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ABSTRACT Bangladesh is endowed with an abundance of excellent medicinal plant resources. A well‐known traditional medicinal plant Piper chaba H. from the Piperaceae family is rich in bioactive phytochemicals that have antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, and cytotoxic effects. This plant is locally known as “Chuijhal,” and the stem is used as spices. In the current research program, the stems of the P. chaba plant were selected and its chemical and biological investigations such as antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects were performed. Moreover, docking models were accomplished by exploiting PyRx‐Virtual Screening software and implied that isolated compounds of P. chaba exert different pharmacological activity by inhibiting their targeted receptors. Phytochemical investigations revealed the isolation of Chingchengenamide A, a relatively rare alkaloid from the stems of P. chaba. Another alkaloid Chabamide I which is a piperine dimer was also isolated. Their structures were confirmed by comparing these compounds' spectral data (1H and 13C NMR) with their previously published spectral data. Antidiarrheal activity shows a percent reduction of diarrhea by 46.67% and 40%, respectively, for Chabamide I and Chingchengenamide A (at 20 mg/kg b.w.) compared with an 80% reduction by standard loperamide. Similarly, the percent reduction of writhing was 53.06% and 42.86%, respectively, for Chabamide I and Chingchengenamide A at similar doses compared with an 80% reduction by diclofenac sodium considered as standard. Both the alkaloids showed auspicious outcomes against test microorganisms during disk diffusion antimicrobial assay. Molecular docking and ADME/T analysis of the alkaloids also validate a potent pharmacological basis for the traditional utilization of P. chaba in treating diarrhea, pain, and microbial infection. These results emphasize the need to investigate P. chaba as a potential source of natural therapies for common health issues, laying the foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.), commonly known as the Sword Fern or Narrow‐leaved Cloak Fern, is a little evergreen fern that belongs to the Pteridaceae family and is abundant in various bioactive compounds exerting promising medicinal properties. The current study is designed to evaluate in vivo analgesic and antidiarrheal activity of the methanol leaf extract of C. tenuifolia (MCT). Methods: For this purpose, Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the analgesic and antidiarrheal properties using acetic acid‐induced writhing and castor oil‐induced diarrhea methods, respectively. The mice were administered orally with different doses of MCT (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg). The vehicle performed as a negative control (NC), while diclofenac sodium (DCN) (25 mg/kg), loperamide (LOP) (3 mg/kg), bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) (10 mg/kg), and nifedipine (NDP) (2.5 mg/kg) were supplied as positive controls (PC) (p.o.). In both models, combination treatment of MCT (higher dose) and PC was also administered to different groups of animals for assessing potential antagonistic or synergistic activity. Results: Findings of the in vivo study demonstrated that MCT dose‐dependently significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited analgesic and antidiarrheal properties by reduction in the number of writhing and reductions in the total fecal output in contrast to the NC group. Moreover, in combination treatment, MCT significantly (p < 0.05) synergized the activity of PC in both models, exerting potential analgesic and antidiarrheal activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, MCT has analgesic and antidiarrheal activity; it might be beneficial for the management of pain and diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohammad Abdullah Taher,1,2 Hasin Hasnat,3 Safaet Alam,1,4 Suriya Akter Shompa,3 Mirola Afroze,2 Mala Khan,2 Chuxiao Shao,5 Shuanghu Wang,5 Peiwu Geng,5 Abdullah Al Mamun5 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh; 2Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements (BRiCM), Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh; 3Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh; 4Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; 5Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Abdullah Al Mamun, Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-19715780050, Email pharmaalmamun@yahoo.comBackground: Throughout history, plants have played a crucial role in advancing medicinal treatments by providing a diverse range of compounds for the development of innovative therapies. Canna indica L. a tropical herb of the Cannaceae family, also known as Indian shot, has a rich history of traditional use in treating ailments like inflammation, malaria, dysentery, fever, dropsy, and diarrhea.Objective: This comprehensive research invesigates the extract preparation of C. indica leaves using multidisciplinary analytical approaches for this extract in order to shed light on its therapeutic potentials.Methods: The research, an international collaboration involving researchers from Bangladesh and China, utilized GC-MS/MS analysis to identify bioactive compounds across different C. indica extracts. Biological assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method (in vitro), cytotoxicity through the brine shrimp lethality assay (in vitro), analgesic effects via the acetic acid-induced writhing test (in vivo), and antidiarrheal activity with the castor oil-induced diarrhea model (in vivo). Molecular docking studies were performed to determine binding affinities with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR), Delta Opioid Receptor (DOR), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) receptors.Results: The GC-MS/MS analysis identified 35, 43, 27, and 20 compounds in dichloromethane, aqueous, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. The aqueous (AQSF) and dichloromethane (DCMSF) extracts showed notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Cytotoxicity tests indicated that ethyl acetate (EASF) and dichloromethane (DCMSF) fractions were potent. Analgesic activity was highest in DCMSF, and antidiarrheal effects were dose-dependent, with DCMSF showing the greatest efficacy. Molecular docking revealed strong affinities of Ergostane-3,5,6,12,25-pentol, 25-acetate, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.,12.beta).- for EGFR and Norgestrel for COX-2.Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights into the bioactivity evaluation of C. indica, bridging the gap between its chemical composition and diverse biological effects. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge in natural product-based drug discovery and underscore the significance of C. indica as a potential source of novel therapeutic agents to treat inflammation and other disease states.Keywords: Canna indica, GC-MS/MS, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, analgesic, molecular docking

