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The present study aimed to synthesize ursolic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (UA-Ch-NPs) as an antiinfective agent against 21 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The UA-Ch-NPs were synthesized by a simple method and then characterized by TEM, FTIR, DLS-zeta potential, and XRD analyses. According to the characterization results, highly dispersed spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 258 nm and a zeta potential of + 40.1 mV were developed. The antibacterial properties of UA-Ch-NPs were investigated and their inhibitory effect on biofilm formation was demonstrated by AFM. Finally, the expression levels of icaA and icaD were measured using real-time PCR. Results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of UA and UA-Ch-NPs against S. aureus was 64 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. The treatment of bacterial cells with UA-Ch-NPs significantly decreased the expression of icaA and icaD genes which are engaged in biofilm formation. Our results indicated that UA-Ch-NPs could be a promising material for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.

The present report is the original description of bla TEM-176. The mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents were determined in an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, determining the susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials classified in 15 different groups by agar diffusion and establishing the phylogenetic group, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Class 1 and 2 integrons. Integrons and β-lactam resistance genes were sequenced. The isolate, belonging to phylogenetic group A, showed the presence of resistance or diminished susceptibility to a ampicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, nalidíxic acid, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfisoxazole, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin and nitrofurantoin, carrying bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) and a Class 2 integron containing a dfrA1 gene. Quinolone resistance was related to the substitution Ser83Ala. The TEM sequencing showed the presence of the new substitution Ala222Val, which led to the description of the new β-lactamase bla TEM-176.El presente reporte es la descripción original de bla TEM-176. Se caracterizaron los mecanismos de resistencia a antimicrobianos de un aislamiento de Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica, determinándose la resistencia a 22 antimicrobianos categorizados en 15 grupos diferentes mediante difusión en agar, estableciéndose grupo filogenético, mecanismos de resistencia y presencia de integrones de Clase 1 y 2 mediante PCR. Integrones y genes de resistencia a β-lactámicos fueron secuenciados. El aislamiento del grupo filogenético A, mostró resistencia o sensibilidad disminuida a ampicilina, amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacino, estreptomicina, kanamicina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim, sulfisoxazol, cotrimoxazol, azitromicina y nitrofurantoina, detectándose la presencia de bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) y un integron de Clase 2 conteniendo un gen dfrA1. La resistencia a quinolonas se relacionó con la substitución Ser83Ala. La secuencia de TEM mostró la substitución Ala222Val, la cual a la fecha no había sido descrita, reportándose como una nueva β-lactamasa, con el nombre de bla TEM-176.

We characterized the antimicrobial resistance of 70 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from patients with a urinary tract infection (UTI) from 8 public hospitals in Peru. Resistance profiles were identified using the automated MicroScan® system. A standard polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of the bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV and bla PER genes. The 65.7% (46/70) of the isolates presented a multidrug-resistant phenotype and 55.7% (39/70) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers. High levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin (77,1%), ciprofloxacin (74,3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%), and cefuroxime (57,1%). The bla TEM gene was the most frequent (31,4%), followed by bla CTX-M (18,6%) and bla SHV (2,9%) genes. These results show high resistance levels to antimicrobials of clinical use in E. coli isolates from hospital UTI patients in Peru.Se caracterizó la resistencia antimicrobiana de 70 aislados de Escherichia coli obtenidos de pacientes con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) provenientes de ocho hospitales públicos en el Perú. Los perfiles de resistencia fueron identificados mediante el uso del sistema automatizado MicroScan®. Se utilizó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional para la detección de los genes bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV y bla PER. El 65,7% (46/70) de los aislados presentó un fenotipo multidrogorresistente y el 55,7% (39/70) fue identificado como productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Se detectaron altos niveles de resistencia para ampicilina (77,1%), ciprofloxacina (74,3%), trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%) y cefuroxima (57,1%). El gen bla TEM fue el más frecuente con un 31,4%, seguido por bla CTX-M (18,6%) y bla SHV (2,9%). Los resultados evidencian altos niveles de resistencia a antimicrobianos de importancia clínica en aislados de E. coli de pacientes con ITU en el Perú.

Campylobacter, mainly Campylobacter jejuni is viewed as one of the most well-known reasons of foodborne bacterial diarrheal sickness in people around the globe. The genus Campylobacter contains 39 species (spp.) and 16 sub spp. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, Gram negative, spiral-shaped rod with characteristic cork screw motility. It is colonizing the digestive system of numerous wild and household animals and birds, particularly chickens. Intestinal colonization brings about transporter/carrier healthy animals. Consequently, the utilization of contaminated meat, especially chicken meat is the primary source of campylobacteriosis in humans and chickens are responsible for an expected 80% of human campylobacter infection. Interestingly, in contrast with the most recent published reviews that cover specific aspects of campylobacter/campylobacteriosis, this review targets the taxonomy, biological characteristics, identification and habitat of Campylobacter spp. Moreover, it discusses the pathogenesis, resistance to antimicrobial agents and public health significance of Campylobacter spp. Finally, it focuses on the phytochemicals as intervention strategies used to reduce Campylobacter spp.in poultry production.

