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The development of multidrug resistance by pathogenic bacteria and yeast is a significant medical problem that needs to be addressed. One possible answer could be the combined use of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles, which have different mechanisms of antimicrobial action. In the same way, these nanoparticles can be combined with antifungal agents. Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using environmentally friendly biosynthesis technology using extracts of biologically active plants are an effective nanomaterial that needs to be comprehensively investigated for implementation into medical practice. In this study, the synergistic effects arising from their combined use with antibiotics and fungicides against various bacteria and yeasts were studied. The following methods were used: disco-diffusion analysis and construction of plankton culture growth curves. The synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles and antibiotics (fungicides) has been determined. Effective concentrations of substances were established, recommendations for the studied pathogenic species were presented, and the effect of destruction of the bacterial membrane was illustrated. The most significant synergistic effect was manifested in pathogenic candida and brewer's yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this elucidation, we focused on the synthesis of isonicotinic heterocyclic molecules through reaction of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with phthalic anhydride, which produced an excellent yield of the equivalent N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)isonicotinamide (3), and isonicotinic acid hydrazide can react easily with different aldehydes to form derivatives of Schiff bases. Furthermore, the reactivity of hydrazide with CS2 which cyclized in the presence of acid to give the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole in derivative 7, and the presence of NH2NH2 produced a 1H-1,2,4-triazole derivative 9 that readily reacted with phenacyl bromide with the elimination of -HBr to produce 6-phenyl-3-(pyridine-4-yl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine (11). Hydrazide 1 reacts readily with many methylene compounds to produce a wide range of heterocycles. The presence of each produced heterocyclic was confirmed by spectral analysis investigation. Moreover, the synthesized compounds exhibited antimicrobial and antitumor activity against HepG2 liver tumor cells and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cancer cells, and the result was confirmed with different proteins through molecular docking simulation. Moreover, the optimization of the nicotinic compounds with DFT/B3LYP-631(G) basis set and determination of their physical descriptors correlated for its biological evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addressed the antimicrobial potential of coconut oil, both extra virgin and homemade, against oral bacteria. For this evaluation, chlorhexidine was used as a comparison standard. The tests were conducted in five culture media, one for chlorhexidine, another for extra virgin coconut oil, and a third for homemade coconut oil. The results revealed that extra virgin coconut oil exhibited partial inhibition of bacterial growth, being effective only against certain strains, while homemade coconut oil showed no considerable effectiveness in any test. On the other hand, chlorhexidine displayed the expected and excellent antimicrobial action. These results highlight the need for further studies on extra virgin coconut oil, especially to better understand the bacteria it inhibits, in order to promote a more effective use of this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen related to several cases of healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections worldwide, especially in Brazil. Numerous studies have shown that isolated secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids, have the potential to act against this problem. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential associated with phenolic acids on growth and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant K. pneumoniae (MDR/XDR-KP). Four clinical isolates from a public hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, and a sensitive standard strain were used. The initial identification of the samples was carried out using VITEK®2 and BD-PhoenixTM 100 automation equipment, as well as the characterization of the resistance profile. The samples were then confirmed using the MALDI-TOF/MS technique. The Crystal Violet method was used to assess biofilm formation capacity. Four phenolic acids (gallic, trans-ferulic, caffeic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic) were used to evaluate the antimicrobial and biofilm-forming activities. The isolates were confirmed as K. pneumoniae species with MALDI-TOF/MS scores ranging from 2.459-2.083. The samples showed both MDR and XDR resistance profiles, and biofilm formation with different intensities. Of all the compounds tested, caffeic and trans-ferulic acids were the most effective, with growth and biofilm inhibition values of 70-85% and 70-90% using a concentration of 2 mg/mL, respectively. Notably, K. pneumoniae belongs to a group considered by the WHO to be a critical public health priority to be combated. In this context, the results showed that phenolic acids had a great potential impact on both bacterial growth and the biofilm-forming capacity of MDR/XDR-KP clinical isolates. This leads us to recognize the use of phenolic acids as a possible alternative in the fight against infections caused by MDR, XDR, and biofilm-forming bacterial species.

Background. Natural clinoptilolite (CL) meets most of the requirements for the multifunctional mineral nanomaterials. It is considered biologically neutral and non-toxic. CL is the only representative of natural zeolites that has been approved for use in medical practice and food industry. Antibacterial activity of Transcarpathian clinoptilolite was shown to be enhanced via its modification using thermal, chemical and mechanochemical treatments. The natural form of this mineral contains a significant concentration of surface silanol (-OH) groups. An increase in the efficiency of zeolite-based materials in terms of biological activity can be achieved by means of thermal and chemical treatments, replacement of cations in the exchange complex, doping with heavy metal cations, or mechanochemical treatment. Materials and Methods. FTIR spectroscopy, Electronic spectroscopy, Particle size distribution, IR spectroscopy, Crystal structure and morphology, Measurement of antibacterial activity. Results. Intact and thermally modified CL was shown to exhibit weak antibacterial effect, while its mechanical modification led to an enhanced activity. It was established that H-form of clinoptilolite demonstrated higher efficiency in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, compared to the Na-form of the clinoptilolite, but their effect on growth of Gram-negative bacteria was insignificant. Such an activity was accompanied by an increase in the specific surface area and porosity that promoted better contact with bacteria. Conclusions: Different samples of CL had dissimilar effect on specific types of bacteria. Intact CL has a weak antibacterial activity of inhibiting growth of microorganisms, while thermal, chemical, and mechanical modifications of the CL structure differentially increased such an activity. The H-form of CL inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) more effectively compared to the Na-form of CL. However, H-form of CL has a weak effect on growth of the Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens).