Objectives: The current study aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening of commonly known fruit red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed methanolic extract through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its health benefits and evaluate the pharmacological potentialities of the extract and its fractions against oxidation, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic characteristics of methanolic extracts and various solvent fractions of V. vinifera were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Furthermore, the study assessed the effects of crude extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on pain relief and reduction of diarrhea in animals using methods such as tail immersion, the acetic acid-induced writhing technique, and a diarrheal mouse model induced with castor oil. Results: A total of 73 phytoconstituents were predominantly found in the seed extract based on the GC-MS analysis. Among the identified compounds, 9-octadecenamide (13.7%), and (9E,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoate (11.07%) are most abundant. Several notable constituents, such as gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, paromomycin, 4,6-cholestadienol, gamma-tocotrienol, 24-Propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol, and alpha-tocopherol acetate, are also present. The methanolic extract of V. vinifera seed and its different solvent fractions showed promising antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.19-17.42 µg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 20.46 µg/mL). Aqueous soluble fraction exerted inhibition of nearly 50% heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard acetylsalicylic acid (42%). Besides, all the tested doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of the crude extract showed significant (P <.05) analgesic and antidiarrheal effects. Conclusion: The current findings endorsed the health benefits of V. vinifera by revealing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Nevertheless, further in-depth analysis of the plant's chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on health is warranted for novel drug discovery from V. vinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of plants in disease treatment is an important therapeutic option that has long been used by Bedouins. Qassim area is one of Saudi Arabia regions gifted with plant species with diversified metabolic content. The current research aims at evidencing the traditional use of some wild plants in management of gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: Four plants from different plant families: Deverra triradiata (Apiaceae), Suaeda aegyptiaca (Amaranthaceae), Heliotropium aegyptiacum, and Heliotropium bacciferum (Boraginaceae) were investigated for their potential antispasmodic and antidiarrheal effects. The acute toxicity study was conducted using arithmetic Kerber`s method. The antidiarrheal efficacy was investigated using in vivo castor oil induced diarrhea model. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated using isolated rabbit jejunum. Results: Indicated highest mortality in animals received extract of the arial parts of D. triradiata (DTE), while the gum of the same plant (DTG) together with the extracts of the three plants: S. aegyptiaca (SAE), H. bacciferum (HBE), and H. aegyptiacum (HAE) caused no signs of neither over toxicity nor death during the 24 hours. observation period following oral administration of doses up to 7-10 g/kg. In castor oil induced diarrhea, all tested extracts, except for DTE, displayed a potent antidiarrheal activity expressed as 89-94.7% delay of defecation in animals received castor oil. Antispasmodic activity testing noted HAE for powerful antispasmodic efficacy estimated as 90% inhibition of contraction at a dose of 0.1 mg/100mL. Conclusion: The current results indicated powerful activity of H. aegyptiacum and S. aegyptiaca extracts in management of GITD. These findings recommend extensive phytochemical studies of both species in order to highlight the main metabolites responsible for the recorded activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colocasia affinis Schott (Family: Araceae), found in the Asian region, is a traditional root vegetable consumed by the locals and well-known as Dwarf Elephant Ear. Methods: For the pharmacological exploration of this root vegetable, four kupchan fractions (i.e. HSF, DCMSF, EASF, and AQSF) from ethanolic extract of C. affinis were employed to in vitro i.e. antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial and in vivo i.e. antidiarrheal and analgesic assays, followed by phytochemical screening and GC-MS protocol. Result and Discussion: In the antioxidant assay, the AQSF showed promising potential with an IC50 value of 29.4 µg/mL and additionally, it exhibited the greatest overall phenolic content, measuring 57.23 mg GAE/gm. of extract among other fractions. The AQSF also revealed promising cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality assay with an LC50 value of 1.36 µg/mL. Both AQSF and EASF exhibited substantial antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria as well as various fungus species with a remarkable zone of inhibitions compared to standards. Whereas, during both the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal and acetic acid-induced writhing assay, the DCMSF at 400 mg/kg dose exhibited the highest 51.16% reduction of diarrhea and 52.33% reduction of writhing. Phytochemical screening revealed several chemical groups while GC-MS study of different fractions of dwarf elephant ear ethanolic extract revealed 48 different bioactive phytochemicals in total. Several targets such as KAS, DHFR for anti-microbial activities, GLR, URO for antioxidant activities, EGFR, BCL-2 for cytotoxicity, KOR, DOR for antidiarrheal activities and COX-2, TNF-a for analgesic activities are considered for molecular docking against identified phytocompounds and standards along with ADME/T studies to ascertain their safety, efficacy and drug likeliness profiles. Conclusion: To recapitulate, our study revealed that vegetables such as dwarf elephant ear can be considered as a prospective source of therapeutics and drug development besides their nutritive food values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium genus is extensively used in managing different diseases such as antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The present study aims to investigate phytochemicals by screening tests and GC-MS analysis and evaluate the antioxidants, cytotoxicity, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activity of the extracts of the leaves of Syzygium reticulatum. The leaves of the S. reticulatum were extracted with hexane and methanol by the maceration process successively, denoted as SRH and SRM. The extract's phytochemical analyses found flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and carbohydrates. The GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified 8 compounds. The major components were identified as Diisooctyl phthalate (96.903 %), 2-methyltetracosane (1.094 %), and others with fewer amounts. The result of the antioxidant study of the extracts as total phenolic content of SRH 8.92 ± 0.62 and SRM 340.107 ± 11.11 mg/g, respectively, total flavonoids content of SRH 7.85 ± 0.71 and SRM 105.16 ± 0.93 mg/g, IC50 values of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay of SRM was 14.67 μg/mL, SRH was 41.26 μg/mL and ascorbic acid 14.08 μg/mL; the total antioxidant capacity of SRH was 21.33 ± 2.52 mg/g, whereas SRM was 353.71 ± 4.59 mg/g. The results of these studies suggest that methanol extract has a more potent antioxidant capacity than hexane extract. The methanol extract also exhibited higher toxicity (LC50 value 49.99 μg/mL) compared to hexane extract (LC50 value 370.348 μg/mL), as revealed by the Brine shrimp nauplii cytotoxic study. An analgesic study of the methanol extract found that a lower dose (250 mg/kg) has more significant analgesic activity than the higher dose and standard drug aspirin. At 90 min, the hot plate's highest percentage of latency elongation was 110.32, while the acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition was 63.04 %. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, the methanol extract also shown good efficacy in mice suffering from castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The findings from the study of the leaves of the S. reticulatum exhibited that methanol extracts have significant antioxidant, cytotoxic, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundColocasia affinis Schott and Colocasia gigantea Hook.f. are two commonly found vegetable species of the genus Colocasia, found mainly in the Asian region.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to isolate bioactive phytochemicals from C. affinis and C. gigantea and elucidate their structure employing the NMR technique followed by bioactivity evaluation.MethodologyColumn chromatography was utilized to isolate phytochemicals, followed by NMR analysis for characterization. An in vivo analgesic test was performed through an acetic acid-induced writhing test, an anti-inflammatory test was performed through a formalin-induced licking test, and an antidiarrheal test was performed through a castor oil-induced diarrhea model. The in vitro antimicrobial test was executed through the disc diffusion method. Computer-aided simulation was also implemented to validate the wet laboratory results.ResultsSix compounds from C. affinis and C. gigantea were isolated and characterized from the dichloromethane (DCM)-soluble fractions of the methanolic extracts of these two species. Three of the compounds were from C. gigantea and proposed as penduletin (C1), a mixture of α-amyrin (C2a), β-amyrin (C2b), and monoglyceride of stearic acid (C3), while the remaining three compounds were from C. affinis and proposed as penduletin (C4) (which was also isolated from C. gigantea), 7,8-(3″,3″-dimethyl-pyrano)-4′-hydroxy flavonol (C5), and lastly a mixture of 7,8-(3″,3″-dimethyl-pyrano)-4′-hydroxy flavonol (C5) and 4′,7,8-trihydroxy flavonol (C6). These compounds showed promising zones of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. In the antidiarrheal test, C5 demonstrated the highest reduction in castor oil-induced diarrhea (44.44%) at a dose of 20 mg/kg compared to loperamide’s 77.78% reduction. However, the analgesic assessment showed a noteworthy inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing by C1/C4 and C2 (56.52%) at a dose of 20 mg/kg compared to the 76.09% by diclofenac sodium. In comparison, C2 showed pronounced anti-inflammatory action by 68.15% and 52.06% reduction, respectively, in the early and later phases compared to the ibuprofen’s outcomes of 73.54% and 74.68%. Plausible targets such as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) for antimicrobial, kappa opioid receptor (KOR) for antidiarrheal, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities showed a noteworthy binding affinity with isolated compounds, and ADME/T studies displayed these phytochemicals’ drug-likeness profiles.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on compound isolation from these plants, which demands further extensive research for more absolute findings.

Diarrhea, characterized by frequent, loose stools, can be treated with various approaches. This study investigated the antidiarrheal properties of Maja (Cresentia cujete) fruit extract, which contains secondary metabolites like tannins and flavonoids with astringent properties. The objective was to determine the optimal dose of C. cujete fruit extract for treating diarrhea in mice. An in vivo experimental design was employed, inducing diarrhea in male mice using oleum ricini. The study assessed the onset, duration, consistency, frequency, and weight of stools. Cresentia cujete fruit extract was administered orally at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW. A comparison was made with negative control (CMC-NA) and positive controls (loperamide HCL and attapulgite). Data analysis involved ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. The findings revealed that 500 mg/kg BW of C. cujete fruit extract was the most effective dose for treating diarrhea in mice. These results suggest the potential of C. cujete fruit extract as a promising natural antidiarrheal agent.

