dual actions, inhibiting (69 - 88%) and eradicating (75 - 92%) the biofilms formed by the three tested bacteria strains. Based on these results, this essential oil can be considered as a natural antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm agent that could be applied in phytotherapy, pharmaceutical and food sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite several decades of research, the beneficial effect of flavonoids on health is still enigmatic. Here, we focus on the antioxidant effect of flavonoids, which is elementary to their biological activity. A relatively new strategy for obtaining a more accurate understanding of this effect is to leverage computational chemistry. This review systematically presents various computational chemistry indicators employed over the past five years to investigate the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. We categorize these strategies into five aspects: electronic structure analysis, thermodynamic analysis, kinetic analysis, interaction analysis, and bioavailability analysis. The principles, characteristics, and limitations of these methods are discussed, along with current trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the optimal extraction methods for flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers (AMF) is crucial for unlocking their potential benefits. This study aimed to optimize the efficiency of flavonoid extraction from AMF. After comparing extraction methods, the ultrasonic cell crusher demonstrated superior performance over conventional techniques. Four key factors—solid-to-liquid ratio (1:10 to 1:50 g·mL−1), ethanol concentration (55% to 95%), ultrasonic time (10 to 50 min), and ultrasonic power (5% to 25% of 900 W)—were investigated and normalized using the entropy weight method. This led to a comprehensive evaluation (CE). Optimization of extraction conditions for the ultrasonic cell crusher was achieved through response surface methodology and a deep neural network model, resulting in optimal parameters: ethanol volume fraction of 66%, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:21 g/mL, extraction efficiency of 9%, and extraction duration of 35 min, yielding a CE value of 23.14 (RSD < 1%). Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the optimized extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were assessed. The results revealed that AMF extract (AMFE) exhibits inhibitory effects on S. mutans, with concomitant inhibition of sucrase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The MIC of AMFE against planktonic S. mutans is 3 mg/mL, with an MBC of 6 mg/mL. Within the concentration range of 1/8 MIC to 2 MIC of AMFE, the activities of sucrase and LDH decreased by 318.934 U/mg prot and 61.844 U/mg prot, respectively. The antioxidant activity of AMFE was assessed using the potassium ferricyanide reduction and phosphomolybdenum methods. Additionally, the effect of AMFE on DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH free radical scavenging abilities was determined. The concentrations at which AMFE exhibited over 90% scavenging rate for ABTS and DPPH free radicals were found to be 0.125 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress significantly contributes to ageing and disease, with antioxidants holding promise in mitigating its effects. Functional foods rich in flavonoids offer a potential strategy to mitigate oxidative damage by free radicals. We investigated the protective effects of mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF) against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. It assessed the inhibitory effect of MLF (62.5–500 μg/mL) on H2O2-induced oxidative damage by analyzing cellular morphology and oxidative stress markers, including ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, antioxidant enzyme levels, MDA, and apoptosis-related proteins. The results demonstrated that MLF prevented spiny cell formation triggered by 750 μM H2O2 and significantly reduced ROS levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased lactate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase leakage, and reduced MDA content induced by H2O2. MLF also modulated antioxidant enzymes and attenuated oxidative damage to HepG2 cell DNA, as confirmed by staining techniques. These findings indicate the potential of MLF as a hepatoprotective agent against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yerba Mate drink made from dried and crushed leaves and twigs of Paraguayan holly (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), which is a valuable source of bioactive substances, in particular antioxidants. The available literature lacks data on changes in the content and profile of bioactive compounds such as tannins, caffeine, the phenolic acid profile of flavonoids and carotenoids, as well as total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in Yerba Mate infusions depending on different brewing conditions, and how different brewing conditions affect the physicochemical properties of these infusions. Therefore, this study evaluated the physicochemical properties of dried and Yerba Mate infusions prepared via single and double brewing processes at 70 °C and 100 °C. The organoleptic evaluation, as well as the instrumental color measurement, showed significant changes in the total color difference (ΔE) and the L*a*b* chromatic coordinates of dried Yerba Mate samples and their infusions. Moreover, the research showed higher contents of tannins (mean 1.36 ± 0.14 g/100 g d.m.), caffeine (mean 17.79 ± 3.49 mg/g d.m.), carotenoids (mean 12.90 ± 0.44 μg/g d.m.), phenolic acids (mean 69.97 ± 7.10 mg/g d.m.), flavonoids (mean 5.47 ± 1.78 mg/g d.m.), total polyphenols (mean 55.26 ± 8.51 mg GAE/g d.m.), and antioxidant activity (mean 2031.98 ± 146.47 μM TEAC/g d.m.) in single-brewed Yerba Mate infusions compared to double-brewed (0.77 ± 0.12 g/100 g d.m., 14.28 ± 5.80 mg/g d.m., 12.67 ± 0.62 μg/g d.m., 57.75 ± 8.73 mg/g d.m., 3.64 ± 0.76 mg/g d.m., 33.44 ± 6.48 mg GAE/g d.m. and 1683.09 ± 155.34 μM TEAC/g d.m., respectively). In addition, infusions prepared at a lower temperature (70 °C) were characterized by a higher content of total polyphenols and higher antioxidant activity, in contrast to the tannin and carotenoid contents, the levels of which were higher at 100 °C than at 70 °C. Considering the high amount of bioactive ingredients, in particular antioxidants, and a wide range of health benefits, it is worth including Yerba Mate in the daily diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of cannabinoids from the inflorescence and leaves of Cannabis sativa L. is gaining interest from researchers, in addition to addressing the under-utilization of the by-products in the stems and roots of the trees. The present study investigated the recovery of pectin from the left-over parts of hemp tress using an eco-friendly method with the aid of organic acids. Different cannabis cultivars—Chalotte's Angels (CHA) and Hang-Krarog (HKR)—were used as plant materials. The stems of both cannabis cultivars contained more pectin than the roots, and tartaric acid-aided extraction provided higher yields than from citric acid. Extracting the acid solution affected some characteristics, thereby differentiating the functional properties of the derived pectin. Extraction using tartaric acid provided pectin with a higher galacturonic acid content, whereas pectin with a higher methylation degree could be prepared using citric acid. The pectin samples extracted from the stems of CHA (P-CHA) and HKR (P-HKR) had low methoxyl pectin. P-CHA had better free radical scavenging capability, whereas P-HKR showed more potent reducibility. Considering the functional properties, P-CHA showed greater emulsion formability and foaming activity, whereas P-HKR possessed a better thickening effect. The present work suggests the feasible utilization of P-CHA and P-HKR as food additives with bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical profile and bioactivity of Diplotaxis harra subsp. crassifolia (Brassicaceae), a species from central–southern Sicily (Italy), where it is consumed as a salad. For this purpose, LC–ESI/HRMSn analysis of the ethanolic extract was performed, highlighting the occurrence, along with flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and oxylipins, of sulfated secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and various sulfooxy derivatives (e.g., C13 nor-isoprenoids, hydroxyphenyl, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives), most of which were never reported before in the Brassicaeae family or in the Diplotaxis genus. Following ethnomedicinal information regarding this species used for the treatment of various pathologies such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, D. harra ethanolic extract was evaluated for its antioxidant potential using different in vitro tests such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Ferric Reducing Ability Power, and β-carotene bleaching tests. The inhibitory activity of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and pancreatic lipase was also assessed. In the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay, an IC50 value comparable to the positive control ascorbic acid (2.87 vs. 1.70 μg/mL, respectively) was obtained. The wild-wall rocket salad extract showed a significant α-amylase inhibitory effect. Obtained results indicate that Sicilian wild-wall rocket contains phytochemicals that can prevent hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosehip fruits, characterized by their high concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (AA), have been traditionally used to make jams, infusions, and juices. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the stability of rosehip juice by determining the concentrations of bioactive compounds and total phenols and the AA using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The stability of the juice was evaluated with three treatments and different storage conditions, namely, unpasteurized–refrigerated, pasteurized–room temperature, and pasteurized–refrigerated, and measurements were taken for eight months. Individual and total phenolic compounds, evaluated by chromatographic methods, reported differences until the end of this study. The total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu method presented an average decrease of 57% in the three treatments in relation to the initial conditions. On the other hand, the ascorbic acid content decreased considerably, disappearing at week six. Furthermore, for the unpasteurized–refrigerated and pasteurized–refrigerated samples, a correlation was found between flavonols, total phenols, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity determined by the TEAC method. For the pasteurized–room temperature samples, correlations were found between the levels of several flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid, total phenols, and ascorbic acid and the antioxidant activity determined by the CUPRAC method. The stability of the compounds was mainly correlated with the storage conditions of the juice and not with pasteurization. The highest stability was observed for the unpasteurized–refrigerated and pasteurized–refrigerated samples. Although the concentrations of the compounds evaluated decreased during this study, significant levels of AA persisted, providing beneficial characteristics for consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyracantha fortuneana (P. fortuneana) fruit is a wild fruit that is popular because of its delicious taste and numerous nutrients, and phenolic compounds are considered to be the main bioactive components in P. fortuneana fruits. However, the relationship between phenolic compounds and their antioxidant and tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitory activities during the ripening process is still unclear. The study compared the influence of the five developmental stages on the accumulation of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and TYR inhibitory activity in the fruits of P. fortuneana. The compounds were identified by offline two‐dimensional liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection (2D‐LC‐ECD) combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and the main active ingredients were quantified. The results showed that stage II had higher total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as higher antioxidant and TYR inhibitory activity, but the total anthocyanin content was lowest at this stage. A total of 30 compounds were identified by 2D‐LC‐ECD. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis screened out six major potential markers, including phenolic acids, procyanidins, and flavonoids. In addition, it was found that caffeoylquinic acids, procyanidins, and flavonoids were higher in stage II than in stages I, III, IV, and V, whereas anthocyanins accumulated gradually from stages III to V. Therefore, this study suggests that the changes in antioxidant and TYR inhibitory activities of P. fortuneana during the five developmental stages may be due to the transformation of procyanidins, caffeoylquinic acids, and phenolic glycosides into other forms during the fruit maturation process. Practical Application: Differences in chemical constituents, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in fruit maturity stages of P. fortuneana were elucidated to provide reference for rational harvesting and utilization of the fruits and their bioactive components. These findings are expected to provide a comprehensive assessment of the bioactive profile and guide the food industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits are a diverse and economically important group of fruit crops known for their distinctive flavors and high nutritional value. Their cultivation and consumption contribute significantly to the global agricultural economy and offer a wide range of health benefits. Among the genetic diversity of citrus species, Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck is particularly relevant due to its chemical composition and potential health benefits. Two cultivars from the Sicily region (southern Italy) were compared for their phenolic content and preliminary antioxidant activity to select the distinctive extract with potential biological activity. A detailed characterization revealed the occurrence of phenolics, coumarins, and flavonoids. The quantification of metabolites contained in the selected extract was performed by an ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with an ultraviolet detector. Different concentrations were tested in vivo through the fish embryo acute toxicity test, and the 50% lethal dose of 107,833 µg mL−1 was calculated. Finally, the effect of the extract on hatching was evaluated, and a dose‐dependent relationship with the accelerated hatching rate was reported, suggesting a Femminello Zagara Bianca green peel upregulating effect on the hatching enzymes. Practical Application: Citrus fruits and their products continue to be one of the natural food sources with the highest waste output. In this study, we demonstrate how food industry waste, particularly lemon peel, is rich in bioactive compounds with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may be used in the nutraceuticals industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of coffee leaves in kombucha production has intrigued researchers; however, the lack of understanding regarding the characteristics of coffee leaf kombucha (CK) and its differentiation from black tea kombucha (BK) has impeded its application in the beverage industry. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and compare the physiochemical properties, phytochemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory ability of kombucha prepared from the leaves of Coffea arabica (CK) and black tea (Camellia sinensis, BK) and their extracts (CT and BT). After fermentation, pH and the contents of total sugars, reducing sugars, and free amino acids of BK and CK were decreased, whereas the levels of total acids and organic acids, such as gluconic, lactic, and acetic acid were increased. Notably, the concentration of vitamin C in CK was 48.9% higher than that in BK. HPLC analysis exhibited that 5‐caffeoylquinic acid in CT was significantly decreased by 48.0% in CK, whereas the levels of 3‐caffeoylquinic acid and 4‐caffeoylquinic acid were significantly increased after fermentation. The content of caffeine was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 9.5% and 22.0% in BK and CK, respectively, whereas the theobromine level was significantly increased in CK. Notably, CK has superior total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity than BK, whereas BK possesses higher α‐glucosidase inhibitory capacity. Electronic nose analysis demonstrated that sulfur‐containing organics were the main volatiles in both kombuchas, and fermentation significantly increased their levels. Our study indicates that coffee leaves are a promising resource for preparing kombucha. Practical Application: This article investigates the differences in physicochemical