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Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La mayoría de los pacientes con embolia pulmonar (EP) aguda reciben únicamente anticoagulación. La reperfusión es necesaria en los pacientes con EP de alto riesgo y en una minoría de pacientes con EP de riesgo intermedio-alto. La trombólisis sistémica (TS) es el tratamiento de reperfusión de primera línea, pero debido a las contraindicaciones y a la preocupación por las hemorragias graves, las terapias dirigidas por catéter (TDC) están surgiendo como una alternativa adecuada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue detectar predictores del uso de TDC con respecto a otras terapias en pacientes con EP aguda. Métodos: Este registro incluyó pacientes consecutivos con EP de riesgo intermedio y alto en dos centros terciarios, con un equipo de respuesta a la EP, desde 2014 hasta 2022. Los pacientes se agruparon según la terapia inicial: solo anticoagulación, TDC o TS; y se evaluaron los predictores de selección de terapia y variables de seguridad. Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 274 pacientes. De ellos, 112 recibieron solo anticoagulación, 96 recibieron TS como tratamiento primario y 66 fueron sometidos a TDC en un primer momento. Las comorbilidades fueron mayores en el grupo TDC que en los otros dos. Los pacientes sometidos a TS o TDC presentaban mayores parámetros de gravedad de la EP al ingreso hospitalario. Tras el análisis multivariable, el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson (OR = 1,29; IC95%, 1,05-1,59), la cirugía reciente (OR = 11,07; IC95%, 3,07-39,87) y la EP central bilateral (OR = 2,42; IC95%, 1,10-5,32) siguieron siendo predictores independientes del uso de TDC. En cuanto a los resultados precoces de seguridad, sólo se produjeron hemorragias intracraneales en el grupo TS (1,8% de los pacientes). Conclusiones: Este registro contemporáneo utilizó TDC como terapia inicial en el 24% de los pacientes de riesgo intermedio y alto, principalmente en pacientes comórbidos y posquirúrgicos. La TDC fue una alternativa segura y eficaz al tratamiento médico en pacientes seleccionados.

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that mainly affects young adults. Early, accurate diagnosis can reduce the rate and severity of complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, management, and treatment of CVT in different centres in Spain. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients hospitalised due to CVT between 2008 and 2017 at 10 Spanish centres. Results: We included 256 patients, with a mean age (SD) of 49.8 (18.7) years; 51% of patients were women. The most frequent symptoms were headache (73%), focal deficits (50%), epileptic seizures (33%), and encephalopathy (21%). The most frequent localisations were the superior sagittal sinus (12.5%), the transverse sinus (10.9%), and 2 or more sinuses or veins (66.4%). Thrombophilia was the most frequent known aetiology (24%), and was most commonly associated with the prothrombin G20210A mutation (19%). Forty-six percent of patients were treated with antithrombotics for 3 to 6 months, 21% for one year, and 22.6% required indefinite anticoagulation. Endovascular therapy was performed in 5% of cases, and 33% required neurosurgery. Regarding outcomes, 75% of patients were independent at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2), with papilloedema (P = .03), focal deficits (P = .001), and encephalopathy (P 3). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.3%, with a 3-month mortality rate of 6.3%. Conclusion: The diverse risk factors and variable presentation of CVT represent a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, it is essential to establish management protocols for this entity. Resumen: Introducción: La trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) es una causa poco común de ictus que afecta principalmente a adultos jóvenes. Un diagnóstico precoz y preciso puede reducir la tasa y gravedad de las complicaciones. Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas, manejo y tratamiento de la TVC en diferentes centros de nuestro país. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes hospitalizados por TVC entre 2008 y 2017 en 10 centros sanitarios en nuestro país. Resultados: Se incluyeron 256 pacientes, edad media 49,8 ± 18,7 años y el 51% fueron mujeres. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: cefalea (73%), déficits focales (50%), crisis epilépticas (33%) y encefalopatía (21%). Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron: seno longitudinal superior (12,5%), transverso (10,9%) y afectación de dos o más senos o venas (66,4%). La etiología conocida más frecuente fue la trombofilia (24%), siendo la mutación de la protrombina G20210A la más común (19%). El 46% fue tratado con antitrombóticos durante 3-6 meses, el 21% durante 1 año y un 22,6% de los pacientes requirieron anticoagulación indefinida. En un 5% de los sujetos fue preciso terapia endovascular y un 33% requirió neurocirugía. En relación al pronóstico, el 75% fueron independientes a los 3 meses con una puntuación en la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) ≤ 2 y la presencia de papiledema (p = 0,03), déficit focal (p = 0,001) y encefalopatía (p 3). La tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 4,3% y el 6,3% de los pacientes fallecieron a los 3 meses. Conclusión: La diversidad de factores de riesgo y la presentación variable suponen un desafío en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la TVC. Para mejorar el pronóstico y reducir la mortalidad es fundamental la instauración de protocolos en el manejo de esta patología.