ABSTRACT Background Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f.), commonly known as the Sword Fern or Narrow‐leaved Cloak Fern, is a little evergreen fern that belongs to the Pteridaceae family and is abundant in various bioactive compounds exerting promising medicinal properties. The current study is designed to evaluate in vivo analgesic and antidiarrheal activity of the methanol leaf extract of C. tenuifolia (MCT). Methods For this purpose, Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the analgesic and antidiarrheal properties using acetic acid‐induced writhing and castor oil‐induced diarrhea methods, respectively. The mice were administered orally with different doses of MCT (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg). The vehicle performed as a negative control (NC), while diclofenac sodium (DCN) (25 mg/kg), loperamide (LOP) (3 mg/kg), bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) (10 mg/kg), and nifedipine (NDP) (2.5 mg/kg) were supplied as positive controls (PC) (p.o.). In both models, combination treatment of MCT (higher dose) and PC was also administered to different groups of animals for assessing potential antagonistic or synergistic activity. Results Findings of the in vivo study demonstrated that MCT dose‐dependently significantly (p

Diarrheal infections remain a public health problem. The mainstays of pharmacological therapy for infectious diarrhea include probiotics, antibacterial, and intestinal adsorbents. Nevertheless, these clinical treatments are not devoid of shortcomings including prohibitive costs and adverse effects. Medicinal plants including Plectranthus barbatus(P. barbatus) have folkloric remedies against diarrhea. However, there is paucity of knowledge to scientifically validate the efficacy of P. barbatus on diarrheal infections. This study was undertaken to ascertain antidiarrheal efficacy, bioactive composition, and toxicity profiles of P. barbatus extracts. Antidiarrheal activity and acute toxicity were carried out on Swiss albino mice. Quantitative phytocompound analysis was evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LCMS). Results indicated that P. barbatus extract has antidiarrheal activity whereby it prolonged the start of diarrhea, causing a decline in the occurrence of wet feces and intestinal transit significantly. Additionally, the extract reduced the accumulation of intraluminal fluid resulting in the decrease in distension, intestinal overload, and water content in the fecal drops. Acute toxicity assay on mice showed that P. barbatus extract was non-toxic at the dosage level of 2000mg/kgbw(milligram/kilogram body weight). LCMS analysis detected presence of phytocompounds associated with antidiarrheal effects including forskolin, gallic, kaempferol, and quercetin. Findings from the current study offer a scientific validation for the folkloric utilization of P. barbatus in the management of diarrhea. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(1.000): 239-254]

Psidium guajava (Guava) is a commonly cultivated fruit in tropical regions that has been long recognized for its therapeutic applications. The leaves host diverse bioactive compounds, including phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids like gallic acid, and watersoluble tannins. This intricate chemical profile, particularly gallic acid, imparts the leaves with remarkable inhibitory effects against various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Compounds such as pyrocatechol, taxifolin, psiguadials, guaijaverin, and avicularin, among others, contribute to their hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiarrheal effects, showcasing the leaves' multifaceted therapeutic potential. Apart from having therapeutic potential, guava leaves have also been implicated in adsorbing heavy metals such as zinc, cadmium, arsenic, lead, iron, and chromium, as well as dyes such as methylene blue, congo red, brilliant green, amaranth, auramine, nile blue and photocatalytic dyes from contaminated water sources owing to their porous structure and presence of functional groups. The leaves contain compounds acting as natural coagulants and adsorbents, aiding in flocculation, sedimentation, and removal of impurities. This review aims to provide an overview of the phytochemical profile of guava leaves and further discusses its potential as a therapeutic drug and bioremediation targeting heavy metals and dyes. This eco-friendly approach offers numerous advantages, including affordability, accessibility, and biodegradability, thereby reducing reliance on synthetic adsorbents and promoting sustainability. This amalgamation of traditional medicinal significance with innovative environmental applications underscores the inherent potential of guava leaves as a sustainable and versatile botanical resource. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of guava discussed herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new pharmaceutics by the scientific fraternity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of methanolic crude extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba Linn. via experimental and computational approaches. Six secondary metabolites were isolated chromatographically, and the structures were elucidated by extensive analyses of high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR data. The separated compounds were characterized as β-sitosterol (1), β-amyrin (2), β-amyrin acetate (3), β-amyrin palmitate (4), β-amyrone (5), and isoscopoletin (6). DPPH free radical scavenging assay, tail-tipping method, writhing assay, and castor oil-induced diarrheal mice methods, respectively, were used to assess the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activities of the leaf extract of B. ceiba plant species. The study observed significant reductions (p

Although the conventional usage of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers in medicine exists, there is a lack of research on the precise pharmacological characteristics and comprehensive phytochemical composition of its flowers, resulting in a knowledge gap on their whole therapeutic capabilities. The aim of this work is to identify and describe the phytochemicals found in the flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus and assess specific pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, antidepressant, and antidiarrheal characteristics. The investigation revealed that the MESIF (methanol extract of S. indicus flowers) showed substantial antioxidant performance (IC50 = 26.33) accompanied by a moderate phenolic content (93.33 ± 1.76). At 250 and 500 µg/ml, the extract exhibited modest to moderate antibacterial sensitivity against many tested pathogens and significantly reduced inflammation by protein denaturation (41.63 ± 0.11 and 70.52 ± 0.20). Furthermore, MESIF exhibited remarkable thrombolytic activity with a statistically significant (***P [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(3.000): 642-657]

Introduction: Plants and their extracts have been integral to the development of medicinal treatments throughout history, offering a vast array of compounds for innovative therapies. Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg., commonly known as Rambai, is an evergreen tree with economic importance in the Old- World Tropics. Method: The study investigates its phytochemical composition through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluates its pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and antidepressant effects. Result and Discussion: The GC-MS analysis revealed 15 bioactive compounds in the methanol extract, with Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Methyl stearate, and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester being the predominant ones. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated significant activity in the ethyl acetate fraction. Antimicrobial assays indicated mild to moderate antibacterial activity. In vivo studies on mice revealed significant hypoglycemic, antidiarrheal, and antidepressant properties. Molecular docking studies against EGFR, DHFR, GLUT- 3, KOR, and MOA identified promising compounds with potential therapeutic effects. The identified compounds exhibited favorable ADME/T properties, emphasizing their potential for drug development. The study underscores the promising therapeutic potential of Baccaurea motleyana, showcasing its diverse bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties. Conclusion: These findings lay the groundwork for future research, emphasizing the exploration of B. motleyana as a source of natural remedies for addressing prevalent health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential of Punica granatum L peel in mice as an antidiarrheal and antidiabetic agent. In an antidiarrheal study, different doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) of methanolic pomegranate peel extract (PPE) were administrated to castor oil-induced (1 mL/kg) diarrheal mice. Mice administered loperamide hydrochloride (3 mg/kg) were treated as a baseline group. During the experiment, electrolyte and hematological levels were analyzed, and at the end, histopathology of the intestine was performed. For antidiabetic activity, PPE doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) and metformin hydrochloride were administered to alloxan-induced (150 mg/kg) diabetic mice groups, and biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed. Liver histopathology was done at the end of the experiment. The study found that castor oil caused diarrhea and had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on hematological parameters and electrolyte levels, compared with negative control group. PPE helped to restore altered parameters to normal levels. Histopathology of positive control group revealed abnormal cell structures, with irregularly arranged villi, unclear mucosal architecture of the ileal section, and nuclei cells were damaged and prone to collapsing. Significant dose-dependent recovery was observed in PPE-fed mice groups. After inducing and confirmation of diabetes with alloxan, all groups, except the negative control group, had significantly high glucose levels (p < 0.05). Levels of C-reactive protein and bilirubin were significantly altered, but PPE and metformin hydrochloride showed potential to improve these parameters. In positive control group mice, liver histology showed microvesicular fatty changes throughout the acinus, reactive Kupffer cells, mid-portal inflammation, reduced portal triad, centrilobular visibility, and well-differentiated central vein with well-formed nuclei. Similarly, significant dose-dependent recovery was observed in PPE-administrated mice groups. These results demonstrated that PPE had promising antidiarrheal and antidiabetic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea is a global major health problem reported by 2.5 billion cases annually. Diarrhea accounts for 9% of child death worldwide or the second leading cause of death among toddlers. Many local people have used traditional medicine for diarrhea therapy. Dragon fruit is a herbal plant with high vitamins and various nutritious compounds. Therefore, this study determined antidiarrheal activity from dragon fruit peel methanolic extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus). This study was experimental with in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro model used disc diffusion and microdilution assay against the diarrhea-causing pathogen (Escherichia coli). Meanwhile, the in vivo model used male Wistar rats induced by Castro oil. This study showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum killing concentration (MKC) of dragon fruit peel extract against Escherichia coli were 50 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. The increased dose of dragon fruit peel methanol extract has increased the antidiarrheal index. The highest and lowest antidiarrheal index was found in the dragon fruit methanol extract-3 (76.56%) and dragon fruit methanol extract-1 (43.28%). The dragon fruit peel methanol extract can be proposed as antidiarrhea and antibacterial therapy against the diarrhea-causing pathogen.