Background The gut microbiota plays a central role in host physiology and in several pathological mechanisms in humans. Antibiotics compromise the composition and functions of the gut microbiota inducing long-lasting detrimental effects on the host. Recent studies suggest that the efficacy of different clinical therapies depends on the action of the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how different antibiotic treatments affect the ability of the gut microbiota to control intestinal inflammation upon fecal microbiota transplantation in an experimental colitis model and in ex vivo experiments with human intestinal biopsies. Results Murine fecal donors were pre-treated with different antibiotics, i.e., vancomycin, streptomycin, and metronidazole before FMT administration to colitic animals. The analysis of the gut microbiome, fecal metabolome, and the immunophenotyping of colonic lamina propria immune cells revealed that antibiotic pre-treatment significantly influences the capability of the microbiota to control intestinal inflammation. Streptomycin and vancomycin-treated microbiota failed to control intestinal inflammation and were characterized by the blooming of pathobionts previously associated with IBD as well as with metabolites related to the presence of oxidative stress and metabolism of simple sugars. On the contrary, the metronidazole-treated microbiota retained its ability to control inflammation co-occurring with the enrichment of Lactobacillus and of innate immune responses involving iNKT cells. Furthermore, ex vivo cultures of human intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells and iNKT cell clones from IBD patients with vancomycin pre-treated sterile fecal water showed a Th1/Th17 skewing in CD4+ T-cell populations; metronidazole, on the other hand, induced the polarization of iNKT cells toward the production of IL10. Conclusions Diverse antibiotic regimens affect the ability of the gut microbiota to control intestinal inflammation in experimental colitis by altering the microbial community structure and microbiota-derived metabolites.

This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a risk factor associated with some microorganisms isolated from subclinical mastitis (SCM) milk samples from Holstein Friesian dairy animals in Fayoum area, Egypt. The percentage of the SCM in the farm was found to be 41.18% and 63.88% at quarter and cows level respectively, with mean somatic cell count (SCC) of 8.8×105 ± 9.2×103 cells/mL and electrical conductivity (EC) 6.27 ± 0.066 mS/cm for SCM quarter milk samples. Out of the total 444 SCM cow milk samples, the most often isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus: 296 (66.6%), Enterococcus spp.: 230 (51.80%), Escherichia coli: 210 (47.29%) and Streptococcus agalactiae: 106 (23.87%). AMR was determined by disc diffusion test and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Results of the in vitro susceptibility tests performed and the phenotypes indicated that the highest resistance to antibiotics for isolated microorganisms was against penicillin followed by amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, oxacillin and tetracycline, whereas moderate resistance was exhibited to oxytetracycline, ampicillin, sulfamethazole/trimethoprim, cefotaxime and erythromycin. However the most effective antibiotics against most isolates were nitrofurantoin and gentamicin followed by enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and cefoxitin. It was shown that the resistance to tetracyclines was due to the tetK or tetA(A) genes, the resistance to β-lactams (penicillins) – to blaZ and blaTEM genes, to macrolides (erythromycin): to ermB and ermC genes. Methicillin resistance genes were mecA, mec1 and mecC, glycopeptides (vancomycin) resistance gene was vanA, and norfloxacin resistance was attributed to norA gene.

Summary Members of the genus Pseudomonas inhabit diverse environments, such as soil, water, plants and humans. The variability of habitats is reflected in the diversity of the structure and composition of their genomes. This cosmopolitan bacterial genus includes species of biotechnological, medical and environmental importance. In this study, we report on the most relevant genomic characteristics of Pseudomonas sp. strain ABC1, a siderophore‐producing fluorescent strain recently isolated from soil. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that this strain corresponds to a novel species forming a sister clade of the recently proposed Pseudomonas kirkiae. The genomic information reveals an overrepresented repertoire of mechanisms to hoard iron when compared to related strains, including a high representation of fecI‐fecR family genes related to iron regulation and acquisition. The genome of the Pseudomonas sp. ABC1 contains the genes for non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) of a novel putative Azotobacter‐related pyoverdine‐type siderophore, a yersiniabactin‐type siderophore and an antimicrobial betalactone; the last two are found only in a limited number of Pseudomonas genomes. Strain ABC1 can produce siderophores in a low‐cost medium, and the supernatants from cultures of this strain promote plant growth, highlighting their biotechnological potential as a sustainable industrial microorganism., ‘Pseudomonas chilensis’ strain ABC1 was fully sequenced. About 5% of the ABC1 genome is devoted to iron acquisition, including 37 ECF sigma factors. Strain ABC1 produces pyoverdine and has the genes for the production of yersiniabactin.

Background and Aim: Selection and dissemination of plasmid-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) among Enterobacteriaceae confers resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from dairy cattle with a uterine infection. Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolates (n=62) were characterized by biochemical test for genus and species determination. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method using panel of antibiotics for initial screening of ESBL organism. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBL-suspected strains was done by combination disk method and double-disk method. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for phylogrouping of Escherichia coli isolates as well as for genotyping ESBL genes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR method was used for genotypic characterization of isolates. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli (n=40) isolates showed high rates of resistance for ampicillin (95.0%), cefpodoxime (97.5%), cefotaxime (87.5%), and ceftriaxone (70%). However, low rates of resistance were observed for cefoxitin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%), ceftazidime (17.5%), gentamicin (10%), and ertapenem (7.5%). A total of 39/40 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL with Epsilometer test as well as the genotypic method and 28 (70%) of them were multidrug-resistant. Genotype blaCTX-M was observed as a predominant beta-lactamase type with the preponderance of CTX-M Group 1. The following combinations were observed: blaTEM + blaCTX-M in 15 (36.2%) isolates, blaTEM / blaSHV in 8 (5.2%) isolates, and blaCTX-M / blaSHV in 6 (5.2%) isolates. The phylogenetic grouping of E. coli strains revealed the highest prevalence for B1 (22.0%) followed by A (20%). Conclusion: This report shows a high frequency of ESBL E. coli from cattle with postpartum uterine infections. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to common antibiotics used for the treatment of uterine infections greater affecting the therapeutic outcome.