properties, bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of kombucha preparation from black tea and coffee leaves. We have found that after fermentation BK had brighter soup color and higher α‐glucosidase inhibitory capacity, whereas CK had higher levels of total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidants and lower contents of sugars. This study provides valuable information for the preparation of CK with high‐quality attributes and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR, TEM, and DLS, were employed to assess both lignin and LNP properties. The antioxidant activity of the LNPs was evaluated as well. The results demonstrated the successful formation of spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm with initial lignin concentrations of 1 and 2%w/v. The study highlighted the crucial role of lignin purity in LNP formation and colloidal stability, noting that residual carbohydrates adversely affect efficiency. This method offers a straightforward, environmentally friendly approach using cost-effective solvents, applicable to diverse lignin sources. The innovation of this study lies in its demonstration of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to produce stable, nanometric-sized spherical LNPs. These LNPs have significant potential as reinforcement materials due to their reinforcing capability, hydrophilicity, and UV absorption. This work underscores the importance of starting material purity for optimizing the process and achieving the desired nanometric dimensions, marking a pioneering advancement in lignin-based nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study deals with an examination of strategies for the sequential treatment of corn stalks (CSs) in an integrated manner aiming to obtain papermaking fibers and to recover both lignin and hemicelluloses (HCs). Several pathways of valorization were experimentally trialed, focusing on getting information from mass balance analysis in an attempt to reveal the potential outcomes in terms of pulp yield, chemical composition, and papermaking properties such as tensile and burst strength. The raw lignin amounts and purity as well as separated hemicelluloses were also characterized. In this work, pulp yields in the range of 44–50% were obtained from CSs, while lignin and hemicelluloses yielded maximum values of 10 g/100 g of CS and 6.2 g/100 g of CS, respectively. Other findings of mass balance analysis evidenced that besides the papermaking pulp, the lignin and HCs also have interesting output values. The recovered lignin yield values were shown to be less than 50% in general, meaning that even if 67 to 90% of it is removed from CSs, only about half is recovered. The removal rates of hemicelluloses were found to be in the range of approx. 30 to 60%. About 15 to 25% of the original HCs could be recovered, and polysaccharides-based products with 67 to 75% xylan content could be obtained. Some key opinions were developed regarding how the mass balance could turn as a result of the chosen CS valorization set-up. The determined antioxidant activity showed that both lignin and hemicelluloses had interesting values for IC50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of plant‐based residues has been extensively employed for the control of diverse illnesses, owing to their safety and minimal adverse effects. In the current study, it was aimed for the characterization of the bioactive, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities of fresh pistachio shell skin (FPSS), green walnut husk and walnut membrane (GWH), almond outer shell and inner brown skin (ASIS), as well as peanut husk and inner skin (PHIS) to be used as industrial food processing by‐products. The results showed that the samples exhibited different extraction yields, with GWH having the highest percentage at 15.18%, followed by FPSS at 12.81%, ASIS at 10.29%, and PHIS at 7.80%. FPSS had the highest total phenolic content (16.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) as well as the best antioxidant capabilities for DPPH (8.96 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g), FRAP (11.46 mg TE/g), and ABTS (22.38 mg TE/g) assays. FPSS was followed by PHIS, ASIS, and GWH, respectively. Moreover, the extracts exhibited relatively low activity against acetylcholinesterase, α‐glucosidase, and α‐amylase compared to standard acarbose or galantamine. Furthermore, the extracts may have the potential to induce cytotoxic effects, varying from moderate to mild, on both cancerous (IC50 = 454.55–617.28 μg/mL) and healthy cells (IC50 = 438.60–490.20 μg/mL). The results of this research showed that shell residues of nut hold promise for a variety of industrial applications spanning the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detrimental effects of salinity could be mitigated by exogenous zinc (Zn) application; however, the mechanisms underlying this amelioration are poorly understood. This study demonstrated the interaction between Zn and salinity by measuring plant biomass, photosynthetic performance, ion concentrations, ROS accumulation, antioxidant activity and electrophysiological parameters in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Salinity stress (200 mM NaCl for 3 weeks) resulted in a massive reduction in plant biomass; however, both fresh and dry weight of shoots were increased by ~30% with adequate Zn supply. Zinc supplementation also maintained K+ and Na+ homeostasis and prevented H2O2 toxicity under salinity stress. Furthermore, exposure to 10 mM H2O2 resulted in massive K+ efflux from root epidermal cells in both the elongation and mature root zones, and pre-treating roots with Zn reduced ROS-induced K+ efflux from the roots by 3–4-fold. Similar results were observed for Ca2+. The observed effects may be causally related to more efficient regulation of cation-permeable non-selective channels involved in the transport and sequestration of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ in various cellular compartments and tissues. This study provides valuable insights into Zn protective functions in plants and encourages the use of Zn fertilisers in barley crops grown on salt-affected soils. Exogenous Zn supply improve salinity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare) by significant reduction in shoot Na+ load and improved K+ retention in leaf root and mesophyll cells. The above effects are attributed to regulation of non-selective channels involved in transport of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ across cellular membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex trifolia L., a shrub plant, has long been used as a massage oil to treat a variety of ailments, particularly pain relief. Despite its long history of use, there has not been enough research done on its phytochemical profile and biological properties to validate its traditional use. Therefore, this current research aimed to evaluate its phytochemical profile and biological properties in two forms: Vitex trifolia L. ethanolic extract (VTE) and Vitex trifolia L. oil (VTO), which could be advantageous for clinical usage. Quality control of raw plant material, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and casticin of VTE and VTO were investigated. Furthermore, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and cytotoxicity of VTE and VTO were evaluated. The study indicated that VTE contained more total phenolics (66.74±15.52 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (29.68±2.05 mg CE/g extract), and casticin (2.45±0.02 mg/mL) than VTO. VTE consistently demonstrated stronger antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties than VTO. Taken together, VTE possessed remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities with no cytotoxic effects on cells. Even VTO had weak biological abilities. However, its stability testing revealed that the modestly accepted adjustments remained stable. Therefore, this study suggests that Vitex trifolia L. could be used as a natural product for health promotion and therapy. [Display omitted] • Vitex trifoliax ethanolic extract (VTE) are rich in phenolics and flavonoids. • VTE possessed strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. • Stability testing of Vitex trifolia oil (VTO) was stable with the slightly changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, spray drying independent operating conditions such as the inlet air temperature (A-IAT 130, 150 and 170 °C), outlet air temperature (B-OAT 60, 70 and 80 °C), needle speed (C-NS 3S, 4S, 5S), maltodextrin concentration (D-MD 10, 15, 20 %), pump speed (E-PS 5, 10, 15 mL/min) and water/grape pomace ratio (F-W/GP ratio 10, 15, 20) were optimized to develop the spray-dried grape pomace powder (SDGPP) with maximum yield. The impact of these conditions on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH· values) of SDGPP samples were analyzed. The independent spray drying factors (IAT, OAT, NS, MD, PS, and W/GP ratio) impart a strong direct effect (p ≤ 0.05) on powder yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values. The interaction effects (A × B, A × C, A × D, A × E, A × F, B × C, B × D, B × E, B × F, C × D, C × E, C × F, D × E, D × F, and E × F) of independent variables were noted non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) for response values. After validation of the model and verification of results, the independents' variables were found in the range of 170 °C (IAT), 80 °C (OAT), 4S (NS), 15 % (MD), 10 mL/min (PS) and 15 (W/GP ratio) for yield (64.7 ± 1.18 %), TPC (7.