Background: Liver disease is any disease that negatively affects the normal function of the liver, and it is a major health problem that challenges not only healthcare professionals, but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Similarly, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five globally next to pneumonia. The available synthetic drugs for the treatment of liver disorders and diarrhoea have limited safety and efficacy. Objective: To evaluate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antidiarrheal activities of hydroalcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice. Methods: Hepatoprotective activity of the extracts was evaluated by using CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice model. In this model, mice were divided into groups and treated as follows. The normal control and toxicant control groups were treated with the vehicle used for reconstitution, the positive control was treated with the standard drug (silymarin), and the test groups were treated with different doses of plant extracts daily in the morning for seven days. Additionally, all groups except the normal control were treated with CCl4 (2 mg/kg, IP) on the 4th day of treatment, 30 min post-dose. On the 7th day, blood was collected from each mouse via a cardiac puncture. The collected blood was centrifuged, and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP were determined using an automated chemistry analyser. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc test.The antidiarrheal activity of the extract was investigated using castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestine transit. The test groups received various doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of the extract, whereas the positive control received loperamide (3 mg/kg), and the negative control received the vehicle (distilled water, 10 ml/kg). Result: Hepatoprotective activity: The leaf and fruit crude extracts showed significant improvement in the body weight and liver weight of mice compared to the untreated toxicant control. Additionally, treatment with hydromethanol leaf and fruit extracts caused a significant (P 0.05) the level of albumin compared with the toxicant control.Antidiarrheal activity: In the castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the 80 % methanol extract delayed the onset of defaecation and significantly reduced the number and weight of faeces at all tested doses compared to the negative control. In the enteropooling test, 80 ME significantly (P

Background and Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanolic extracts of leaves and barks of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (family: Lythraceae) focusing on antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Methods: 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, clot lysis, disc diffusion, and membrane stabilizing methods were employed to assess in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory properties of the leaf and bark methanolic extracts (ME) of W. fruticosa and different organic solvents, that is, petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CL), and aqueous (AQ) fractions. In addition, in vivo central and peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of both crude extracts were evaluated at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight [bw]). Results: All the extracts and fractions showed promising antioxidant properties by scavenging DDPH free radicals with IC50 of 6.11–20.79 μg/mL. AQ fraction (41.24%) of leaves and ME (44.90%) of bark exerted notable in vitro thrombolytic activity. The CL fraction of leaves and AQ fraction of the bark showed 43.16% and 45.37% inhibition of RBC hemolysis, respectively, compared to the inhibition of RBC hemolysis by aspirin in a hypotonic‐induced membrane stabilizing assay. Besides, both extracts were observed to provide significant (p < 0.001) central and peripheral analgesic responses at both doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw. Furthermore, both doses of bark extract (p < 0.001) and the 400 mg/kg bw of leaf extract (p < 0.05) were observed to possess statistically significant antidiarrheal activity. Additionally, in an in vivo acute toxicity investigation, both extracts had a median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg bw, indicating their safety level. Conclusion: The current study proves the ethnomedicinal uses of W. fruticosa; however, further studies are required for phytochemical screening to isolate the responsible bioactive compounds and discover the lead molecules from the plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea is defined as having three or more loose or watery stools within a 24-hour period. Using aqueous solvent fractions, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanolic crude extract, the study sought to evaluate the antidiarrheal properties of Acacia seyal roots in a model of diarrhea produced by castor oil. The results of this investigation showed that hydromethanolic crude extract of Acacia seyal root and solvent fractions had encouraging antidiarrheal activities in a dose-dependent manner. The findings of this study will serve as a foundation for future investigations into the structure, link between structure and activity, and mechanism of action of the biological substance that is active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malay rose apple (Syzygium malaccense) fruit has been used for a long time as a traditional medicine for diarrhea by the community. Malay rose apple fruit contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids and could be used as an antidiarrheal drug. Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of the infusion of Malay rose apple fruit as an antidiarrheal agent in mice (Mus musculus). Methods: This research uses the method of intestinal protection and intestinal transit. The experimental animals in this study were 25 mice, which were divided into 5 groups, consisting of negative control (1% Tween 80), positive control group (loperamide HCl), and treatment groups using infusion of Malay rose apple fruit at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%. The parameters assessed in the intestinal protection method are the frequency of defecation and the consistency of the stool, while the intestinal transit method is the ratio of marker passages. Results: The results showed that the antidiarrheal effect occurred at all concentrations. The best concentration as an antidiarrhea is shown by infusion with a concentration of 50%. The 50% concentration group had the smallest average on defecation frequency, stool consistency, and marker passage ratio compared to the values of the other treatment groups and was significantly different (P

Background: Salvia urica Epling is taxonomically and phylogenetically related to Salvia amarissima Ortega. The last species has pharmacological relevance by its contents of bioactive metabolites. Nowadays, Salvia urica has no reports about its chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Hypothesis: Does the close relationship between S. amarissima and S. urica led both species produce similar specialized metabolites? Does Salvia urica display similar pharmacological effects as S. amarissima? Studied species: Salvia urica Epling (Lamiaceae). Study site and dates: The plant material was collected in Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico, in December 2021. Methods: Metabolites of the acetone extract from Salvia urica were identified by GC-MS and HPLC-PDA profiling. In parallel, a phytochemical study was conducted, and the individual purified constituents, previously characterized by 1D NMR, were assayed on antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic mice and a charcoal-gum arabic-induced hyperperistalsis model in rats. Results: The volatile compounds identified by GC-MS were alkanes, aromatics and triterpenes. The principal constituents of the acetone extract of Salvia urica were amarissinin A and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone, which were also quantified by HPLC-PDA. The extract and both metabolites isolated showed an antihyperglycemic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, suggesting a possible synergic effect. In addition, the compound 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (IC50 = 0.79 mg/kg) showed a better antipropulsive effect than loperamide (IC50 = 16.6 mg/kg). Conclusions: The phytochemical composition of an acetone extract of Salvia urica was determined by first time. The metabolites isolated from this plant support the phylogenetic relationship of S. urica with Salvia amarissima, and they showed antipropulsive and antihyperglycemic effects.