The pig production is considered to be amongst the animal husbandry sectors with the highest antimicrobial usage. In Serbia, antimicrobials have wide application at pig farms as therapeutic but also as a prophylactic treatment. The aim of the research study was assessment of the antimicrobial usage in different stages of pig production in commercial farrow to-finish pig holdings located in Vojvodina Province (Serbia). In the research a total eleven pig holdings located in the Vojvodina Province were included. All investigated herds were single site farrow-to-finish production systems with minimum of 300 sows in the site. The data on prophylactic and therapeutic measures on the investigated farms were obtained from official farm treatment records provided by the veterinarians and/or farmers. The antimicrobials usage on the pig farms was recorded by product, administration route and animal production category. Analysis of recorded data revealed that different types of antimicrobials from almost all groups are applied. Breeding pigs (sows, boars) received less treatment compared to growing categories. Regarding different antimicrobials, a frequent use of cephalosporins and polymyxins applied to growing piglets was detected. The group treatments were mostly preventive and antimicrobial usage often lack prior a precise diagnosis. The high amounts of macrolides and pleuromutilins (tiamulin), quite often in combination with tetracycline’s in fattening stage were notified. In conclusion, the significant level of prophylactic antimicrobial treatments in farrow-to-finish pig farms in Serbia is evident. The present study was initiated as a first step for comparing antimicrobial usage on herd level using available data.

The author's key role in advocating and leading One Health (OH) initiatives in India (especially in Kerala), review the need for and progress of OH from concept to approach and proposes its institutionalization as the way forward India is currently facing many health threats such as antimicrobial resistance, environmental health hazards, and food safety risks and most importantly, zoonotic diseases such as Nipah, Avian Influenza, Scrub typhus, Congo fever, Kyasanur forest disease, COVID-19, and leptospirosis that grossly impact country's economy The recent pandemics had exposed the gaps in public health policy and government is prepared to commit on the OH approach and to invest more on public health infrastructure Further, as challenges have increased in recent years, OH approach was clearly advocated by the experts not only to cope up the pandemic but also to manage the infodemic by promoting the timely dissemination of accurate information Right from the endorsement of OH in 2007 by India's Prime minister to the present fight against COVID-19 pandemic, the actions to control and manage the disease was ideally oriented toward a collaborative approach Last year (2019), the representatives from relevant ministries and department had a ground-breaking dialog to develop charter and constitute a National policy on OH Recently, Health Ministers of the Member States of the World Health Organization South-East Asia signed “Delhi declaration” where the key essence was to implement intersectoral coordination mechanisms following the “OH” approach India's future policy intervention will emphasize on strengthening of integrated public health labs and contributing to building a national institutional platform for OH to boost research initiatives Taking stock of OH happenings, resources, challenges, and priorities, the implementation strategy has been proposed across human, animal and environmental health The article further highlights the key areas that need OH intervention in India, the country's progress in OH and the success stories of OH for a sustainable action to confront emerging health threats Copyright: Nambiar This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International License (http://creativecommons org/licenses/ by/4 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons org/ publicdomain/zero/1 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

Was ist neu? Antibiotikaverbrauch in Deutschland In Deutschland wurden in den letzten Jahren sowohl im Krankenhausbereich als auch im ambulanten Setting immer weniger Fluorchinolone verordnet. Auch der Verbrauch der Cephalosporine ging etwas zurück. Renaissance von Aminoglykosiden? Die inzwischen relativ seltenen Substanzen können aufgrund einer recht guten Resistenzlage bei Harnwegsinfektionen als geeignete Alternative – allerdings nur parenteral – eingesetzt werden. Bei akuten schweren Infektionen ist eine einmalige Gabe, z. B. von Tobramycin, initial zusätzlich zu einem geeigneten Betalactam ebenfalls eine Option, aber keine klare Empfehlung. Antibiotikaeinsatz in der Hämatologie/Onkologie Bei Fieber und Neutropenie gilt nach wie vor die initiale empirische Gabe von Piperacillin-Tazobactam oder einem pseudomonasaktiven Carbapenem als Standard. Diese Betalactame sollten mit verlängerter Infusionsdauer, z. B. über 4 h, verabreicht werden. Linezolid ist ein Reservemedikament und sollte auch bei hämatoonkologischen Patienten nicht empirisch, sondern nur in der gezielten Therapie verwendet werden. Penicillinallergie Die anamnestische Angabe einer Penicillinallergie sollte durch genaues Hinterfragen differenziert werden. Patienten können so bezüglich ihres Risikos für allergische Reaktionen gruppiert werden – oft besteht kein oder ein sehr geringes Risiko bei einer (erneuten) Behandlung mit Penicillinderivaten. Niedrigrisikopatienten dürfen ohne weitergehende allergologische Untersuchungen reexponiert werden.