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and their acyclic analogues, some of which can be considered as promising in terms of biological activity. Based on structure, 26 tested compounds were divided into 4 groups. In the test with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the compounds of the group 2 had the highest radical-binding activity (RBA) (53–78%), while those of group 3 had the lowest values (1.5–5.2%). In oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, all compounds from groups 1, 2 and 3 showed high RBA: 44–94% at 50 µM. The highest bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli was found for four compounds in group 2 (MIC = 0.25–1 mM) and low bacteriostatic activity for group 3 (MIC > 4 mM). Some relationships between the structure of compounds and the values of the MIC are revealed. It was also found that four substances from different groups had the ability to inhibit the formation of colonies in E. coli from 1.3 to 5.7 times. Four compounds reduced specific biofilm formation by 40–60%. The tested substances did not induce the expression of the sulA gene controlled by the SOS system, which indicates the lack of genotoxic activity. None of the tested compounds had pro-oxidant activity. This was shown by both the absence of production hydrogen peroxide in a bacteria-free medium and inability to induce expression of the katG gene encoding HPI catalase in growing E. coli. The data obtained could be useful in the development of new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae cactus stems indigenous to the arid regions of Saudi Arabia, elucidating their intricate microstructural features. The findings not only advance taxonomic understanding by aiding in species differentiation but also reveal the antimicrobial potential of these cacti, highlighting their significance as valuable natural resources for both ecological and pharmaceutical applications. The present study is aimed to present the stem epidermal anatomical description of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) belonging to genus Opuntia (five Species), Cylindropuntia (two Species), and Austrocylindropuntia (one Species) as tool for systematic identification. Stem epidermal anatomical features represent here are epidermal cells, stomatal complex, subsidiary cells, and trichomes findings was observed using light microscope and SEM. The stem epidermal sections were made by heating in test tube containing lactic acid and nitric acid protocol. In anatomical findings, irregular, zigzag, wavy, and polygonal epidermal cells with sinuate, sinuous, and straight anticlinal walls were observed. Quantitatively minimum length (28.05 ± 2.05 μm) and width (23.15 ± 3.41 μm) of epidermal cells were noted in Cylindropuntia kleiniae. Paracytic type of stomata present was observed in all species with kidney‐shaped guard cell present in six species, and in Opuntia macrocentra and Austrocylindropuntia subulata, dumbbell‐shaped guard cells were observed. The largest length of stomata (53.25 ± 2.05 μm) and width of stomata (35.10 ± 5.19 μm) were observed in Opuntia monacantha. In present research work, stem anatomical features show many diverse characters are of special attention for plant taxonomist for the correct identification and provide baseline for further study in subfamily Opuntiodeae. Research Highlights: The intricate microstructures of Opuntioideae cactus stems.Investigating the antimicrobial potential of compounds found within Opuntioideae cactus stems.Correlations between the unique structural features observed through SEM and the antimicrobial activity of Opuntioideae cactus stem extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to intense ash dieback, this research tested the bioactivity of Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, and Cupressus sempervirens essential oils (EO) against Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In vitro testing showed that EOs had a pronounced fungitoxic effect on H. fraxineus. The most effective EO was extracted from T. vulgaris, while EOs obtained from L. angustifolia and C. sempervirens were less effective and showed the same effect. At a concentration of 1%, all tested EOs inhibited mycelial growth, while 0.01% and 0.1% concentrations of EO extracted from T. vulgaris also inhibited the growth of H. fraxineus. The in planta test of EO extracted from T. vulgaris conducted on three‐year‐old Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings showed a reduction in the size of necrotic lesions and a better crown condition compared to untreated seedlings. This research demonstrates, for the first time, the efficiency of EOs in suppressing ash dieback making a path for the development of new biological protection measures against H. fraxineus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to prepare eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite films utilizing gelatin/ starch (GS), nano-ZnO, and Darbha grass extract via the solution casting method. Then, it was examined the mechanical and physical properties of different durations of sunlight exposure on the prepared films. The results indicated that up to 12 h of sunlight exposure led to increased film thickness, mechanical strength, and apparent density. Tensile strength increased from 4.8 to 34.8 MPa, and the average crystalline size of the nanoparticles was found to be 54.35 nm using scanning electron microscope. Compared with GS films, these bio-nanocomposite films exhibited lower moisture content, oil permeability, and enhanced water barrier properties. Moreover, they displayed significant UV absorption and profound antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food borne pathogenic bacteria. The nano-ZnO/Darbha grass extract-based bio-nanocomposite films exhibited showed improved characteristics and could be applied in the field of food packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter spp. are significant zoonotic agents, which cause annually millions of human cases of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Their inclusion in biofilms on abiotic surfaces seems to play a pivotal role in their survival outside of the host, growth, and spread. To successfully mitigate the risks that arise with these bacteria, it is crucial to decrease their prevalence within the food production chain (from farm to the table), alongside the successful treatment of the resulting illness, known as campylobacteriosis. For this, the use of various antimicrobial agents remains actively in the foreground. A general-purpose biocide and cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride; BAC), a widely used macrolide antibiotic (erythromycin; ERY), and a naturally occurring organic acid (L(+)-lactic acid; LA) were comparatively evaluated in this work for their potential to inhibit both the planktonic and biofilm growth of 12 selected Campylobacter spp. (of which, seven were C. jejuni and five were C. coli) raw chicken meat isolates, all grown in vitro as monocultures. The inhibitory action of LA was also studied against four mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms (each composed of three different isolates). The results showed that the individual effectiveness of the agents varied significantly depending on the isolate, growth mode (planktonic, biofilm), intercellular interactions (monocultures, mixed cultures), and the growth medium used (with special focus on blood presence). Thus, BAC exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) that ranged from 0.5 to 16 μg/mL. Interestingly enough, these values varied widely from 0.25 to 1024 μg/mL for ERY. Concerning LA, the MICs, MBCs, and MBICs varied from 1024 to 4096 μg/mL, with mixed-culture biofilm formation always being more difficult to suppress when compared to biofilm monocultures. In addition, it was evident that intercellular interactions encountered within mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms significantly influenced both the population dynamics and the tolerance of each consortium member to acid exposure. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information on the comparative effectiveness of three well-known antimicrobial agents for the control of Campylobacter spp. under various growth modes (i.e., planktonic, biofilm, monocultures, mixed cultures) that could potentially be encountered in food production and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytocompatibility, good degradability and antimicrobial action of chitosan (CS) makes this polysaccharide a highly sought after candidate for applications in medical devices. Thus, development of biofunctional implants associated with CS has been proposed in regenerative medicine as these biomaterials can improve and accelerate the osseointegration process on the implants’ surface. The antimicrobial potential of CS has also been investigated in experiments performed on implantable materials associated with CS in different forms, since the incidence of implant-associated infections (IAIs) is increasing worldwide. Biodegradable scaffolds based on CS, and commonly developed as hydrogels, have received lots of attention as implants for controlled release and delivery of drugs. Given this scenario, the present review will focus on methodologies used to coat implant surfaces with CS as well as pharmaceutical applications of these functionalized implants, focusing on cellular, immunological, and antimicrobial responses as well as controlled drug release.