Introduction: Warfarin is an anticoagulant whose efficacy depends on reaching and maintaining an INR (International Normalized Ratio) within therapeutic ranges. Up to 60% of interindividual dose-response variability can be explained by pharmacogenes, in this regard there are no studies in Peru. We studied the effect of the CYP4F2 gene on the dose of warfarin in Peruvian patients. Material and Methods: A descriptive and ambispective observational study was carried out with patients seen in the Grau ESSALUD Hospital Hematology Service, Lima, Peru, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were patients anticoagulated for more than three months and with stable doses of warfarin (same dose for at least three outpatient visits and with an INR in therapeutic ranges of 2.5-3.5). Analysis of the CYP4F2 gene was performed by taking a DNA sample from peripheral blood. Results: 70 patients with a mean age of 69.6 + 13.4, male 38 (54.39%) and female 32 (45.7%) entered the study. The mean dose of warfarin was 31.6 + 15.2 mg/week. The genotypic frequency of the CYP4F2 gene, rs2108622 variant (C>T) was 55 (78%), 13 (19%) and 2 (3%) of CC, CT, TT, respectively. No deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found in the variants studied (p=0.56). Mean warfarin doses/week of the CC, CT, TT genotypes were 30.34 + 11.98; 36.4 + 25.6 and 36.25 + 1.8 mg/week, respectively (p=0.397). Conclusion: In conclusion, it appears that CYP4F2 gene genotypes do not have a significant effect on warfarin dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La hemorragia retroperitoneal espontánea (HRE) es una urgencia médica poco frecuente originada por el sangrado en la cavidad retroperitoneal, no resultante de traumatismos, procedimientos quirúrgicos o maniobras iatrogénicas, sino con trastornos de la coagulación, vasculares o el sangrado espontáneo de tumores de órganos localizados en dicho espacio. El diagnóstico puede ser difícil, especialmente en su curso clínico temprano, debido a su variada sintomatología. Por ello el retraso en el diagnóstico y su manejo adecuado suele traducirse en una elevada morbi-mortalidad. A continuación, presentamos tres casos clínicos de hemorragia retroperitoneal espontánea en contexto de procesos infecciosos y uno secundario a sangrado tumoral espontáneo cuyo diagnóstico se confirmó mediante tomografía axial computada. Se destaca la importancia de la sospecha clínica de esta complicación a pesar de su baja incidencia, enfatizando el riesgo vital inminente que supone la misma, a la vez de la necesidad de un diagnóstico e intervención rápidos y oportunos.