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the leading causes of several gastroduodenal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. In fact, H. pylori eradication provides a preventive effect against the incidence of gastric cancer. Amoxicillin is a commonly used antibiotic for H. pylori eradication. However, due to its easy degradation by gastric acid, it is necessary to administer it in a large dosage and to combine it with other antibiotics. This complexity and the strong side effects of H. pylori eradication therapy often lead to treatment failure. In this study, the chitosan/poly (acrylic acid) particles co-loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and amoxicillin (SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI) are used as drug nano-carriers for H. pylori eradication therapy. In vitro and in vivo results show that the designed SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI nanoparticles are biocompatible and could retain the biofilm inhibition and the bactericidal effect of amoxicillin against H. pylori. Moreover, the mucoadhesive property of chitosan allows SPIO/AMO@PAA/CHI nanoparticles to adhere to the gastric mucus layer and rapidly pass through the mucus layer after exposure to a magnetic field. When PAA is added, it competes with amoxicillin for chitosan, so that amoxicillin is quickly and continuously released between the mucus layer and the gastric epithelium and directly acts on H. pylori. Consequently, the use of this nano-carrier can extend the drug residence time in the stomach, reducing the drug dose and treatment period of H. pylori eradication therapy.

In the first 10 weeks of life, bovine salmonellosis is the most serious infection typically affects calves. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, attributes of some virulence and resistance genes of Salmonella isolated from diarrheic cow and buffalo-calves. A total of 200 fecal samples from cow and buffalo-calves were bacteriologically examined for isolation of Salmonella species. The percent of positive cases (n= 65 /200) was 32.5%. Serological typing of the recovered Salmonella isolates produced eight serotypes, Salmonella Typhmurium (13.8%), S. Anatum (7.6%), S. Sanktjohann (1.5%), S. Salami (20%), S. Mississippi (24.6%), S. Stratford (13.8%), S. Enteritidis (7.6%) and S. Saintpaul (10.7%). Upon ower knowledge, this is the first record of isolation of S. Sanktjohann from diarrheic calves in Egypt. The results revealed a higher incidence of salmonellosis in Spring (57.6%) followed by Winter (27.9%). Also, the incidence of salmonellosis was more recorded in cow calves (43.58%) than buffalo calves (16.86%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the highest sensitivity levels were found for nalidixic acid (75%), enrofloxacin (62.5%), and chloramphenicol (50%) whereas, all isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and doxycycline. The 4 virulence genes (invA, avrA, stn, spvC) were found in the 8 examined Salmonella isolates. The blaTEM and tetA(A) resistance gene were detected in all isolates that were resistant to ampicillin and doxycycline. Tetracycline resistance gene (floR) was identified in 5 isolates; the sul1 gene was present in Sulphamethoxazole resistant isolates and the dfrA gene was present only in 2 isolates (S. Sankjohan and S. Mississippi) which existed resistance to trimethoprim. By comparing the stn gene sequence data of both S. Sanktjohann and S. Stratford with other Salmonella strains from the GeneBank the point mutation (Threonine 371 to Serine) was identified. In conclusion, this study proved the presence of different virulent and MDR salmonella isolates in diarrheic calves that make persistence shedding of microorganism into the environment. Moreover, antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be performed prior to treatment of Salmonella infection.

This study aims to evaluate two commercial antibiotics for drying off. Ninety-five Friesian cows and 380 quarters were included. The cows were classified as Control or Subclinical Mastitis based on somatic cell count. The California Mastitis Test and the teat end score were performed. Quarters were randomly treated with Cloxacillin and Ampicillin (TA) or Cephalexin (TB). The effect of the therapy (TA vs. TB) was estimated by X2 analysis based on the Wald test. The preservative and therapeutic actions of TA vs. TB were evaluated by the Kruskall-Wallis test. TB showed a statistically significant therapeutic effect in the control group, that might be related to the pharmacological activity of the two antibiotics. Also, the subclinical mastitis group most commonly presented more quarters affected compared to the control group, leading to worse improvement despite proper therapy. In conclusion, in abrupt drying off, the California mastitis test, teat end score and somatic cell count evaluation, as well as microbial herd data, might represent key concepts for an efficient drying off standard protocol on a dairy farm. In line with the herd bacterial population, both TA and TB may be employed for drying off therapy., Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinke dva komercijalna antibiotika za zasušivanje koji se primjenjuju pri zasušivanju mliječnih krava. Uključeno je 95 krava frizijske pasmine i 380 četvrti vimena. Na temelju broja somatskih stanica krave su podijeljene u kontrolnu skupinu i skupinu sa supkliničkim mastitisom. Primijenjeni su Kalifornijski test za mastitis ocjena vrha sisa. Četvrti vimena su nasumično tretirane kloksacilinom i ampicilinom (TA) ili cefaleksinom (TB). Učinak terapije (TA u odnosu na TB) procijenjen je hi-kvadrat testom temeljenim na Wald-ovoj procjeni. Zaštitni i terapijski učinci TA-a u odnosu na TB procijenjeni su Kruskall-Wallisovim testom. TB je pokazao statistički znakovit terapijski učinak u kontrolnoj skupini, koji bi mogao biti povezan s farmakološkom aktivnošću dvaju antibiotika. Također, skupina sa supkliničkim mastitisom najčešće je imala više zahvaćenih četvrtina vimena u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom, što je vodilo pogoršanju unatoč terapiji. Zaključeno je da bi naglo zasušivanje, te korištenje Kalifornijskog testa za mastitis, ocjena vrha sisa, procjena broja somatskih stanica i podataka o mikrobnom statusu stada mogli biti ključni za učinkovit standardni protokol zasušenja na farmama mliječnih krava. S obzirom na populacije bakterija u stadu I korištenja TA i TB mogu se uključiti u protokol zasušivanja krava.