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g), TFC (3.19 ± 0.30 mg CE/g) and DPPH· 140.3 ± 1.59 (100 µL/mL), respectively. The decrease in TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values of SDGPP samples was noted during 60 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH (p ≤ 0.05) but not greater than unprocessed samples. It could be concluded that the protection of phenolic contents and retention of antioxidant activity of dried powders can be achieved at optimized spray drying conditions for discerning food and byproduct processing industries. [Display omitted] • Spray drying of phenolics rich grape pomace is a promising method for encapsulation. • Interaction for spray drying independent factors was optimized for pomace powder. • The quality of raw and spray-dried grape pomace was evaluated during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, steam cooked beetroots commercially available, were subjected to analyses of pH, total acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and EC50, betacyanins and betaxanthins content expressed as betalains, along with TVC (total viable count) during refrigerated storage for 9 days. The aim of the study was to characterize the product by means of microbiological, physicochemical, and phytochemical content analyses, and investigate whether there were any differences in the measured parameters during refrigerated storage. Results showed that the shelf-life of steam cooked beetroots was estimated to be 3 days (log CFU/g < 7), whereas in the 6th day of storage the TVC population reached 8.47 log CFU/g. Among the physicochemical parameters studied, pH and total acidity varied significantly (p < 0.05) during refrigerated storage. The same holds for total phenolic, betacyanins, betaxanthins, and betalains content, whereas only antioxidant activity and EC50 did not show any significant (p > 0.05) differences during refrigerated storage as indicated by one-way analysis of variance. Multivariate analysis of variance along with linear discriminant analysis and k-nearest neighbors indicated that steam cooked beetroots could be classified according to storage time by a high prediction rate using the statistically significant parameters. Data were further evaluated using a non supervised chemometric technique, and comparable results were obtained. Finally, the retaining of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content along with the pigment content in good levels after the spoilage of the product, indicate the possibility of using steam cooked beetroots as a potential food-waste matrix, after the proper processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera astragalina, a versatile medicinal plant, has gained significant attention because of its rich phytochemical composition and diverse therapeutic properties. I. astragalina contains sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids, making it ideal for a variety of therapeutic purposes. In this review, an in-depth look at the phytoconstituents and their biological activity is presented. The anti-microbial properties of the plant extracts have been demonstrated against drug-resistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to vancomycin and methicillin. Moreover, the plant exhibits moderate to potent anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei and weak anti-protozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum. In various cancer cell lines, astragalin extracts have demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects, suggesting their potential as anti-cancer agents. Due to its high phenolic content, the plant has an antioxidant effect, which has contributed to its traditional use for managing oxidative stress. In addition, I. astragalina is packed with essential amino acids, minerals (such as iron, manganese, and zinc), and vitamins. The comprehensive analysis of I. astragalina emphasizes its important role in drug discovery, nutrition, and healthcare, as well as its tremendous therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress driven by the accumulation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human body is a key contributor to various diseases. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric, has garnered attention for its antioxidant potential. In this context, a recent experimental study by Hao et al. introduced curcumin derivatives with incorporated electron-donating groups (allyl and isopentenyl), aiming to enhance antioxidant activity while circumventing the limitations of traditional curcumin. Building upon this experimental foundation, our study employs computational techniques (DFT) to unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning the superior antioxidant effects observed in these novel derivatives. We investigated three prominent antioxidant mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer-proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Our results reveal that the allyl and isopentenyl groups contribute in enhancing the antioxidant properties of the derivatives, as evidenced by reduced energies of most of thermodynamic parameters. Moreover, the analysis of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies indicates their enhanced reactivity. Notably, the computational investigation of spin densities validates the radical scavenging potential of these derivatives. Our findings suggest that the strategically designed derivatives exhibit powerful antioxidant properties, positioning them as promising candidates for further therapeutic applications. This comprehensive study bridges experimental findings with computational insights to unravel the intricate molecular mechanisms driving the enhanced antioxidant efficacy of the newly developed curcumin derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed an innovative approach to the development of sustainable and biodegradable food packaging materials by incorporating inexpensive nano-silica (SiO2NPs) in designed hydrogel (CSG) film employing biodegradable polymers: synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), natural polymer - carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and protein-based bio-polymer –gelatine, and a commercial crosslinker, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) through a conventional air-dry casting technique. The CSG hydrogel blends were modified with varying amounts of SiO2NPs (0.05g, 0.1g, 0.15g and 0.2g) and compared with the blend without SiO2NPs to determine the effect of SiO2NPs loading through various characterisation techniques and applications including antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Comprehensive characterizations of the CSG films revealed that CSG 0.1 (containing 0.1g SiO2NPs) exhibited the most favourable functional properties, low crystallinity, high flexibility, suitable pore size, thermal stability, adequate tensile strength, elongation at the breaking point and maximum stability by swelling and diffusion test. The addition of SiO2NPs consistently enhanced thermal and mechanical stability in all CSG films. Further, these CSG films were implemented for antioxidant test and antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Bacillus cereus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. SiO2NPs integration significantly elevated the antioxidant capacity in all films, with CSG 0.1 showing ⁓7% improvement. The antimicrobial activity of SiO2NPs-modified CSG films was also notable, with CSG 0.1 effectively inhibiting B. cereus by 1.2cm zone and E. coli by 0.5cm zone. A soil burial test was performed to pattern