Abstract Background and Aims The study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological properties of methanolic extracts of leaves and barks of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (family: Lythraceae) focusing on antioxidant, thrombolytic, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Methods 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, clot lysis, disc diffusion, and membrane stabilizing methods were employed to assess in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory properties of the leaf and bark methanolic extracts (ME) of W. fruticosa and different organic solvents, that is, petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CL), and aqueous (AQ) fractions. In addition, in vivo central and peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities of both crude extracts were evaluated at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight [bw]). Results All the extracts and fractions showed promising antioxidant properties by scavenging DDPH free radicals with IC50 of 6.11–20.79 μg/mL. AQ fraction (41.24%) of leaves and ME (44.90%) of bark exerted notable in vitro thrombolytic activity. The CL fraction of leaves and AQ fraction of the bark showed 43.16% and 45.37% inhibition of RBC hemolysis, respectively, compared to the inhibition of RBC hemolysis by aspirin in a hypotonic‐induced membrane stabilizing assay. Besides, both extracts were observed to provide significant (p

Assefa Kebad Mengesha, Eshetie Melese Birru, Meaza Adugna Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Assefa Kebad Mengesha, Email asielove23@gmail.comBackground: Traditionally, the root of Acacia seyal is used for the treatment of diarrhea. However, its efficacy has not been scientifically evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to validate the antidiarrheal activities using hydromethanolic crude extract and solvent fractions of Acacia seyal roots in mice.Methods: In each model, mice were divided into five groups of six mice at random. Group I mice (negative controls) were given 1mL/100 g distilled water for hydromethanolic crude extract tests as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions, while groups II, III, and IV were given 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of hydromethanolic crude extract or solvent fractions. Group V mice (positive control) were given 3 mg/kg Loperamide for the castor oil-induced diarrhea and enteropooling test. All of the doses were taken orally. However, Atropine sulfate, 5 mg/kg, was given intraperitoneally for the gastrointestinal motility test. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used to examine the statistical significance of differences in the number and weight of wet and total feces, distance traveled by a charcoal meal, and intestinal fluid accumulation across groups.Results: When compared to the vehicle-treated group, the crude extract and n-hexane fraction notably delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced the weight and volume of intestinal contents, and hindered the intestinal transit at all tested doses (P < 0.001). The ethyl acetate fraction also significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the weight of intestinal content at all doses examined. Only at 400 mg/kg did the aqueous fraction statistically (P < 0.01) prolonged the onset of diarrhea and impeded gastrointestinal motility.Conclusion: According to this study, the hydromethanolic crude extract and solvent fractions of Acacia seyal roots have promising antidiarrheal effects.Keywords: antidiarrheal, Acacia seyal, castor oil, enteropooling, gastrointestinal motility