In recent years, the invention of polymers have attracted attention due to their unique properties. (E)‐2‐cyano‐N‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(dimethyl amino) acrylamide (CHAA) is a new type of functional monomer created by the usage of 2‐cyano‐N‐cyclohexylacetamide (3) and dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal (DMF‐DMA) utilized microwave energy as a green technology. In addition, polymers with significant nanosphere groups were obtained by polymerizing a new synthetic monomer (CHAA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) using microemulsion polymerization technology. These polymer nanospheres were approved by different spectroscopic analyzes, such as FT‐IR, TEM, TGA, and H1NMR. New structurally defined poly (MMA/DMAEMA/AA/CHAA) nanospheres with an equivalent spherical diameter close to 50 nm and high thermal stability were obtained. In addition, these new polymer nanospheres exhibit good electrochemical performance and greater specific values compared to compound (CHAA) or poly (MMA/DMAEMA/AA). This is very important for the supercapacitor due to the fact that the voltammetry plots of these nanospheres display a well‐known hysteresis cycle. The newly synthesized polymer nanospheres exhibited antibacterial activity, which was confirmed by molecular docking simulations with different affinities. Also, the DFT investigation of the polymeric nanosphere was optimized utilizing B3LYP/6‐31(G) basis set and determination physical decribitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effect of chitosan oxidation with sodium periodate on the ability to form complexes with the dyes methylene blue, malachite green and acid fuchsin, which have an antiseptic effect, was investigated. A non-covalent interaction occurred for methylene blue and malachite green, while a covalent interaction occurred for acid fuchsin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of chitosan composites with these dyes. The antimicrobial effect of these dyes complexed with oxidised chitosan against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was investigated. The non-covalent attachment of malachite green and methylene blue to chitosan preserved their antimicrobial effect; hence, complexes of these dyes with oxidised chitosan provide a more convenient form that is less staining. However, the covalent conjugation of acid fuchsin with oxidised chitosan caused a significant loss of the antimicrobial activity. The developed method of conjugation of specific dyes with chitosan can be used to create complexes of this biopolymer with a wide range of biologically active organic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water pollution is a significant issue worldwide due to an increase in anthropogenic activities. Heavy metals and dyes are among the most problematic contaminants that threaten the environment and negatively impact human health. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) synthesized using green methods have shown potential in these areas due to their significant adsorption capacity and photocatalytic potential. The size and morphology of biogenic IONPs can be tailored depending upon the concentration of the reducing medium and metal salt precursor. Green-synthesized IONPs have been found to be effective, economical, and environmentally friendly with their large surface area, making them suitable for removing toxic matter from contaminated water. Furthermore, they exhibit antibacterial potential against harmful microorganisms. The study emphasizes the importance of using such environmentally friendly tools to remove heavy metal ions and organic compounds from contaminated water. The underlying mechanism for the adsorption of heavy metal ions, photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds, and antimicrobial action has been explored in detail. The future prospective for the beneficial utilization of biogenic IONPs has also been signified to provide a detailed overview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fish-borne zoonotic bacteria may pose a risk to humans; nanobiotechnological techniques could serve as effective solutions for fighting them. The direct phycosynthesis of metals’ nanoparticles (NPs), silver (AgNPs), and selenium (SeNPs) using Corallina officinalis extract (CoE) was achieved. The construction of nanocomposites (NCs) from phycosynthesized NPs and nano-chitosan (NCht) was also accomplished to evaluate these entire compounds/NCs as antibacterial amalgams against fish-borne bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The entire agents/NCs were characterized and assessed. The structure and interactions of chemicals and NCs were determined using infrared analysis. CoE/AgNPs, CoE/SeNPs, NCht, NCht/CoE/AgNPs, and NCht/CoE/SeNPs had mean particles’ diameter of 5.52, 12.46, 59.81, 64.59, and 77.16 nm, respectively, which were confirmed by size studies and electron microscopy. The challenged bacteria were entirely susceptible to the inspected agents, using both qualitative and quantitative assays; S. aureus was more resistant, while A. hydrophila was the most sensitive strain. The NCs (NCht/CoE/AgNPs and NCht/CoE/SeNPs) have the utmost bactericidal potentialities, respectively; they exceeded the action of ampicillin. The total distortion, disintegration, and lysis of the treated A. hydrophila cells were highlighted by scanning imaging within 10 h of exposure. The conjugation of CoE-mediated NPs with NCht produced effective and harmless NCs, valid for applications to remove fish-borne pathogens with biosafe characteristics.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria hindering disease management have become a matter of serious concern. Nanotechnology has evolved as a fresh promise for managing infectious diseases. The intended purpose of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using fig fruit (Ficus carica) and myrrh oleogum resin (Commiphora sp.) extracts and microwave irradiation. UV–visible, FTIR, TEM, DLS and Zeta-potential analysis were deployed to characterise silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, and their effects on the bacteria's cells were examined as well through SEM. Fig fruit and myrrh’s extract reaction solution changed color (reddish brown) after 90 and 120 s of microwave operation, respectively. UV–Vis-validated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with fig fruit extract (FAgNPs) and myrrh extract (MAgNPs), showing absorption bands between 434.41 nm and 434.95 nm. TEM revealed that the FAgNPs and MAgNPs were predominantly spherical and of various sizes. The average diameter of FAgNPs and MAgNPs was 33.79 nm and 31.63 nm, respectively, and both of them were moderately polydispersed and relatively stable colloids. The antibacterial evaluation of FAgNPs shows that the highest level of inhibition was against S. aureus and it was higher than that of Augmentin, and next to it were E. coli and S. pyogenes. While in case of MAgNPs the most sensitive pathogen was S. aureus, followed by E. coli and S. pyogenes, respectively. FAgNPs and MAgNPs had MIC values of 15 µg/ml against S. aureus, compared to 30 µg/ml against E. coli. SEM images showed that treatment with FAgNPs and MAgNPs caused S. aureus cells to become malformed. Similar cell damage was also observed in E. coli cells treated with FAgNPs and MAgNPs. This study for the first time report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing fig fruit and myrrh extracts and microwave irradiation.