the biodegradability of CSG hydrogels. Therefore, the outstanding improvements in the intrinsic properties of CSG films, owing to SiO2NPs modification, positioned these CSG hydrogels as promising candidates for advanced food packaging materials in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The study investigated the effect of different spices–cardamom, chilli, ginger, and turmeric on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, colour, and sensory attributes of kale crisps. Specifically, the antioxidant capacity was ranked as follows: kale crisps with turmeric > chilli ≈ ginger > cardamom ≈ control crisps. The analysis using HPLC‐MS/MS focused on 15 specific compounds. Kale crisps contained predominantly chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, with turmeric crisps having the highest levels. Turmeric kale crisps exhibited the best sensory properties for overall appearance and crispness. The study found that kale crisps have a high folate content, with ginger crisps containing the highest amounts. Cardamom kale crisps preserved high folate content but had a strong aroma and bitter flavour. The study found lightness (L*) positively correlated with aroma desirability, while redness (a*) negatively correlated with flavour desirability. The chilli kale crisps had a strong flavour and lost their green colour the most, resulting in a lower panel ranking despite high antioxidant potential. This study indicates that kale crisps, especially those with turmeric, may represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds and functional properties. Sensory evaluation indicated their high levels of acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the current work, the effect of pumpkin parts on the oil content, total phenol, flavonoid, carotenoid quantities, antioxidant capacity, phenolic components, fatty acid profiles and mineral profiles of pumpkin parts was investigated. Total carotenoid and phenolic amounts of pumpkin parts were recorded to be from 36.84 (seed) and 29.92 μg g−1 (pulp) to 28.75 (pulp) and 67.68 mgGAE/100 g (peel) respectively. Also, total flavonoid quantities of the parts of pumpkin were assigned between 21.07 mg/100 g (pulp) and 220.36 mg/100 g (seed), while antioxidant activities of pumpkin samples range from 0.04 mmol kg−1 (pulp) to 0.82 mmol kg−1 (seed). Catechin and caffeic acid amounts of pumpkin parts varied from 13.25 (seed) and 77.31 mg/100 g (peel) to 4.70 (seed) and 7.60 mg/100 g (peel) respectively. The amount of catechin detected in the pumpkin peel was approximately two and five times higher than the pulp part. Resveratrol content was lowest in the pulp part of the pumpkin. Oleic and linoleic acid values of the oils ranged from 19.23% (peel) to 29.16% (seed) and from 18.15% (peel) to 51.06% (seed) respectively. Stearic, oleic and linoleic acids of pumpkin pulp oil were higher than pumpkin peel oil. Pumpkin seed oils are rich in oleic and linoleic acids. P, K, Mg, S and Fe were the dominant biogenic minerals of pumpkin parts. The most of total carotenoids and total phenols were accumulated in the peel part of the pumpkin fruit. The total flavonoid quantity of pumpkin seeds was approximately three times higher than the pumpkin peel part and ten times higher than the pulp part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of dehydration of some physico‐chemical characteristics, total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of green and red jalapeno pepper fruits was investigated. The total carotenoid contents of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were reported to be between 14.15 (fresh) and 129.00 μg/g (540 and 720 W) to 2.8 (fresh) and 27.25 μg/g (720 W), respectively. Total phenolic results of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were recorded between 205.83 (fresh) and 343.93 mg GAE/100 g (540 W) to 81.69 (fresh) and 309.88 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (air drying), respectively. The highest decrease in L* results (brightness) of both red (32.33) and green (36.45) peppers was determined with air drying. Gallic acid, catechin and kaempferol were the predominant phenolic compounds of jalapeno peppers. Gallic acid amounts of red and green jalapeno pepper samples changed between 3.23 (fresh) and 16.20 mg/100 g (air) to 2.41 (fresh) and 9.30 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Also, catechin amounts of both red and green dehydrated jalapeno pepper fruits were determined between 3.24 (fresh) and 106.33 mg/100 g (900 W) to 2.89 (fresh) and 90.05 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Both conventional and microwave drying has caused the reduction of redness for red pepper and greenness for green pepper. The phenolic components of red jalapeno peppers were partially higher than the green ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites of plants that are produced in response to environmental stress and to protect the plant against harsh conditions. These compounds have both health effects on humans and also have preservative effects in food products. The conditions for extracting active compounds have a significant effect on their functional activities, and conventional and new methods have been used to extract bioactive compounds from plants. The aim of this study was to compare the extraction methods of bioactive compounds of Persian Golnar extract (PGE). In this research three methods of ohmic (temperatures of 45 °C and 60 °C for 40 and 60 min), ultrasonic (temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C for 20 and 40 min) and perculation (for 24, 48 and 72 h) were used to prepare PGE, and the best extract was selected based on the extraction yield, total phenol content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging). The results showed that there was no significant difference between the extraction yields of all three methods (p>0.05). The ohmic method had the same TPC as the ultrasonic method, but showed a higher TAC and antioxidant activity and was chosen as the best method. The optimal treatment in this stage included ohmic method, 60 °C and 40 min, and the extract obtained under these conditions contained 109.74 mg GAE/g of TPC, 373.26 mg/g of TAC and 81.11% antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalization of phenolic compounds by lipophilization allowing the synthesis of new compounds with improved biological properties. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of eight synthesized phenolipids, derived from bioactive coumaric and ferulic acid esters, against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans. Antioxidant activity, as well as antimicrobial capacity were evaluated through DPPH assays and classical disc agar diffusion, respectively, concomitantly with the evaluation of cellular viability using flow cytometry assay. Antioxidant activities results showed that ferulic acid esters exhibit higher antiradical activity than coumaric acid esters. Results of agar diffusion assay revealed that, 1-methylpropyl coumarate and 1-methylpropyl ferulate (1-MPF) have an effective antimicrobial activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) values between 0.9 and 3.5 mM against all tested microorganisms. Also, flow cytometry showed that 1-MPF and decyl coumarate exhibited significant bactericidal activity (p < 0.05), with almost 63 % of dead Bacillus subtilis cells. Compared to the commonly used agar method, flow cytometry proved to be a fast and straightforward analytical tool to assess antimicrobial activity while providing information on inhibition type. These results suggest the applicability of phenolipids as potent lipophilic bioactive molecules to protect food products and cosmetic formulations from oxidative stress and microbial spoilage. [Display omitted] • A series of phenolipids were successfully synthesized. • Phenolipids antimicrobial activity was assessed by flow cytometry and agar assays. • Flow cytometry showed bactericidal activities of 1-MPF and DC against B. subtilis. • Agar tests showed inhibitory effect of 1-MPC, 1-MPF against three strains. • Antioxidant effect of ferulic esters was higher than that of the coumaric esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate magnetic fields (MF) and a bio-based solvent as greener alternatives for processing natural astaxanthin from Phaffia rhodozyma biomass. To improve carotenoid production, MF was evaluated using a central composite design (CCD), which demonstrated effectiveness by increasing astaxanthin production by 24.8% and productivity by 78.9% by comparison with the control in