Aim: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat. This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli in imported 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults. Materials and Methods: The liver, heart, lungs, and yolk sacs of 148 imported batches of 1-day-old flocks (chicks, 45; ducklings, 63; and turkey poults, 40) were bacteriologically examined for the presence of E. coli. Results: We isolated 38 E. coli strains from 13.5%, 6.7%, and 5.4% of imported batches of 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults, respectively. They were serotyped as O91, O125, O145, O78, O44, O36, O169, O124, O15, O26, and untyped in the imported chicks; O91, O119, O145, O15, O169, and untyped in the imported ducklings; and O78, O28, O29, O168, O125, O158, and O115 in the imported turkey poults. The E. coli isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against 16 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and were found resistant to cefotaxime (60.5%), nalidixic acid (44.7%), tetracycline (44.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42.1%). The distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampC β-lactamase genes was blaTEM (52.6%), blaSHV (28.9%), blaCTX-M (39.5%), blaOXA-1 (13.1%), and ampC (28.9%). Conclusion: Imported 1-day-old poultry flocks may be a potential source for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and the ESBL genes in poultry production.

Salmonellosis is a major public health hazard globally. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2016 using a cross sectional approach. A total of 58 Salmonella isolates were serotyped, 13 different serovars were identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. All the isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. All of the isolates exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin, 65.5% of the isolates showed resistance to cefotaxime while 63.8% of the isolates were resistant to either of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Low level of resistance was observed for neomycin (22.4%) compare to other antimicrobials. S. enterica ser. 4, 12, 27: z: - exhibited resistance to all antimicrobial agents. Considering the types of samples that were positive for Salmonella across different local government areas, frequencies of resistance were statistically significant only to gentamicin (P =0.016) in Ilorin west local government area, only nalidixic acid (P =0.014) in Irepodun local government area, only compound sulfonamide (P =0.002) in Asa local government area and streptomycin (P =0.025) in Ilorin-South local government area. The results indicated the relatively high resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested and the multi-drug-resistance among the Salmonella serovars. These observations pose therapeutic concerns on poultry farms in the study area and may serve as potential sources of multi- drug-resistant Salmonella transmission to the humans.

Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are an important group of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify and characterize of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms of Gazipur, Tangail, and Dhaka districts of Bangladesh. This study also evaluated the difference of Salmonella positivity status between two groups of farms, good practices adapted in broiler rearing at the project intervened farms, and non-project intervened traditional farms. Materials and Methods: A total of 352 samples including 128 cloacal swabs, 32 whole carcasses, 64 feed, 64 water, and 64 attendants' hand rinses were collected through convenient sampling technique from 16 poultry food safety project of Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations Bangladesh intervened farms and other 16 non-project intervened farms in the same location. Various cultural based techniques and biochemical methods were employed for the estimation of prevalence, isolation, and identification of Salmonella spp. which was further evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using disk diffusion methods and serogrouping by slide agglutination test was accomplished for additional characterization. Results: Among the samples, an overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 31.25% (110/352) (95% confidence interval [CI]=26.44-36.38%). However, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 24.43% (43/176) (95% CI=18.28-31.47) in project intervened farms and 38.07% (67/176) (95% CI=30.87-45.68%) in non-intervened farms. Among the 110 isolates, 31.82% (35/110) were fitted under serogroup B, and the rest of the isolates 75 (68.18%) under serogroup D. Of 110 isolates, 82.72%, 77.27%, 81.82%, and 79.09% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, norfloxacin, and streptomycin, respectively. In addition, 81.82% and 80% isolates were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. Isolated Salmonella spp. presented moderate resistance to both amoxicillin and azithromycin. Alarmingly, 80.91% (89/110) isolates were shown to be multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. Conclusion: The study has presented a significant variation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. between project intervened and non-project intervened farms, and this indicates project intervened farms are comparatively safer than the non-intervened farms considering public health and food safety grounds. This research outcome also has highlighted a substantial proportion of poultry origin multidrug resistance Salmonella spp. is a potential source of public health hazards. In this regard, proper awareness creation and motivational activities on good agriculture practices in poultry rearing and maintaining good personal hygiene at the farmers' level are warranted through participatory training.

In March 2015, a patient in Colombia with HIV/AIDS was hospitalized for disseminated ulcers after milking cows that had vesicular lesions on their udders. Vaccinia virus was detected, and the case met criteria for progressive vaccinia acquired by zoonotic transmission. Adherence to an optimized antiretroviral regimen resulted in recovery. © 2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All rights reserved.