This study aimed to review systematically the literature about the antimicrobial action of evaluated cleansers on the Co-Cr alloy of RPD. The search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase and Science Direct May, 2022. The review was performed based on PRISMA guidelines and recorded in Open Science Framework. Independent reviewers performed the search, selection, extraction, and analysis of the data. The risk of bias of the in vitro and clinical trials studies was analyzed by the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. A total of 187 articles were found and 9 were included. The cleansers that showed antimicrobial action were 2% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 0.12% chlorhexidine and NitrAdine effervescent tablet. Polident, Corega Tabs effervescent tablets and 5 mg/mL chitosan solution showed intermediate effects. Propolis and green tea toothpaste were not effective. Three articles presented a high risk of bias and 6, low risk. The cleansers that showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy on Co-Cr alloy were 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate and NitrAdine and can be safely used on RPD framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoporous carbon sorbents modified with oligomers of lactic and glycolic acids were synthesized without the use of catalysts and organic solvents. Their synthesis includes impregnation of the sorbent with a 50% aqueous solution of hydroxy acid followed by multistep thermal treatment. Physicochemical properties of the modified carbon sorbents were studied using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, elemental, thermal and spectrophotometric analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and viscometry. Modification of the carbon sorbent with oligomers of hydroxy acids is accompanied by the appropriate deterioration of its textural characteristics and substantial increase in the oxygen content. The deposited oligomers of glycolic and lactic acids are distributed locally on the carbon surface. It was shown that the sorbent modified with glycolic acid oligomer was more hydrophilic. It exhibited a higher adsorption capacity with respect to gelatin as compared to the sorbent modified with lactic acid oligomer. Differences were found in the biological activity of modified samples toward pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, yeast-like fungi of the Candida genus, and bacterial-fungal Staphylococcus aureus + Candida albicans association. The higher biological activity of the modified carbon sorbents in comparison with the initial sample was attributed to the acid–base properties of deposited oligomers and their ability to biodegrade in an aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.

The article presents the experimental results on the antibacterial properties of nanobiocomposite (NBC) material, which contains ultradispersed silver nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. Synthesized NBC samples are investigated with transmission and scanning electron microscopies, spectroscopy analysis and electrophoresis method. As shown, the physical and chemical properties of the NBC surface, which are determined by the silver-NPs’ concentration and the pH of the medium, play a significant role in the NBC antimicrobial activity. The electrosurface properties of the nanobiocomposite based on L. plantarum and stabilized in the matrix cell ultradispersed silver are characterized by a low surface charge and a hydrophilic surface. The electrokinetic potential correlates with the content of silver NPs. The AgNPs’ concentration of 15–25 mg/g is optimal and corresponds to the least damage of the cell matrix and the formation of silver NPs in a narrow size range of 2–6 nm. The maximum values of the NBC -potential are in the range of pH 6.5–7.0. Such parameters ensure a high antibacterial effect of NBC. The method of determining the respiratory activity (RA) of the test strain of bacteria E. coli K–A shows the concentration-dependent sensitivity of RA to NBC. The inhibiting concentration of RA by nanobiocomposite is of 6–8 µg/ml. The antibacterial activity of NBC against 17 strains of the pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, which are threatening agents of nosocomial diseases and complications in surgical practice, is studied. Almost all tested strains show a wide level of sensitivity to NBC, inhibiting the growth of the gram-(+) and gram-(-) bacteria. The increased activity of NBC in relation to the clinical isolate of S. aureus compared to the museum strain is shown. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of NBC for the studied test cultures of microorganisms ranged from 1.5 µg/ml to 3.5 µg/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of NBC is in the range of 8–22 µg/ml. The results obtained indicate the prospects of the ‘green-synthesized’ product for medicine and veterinary medicine due to the combination of an environmentally safe synthesis method, prolonged mild action and low toxicity, as well as a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity of NBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, raw smectite (Sm), from the Guarapuava–Parana–Brasil region, was saturated with copper ions (Cu-Sm) by ion exchange and the samples Sm and Cu-Sm were used in crystal violet (CV) adsorption and applied as an antimicrobial and antifungal hybrid pigment. Samples (Sm and Cu-Sm) were used to remove crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous media, simulating wastewater. Samples after use as adsorbents were characterized and named smectite/adsorbed dye (Sm/Dye) and copper smectite/adsorbed dye (Cu-Sm/Dye); and they were applied as hybrid pigments with antimicrobial action. The Sm and Cu-Sm were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential (ζ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and colorimetry (CIE L*a*b*), enabling the identification of the presence of intercalated copper ions and on the smectite surface. The adsorption assays were carried out to evaluate the effects of initial dye concentration and contact time. Tests for application as a hybrid pigment showed good compatibility with commercial white paint being applied on plaster blocks and later photoaging and chemical stability tests were performed in acid and basic environments, both were discussed by colorimetry (CIE L*a*b*), thus being able to relate it to the color variation (∆E). The samples (Sm, Cu-Sm, Sm/Dye, and Cu-Sm/Dye) were dispersed in white paint at 10% and 20% (% w/w) to evaluate the ability to inhibit different microorganisms. The modification with copper ions promoted an increase in the adsorptive capacity relative to the raw smectite and provided antibacterial and antifungal action to the hybrid pigment against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans. The Cu-Sm and Cu-Sm/Dye samples showed excellent results against all studied microorganisms and reveal successful materials that can be used in environments that require microbiological protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of microorganisms and the efficiency of antimicrobials have witnessed a huge co-dependent change in their dynamics over the last few decades. On the other side, metals and metallic compounds have gained popularity owing to their effectiveness against various microbial strains. A structured search of both research and review papers was conducted via different electronic databases, such as PubMed, Bentham, Springer, and Science Direct, among others, for the present review. Along with these, marketed products, patents, and Clinicaltrials.gov were also referred to for our review. Different microbes such as bacteria, fungi, etc., and their diverse species and strains have been reviewed and found to be sensitive to metal-carrying formulations. The products are observed to restrict growth, multiplication, and biofilm formation effectively and adequately. Silver has an apt use in this area of treatment and recovery, and other metals like copper, gold, iron, and gallium have also been observed to generate antimicrobial activity. The present review identified membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and interaction with proteins and enzymes to be the primary microbicidal processes. Elaborating the action, nanoparticles and nanosystems are shown to work in our favor in well excelled and rational ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.