validated models. In the context of solid-liquid extraction, an environmental assessment of astaxanthin recovery identified ethanol (EtOH) as a promising and sustainable alternative, with an 89% recovery yield during processing. Furthermore, the study inspired an assessment of the stability of carotenogenic extracts at various temperatures throughout time, providing useful information about antioxidant activity and color parameters during storage. This study is one of the first to incorporate insights into the use of MF application and a bio-based solvent as greener alternatives for processing natural astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma biomass. [Display omitted] • Magnetic fields (MF) were first used in the design of experiments (DoE). • MF application increased the astaxanthin production and astaxanthin productivity. • Recovery of astaxanthin from P. rhodozyma biomass using ethanol is promising. • Astaxanthin thermal degradation was evaluated during storage. • Insights into antioxidant activity and color were assessed during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of access to hygienic conditions and clean water is a serious issue in developing countries. Eco-friendly, bio-synthesised nanomaterials-based catalyst will be potential candidate material for waste water treatment. In this study, Phyllanthus niruri plant extract was used to make non-toxic, cost-effective ZnO NPs. The X-ray diffraction pattern was shown that the bio-synthesised ZnO NPs were in hexagonal wurtzite structure. The SEM image was used to analyse the surface morphology of the NPs, and the chemical purity of the NPs was analysed by EDAX spectrum. The various functional groups that exist in the NPs and purity of the prepared samples were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The bio-synthesised ZnO NPs decolourised the methylene blue dye and Reactive Red 120. The larger surface area of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and wide absorption band of the NPs led to superior photocatalytic activity under the sunlight irradiation. The bio-synthesised ZnO NPs prevented or slowed down the oxidative damage of cells by controlling the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistacia lentiscus leaf extract has been used as a reducing and capping agent for the green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The optical and structural properties were determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the UV-Vis spectra, an absorption peak at 310 nm was observed, whereas the FTIR spectra revealed a peak at 680 cm-1, attributed to the vibration of ZnO NPs and confirmed their formation. X-ray analysis showed the crystalline quality of the ZnO product, with well-defined peaks on the (002), (100), and (101) planes, confirming a hexagonal structure (JCPDS-file: 36-1451). The grain size of the ZnO NPs was approximately 33.90 nm in diameter. Using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), the morphology of the nanoparticles resembled dried cotton, whereas EDS confirmed the presence of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). The evaluation of antioxidant activity involved the DPPH test, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography, and spectrophotometric assay. The methanolic extract exhibited high antiradical potential, followed by aqueous, etheric, and finally ZnO NPs. Testing the antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and two Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) involved determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles displayed considerable antibacterial effects compared with crude extracts, demonstrating inhibition zones of (24 ± 1) mm and (20 ± 2) mm, respectively, against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, with a bactericidal effect evident by a MBC/MIC ratio of 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Java tea is widely consumed and has multiple health effects. This study established a steam explosion (SE) pretreatment method to prepare Java tea‐leaf powders. The physicochemical, functional properties, phenolic extraction, and antioxidant activity of Java tea‐leaf powders produced by simple and SE‐assisted milling methods were investigated.In comparison with simple milling, SE pretreatment broke the cell wall effectively and reduced the particle size of Java tea‐leaf powders. Steam explosion‐treated powders showed higher values for sensory signals, bulk and tap density, and for the water solubility index. After SE treatment, the adsorption capacities to glucose, soybean oil, and cholesterol of leaf powders were increased by up to 55, 95, and 80% respectively. The extracts from SE‐treated powders also showed higher total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity.Steam explosion treatment is helpful for the improvement of functional properties and antioxidant activity, which can benefit the development and application of Java tea‐leaf powders. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon essential oil (LEOs) is used as a bioactive compound with unique health properties as a medicine or dietary supplement. Nevertheless, essential oils are chemical compounds sensitive to light, oxidation, and thermal processes. Therefore, encapsulation technique can be a good way to protect them from degradation and evaporation. In current study, biopolymeric nanocapsules containing lemon essential oils (LEOs) were prepared by the emulsion method. The nanocapsules were characterized by their particle size and Encapsulation efficiency (%) ranged from 339.3 to 553.3 nm and 68.09% to 85.43%, respectively. Long-term storage (30 days) under different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C) conditions showed that nanocapsules stored at 4 °C were more stable than samples stored at higher temperatures. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate the values of antioxidant activity of LEOs and nanocapsules. The free LEO and nanocapsules were investigated for its antibacterial activity against common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) using disk diffusion followed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Our results indicated that the encapsulated LEOs had a significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, as compared to the free LEO. The LEOs nanocapsules in CS and Hicap can be suggested as an important natural alternative with suitable stability, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties to overcome the challenges associated with the direct application of these bioactive compounds in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological, nutritional, and antioxidant characteristics of ten native potato varieties from the region of Apurímac in Peru, harvested between May 2022 and June 2022. The colour, size, weight, and shape of the tubers were determined according to the International Potato Center guidelines. The colour of the pulp and peel was determined with the colorimeter PCE-CSM7 and their nutritional component by AOAC method. Finally, the total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity were characterized using DPPH and ORAC assays. The morphological characterization showed that the predominant colours in the peel were red–purple, blackish, and pink. The pulp showed red, purple, violet, and yellow colouration on the entire surface, as a vascular ring, or as spots, and this was attributed to various bioactive compounds. The highest number of tuber varieties had medium-size tubers (41–60 g). The Puka huayro machu variety had the largest (> 90 g), and the Amachi had the smallest (20–40 g) tubers. The shapes were mainly oblong and round, with an average weight of 60 g. The instrumental colour values (L*, a*, and b*) showed differences (p < 0.05), with a tendency to red, purple, and blue-violet colours. The Amachi, Cuchi aca, and Yawar manto varieties showed higher values in the pulp, which were related to their peel colouration. The total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Amachi, Yawar manto, and Puka huayro machu varieties showed differences (p < 0.05) with intense colourations. These results show the characteristics and actual value of native potato biodiversity from Apurímac to ensure better use and integral exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds from Actinomycetes have antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. The antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Bacillus licheniformis was determined by carrying out several assays. Preparation of a bioactive feed