Satureja montana L. (SM) has a long traditional use as a spice and a medicine for various gastrointestinal disorders, including painful spasms and diarrhea. Contrary to conventional drugs, administration of SM and its extracts are considered safe. Previous studies have shown that the essential oils (EOs) of SM from different areas are rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpens, and phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and acids with great composition variability. Determination of composition of EO from Herzegovinian SM done by gas chromatographyflame ionization detection and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-FID and GC/MS, respectively) revealed carvacrol as a primary substance followed by γ-terpinene, p-cymene, and ß-caryophyllene. Ex vivo spasmolitic activity caused by EO was evident in different types of isolated rat ileum function with the most potent effect on spontaneous activity followed by electrical field stimulation and KCl- and CaCl2-induced activity. SMEO produced in vivo antidiarreal activity on castor oil-induced diarrhea in young rats and showed the potential to cause a decrese water content in the feces of adult Wistar rats. This study indicates that effects of SM on the intestinum could be mediated through combination of Kv channel activation and Ca channel blockade, but additional mechanisms might be involved. The results of this study corroborate the traditional use of SM as antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, and antisecretory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viola canescens Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of V. canescens extracts both in vivo and in silico. This study applied molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of V. canescens and to find the most effective phytocompounds with antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal activity of V. canescens was assessed utilizing the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay and the charcoal meal assay. Antidiarrheal characteristics were evaluated by measuring parameters such as intestinal motility, fecal score, and hypersecretion. The V. canescens extract had a dose-dependent and statistically significant impact in the charcoal meal assay and castor oil-induced diarrhea assay. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay, the ethyl acetate fraction (65.96%) showed the highest percentage of defecation inhibition at the highest dose (300 mg/kg (bw)), followed by the uncorrected crystalline compound (63.83%), crude alkaloids (63.83%), chloroform fraction (63.83%), and crude flavonoids (55.32%), while the aqueous fraction (40.43%) and n-Hexane fraction (42.55%) revealed the lowest antidiarrheal potential. In addition, the molecular docking investigation showed emetine, quercetin, and violanthin, isolated chemicals of V. canescens, to have the highest binding affinity to the target μ and δ opioid receptors with significant inhibitory capacity. These pharmacologically active metabolites in V. canescens were effective in treating diarrhea. This study lends credence to the traditional usage of V. canescens in treating gastrointestinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a popular edible herb consumed and known globally for its culinary and medicinal properties. Particularly in South Asia, the ginger rhizome is used in several Gastrointestinal (GI) related ailments. In this study, we report preliminary findings on the GI relaxant activity of the dried variety of ginger rhizome. Materials and Methods: Ginger rhizome was soaked in 70% aqueous-methanol and dried to give the extract (Gd.Ex). Segments of different isolated smooth muscle preparations were suspended in tissue baths. Results: Phytochemistry profiling showed that the extract has terpenoids, phenols, and alkaloids. On baseline of isolated tissues like rat stomach pylorus, rabbit jejunum, guinea-pig ileum and colon, and rat uterus, Gd.Ex was devoid of any stimulant effect up to 10 mg/mL. The extract was able to completely inhibit spasmogenicity induced with K+ 80 mM in stomach pyloric strips, indicating a Ca2+ Channel Blocking (CCB) mechanism. Gd.Ex in bolus (1-10 mg/mL) and cumulative dosing (0.3-3 mg/mL), showed a relaxant effect on spontaneously contracting baseline of rabbit jejunum. The extract was then tested against different standard GI stimulants like acetylcholine (ACh, 0.3 µM), histamine (0.3 µM), and K+ (50 mM) in guinea-pig ileum. Gd.Ex (3 mg/mL) pretreatment abolished the stimulant responses. A similar inhibitory effect of the extract (0.3-1 mg/mL) was observed in guinea-pig colon and rat uterus against ACh. Conclusion: The study shows the spasmolytic potential of dried ginger extract in different smooth muscle preparations. Together with the earlier published results of dried ginger in rat stomach fundus, this explains the benefit of ginger in potentiating gastric emptying and alleviating nausea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch root (GFR) in vivo and jejunal contraction in vitro. Methods: In vivo, 50 mice were divided into negative control, positive control (verapamil), low-, medium- and high-dose GFR (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) groups by a random number table, 10 mice in each group. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhea mice model by evacuation index (EI). In vitro, the effects of GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) on the spontaneous contraction of isolated smooth muscle of rabbit jejunum and contraction of pretreated by Acetylcholine (ACh, 10 µmol/L) and KCl (60 mmol/L) were observed for 200 s. In addition, CaCl2 was accumulated to further study its mechanism after pretreating jejunal smooth muscle with GFR (1 and 3 g/L) or verapamil (0.03 and 0.1 µmol/L) in a Ca2+-free-high-K+ solution containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Results: GFR (500 and 1,000 mg/kg) significantly reduced EI in castor oil-induced diarrhea model mice (P<0.01). Meanwhile, GFR (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/L) inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Contraction of jejunums samples pretreated by ACh and KCl with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values was 1.05 (0.71–1.24), 0.34 (0.29–0.41) and 0.15 (0.11–0.20) g/L, respectively. In addition, GFR moved the concentration-effect curve of CaCl2 down to the right, showing a similar effect to verapamil. Conclusions: GFR can effectively against diarrhea and inhibit intestinal contraction, and these antidiarrheal effects may be based on blocking L-type Ca2+ channels and muscarinic receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Ficus lyrata warb (Moraceae) is used to treat GI disorder such as diarrhea in folklore use. The aim of present research is to explore the antidiarrheal and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of F. lyrata. The diarrhea was induced by using castor oil. The anti-pyretic effects were also explored on yeast induced pyrexia. The physicochemical analysis of powder such as (total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, moisture content, foaming index and swelling index) along with organoleptic evaluation of leaf of F. lyrata in order to access the quality Purity of the substance was also done. The phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of F. lyrata leaves confirmed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and reducing sugar. The antidiarrheal activity of MEFL at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight showed 62% and 76% reduction in defecation respectively. The decrease in intestinal fluid accumulation at same dose revealed 67.2% and 75% reduction in fluid accumulation in intestine of Wister albino rats. The methanolic extract of F. lyrata showed reduction in distance travelled by charcoal meal such as 54% and 72% at dose 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The antipyretic effect at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant reduction in temperature. The anti-diarrheal activity of the F. lyrata might be due to the presence of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valeriana jatamansi Jones is a high-value perennial herb native to the Himalayas, and is distributed from Afghanistan to southwest China, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar. The plant has a long history as a pharmaceutical, aromatic, and flavoring product. A previous systematic study has identified approximately 300 compounds with various activities in V. jatamansi. However, most studies have focused on its roots and rhizomes, and only a few studies have explored the medicinal potential of the leaves and whole plants. This study aimed to explore the antidiarrheal activity and metabolite profiles of V. jatamansi by examining different populations and plant organs. The metabolomics analysis, correlation analysis between antidiarrheal activity, and network pharmacological analysis revealed that samples of V. jatamansi showed activity in prolonging the onset time of diarrhea, regardless of population or organ. The fibrous root showed the strongest activity among all organs. No significant difference was observed among different populations regarding metabolite profiles, but 418, 411, and 389 metabolites were detected in the fibrous root, rhizome, and basal leaf of V. jatamansi , respectively. Next, the results of correlation analysis and network pharmacological analysis identified 13 metabolites, including five iridoids, one phenol carboxylic acid, one terpenoid, two phenols and phenolic acids, and four primary compounds. The mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of these metabolites on diarrhea fall into two major categories, namely inflammation and protein phosphorylation. These results suggest that these 13 metabolites may contribute to antidiarrheal treatment by working synergistically. Collectively, this study identified potential antidiarrheal metabolites and effectively promoted the utilization of V. jatamansi. • The metabolite profiles of different organs were reported for the first time in this study. • All 70 % EtOH extracts of Valeriana jatamansi Jones showed strong antidiarrheal activity, showing substantial variation among organs instead of populations. • The fibrous root exerted strongest activity against diarrhea among organs. • The signaling pathways of the mechanism associated with V. jatamansi as an antidiarrheal agent were mainly enriched in inflammation and protein phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Secretory diarrhea is the most common type of diarrhea. This study aimed at exploring the possible mechanism of antisecretory action of Annona senegalensis stem bark and to identify the bioactive compounds. Experimental procedure: The ability of three crude extract; aqueous, dichloromethane and hexane stem bark extracts to inhibit castor oil-induced stooling in albino rats were assessed. Bioactivity guided fractionation of the most active extract was done using solvent-solvent partitioning (with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate) and column chromatography. In vitro antioxidant activity of the most active sub-fraction was done using standard methods. The most active sub-fraction (25 mg/kg b. wt.) was administered to castor oil-induced diarrheal rats. Diarrheal rats small intestinal malondialdehyde concentration, antioxidant enzyme, cyclooxygenase II and Na+- K+ ATPase activities were determined using standard procedures. GC-MS analysis was done to identify the chemical compounds in the sub-fraction. Result and conclusion: Aqueous extract significantly decreased the number of wet stools. Sub-fraction 1 of ethylacetate fraction of aqueous stem bark extract (EFAS1) showed the highest stool inhibition. The H2O2 scavenging activity of EFAS1 was significantly greater than ascorbic acid. The sub-fraction significantly increased (p

Diarrhea is one type of disease with the most sufferers every year. Thus, it is considered an endemic disease in Indonesia and the potential disease of Extraordinary Events accompanied by mortality. One of the plants that can be used as a traditional medicine for diarrhea is the avocado seed, as it contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides, which act as antidiarrheals. This study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of avocado seed extract suspension on mice induced by Oleum ricini and the optimum concentration of avocado seed extract suspension and capsules with an antidiarrheal effect in white male mice induced by Oleum ricini. The dosage forms chosen were suspension and capsules. This study used an experimental method with a test sample of the avocado seed. Avocado seed Simplicia was extracted by the percolation method, then an oral suspension and capsule formulation were made from the avocado seed methanol extract. It was evaluated and tested for its effectiveness with mice to cure diarrhea. Normal data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tuckey Method. The results of this study showed that the administration of a suspension of avocado seed methanol extract at a dose of 800 mg/KgBB had the most optimum effect as an antidiarrheal against white male mice with a stool weight of 0.39 grams and a duration of diarrhea for 74 minutes. Furthermore, the administration of avocado seed extract capsules at a dose of 75 mg/KgBB had the most optimum effect as antidiarrheal against white male mice with Loperamide as a positive control. Therefore, it can be concluded that all suspension formulations and capsules of avocado seed methanol extract met the requirements for preparation evaluation. Suspension and avocado seed methanol extract capsules can cure diarrhea in white male mice.

Abstract Introduction The use of traditional medicinal plants in the management of diarrhea has long been practiced in Ethiopia. B. abyssinica fresen is one of the plants traditionally used to treat diarrhea whereas an in vivo study had not yet been conducted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaf of B. abyssinica in mice. Methods Cold maceration within 80% methanol was used to extract the leaf powder and extract of the leaf was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. The in vivo antidiarrheal activity of crude extracts and solvent fractions were tested in experimental models of castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and antimotility test. Five groups each with 6 mice were used under the three antidiarrheal models. Positive controls were treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg and atropine 5 mg/kg and 2% tween 80 was used in the treatment of negative controls. The extract and solvent fractions were administered at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Time of onset of diarrhea, number and weight of total and wet feces, the percent reduction in the number of wet feces, weight and volume of intestinal contents, and percent inhibition of intestinal motility were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result Defecation of castor oil-induced diarrheal or loose stools was inhibited (p