Campylobacter spp. are significant zoonotic agents, which cause annually millions of human cases of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Their inclusion in biofilms on abiotic surfaces seems to play a pivotal role in their survival outside of the host, growth, and spread. To successfully mitigate the risks that arise with these bacteria, it is crucial to decrease their prevalence within the food production chain (from farm to the table), alongside the successful treatment of the resulting illness, known as campylobacteriosis. For this, the use of various antimicrobial agents remains actively in the foreground. A general-purpose biocide and cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride; BAC), a widely used macrolide antibiotic (erythromycin; ERY), and a naturally occurring organic acid (L(+)-lactic acid; LA) were comparatively evaluated in this work for their potential to inhibit both the planktonic and biofilm growth of 12 selected Campylobacter spp. (of which, seven were C. jejuni and five were C. coli) raw chicken meat isolates, all grown in vitro as monocultures. The inhibitory action of LA was also studied against four mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms (each composed of three different isolates). The results showed that the individual effectiveness of the agents varied significantly depending on the isolate, growth mode (planktonic, biofilm), intercellular interactions (monocultures, mixed cultures), and the growth medium used (with special focus on blood presence). Thus, BAC exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) that ranged from 0.5 to 16 μg/mL. Interestingly enough, these values varied widely from 0.25 to 1024 μg/mL for ERY. Concerning LA, the MICs, MBCs, and MBICs varied from 1024 to 4096 μg/mL, with mixed-culture biofilm formation always being more difficult to suppress when compared to biofilm monocultures. In addition, it was evident that intercellular interactions encountered within mixed-culture Campylobacter biofilms significantly influenced both the population dynamics and the tolerance of each consortium member to acid exposure. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information on the comparative effectiveness of three well-known antimicrobial agents for the control of Campylobacter spp. under various growth modes (i.e., planktonic, biofilm, monocultures, mixed cultures) that could potentially be encountered in food production and clinical settings.

Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.

The research deals with the development of antimicrobial edible films based on cassava starch/glycerol, added with oregano essential oil and prepared by casting. The effect of citric acid and chitosan content on the film´s physical properties was studied using a response surface methodology. It was generally found that citric acid acted as a plasticizer while chitosan reinforced the film matrix, depending on the amount involved. One film formulation was selected for its high stress at break (σb, 15±1 MPa) and low solubility in water (SW, 12.8±0.3 %). In the second step, the influence of citric acid or oregano oil presence on the properties of the biopolymer matrix was investigated. The thermal stability, chemical interactions, water vapor permeability (WVP), microstructure and antimicrobial activity of the optimized film were compared with control systems formulated with starch/glycerol/chitosan, starch/glycerol/chitosan/citric acid or starch/glycerol/chitosan/oregano oil. The citric acid addition increased σb, WVP and thermal resistance while oregano oil improved the WVP but produced irregularities in the microstructure of the starch/glycerol/chitosan matrix. Moreover, the presence of oregano oil generated a very efficient antimicrobial film against external contamination by Zygosaccharomyces bailii. This research confirms that developed films are a relevant alternative for the production of biodegradable active packaging.

Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.

This work aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial actions and effects over time of eight types of mouthwash, based on the impact of chlorhexidine on the main microorganisms that are responsible for oral diseases: Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The mouthwashes' antimicrobial action was determined in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), and time-kill curves at different contact times (10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min), against selected oral microorganisms. All the mouthwashes showed a notable effect against C. albicans (MICs ranging from 0.02% to 0.09%), and higher MIC values were recorded with P. aeruginosa (1.56% to >50%). In general, the mouthwashes showed similar antimicrobial effects at reduced contact times (10, 30, and 60 s) against all the tested microorganisms, except with P. aeruginosa, for which the most significant effect was observed with a long time (15, 30, and 60 min). The results demonstrate significant differences in the antimicrobial actions of the tested mouthwashes, although all contained chlorhexidine and most of them also contained cetylpyridinium chloride. The relevant antimicrobial effects of all the tested mouthwashes, and those with the best higher antimicrobial action, were recorded by A—GUM® PAROEX®A and B—GUM® PAROEX®, considering their effects against the resistant microorganisms and their MIC values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has always been one of the leading causes of periodontal disease, and antibiotics are commonly used to control it. Numerous side effects of synthetic drugs, as well as the spread of drug resistance, have led to a tendency toward using natural antimicrobials, such as curcumin. The present study aimed to prepare and physicochemically characterize curcumin-loaded silica nanoparticles and to detect their antimicrobial effects on P. gingivalis. Methods. Curcumin-loaded silica nanoparticles were prepared using the chemical precipitation method and then were characterized using conventional methods (properties such as the particle size, drug loading percentage, and release pattern). P. gingivalis was isolated from one patient with chronic periodontal diseases. The patient's gingival crevice fluid was sampled using sterile filter paper and was transferred to the microbiology laboratory in less than 30 min. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity of clinically isolated P. gingivalis to curcumin-loaded silica nanoparticles. SPSS software, version 20, was used to compare the data between groups with a p value of <0.05 as the level of significance. Then, one-way ANOVA testing was utilized to compare the groups. Results. The curcumin-loaded silica nanoparticles showed a nanometric size and a drug loading percentage of 68% for curcumin. The nanoparticles had a mesoporous structure and rod-shaped morphology. They showed a relatively rapid release pattern in the first 5 days. The release of the drug from the nanoparticles continued slowly until the 45th day. The results of in vitro antimicrobial tests showed that P. gingivalis was sensitive to the curcumin-loaded silica nanoparticles at concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/mL. One-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the mean growth inhibition zone, and the concentration of 50 µg/mL showed the highest inhibition zone (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the local nanocurcumin application for periodontal disease and implant-related infections can be considered a promising method for the near future in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to describe a new methodology to obtain biocompatible hydrogels based on Aloe vera used for wound healing applications. The properties of two hydrogels (differing in Aloe vera concentration, AV5 and AV10) prepared by an all-green synthesis method from raw, natural, renewable and bioavailable materials such as salicylic acid, allantoin and xanthan gum were investigated. The morphology of the Aloe vera based hydrogel biomaterials was studied by SEM analysis. The rheological properties of the hydrogels, as well as their cell viability, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, were determined. The antibacterial activity of Aloe vera based hydrogels was evaluated both on Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus and on Gram-negative, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The obtained novel green Aloe vera based hydrogels showed good antibacterial properties. In vitro scratch assay demonstrated the capacity of both AV5 and AV10 hydrogels to accelerate cell proliferation and migration and induce closure of a wounded area. A corroboration of all morphological, rheological, cytocompatibility and cell viability results indicates that this Aloe vera based hydrogel may be suitable for wound healing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intense effort has been focused on new therapeutic approaches and the development of technologies for more efficient and rapid wound healing. The research for plants used for long time in traditional medicine in the treatment of wound has become a promising strategy to obtain drugs therapeutically useful in the acute and chronic wound management. In this context, Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) has been used to treat a variety of skin diseases, such as leprosy, lupus, varicose ulcers, eczema and psoriasis, in Asiatic traditional medicine for thousands of years. Studies have shown that Centella asiatica extracts (CAE) display activity in tissue regeneration, cell migration and wound repair process by promoting fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Preliminary findings have shown that the asiatic acid is one of the main active constituents of C. asiatica, directly associated with its healing activity. Thus, this study discusses aspects of the effects of Centella asiatica and its active component, asiatic acid, in different stages of the healing process of cutaneous wounds, including phytochemical and antimicrobial aspects that contribute to its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become widespread worldwide, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates in bacterial infections. Again, as there is practically no new antimicrobial agent in the pipeline, this will create a threat to humanity for their survival. In this study, we explored the possible antimicrobial action of ethanolic extract of a typical plant of West Bengal, Nardostachys jatamansi, against MDR and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain bacteria. Antimicrobial activities of Nardostachys jatamansi ethanol extract were studied by disc diffusion technique, and then minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was done by serial dilution in Mueller Hinton broth. Ethanolic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi showed antimicrobial activities with MIC varied between 2.77- 5.82 mg/mL in both MDR and ATCC bacteria. Ethanolic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi is an effective antimicrobial agent on MDR bacteria and may help save the lives of many critically ill patients.