encapsulated with sodium alginate and chitosan was carried out for treating the bacterial infection in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. An experimental trial with three different groups was conducted to determine the effect of crude extract of B. licheniformis against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila in freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii. The first group of prawns was given commercial diet. The second group of prawns challenged with A. hydrophila was given commercial feed. The third group of A. hydrophila challenged prawns was given the encapsulated B. licheniformis feed. The survival percentage of prawns was decreased in group 2 compared to the prawns of group 1 and group 3. The antioxidant properties were found to be significantly increased in case of group 3 prawns. Real time Reverse transcription - Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study of three different groups with three immune genes - Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Crustin and Prophenoloxidase was carried out and antioxidant enzymatic activity, and immunological parameters were recorded. Group 1 was designated as control, injected with saline. Group 2 was designated as infected, challenged with A. hydrophila and group 3 as treated, challenged with A. hydrophila and injected with crude extract of B. licheniformis. The results revealed that the SOD and Prophenoloxidase of gills and hemolymph showed highest gene expression in the case of treated group compared to the infected and control group. The data indicated that B. licheniformis showed enhanced antioxidant activities, immune response, disease resistance, and gene expression in M. rosenbergii challenged with A. hydrophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tridentate pyrazolone‐furan Schiff's base ligand, [(E)‐4‐(((5‐[2‐fluorophenyl]furan‐2‐yl)methylene)amino)‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one] (PFSB), was produced by condensation between compounds 5‐(2‐fluorophenyl)furan‐2‐carbaldehyde and 4‐amino‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one. Spectroscopic characterization evidence suggested the tridentate nature (ONO) of pyrazolone‐furan Schiff's base ligand (PFSB) and coordinated to the metal (II/III) moieties through nitrogen and oxygen donor sites giving tetra‐ and/or hexa‐coordinated geometry to complexes. The complexes have been supported by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moments, spectral analyses, EPR, ligand field parameters, XRD, and thermogravimetric measurements. Theoretical optimization employing the density functional theory (DFT) was accomplished on the molecular structures of the compounds in question, and subsequently, the quantum chemical descriptors were computed. Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes were allocated octahedral coordination, while the Cu(II) complex was allocated square‐planar coordination. The SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, and EDX of the studied complexes unveiled distinct and strong diffraction peaks, signifying their crystalline nature, and providing evidence of their particle sizes being within the nano‐size. The crystal sizes calculated for all complexes were determined to be ranging from 27.73 to 76.39 nm. However, the Cr(III) complex exhibited a particle size exceeding 100 nm. The interactions between metal complexes and calf thymus DNA, and their potential for mimicking insulin activity, were investigated in a controlled lab setting by measuring their ability to inhibit alpha‐amylase. The anti‐microbial potential of the ligand (PFSB) and complexes (C1‐C5) were tested. The viscosity and UV–Vis absorption determinations were utilized to assess the calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) interaction with the nano‐sized metal (II/III) chelates. Our flow cytometry data indicate significant levels of apoptosis and cell cycle arresting in both liver and breast cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to produce antioxidant and anthocyanin-rich vinegar using three types of Thai rice through surface culture fermentation (SCF). Three varieties of Thai rice with different colors, including Khao Dawk Mali 105 (white color), Sangyod (brown color) and Hom Nil (black color), were used as a substrate for vinegar fermentation. The different Thai rice varieties were hydrolyzed by boiling and enzymatic hydrolysis. The sweetness of the hydrolyzates was adjusted by adding granulated sugar at 20 °Brix and using it as a substrate. A mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. burgundy and S. cerevisiae var. kyokai was used as a yeast starter for alcohol fermentation. After 4 weeks of fermentation, Acetobacter aceti TISTR 354 required only 10 days to convert alcohol into acetic acid by the surfaceculture fermentation method. Vinegar produced from the Thai rice varieties contained acetic acid at a concentration of more than 4.0 % (v/v), with residual alcohol concentrations less than 0.5 % (v/v). Hom Nil vinegar presented an anthocyanin content of 2.39 ± 0.44 mg/L and had the highest antioxidant activity, with 428.47 ± 4.04 g/mL (Total phenolic content; TPC), 71.80 ± 0.00 g/mL (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; FRAP), and 49.27 ± 0.27 % inactivation (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH). A sensory panel rated the vinegar fermented from the three varieties as 'like slightly' on a 9-point hedonic scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a popular drink worldwide, but some people cannot consume it due to its high caffeine content. However, it contains chlorogenic acid, which benefits the human body. To reduce the caffeine content and maintain phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid and its derivatives in green coffee beans, a simultaneous extraction and decaffeination method using hot water was used. Box Behnken Design-Response Surface Methodology was used in this study to determine the optimum simultaneous extraction and decaffeination process for obtaining minimum caffeine and maximum phenolic and antioxidant activity (IC50) of the decaffeinated green coffee bean powder. The Design Expert software was used to analyze and optimize process parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was conducted to identify significant parameters. Three independent parameters were used, i.e., extraction time (10 to 30 min), decaffeination time (6 to 10 h), and decaffeination temperature (60 to 80 °C), to observe the 3 responses (caffeine content, phenolic content, and IC50). The result revealed that the extraction and decaffeination parameters affected green coffee bean powder-based beverages' caffeine content, total phenolic, and IC50. The lowest caffeine, the highest phenolic, and IC50 were predicted at an extraction time of 10 min, decaffeination time of 8.05 h, and decaffeination temperature of 60 °C with a caffeine content of 1.53 %, total phenolic content of 46.81 mg GAE/g, and IC50 of 29.45 ppm, respectively. The verification showed no significant difference with model predictions at a confidence interval of 5 % based on paired ttests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of hybrids of α-tocopherol and aryl/heterocyclic moieties through 1,2,3-triazole linker were made by rationally combining a biologically active α-tocopherol and substituted aromatic or heterocyclic moieties in single molecular frame using the click chemistry method. In a nutshell, the novel compounds (3a-h) were made by O-alkylating α-tocopherol, proceeded by copper (I)-catalyzed click reaction and the Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition using various aromatic and heterocyclic azides (2a-h). By using 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy techniques, all of the recently synthesized compounds were characterized and their antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities were assessed. Among the synthesized compounds, the most effective synthetic molecule against all bacterial strains was 3e with a naphthyl moiety, whereas 3d with a phenolic moiety showed potent antioxidant activity. To better understand the binding interactions, exploratory molecular docking investigation was conducted against the faBH enzyme of E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarix gallica L. is a halophytic medicinal shrub traditionally used in the treatment of liver disorders. Leaf and flower infusions are widely used for anti-diarrheic and anti-inflammatory preparations. In this work, we have explored the combined effect