Introduction:Quercus L. genus (Oak) belongs to the family Fagaceae and their galls are used commercially in leather tanning, dyeing, and ink preparation. Several Quercus species were traditionally used to manage wound healing, acute diarrhea, hemorrhoid, and inflammatory diseases. The present study aims to investigate the phenolic content of the 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) of Q. coccinea and Q. robur leaves as well as to assess their anti-diarrheal activity.Methods: Polyphenolic content of Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME were investigated using UHPLC/MS. The antidiarrheal potential of the obtained extracts was evaluated by conducting a castor oil-induced diarrhea in-vivo model.Result and Discussion: Twenty-five and twenty-six polyphenolic compounds were tentatively identified in Q. coccinea and Q. robur AME, respectively. The identified compounds are related to quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and apigenin glycosides and their aglycones. In addition, hydrolyzable tannins, phenolic acid, phenyl propanoides derivatives, and cucurbitacin F were also identified in both species AME of Q. coccinea (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) exhibited a significant prolongation in the onset of diarrhea by 17.7 %, 42.6%, and 79.7% respectively while AME of Q. robur at the same doses significantly prolonged the onset of diarrhea by 38.6%, 77.3%, and 2.4 folds respectively as compared to the control. Moreover, the percentage of diarrheal inhibition of Q. coccinea was 23.8%, 28.57%, and 42,86% respectively, and for Q. robur 33.34%, 47.3%, and 57.14% respectively as compared to the control group. Both extracts significantly decreased the volume of intestinal fluid by 27%, 39.78%, and 50.1% for Q. coccinea respectively; and by 38.71%, 51.19%, and 60% for Q. robur respectively as compared to the control group. In addition, AME of Q. coccinea exhibited a peristaltic index of 53.48, 47.18, and 42.28 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 18.98%, 28.53%, and 35.95 % respectively; while AME of Q. robur exhibited a peristaltic index of 47.71, 37, and 26.41 with significant inhibition of gastrointestinal transit by 27.72%, 43.89%, and 59.99% respectively as compared with the control group. Notably, Q. robur showed a better antidiarrheal effect in comparison with Q. coccinea and, the highest effect was observed for Q. robur at 1000 mg/kg as it was nonsignificant from the loperamide standard group in all measured parameters.

Biodiversity in Indonesia is the second highest in the world, the medicinal plants are included in it that must be preserved because of their great benefits for a human being life. Ethnomedicine exploration is a bright way that can be done to record and preserve the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Indonesia. The society in Cihanjuang Village still use medicinal plants to treat digestive disorders, but the lack of documentation will eliminate this knowledge in the future. This ethnomedicine study aims to determine plants which used as diarrhea and ulcer drugs in Cihanjuang Village, consisting of the name, the plant part used, the research method used, and identification of the secondary metabolites. The research methodology used are interview methods with questionnaires, observation, documentation, calculation of Use Value (UV) analysis and phytochemical screening. The informant selection technique used purposive and snowball sampling. The result of this study was the discovery of 24 species of medicinal plants to treat digestive disorders in Cihanjuang Village, most of which belonged to the family of Zingiberaceae and the leaves were the most widely used. The highest of UV’s value for diarrhea is Salak plants (Salacca zalacca) and for ulcers is Hanjuang (Dracaena sanderiana). Some of the species tested for phytochemical screening showed various secondary metabolites that were efficacious in treating digestive disorders. Areuy tulungpung is one of the species that can be studied further due to lack of information as a medicinal plant for digestive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A series of substituted benzimidazoles were synthesized by condensing o‐phenylenediamine with aromatic aldehydes in water using surfactants as catalyst. Mono and disubstituted benzimidazoles were formed preferentially with benzalkonium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate respectively. In silico molecular docking study revealed that 1‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole bound strongly with delta, mu and kappa opioid receptors with binding scores of −9.4, −8.7 and −9.9 Kcal/mol respectively. This derivative also possessed highest binding (−9.0 Kcal/mol) against tubulin (binding score of albendazole was −6.4 Kcal/mol). The molecule also showed potential antibacterial activity with MIC50 ranging 16–128 μg/ml in in vitro antibacterial assay. Two benzimidazole derivatives showed powerful interaction with cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 (−8.1 and −8.9 Kcal/mol respectively) indicating their high analgesic and anti‐inflammatory potentials. All the compounds produced significant binding (−5.2 to −8.2 Kcal/mol) towards urate oxidase, glutathione reductase and peroxiredoxin. Monosubstituted derivative 4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)phenol displayed superior binding (−6.5 Kcal/mol) with glucosamine 6‐phosphate synthase compared to ciprofloxacin (−6.3 Kcal/mol). In PASS analysis, monosubstituted derivatives demonstrated significant drug‐like potential (Pa>0.7). Hence, the synthesized benzimidazole derivatives can be used as potential leads for developing new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive knowledge related to medicinal characteristics of plants by living in forest or semi-forest habitats and close observations of indigenous communities have led to the discoveries of the genus Lepisanthes and its traditional uses. The genus Lepisanthes is a member of the Sapindaceae family and is found in various regions of the world. Six species of Lepisanthes such as L. alata, L. amoena, L. fruticosa, L. senegalensis, L. rubiginosa, and L. tetraphylla are widely utilized in traditional and folk medicinal systems. They have been used for centuries for the treatment of ailments or symptoms such as pain, dizziness, high fever, frequent passing of watery stool (diarrhea), abscess, and healing of cuts and wounds. Various methodological approaches, mainly in vitro studies, have been employed to further explore the roles of the genus Lepisanthes. The studies identified that the genus Lepisanthes exerts beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal. However, the summary of the available literature remains inconclusive. This review aims to comprehensively address the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, methods, and pharmacological properties of the six commonly used Lepisanthes species. Hence, our review provides a scientific consensus that may be essential in translating the pharmacological properties of the genus Lepisanthes into future novel cost-effective medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six heteroarylamide derivatives were synthesized in good yields and screened for several biological activities. Compounds 1-5 demonstrated analgesic activity with percentage inhibition of writhing between 77.10 and 95.79 %, comparable to that of the standard aceclofenac having 91.12 % writhing inhibition. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity unveiled that compound 4 exhibited 36.9 %, 64.17 %, 82.9 % and 93.9 % inhibition of paw edema as compared to aceclofenac's inhibition of 35.5 %, 78.6 %, 79.3 % and 91.2 % at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th hours, respectively. Compounds 5 and 6 exerted considerable antidiarrheal effects with 85.00 % and 71.67 % inhibition of defecation at 25 mg/kg dose, respectively, whereas, the standard loperamide showed 85.00 % inhibition. Compounds 4-6 manifested promising activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay as well as in trypan blue dye exclusion assay, resulting in 10-20 % cell viability on HeLa cell line and compound 5 was found to have the lowest IC 50 of 281.96 μM in the MTT assay. Molecular docking analysis suggested that certain macromolecular targets such as cyclooxygenase-2, muscarinic M3 receptor and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) might be involved for the observed activities. As predicted by in silico ADME/T analysis, the compounds also possessed good pharmacokinetic properties., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: Probiotics offer a potentially new therapeutic approach for the treatment of diarrhea. This study aimed to determine the anti-diarrheal activity of Bacillus coagulans BCP92 (MTCC 25460) and its safety assessment (acute and sub-acute toxicity studies) in animal models and cell lines., Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was studied in mice using a castor oil-induced diarrhea model. In the acute toxicity study, the rats were orally fed 2000 mg/kg (4 × 1011 CFU/g) of B. coagulans BCP92 (MTCC 25460) as a single dose, and for sub-acute toxicity study rats received 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, body weight, organ weight, food intake, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters, and histopathology were studied. B. coagulans BCP92 is effective against diarrhea by reducing the onset of diarrhea (latency), frequency of defecation, total fecal weight, and percentage of defecation. In-vitro MTT assay was performed on Vero cell lines., Results: In-vitro MTT assay showed a cytoprotective effect. In acute toxicity study, 2000 mg/kg dose did not cause any alteration in clinical signs, morbidity, or mortality. The findings of the subacute toxicity study showed no alterations in physical appearance and behavioral patterns. Moreover, no significant variations were found in organ weights and hematological and biochemical parameters of the treated groups in the control group. Furthermore, no visible histological changes were observed in the heart, lung, liver, and kidney of the high-dose treatment groups., Conclusion: Thus, the results of the present study conclude that B. coagulans BCP92 is safe for human use in the treatment of diarrhea., Competing Interests: The authors confirm the content of manuscript and that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Diarrhea is a prevalent gastrointestinal problem associated with fatal implications. It is a huge public health concern that requires better alternatives to current drugs. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in the antidiarrheal activity of Anacardium occidentale (Ao) stem bark extract, a plant commonly used in the management of diarrhea in Nigeria. Methanolic stem bark extract of the plant was partitioned into three fractions: hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction (AoEF) and methanol fraction. In vitro studies on the effect of these fractions on guinea pig ileum (GPI) strips, as well as the modulatory effect of AoEF on standard agonists- and antagonists-induced GPI contraction and relaxation, revealed AoEF as the most active fraction. In vivo studies to assess the effect of AoEF on the dopaminergic, muscarinic, and serotonergic pathways were carried out using gastric emptying (GE) and gastrointestinal transit (GT) as experimental end points. AoEF was subjected to GC-MS analysis, while the identified compounds were docked with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (CHRM3) using AutodockVina. Results indicated that AoEF inhibited GE and GT via inhibition of CHRM3. In addition, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds in AoEF, while docking indicated that octadecanoic acid 2-(2-hydroxylethoxy) ethyl ester exhibited the highest binding affinity to CHRM3. This study indicated that the antidiarrheal activity of Ao is through its antimotility effect via the inhibition of the muscarinic pathway. And since none of the identified compounds exhibited higher binding affinity to CHRM3 relative to loperamide, the antimotility activity of these phytoconstituents may be via synergism.