Aim. Evaluation of biotechnological aspects of the production of a liquid formulation of the multifunctional antiseptic preparation of microbial origin, which can be typified as an enzybiotic; characterization of the enzyme specificity of the studied formulation, stabilization methods, its ability to affect microbial biofilms. Methods. Gel-filtration and electrophoresis were used to study the component composition and the specificity of the enzyme complex of the Streptomyces albus UN 44 producer strain. Proteolytic and staphylolytic activities of individual fractions were determined. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and its formation under the effect of various drug formulations were quantitatively evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results. The stability of the liquid formulation of the enzybiotic biosynthesized by S. albus UN 44 was demonstrated. Activity of the formulation could be prolonged and additionally stabilized by adding of 0.5% polyvinyl alcohol. Fractionation of the formulation enzyme complex using gel-filtration revealed the presence of at least three proteinases of different molecular weights (80-100, 24-35 and 20 kDa) and lysoenzymes (18-22 kDa). The effectiveness of the developed liquid antibiotic formulation for the destruction and inhibition (8-10 folds) of the biofilm formation by clinical strains of P. aeruginosa was shown. Conclusions. The broad spectrum, multidirectional mechanisms of antimicrobial and regenerative action of enzybiotic drug, and the possibility of its production directly from the biotechnological process determine the prospects of its manufacturing and use as a multifunctional surface antiseptic.

Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to display an immediate response to a large set of pathogenic activity against viruses, bacteria, and fungi by virtue of their local binding with phospholipid phosphatidylserines to exert cytotoxic effect. Plasmonic nanostructures are particularly appealing in medical diagnostics and therapeutics owing to their biocompatibility and ease of surface modification. The current article reports a development of ε‐poly‐l‐lysine modified gold nanorod (PLL‐AuNR) Raman‐active system that can be used to target pathogenic bacteria along with rapid monitoring of antimicrobial action from environmental samples. Result indicates a remarkable change in Raman enhancement factor from 1.49 × 104 to 2.17 × 107 after addition of Salmonella, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli bacteria in PLL‐AuNR colloid, enabling a large optical window to monitor the process of pathogenic action. Antimicrobial assay with PLL‐AuNR reveals significantly high cytotoxic values of ~92% in E. coli, ~90% in B. subtilis, and ~87% in Salmonella compared with their respective responses in bare PLL, which shows ~37% in E. coli, ~32% in B. subtilis, and ~27% in Salmonella, which proportionally collaborates with change in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) intensity beyond 10 min of incubation time. Major experimental design parameters and possible mechanism that relates unusual plasmonic enhancement and antimicrobial action of PLL‐AuNR system have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific data on the pharmacodynamics of dry extracts of Bupleurum aureum and Salsola collina L. based on the results of studying the antimicrobial effect and the similar effect of co-trimoxazole when they are used together have been supplemented. The investigated phytoextracts do not show antimicrobial properties, but they do not change the antimicrobial effect of co-trimoxazole when they are used in combination. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the antimicrobial effect of extracts of Bupleurum aureum and Salsola collina L. and establish the possible antagonistic effect of these extracts on the antimicrobial drug co-trimoxazole when used together. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in May 2016. Screening of the antimicrobial effect of extracts of Bupleurum aureum and Salsola collina L. and establishing of the possible antagonistic effect of these extracts on the antimicrobial drug co-trimoxazole when they are used together was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology of the National Pharmaceutical University, which has a certificate of attestation 045/14 dated 28.10.2014. For determination of antimicrobial activity, the agar diffusion method ("well" method), which is based on the ability of medicinal substances to penetrate the agar layer, was used. A set of reference strains of microorganisms was used: S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 8739, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, C. albicans ATCC 10231. Petri dishes were filled with two layers of solid nutrient medium. The lower layer - 10 ml of melted "cold" AGV agar (medium No. 3), the upper layer - nutrient medium for the corresponding test strain. After cooling the lower layer of agar, three thin-walled steel cylinders (inner diameter -- 6.0±0.1 mm, height - 10.0±0.1 mm) were placed on it at an equal distance from each other and from the edge of the cup. The top layer was poured around the cylinders -- 13.5 ml of agar, melted and cooled to 45-48°c, mixed with the seed dose of the test microorganism (1.5 ml of microbial suspension, the concentration corresponding to the type of microorganism). After cooling the upper layer of agar, the cylinders were removed with sterile tweezers and 0.25-0.3 ml of the studied drug was added to the resulting wells. The results were recorded after 24 h by measuring the zone of growth inhibition, including the diameter of the wells. Measurements were made with an accuracy of 1 mm, while focusing on the complete absence of visible growth. The obtained data were analyzed using the methods of variational statistics. The significance level is p<0.05. The studied plant extracts of Bupleurum aureum (aqueous and alcoholic) and Salsola collina L. (aqueous and alcoholic) were used in doses of 0.005 mg/ml and 0.01 mg/ml, which corresponded to doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Experimental data were also processed by parametric (Newman-Keuls) and non-parametric (Mann- Whitney) methods of variational statistics, using the Statistica 6.0 statistical software package; differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results. At the final stage, the determination of the antimicrobial effect of water and alcohol extracts of Bupleurum aureum and Salsola collina L. at doses of 1 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml was carried out, and the effect of BAS of these extracts on the antimicrobial effect of co-trimoxazole when used together was determined. In the course of the study, it has been established, that the addition of the above-mentioned extracts to the co-trimoxazole formulation does not affect its initial antimicrobial properties. Conclusion. Today, drug-induced liver injury remains one of the most important problems of hepatology and pediatrics, pharmacological science pays a lot of attention to the search for new effective and harmless drugs with a hepatoprotective effect, and the improvement of existing drugs is primarily aimed at increasing their specificity and reducing side effects related to the pharmacological properties of the drug. Currently, there is increasing interest in medicinal plants as a source of various biologically active substances (BAS), which provide a wide spectrum of pharmacological action of the agent, which allows to immediately affect various links of the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The analysis of scientific sources made it possible to establish that medicinal products of plant origin, thanks to BAS, possess polymodality of effects and reveal a versatile complex effect on the course of pathological processes in the body. Most drugs are characterized by good tolerability, absence of withdrawal syndrome and toxicity to parenchymal organs. Medicinal plants are used not only as monopreparations, but also in combination with synthetic drugs and as raw materials for obtaining BAS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green propolis may represent a promising therapeutic alternative against dental anaerobic pathogens because of its antimicrobial action. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm actions of Brazilian green propolis aqueous extract (BGP-AqExt) against dental anaerobic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicide concentration (MMC) of the extract were determined against the standard strains (ATCC) of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis. BGP-AqExt was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis. Antibiofilm action was measured by MTT and crystal violet tests. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey (5%) tests. The extract had antimicrobial action against all tested anaerobic bacteria, with an MIC value of 55 mg/mL for all bacteria, an MMC of 27.5 mg/mL for F. nucleatum and P. micra and 55 mg/mL for P. intermedia. Chemically, BGP-AqExt is composed of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic and p-coumaric acid, drupani, kaempferol and Artepillin C. Significant reductions in biomass and metabolic action of biofilms were found after BGP-AqExt application. Therefore, BGP-AqExt has an antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect against dental anaerobic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to investigate the pH, volumetric alteration, antimicrobial action, and effect on biofilm matrix polysaccharides of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes with different vehicles available in endodontics: CH + propylene glycol (CHP), UltraCal XS®, Metapaste®, and Metapex®. The pH was analyzed at different time intervals using a pH meter. For volumetric alteration, a microtomographic assay was performed before and after immersion in water. Enterococcus faecalis was chosen for microbiological tests. The bacterial viability and extracellular matrix were quantified with direct contact evaluation (dentin blocks) and at the intratubular level (dentin cylinders) using LIVE/DEAD BacLight and Calcofluor White dyes via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests were used to analyze pH and direct contact assays, while one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze volumetric alteration and intratubular decontamination (α = 0.05). Higher pH values were obtained during the initial days. Volumetric alterations were similar in all groups. Lower bacterial viability was obtained for dentin blocks and cylinders when CH pastes were used. UltraCal XS and Metapex had lower values for the extracellular matrix. The pH of all CH pastes decreased with time and did not promote medium alkalization for up to 30 days. CH paste can reduce bacterial viability through direct contact and at an intratubular level; however, UltraCal XS and Metapex are involved with lower volumes of extracellular matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chiral nanocarriers enhance therapeutic efficacy by improving in vivo stability and cellular uptake. Chemical functionalization reduces cytotoxicity, resulting in favorable biocompatibility. Nanoparticles self-assemble into supraparticles, enhancing drug delivery through improved retention and drug loading., Area Covered: This review covers chiral nanostructures and chiral supraparticles, and their applications in drug delivery and various healthcare applications., Expert Opinion: The chirality of biomaterials is crucial for advancing nanomedicine. Chiral nanosystem enhance drug delivery by interacting selectively with biological molecules, improving their specificity and efficacy. This reduces off-target effects and improves therapeutic outcomes. Research has focused on cellular uptake and elimination to ensure safety, and chiral nanomaterials also show promise in optical sensing and gene editing. Their biocompatibility and ability to self-assemble into supraparticles may make them ideal for drug delivery systems.