We report the biochemical and structural characterisation of a beta-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) from Trichomonas vaginalis, a unicellular parasite responsible for one of the world’s leading sexually transmitted infections, trichomoniasis. CAs are ubiquitous metalloenzymes belonging to eight evolutionarily divergent groups (α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι); humans express only α-CAs, whereas many clinically significant pathogens express only β- and/or γ-CAs. For this reason, the latter two groups of CAs are promising biomedical targets for novel antiinfective agents. The β-CA from T. vaginalis (TvaCA1) was recombinantly produced and biochemically characterised. The crystal structure was determined, revealing the canonical dimeric fold of β-CAs and the main features of the enzyme active site. The comparison with the active site of human CA enzymes revealed significant differences that can be exploited for the design of inhibitors selective for the protozoan enzyme with respect to the human ones.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences in antibiotic prescription for patients with hard-to-heal ulcers assessed using a digital decision support system (DDSS) compared with those assessed without using a DDSS. A further aim was to examine predictors for antibiotic prescription. DESIGN: Register-based study. SETTING: In 2018-2019, healthcare staff in primary, community and specialist care in Sweden tested a DDSS that offers a mobile application for data and photograph transfer to a platform for multidisciplinary consultation and automatic transmission of data to the Registry of Ulcer Treatment (RUT). Register-based data from patients assessed and diagnosed using the DDSS combined with the RUT was compared with register-based data from patients whose assessments were merely registered in the RUT. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 117 patients assessed using the DDSS combined with the RUT (the study group) were compared with 1784 patients whose assessments were registered in the RUT without using the DDSS (the control group). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The differences in antibiotic prescription were analysed using the Pearson's χ2 test. A logistic regression analysis was used to check for influencing factors on antibiotic prescription. RESULTS: Patients assessed using a DDSS in combination with the RUT had significantly lower antibiotic prescription than patients entered in the RUT without using the DDSS (8% vs 26%) (p=0.002) (only healed ulcers included). Predictors for antibiotic prescription were diabetes; long healing time; having an arterial, neuropathic or malignant ulcer. CONCLUSIONS: A DDSS with data and photograph transfer that enables multidisciplinary communication appears to be a suitable tool to reduce antibiotic prescription for patients with hard-to-heal ulcers. CC BY-NC 4.0© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.October 2022Correspondence to Dr Hanna Linnea Wickström; hanna.wickstrom@med.lu.seThe study was partly funded by the Scientific Committee of Blekinge County, Council's Research and Development Foundation as part of a PhD studentship (LTB-939727).

Medicinal plants have served as an important source for addressing the ailments of humans and animals alike. The emergence of advanced technologies in the field of drug discovery and development has helped in isolating various bioactive phytochemicals and developing them as drugs. Owing to their significant pharmacological benefits and minimum adverse effects, they not only serve as good candidates for therapeutics themselves but also help in the identification and development of related drug like molecules against various metabolic and infectious diseases. The ever-increasing diversity, severity and incidence of infectious diseases has resulted in an exaggerated mortality and morbidity levels. Geno-proteomic mutations in microbes, irrational prescribing of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and human population explosion, all call for continuous efforts to discover and develop alternated therapeutic options against the microbes. This review article describes the pharmacoinformatics tools and methods which are currently used in the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals, thus making the process more efficient and effective. The pharmacological aspects of the drug discovery and development process have also been reviewed with reference to the in silico activities. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Sargassurn vulgare was sampled by free dives in Iskenderun Bay, Hatay, Turkey, in September 2018. Sargassum vulgare is a material with high economic value because it has compounds that can be used in medical applications such as alginic acid and at the same time it contains carbohydrates and vitamins. Alginates were extracted with a sequential extraction protocol from Sargassum vulgare. Structural characterization of alginate obtained from Sargassum vulgare was determined by FT-IR spectrum, phase structure by XRD diffractometer, and surface morphology by SEM image. Within the scope of the study, alginate obtained from Sargassurn vulgare and herbal preservative 705 used in the field of cosmetics were compared. After pretreatment of Sargassurn vulgare with ethanol, alginate extraction was performed. Microorganisms of Pseudontonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia soli, Aspergillus brasiliensis were used to examine the antimicrobial activity of the obtained alginate and showed that the contamination risk was tolerable for all microorganisms examined on the seventh day of incubation. Alginate obtained from Sargassum vulgare was found to be more effective than herbal preservative 705 at 0 hours. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms with the highest effect in the 0 hour. Since alginate obtained from Sargassurn vulgare is more effective on microorganisms in a shorter time than herbal preservative 705, it is predicted that it can be a product that can be used in the field of cosmetics.

Infection is one of the important burdens on the health care system, not only due to leading morbidity and mortality but also because of the development of antibiotic resistance. Although the infection can be diagnosed by imaging techniques, more effective agents including radiopharmaceuticals may be required to image deep-seated infections. Imaging also plays a critical role in the choosing of optimum treatment options and following treatment. Theranostic agents offer many advantages such as monitoring the biodistribution and targeting of therapeutic agents, as well as rapid diagnosis and treatment. Colistin, a cationic peptide, leads to bacterial death through interaction with lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall of bacteria. In our study,177Lu as radionuclide part and colistimethate sodium (a prodrug of colistin, CMS) as pharmaceutic part were chosen to prepare a radiopharmaceutical for imaging and treatment of infections.177Lu-CMS complex was formed under room condition, and radiolabeling efficiency was determined by paper and high-performance liquid chromatography. The effect of the filtration process on radiolabeling was evaluated among the labeling efficiencies of filtered and un-filtered complexes. The different incubation times (5, 30, and 60 min) effect on the radiolabeling process was also evaluated. Moreover, in vitro stability of177Lu-CMS complex in saline solution was assessed during 7 days. According to the results, desired radiolabeling efficiency was not obtained under tested conditions and stability studies. Therefore, various modifications such as the addition of chelating agents or stabilizers in the radiolabeling procedure should be made to increase the radiolabeling stability. Further studies regarding radiolabeling are surely needed, and our studies are continuing. © 2022 Marmara University Press.