of method (Maceration and Decoction) and solvent extraction (70% Methanol, 70% Ethanol, 70% Acetone, and Water) on phenolic composition and biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of different T. gallica organ extracts (Leaves, Flowers, Stems, and Fruits). Obtained results showed that Tamarix leaves reveal more potent antioxidant activity. Methanol (70%) was the best maceration solvent for the extraction of leaves and flowers with high total antioxidant and anti-radical capacities. HPLC analysis showed that catechin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, isoquercetin were the major phenolics in 70% methanolic extract. Furthermore, this extract showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity. This prospect could be of great importance in the valuation of this halophyte as a source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red dragon fruit peel powder (RDPP) consists of precious phytochemicals, which could contribute greatly to the control of chronic illnesses and are still underexploited. The impacts of RDPP on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant, and sensorial properties of biscuits were investigated. The incorporation of RDPP at the amount of 1–5% caused the increase in a* value and decreases in b* and L* values of the biscuits. Moreover, higher cutting force and lower density were observed in the RDPP-enriched biscuits. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and betacyanin contents of the biscuits ranged from 0.0035 to 0.028 mg GAE/g, from 77.44 to 218.41 mg QE/g, and from 5.31 to 8.78 mg/100 g, respectively. The incorporation of RDPP in biscuits could increase the antioxidative activities. Increased appearance and overall likeness scores were recorded in the biscuits added with RDPP up to 4%. Thus, RDPP could be utilized as a nutraceutical constituent in the production of biscuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antrodia cinnamomea is a rare medicinal and edible fungus unique to Taiwan, China. It contains rich active ingredients and has various pharmacological effects such as anticancer, anti-tumor, and liver protection. Triterpenoids are considered important medicinal substances in Antrodia cinnamomea, and different extraction processes have different effects on the total triterpenoids yield of Antrodia cinnamomea. In order to explore the optimal extraction process and antioxidant activity of total triterpenoids in Antrodia cinnamomea. Different extraction solvents, temperature, time, and liquid-solid ratio were selected. Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were used to investigate the effects of different factors on the yield of total triterpenoids in Antrodia cinnamomea. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to analyze the compositional differences between different solvent extraction processes and compare their antioxidant activity. The results showed that the optimal extraction process for total triterpenes in Antrodia cinnamomea was dichloromethane as the extraction solvent, a liquid to material ratio of 1∶320 g·mL-1, and extraction at 45 ℃ for 5 hours. Under these conditions, the yield of total triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea was 10. 16±0. 077 6%. Through HPLC analysis, the crude extract obtained is rich in components and has good antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of DPPH scavenging ability was 0. 137 6, and the total reducing ability was 58. 03%. By optimizing the extraction process of Antrodia cinnamomea, the total triterpenoid yield of Antrodia cinnamomea was significantly improved, providing theoretical reference for the extraction of active ingredients, compound separation, and development and utilization of Antrodia cinnamomea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two neolignan glycosides including a new one (1), along with seven iridoid glycosides (3 − 9) and nine flavonoid glycosides (10 − 18), were isolated from the leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum. Their structures were established mainly on the basis of 1D/2D NMR and ESIMS analyses, as well as comparison to known compounds in the literature. The structure of 1 with absolute stereochemistry was also confirmed by chemical degradation and ECD calculation. Selective compounds showed antiradical activity against ABTS and/or DPPH. Moreover, several isolates also suppressed the production of ROS in RAW264.7 cells and exerted neuroprotective effect toward PC12 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe first focus of this study is to investigate the design and behavior of locally built solar dryer during processing henna leaves. This was performed through the determination of the most important parameters that effect drying process. Appropriately, it was found that solar radiation has a direct effect on the collector outlet air temperature and consequently the product moisture content. Accordingly, high radiations lead having high air temperature at the drying chamber and consequently, the moisture content will decrease rapidly. Similarly, lower radiations will still lead to decrease of the moisture content, however, the drying rate will be less important than at high radiations. On the other hand, air velocity has an inverse dissipative effect of the energy and its increase leads to the decrease of the outlet temperature of the solar collector. Indeed, the highest outlet temperature from the solar collector was around 32 °C at an air velocity of 2 m/s. At 5.5 m/s, this temperature dropped to around 27 °C. The second objective of this study is to present the effect of different drying methods (i.e. forced convective solar drying and open sun drying) of Lawsonia inermis on the content of secondary metabolites (phenolic and flavonoid compounds) and compare the results with fresh henna samples. The yield of phenolic compounds was determined, and the dry crude extracts were found to be richer than the fresh sample in all of the drying modes used. The best yields are obtained with convective solar dryer and open sun drying samples (28.6 and 13.93%), respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of convective solar dryer product were 25 and 10% higher than open sun dried samples. Antioxidant tests (DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing power) revealed the scavenging and reducing abilities of the extract dried with the solar dryer. The values of antioxidant capacities measured by the three different methods were all consistent, appropriate, and highly correlative for assessing total antioxidant capacities. The solar dryer allows the preservation or even the increase of the antioxidant activity of the tested extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the product Hilyses on growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient composition, hematological parameters, serum biochemistry, immune function, antioxidant status, and digestive enzyme activity in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, initial body weight 4.24 ± 0.01 g). The fish were fed diets supplemented with Hilyses at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, or 3 g/kg for a period of 8 weeks. The results showed that supplementation with Hilyses at levels up to 2 g/kg diet significantly improved final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization, and energy utilization compared to the control diet without Hilyses. Carcass crude protein content and moisture were significantly higher in Hilyses-fed groups, while crude lipid content decreased at the 3 g/kg supplementation level. Hilyses supplementation enhanced various hematological parameters, including increased red blood cell count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume. Serum biochemistry and immune function markers like total protein, albumin, complement component C3, IgM, and IgG were significantly elevated in the 2 and 3 g/kg Hilyses groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase) were enhanced, and lipid peroxidation was reduced, in the 2 g/kg Hilyses group. Digestive enzyme activities, particularly protease and lipase, were also improved with Hilyses supplementation. Histological examination showed reduced lipid deposition in the liver and increased branching of intestinal villi at the 2 g/kg Hilyses level. Overall, these results indicated that dietary Hilyses supplementation at 2 g/kg diet optimizes growth, feed utilization, nutrient composition, hematology, immunity, antioxidant status, and digestive function in juvenile Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]