Objectives: To synthesize a 3D printing resin with antibacterial and long-term fluoride-releasing properties., Methods: (4,4-Bis-4-[2‑hydroxy-3-(2-methacryloyloxy)propoxy]-phenyl-pentanol-amine)-N,N-diacetic acid zirconium (IV) fluoride complex was synthesized from 4,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-pentanoic acid and monitored using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The synthesized complex was incorporated into a urethane-acrylate-based (UA) resin at 5 wt% and 10 wt% (5F-UA and 10F-UA groups, respectively). The UA resin without the synthesized complex was considered as the control group. All groups were 3D printed using a DLP printer, followed by 10 min of washing and 20 min of curing. Surface characteristics were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were assessed by measuring its flexural strength and Vickers hardness. The antibacterial property was investigated with direct and indirect contact tests and a WST-8 metabolic activity assay. The suspension was fully mixed and diluted for counting the number of colony-forming units. The cell viability test was performed using a cell proliferation assay. The amount of fluoride released was measured daily for 28 days using ion chromatography. One-way analysis of variance was performed for statistical analyses using SPSS software., Results: The amount of fluoride released increased with the concentration of fluoride complex in the resin. The fluoride ions were constantly released at a low concentration from the 3D printed specimens (5F-UA: around 0.13 ppm daily; 10F-UA: around 0.22 ppm daily). The antibacterial efficacy was acceptable in both the 5F-UA and 10F-UA groups, and higher in the latter. No cytotoxicity of the resin was detected. The mechanical properties were significantly influenced by the addition of the fluoride-releasing complex., Conclusions: The present 3D printing UA resin incorporating a fluoride complex effectively inhibited the growth of S. mutans and demonstrated the ability to slowly release fluoride over an extended period of time., Clinical Significance: This study provided informative composition of a fluoride-releasing UA-based 3D printing resin, ideal for dental applications such as crowns, bridges, removable partial dentures, and orthodontic appliances, which can benefit from sustained fluoride release and antimicrobial properties. Further modifications to the resin composition can be easily achieved to enhance the resin qualities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. All coauthors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript, and there is no financial interest to report. We certify that the submission is original work and is not under review by any other publication., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The resistance of bacteria to the disinfectants used is one of the pressing health problems requiring to be addressed in order to prevent formation and spread of resistant strains. Bacterial resistance leads to a sharply decreased effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures and contributes to maintaining a high morbidity level. In the context of the growing HAI incidence rate and related polyetiology, the large adaptive potential of opportunistic microorganisms, and the growing resistance to antimicrobial drugs, it is necessary to search for new or modify the corresponding substances of plant or synthetic origin exerting antimicrobial action used as antimicrobial agents. One of the representatives of this class of compounds are polyguanidines, characterized by high antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. Due to the high reactivity of the guanidine group, as well as ease of synthesis and relative availability of raw materials, N-phenyl- and N-octyl-substituted derivatives of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride were able to be obtained by melt polycondensation, their molecular weight characteristics were measured as well as the structure investigated by IR spectroscopy. An earlier study on the acute toxicity for polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride derivatives after a single oral drug intake in laboratory animals (white mice) allowed to establish the following LD50 values: polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 850.0±112.02 mg/ kg; N-phenyl-substituted polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 1399.9±120.51 mg/kg; N-octyl-substituted polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride — 1150.0±137.40 mg/kg. Such values, according to the tabulation of hazard classes, allow the synthesized derivatives to be classified into the fourth hazard class and open up an opportunity for using disinfectants as active components. The evaluation of the antibacterial sample properties was carried out by using serial dilutions in agar on hospital bacterial and fungal strains isolated from the biomaterial of patients at the Republican Clinical Hospital named after V.I. Semashko, according to the clinical guidelines “Laboratory diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia” 2014, “Bacteriological analysis of urine” 2014, “Determination of the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs” 2015. It was found that N-substituted derivatives exhibit a greater antimicrobial effect compared with unsubstituted polymer. The most sensitive to all the drugs presented was the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans (No. 2495) (complete suppression), as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (no. 2544), and the substituted samples almost completely suppress its growth. The most resistant strains are P. aeruginosa (No. 2281), A. baumannii (No. 2806) and K. pneumoniae (No. 3023), the percentage of reduction of these bacteria under the action of substituted samples does not exceed 41%, which is accounted for by their multi-resistance.

Enoki mushroom-mediated sulfur nanoparticles (SNP) were developed using a facile acid hydrolysis process. Enoki mushroom extract was applied as a natural stabilizing agent for SNPs. The capped SNPs showed good dispersion and stability in an aqueous solution. Enoki mushroom extract-capped SNPs were ~ 20 nm in size and approximately spherical. The XPS and FTIR analysis confirmed that mushroom extract successfully capped SNPs. The SNPs were used to fabricate the gelatin/cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based binary functional film. The mixing of SNPs pointedly enhanced the mechanical and UV-protective properties of the film. However, the inclusion of SNPs did not meaningfully change the film's other physical properties. The SNP-added nanocomposite film displayed strong antibacterial action toward foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The gelatin/CNF-based functional films are expected to be used in active packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasion of fish/seafoods by zoonotic pathogens causes health threats to humans. Plant derivatives and phytosynthesized nanometals could promisingly overcome bacterial infections/contaminations. The extract of pomegranate rinds (PRE) was innovatively employed for biosynthesizing selenium nanorods (Se-NRs). These agents were assessed as antibacterial candidates against diverse fish-borne pathogenic species (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Sphingomonas paucimobilis). The PRE-synthesized Se-NRs, within 60 min of contact, were negatively charged (‒32 mV) and had mean diameter of 62.31 nm and length range of 443.5–1236.9 nm. The designated infrared spectra for PRE and PRE/Se-NRs composite validated the biosynthesis, bonding, and interactions of the nanocomposite. The antibacterial potentialities of PRE, phytosynthesized Se-NRs, and PRE/Se-NRs composite was confirmed toward the entire challenged pathogens; S. aureus had the highest resistance (with inhibitory concentrations of 72.5, 60.0, and 55.0 mg/L, respectively) and S. paucimobilis was the most sensitive (with inhibitory concentrations of 55.0, 45.0, and 42.5 mg/L, respectively). The ultrastructure of the treated S. paucimobilis with PRE/Se-NRs emphasized the composite potentiality for deforming/distorting cells within 4 h and causing full cells’ destruction and deformation within 8 h of exposure. The PRE-phytosynthesized Se-NRs are advocated as potent antibacterial products against fish-borne pathogens for decontaminating fisheries farms and products.

The aim of the work was chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruits and leaves and identifying further prospects for the use of this plant in medicine. Materials and methods. Raw materials of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were selected as objects of study. The tincture was obtained by maceration and the raw material was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days according to the method of making tinctures. The study of the chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 mkm × 0,25 mkm). Results. 23 compounds (1 in the isomeric state) in fruits and 20 compounds (2 in the isomeric state) in the leaf of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were identified. The main components of fruits were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 12.53 %, propyl acetate (esters of carboxylic acids) – 12.60 %, chamazulene (terpenes) – 11.97 % and palmitic acid (fatty acids) – 8.28 %. The main component of leaves were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 17.57 %, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone (ketone) – 8.35 %, phytol (terpenes) – 6.10 %. It is known from the literature that chamazulene has antioxidant, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity. Sitosterol has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid has antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Phytol is characterized by a wide range of biological action – antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic. Conclusions. Based on the above, the olive can be considered as a source of antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic drugs.