Sporadic Legionnaires' disease is frequently detected in commercial truck drivers. We report 2 sporadic cases of this disease in Barcelona, Spain, that occurred during December 2019 and September 2020. Laboratory findings were consistent with windshield wiper fluid without added screen wash as a possible source of infection for both cases.

Drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections are still a substantial burden on the public health system, with two bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae ) accounting for over 1.5 million drug-resistant infections in the United States alone in 2017. In 2019, 250,000 deaths were attributed to these pathogens globally. We have developed a preclinical glycopeptide antibiotic, MCC5145, that has excellent potency (MIC 90 ≤ 0.06 μg/ml) against hundreds of isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and other Gram-positive bacteria, with a greater than 1000-fold margin over mammalian cell cytotoxicity values. The antibiotic has therapeutic in vivo efficacy when dosed subcutaneously in multiple murine models of established bacterial infections, including thigh infection with MRSA and blood septicemia with S. pneumoniae , as well as when dosed orally in an antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile infection model. MCC5145 exhibited reduced nephrotoxicity at microbiologically active doses in mice compared to vancomycin. MCC5145 also showed improved activity against biofilms compared to vancomycin, both in vitro and in vivo, and a low propensity to select for drug resistance. Characterization of drug action using a transposon library bioinformatic platform showed a mechanistic distinction from other glycopeptide antibiotics.

The relative high burden of morbidity and mortality caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in healthcare and community settings is a major concern worldwide. It can cause invasive infections, sepsis and deaths. Despite progress in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevention in healthcare settings, there is a critical need for assessment of the problem in both healthcare and community settings. This study was conducted for examining the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA in Mansoura University Hospitals (MUHs), Egypt. Samples were collected from patients in MUHs with clinically suspected nosocomial infections. MRSA isolates were identified by the standard bacteriological methods, biochemical reactions and disc diffusion method as recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), then confirmed by MecA gene PCR. A total of 2006 isolates was obtained. SA (32%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen. MRSA (130 isolates) represented 20% of SA and 6.48 % of all isolates. The mecA PCR identified SA as MRSA in 99.2% of cases. MRSA was isolated with another organism (mostly Gram-negative bacilli) from 40.8% of cases while 59.2% of MRSA was isolated alone. The most important reported risk factors for MRSA infections were prolonged hospital stays, recent antibiotic therapy, ICU admission, indwelling devices and presence of surgical sutures. MRSA was resistant to many antibiotics but sensitive to vancomycin in 99.2% of cases. Minimizing exposure to the risk factors with rapid diagnosis of MRSA infections are essential for early initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment and limitation of the non-optimal use of glycopeptides and deaths.

Monitoring the distribution and resistance of antibiotics to enterococcal species is critical aspect to controlling and preventing enterococcal infection. The aim of the present study is to screen the antimicrobial resistance genes within Enterococcus species isolates that collected from Taif governorate, Saudi Arabia. Out of 134 clinical samples, nineteen enterococcal isolates were identified using 16S rRNA sequence gene. Phylogenetic tree analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence of the 19 strains divided them into 15 strains as E. faecalis and 4 strains as E. faecium. In addition, these the species of these isolates were recognized using VITEK-2 COMPACT system. The PCR technique was used to screen the multi-drug resistant genes within enterococcal isolates. The KpsII, tetL, aac(6)-Ie-aph(2)-Ia, vanA and Erm(B) genes were found in all strains. The distribute of resistance against antibiotic drugs were differs greatly between the two species, a considerably higher prevalence of resistance to penicillin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, erthromycin and fusidic acid was identified in E. faecalis than in E. faecium, while greater spread was detected to resist to Trim/Sulf and tetracycline in E. faecalis. Finally, rep-PCR markers investigated genomic diversity of Enterococcus strains. Results of rep-PCR markers generated 142 distinct loci; 96 were polymorphic (67.6%) and 46 were monomorphic (32.4%). Number of loci for individual rep-PCR primers ranged from 9 for rep-08 to 18 for rep-02.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência Background and aim: The term ESKAPE, recognized by the WHO, is an acronym, which refers to the pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., which is extremely virulent and multidrug-resistant. Although the term is used to designate nosocomial pathogens, in a milking environment, strains of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus have been isolated from cattle diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. Resistant strains may be involved in the transfer of genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among the species of microorganisms related to mastitis etiology. This study aimed to trace the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of susceptibility to beta-lactams in S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis obtained from different rural properties located in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Materials and methods: Sixteen microorganisms previously identified as S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), mass spectrometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for microbial species confirmation. The S. aureus beta-lactams antimicrobial phenotypic resistance profile was investigated by disk diffusion method. PCR methods were also performed to investigate the S. aureus genotypic beta-lactams resistance profile. For this purpose, bla Z, mec A, mec ALGA251, bla Oxa23, and bla KPC genes were screened among S. aureus isolates. The genetic diversity of S. aureus by fingerprint random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was also performed in this study. Results: All isolates showed phenotypic resistance to at least three beta-lactams, among which was meropenem. None of the isolates tested positive for the genes mec ALGA251, bla Oxa23, and bla KPC; however, the presence of the genes bla Z and mecA was detected among the isolates. The fingerprint analysis divided isolates into two distinct groups and 15 different subgroups. Despite the presence of clonality among the isolates, the PCR-RAPD analysis unveiled a heterogeneous profile with genetic diversity among the S. aureus isolates. Conclusion: In this study, we identified beta-lactams resistant S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. The S. aureus beta-lactams resistance was investigated using a phenotypic and genotypic approach. We believe that molecular epidemiology, improved knowledge, and genetic basis of resistance to beta-lactams might assist in asserting guidelines for better management practices of dealing with subclinical mastitis and mapping of origin of resistant pathogens in the studied Brazilian area.