Wendlandia tinctoria var. grandis (Roxb.) DC. (Family: Rubiaceae) is a semi-evergreen shrub distributed over tropical and subtropical Asia. The present research intended to explore the pharmacological potential of the stem extract of W. tinctoria, focusing on the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, and to isolate various secondary metabolites as mediators of such activities. A total of eight phenolic compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the stem extract of this plant, which were characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectroscopic data as liquiritigenin (1), naringenin (2), apigenin (3), kaempferol (4), glabridin (5), ferulic acid (6), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8). The dichloromethane soluble fraction exhibited the highest phenolic content (289.87 ± 0.47 mg of GAE/g of dried extract) and the highest scavenging activity (IC50 = 18.83 ± 0.07 µg/mL) against the DPPH free radical. All of the isolated compounds, except 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, exerted a higher antioxidant effect (IC50 = 6.20 ± 0.10 to 16.11 ± 0.02 μg/mL) than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 17.09 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Significant hypoglycemic and antidiarrheal activities of the methanolic crude extract at both doses (200 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw) were observed in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the computational modeling study supported the current in vitro and in vivo findings, and the isolated constituents had a higher or comparable binding affinity for glutathione reductase and urase oxidase enzymes, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and kappa-opioid receptor, inferring potential antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, respectively. This is the first report of all of these phenolic compounds being isolated from this plant species and even the first demonstration of the plant stem extract's antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal potentials. According to the current findings, the W. tinctoria stem could be a potential natural remedy for treating oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and diarrhea. Nevertheless, further extensive investigation is crucial for thorough phytochemical screening and determining the precise mechanisms of action of the plant-derived bioactive metabolites against broad-spectrum molecular targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xeromphis. uliginosa (Retz.) is an extinctive Bangladeshi medicinal plant that is locally used for the treatments of pain, diabetes, diarrhea, depressant, and other diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the peripheral analgesic activity (PAA), central analgesic activity (CAA), central nervous system antidepressant activity (CNS-AD), antidiarrheal activity (ADA), and hypoglycaemic activity (HGA) of methanolic root extract of X. uliginosa (MREXU) in a mice model. The acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition and tail flick method were applied to determine the PAA and CAA of MREXU. The CNS-AD was measured using the phenobarbitone sodium-mediated sleeping method whereas, the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal method was used to determine the ADA of the crude extracts. To determine the HGA of MREXU crude extract, the tail tipping technique was conducted in a mice model. The MREXU displayed potential PAA and CAA in mice models. The MREXU 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly inhibit the number of writings along with diclofenac sodium. On the other hand, MREXU both doses significantly inhibit thermal stimulus after 60 and 90 minutes respectively. In the CNS-AD study, crude extract of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increase the onset of sleep by decreasing the duration of sleep. Similarly, the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced diarrheal faeces for the whole 4 hours of experiments. The heartiest outcome of MREXU was displayed in the HGA assay. Both doses of MREXU significantly reduced the blood sugar level for the entire 3 hours of the experiments. In this study, it is revealed that the root of MREXU has extremely significant blood sugar-reducing activity, potential CNSAD and mild to moderate nociceptive activity in the mice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacteria are a unique group of microorganisms. They are characterised by exceptional adaptability and durability. They are capable of colonisation and survival even in very unfavourable conditions. In addition to the well-known obligate human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, more than 200 other species have been described. Most of them form a natural part of the microflora of the external environment and thrive in aquatic and soil environments especially. For many of the mycobacterial species associated with human disease, their natural source has not yet been identified. From an ecological point of view, mycobacteria are saprophytes, and their application in human and animal diseases is opportunistic. Most cases of human disease from saprophytic mycobacteria occur in immunocompromised individuals. This adaptability and resilience to environmental pressures makes treatment of mycobacterial diseases (most often sapronoses and less often zoonoses) and permanent eradication of mycobacteria from the environment very difficult. Saprophytic mycobacterial diseases (sapronoses) are chronic and recurrent due to the fact of repeated endogenous or exogenous re-exposure. Therefore, knowledge regarding their occurrence in soil and dust would aid in the prevention of saprophytic mycobacterioses. In conjunction, their presence and ecological significance in the environment can be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional usage (typhoid, diarrhea, sore throat) and previously performed studies (antioxidative and anticancer activity) have asserted that Eurya acuminata has a widespread therapeutic potential. However, most of the pharmacological aspects of this plant are yet to be explored.Methods: Broth dilution method was selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract. Antidiarrheal activity was figured out following the castor oil-induced diarrheal inhibition method. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to assess antihyperglycemic activity. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted according to the supplier's method. Acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition method was used to evaluate the peripheral analgesic activity.Results: HPLC analysis detected the presence of (-)-epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, and trans-cinnamic acid. In the broth dilution method, the extract exhibited MIC of 16 μg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus and 8 μg/ml against P. aeruginosa. In castor oil-induced antidiarrheal assay, E. acuminata extract significantly reduced 44.82% and 67.24% defecation, respectively at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Furthermore, in in vivo antihyperglycemic activity, E. acuminata extract reduced blood glucose levels to 6.8 mM and 4.68 mM, at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively at 60 min although the extract demonstrated no α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. Apart from that, in in vivo analgesic activity, the extract inhibited writhing reflexes dose-dependently, 15.16% and 37.13% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg.Conclusion: This study shows that E. acuminata might be a good source to explore antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemic, and antimicrobial compounds for new drug development.