Background The use of antibiotic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases has greatly contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality, but these great advances in treatment are being undermined by the rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistant organisms. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are enzymes hydrolyzing the beta lactam antibiotics, including third generation cephalosporins and monobactams but not cephamycins and carbapenems. They pose a serious global health threat and have become a challenge for health care providers. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu and to detect the risk factors for acquisition of the resistant organism. To proffer advice on antibiotic stewardship in clinical practice and public health interventions, to curb the spread of the resistant organisms in the hospital. Results Out of the 200 E. coli isolates, 70 (35.00%) were confirmed positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production. Fifty-three (75.7%) were from hospital acquired infections. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol while 68 (97.14%) of the 70 isolates were susceptible to imipenem. BlaTEM, blaSHV and blaTEM were detected in 66 (94%) of the 70 isolates. The ESBL bla genes detected were blaCTX-M (n = 26; 37.14%), blaTEM (n = 7; 10.00%), blaSHV (n = 2; 2.86%), blaCTX-M/TEM (n = 7; 10.0%), blaCTX-M/SHV (n = 14; 20.0%) and blaCTX-M/TEM/SHV (n = 10; 14.29%). The three bla genes were not detected in 4 (5.71%) of the isolates. Recent surgery, previous antibiotic and intensive care unit admission were the associated risk factors to infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli. Conclusion There is a high rate of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli. Recent surgery, previous antibiotic and intensive care unit admission were associated risk factors.

Background: Emergence of multidrug-resistant Shigella, a major causative agent of bacterial dysentery, has generated many concerns not only in China but also worldwide. However, the prevalence of Shigella resistance caused by integron in the nonpopular season of diarrhea is not clear. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one Shigella flexneri and 22 Shigella sonnei samples collected in December 2010 from 10 cities of China were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, gene cassettes, widespread of integrons, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile. Results: Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 29 (93.5%) S. flexneri and 20 (90.9%) S. sonnei isolates. Class 1 integrons were detected in 25 (80.6%) S. flexneri and in 13 (59.1%) S. sonnei isolates; class 2 integrons were detected in 26 (83.9%) S. flexneri and in 19 (86.4%) S. sonnei isolates. Interestingly, the atypical class 1 integrons were mostly detected in S. flexneri (45.2%) isolates, whereas in only 1 (4.5%) S. sonnei isolate. DNA sequencing revealed two novel cassette arrays, dfrA5 and aacA4-cmlA, of class 1 integrons in S. flexneri, and dfrA17-aadA5 in S. sonnei isolates. The cassette arrays, dfrA1-sat1-aadA1 of class 2 integron and blaoxa-30-aadA1 of atypical class 1 integron, were also identified. PFGE profiles demonstrated A6 subtype of S. flexneri strains prevalent in Shanghai, Changchun, Jinan, and Changsha; and F6 subtype of S. sonnei prevalent in Jinan, Changchun, and Shanghai. Conclusion: The dissemination of MDR Shigella strains with integrons makes it an increasing public health problem in China. Increased surveillance and the development of adequate prevention strategies are warranted.

Enteral energy delivery above requirements (overfeeding) is believed to cause adverse effects during critical illness, but the literature supporting this is limited. We aimed to quantify the reported frequency and clinical sequelae of energy overfeeding with enterally delivered nutrition in critically ill adult patients. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL from conception to November 28, 2018, identified clinical studies of nutrition interventions in enterally fed critically ill adults that reported overfeeding in 1 or more study arms. Overfeeding was defined as energy delivery > 2000 kcal/d, > 25 kcal/kg/d, or ≥ 110% of energy prescription. Data were extracted on methodology, demographics, prescribed and delivered nutrition, clinical variables, and predefined outcomes. Cochrane "Risk of Bias" tool was used to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Eighteen studies were included, of which 10 were randomized (n = 4386 patients) and 8 were nonrandomized (n = 223). Only 4 studies reported a separation in energy delivery between treatment groups whereby 1 arm met the definition of overfeeding, which reported no between-group differences in mortality, infectious complications, or ventilatory support. Overfeeding was associated with increased insulin administration (median 3 [interquartile range: 0-41.8] vs 0 [0-30.6] units/d) and upper-gastrointestinal intolerance in 1 large RCT and with duration of antimicrobial therapy in a small RCT. There are limited high-quality data to determine the impact of energy overfeeding of critically ill patients by the enteral route; however, based on available evidence, overfeeding does not appear to affect mortality or other important clinical outcomes.