Assessing the quality of life of anticoagulated patients is important; there is currently no Spanish validation of the Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale (DASS). Objective: To conduct a linguistic validation and preliminary psychometric properties estimation in Colombian Spanish of the DASS for assessing quality of life in patients anticoagulated with vitamin K antagonists. Materials and method: A validation study of a qualitative scale conducted in a private university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. This validation had three phases: translation and cultural adaption by a bilingual panel; pilot test including initial application, cognitive interview with patients (n: 5), and clinical review by experts (n:10) and internal consistency assessment of the scale (n: 100). Results: The study yielded a version of DASS in Colombian Spanish that was technically and conceptually equivalent to the English version. The domains of limitations in patient activity, discomfort produced by anticoagulation, and psychological impact had a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.9. According to expert opinion, most questions had the right relevance (Aiken V coefficient: 0.67-0.87). Conclusion: This is the first version of the DASS published in Spanish. The translation and cultural adaptation process resulted in a scale equivalent to its original version. The internal consistency analysis showed a highly consistent but not redundant scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La embolia pulmonar aguda (EP) es la oclusión de arterias pulmonares por trombos que se originan en otra parte, típicamente en las grandes venas de las piernas o la pelvis, es una forma de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), que es frecuente y, en ocasiones, mortal. La presentación clínica suele ser variable e inespecífica como disnea, dolor torácico pleurítico, mareos, síncope, paro cardiorrespiratorio, taquipnea, taquicardia, hipotensión. El diagnóstico es con mayor frecuencia con la angiotomografía computarizada (angioTC), y a veces es necesaria la gammagrafía de ventilación/perfusión. El diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad, el manejo inicial ante la sospecha es el soporte hemodinámico y ventilatorio, e inicio de la anticoagulación, las alternativas terapéuticas definitivas incluyen la trombólisis, embolectomía, pero debe de individualizarse la decisión a cada caso. Presentamos en caso de una femenina de 75 años con antecedente de Cistopexia, intercurre con Hemorragia Digestiva Alta y con requerimiento de hemoderivados, realizan Endoscopia Digestiva Alta encontrando ulcera en Bulbo Duodenal FORREST IB- IIB más clipaje hemostático de la misma posteriormente presenta taquipnea, taquicardia. La Angio TC de Torax evidencio trombo de 25mm en la rama del lóbulo inferior derecho, trombo de 27 mm en la rama ascendente del lado derecho, trombos milimétricos de 5 mm 6 mm y 10 mm en la arteria pulmonar izquierda y ramas descendente izquierdo. Por tal motivo esta revisión trata sobre la importancia de la sospecha del mismo con una correcta anamnesis y la instauración lo antes posible del tratamiento ante su sospecha.

Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP), tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), anticoagulación Keywords: Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP); tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP); tromboembolismo venoso (TEV); anticoagulación EN Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) anticoagulación 487 492 6 10/10/23 20231001 NES 231001 ¿Qué es un tromboembolismo venoso (TEV)? Información para Pacientes con Enfermedades Vasculares: Una guía para pacientes recién diagnosticados con trombosis venosa profunda y/o tromboembolismo pulmonar Una posible complicación de la TVP es el tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), que ocurre cuando un parte del coágulo se desprende y viaja a través de los vasos sanguíneos hasta llegar a los pulmones. [Extracted from the article]

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia, in emergency rooms and around the globe. Its frequency is constantly increasing and the likelihood of a physician encountering it at any time is high. Usual treatment approaches are “conservative”, traditionally including heart rate control, anticoagulation and hospitalization. The main goal with this approach is stroke prevention. As time goes by, atrial remodeling takes place and the chance to restore sinus rhythm decreases. A longer time in atrial fibrillation leads to more structural heart disease. Thus, adequate management in the emergency room for an initial or complicated episode reduces the risk of inadequate therapies and healthcare costs. This review will focus on atrial fibrillation in the emergency room according to current evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) sigue siendo en el mundo la segunda causa de muerte. Colombia no cuenta con datos suficientes que permitan establecer diferencias en cuanto a los factores de riesgo y su curso clínico entre hombres y mujeres. Objetivo: caracterizar a los adultos hospitalizados con diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica (ECVI) atendidos en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá marzo 1 de 2019 a enero 31 de 2020. Metodología: estudio tipo cohorte descriptivo prospectivo en mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de ECVI atendidos en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá. Resultados: se incluyeron 106 pacientes con edad media de 69 años, como factores de riesgo estuvieron inactividad física 87.1%; sobrepeso 40.6%, hipertensión 41.5 % y exposición al cigarrillo 22.7%. Se evidenció en el angiotac algún grado de estenosis carotideo en 18% y se identificó fibrilación auricular en 5.6%. La mayoría recibió asa y atorvastatina (83.6%); 8.1% fueron anticoagulados y la mayoría presentó un ACV leve (62.6%), 19% de los pacientes fueron trombolizados y se logró establecer la ateroesclerosis como causa del ACV en 41.8%. Discusión y conclusiones: la ECV se presenta con más frecuencia a partir de la séptima década en la población activa, generando importantes discapacidades que limitan la funcionalidad. Existen factores de riesgo modificables, que si son debidamente manejados disminuyen el riesgo de ACV.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally. We present a study describing epidemiological changes in severe TBI and the impact these changes have had on management and analysing alternatives that may improve outcomes in this new population. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional analysis of patients presenting severe TBI at our hospital in the period of 1992-1996 and 2009-2013. We analysed demographic data, including age, sex, mortality, aetiology, anticoagulation, treatment, and functional outcome. Results: We reviewed data from 220 patients. In the second cohort, there were 40% fewer patients, mean age was 12 years older, patients were more frequently receiving anticoagulation therapy, and the percentage of interventions was halved. Aetiology varied, with traffic accidents being the main cause in the first group, and accidental falls and being hit by cars in the second group. There were no intergroup differences for mortality or functional outcomes. Conclusion: The age of patients admitted due to severe TBI has increased. As a result of this, the main cause of severe TBI in our population is accidental falls in elderly, anticoagulated patients. Despite the low-energy nature of trauma, patients in the second cohort presented a poorer baseline status, and were less frequently eligible for surgery, with no improvement in mortality or functional outcomes. Resumen: Introducción: El TCE es una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad a nivel mundial. Presentamos este estudio con el objetivo de detallar el cambio epidemiológico de la población que sufre TCE severo, su influencia en el tipo de tratamiento ofrecido y analizar alternativas que mejoren los resultados ante el nuevo tipo de población que afrontamos. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de los pacientes que sufrieron TCE severo en nuestro hospital en los periodos 1992-1996 y 2009-2013. Se analizaron datos demográficos como edad, sexo, mortalidad, etiología, anticoagulación, tratamiento realizado y resultados funcionales. Resultados: Se revisaron 220 pacientes. En la segunda cohorte el número de pacientes con TCE severo disminuyó un 40%, eran de media 12 años mayores, más frecuentemente anticoagulados y las intervenciones se redujeron a la mitad. Varió la etiología, predominando en el primer grupo los accidentes de tráfico y en el segundo las caídas casuales y los atropellos. No hubo diferencias en la mortalidad de ambos grupos, y sí en su situación funcional. Conclusión: En este estudio encontramos un envejecimiento de la población que ingresa por TCE severo. Ello hace que, en la actualidad, la principal causa de TCE severo en nuestra población sean las caídas casuales en pacientes anticoagulados mayores. A pesar de ser traumatismos de poca energía, los pacientes presentan peores condiciones basales y son menos candidatos a cirugía, sin que mejoren la mortalidad ni la situación funcional.

La infección por SARS CoV-2 durante el embarazo representa una entidad potencialmente vulnerable para la ocurrencia de complicaciones que pueden afectar la salud y bienestar del binomio madre feto, sin embargo, la infección por este virus sigue siendo objeto de estudio por las diversas formas de expresión que ha manifestado desde su inicio. Este trabajo de investigación consiste en una revisión retrospectiva de los casos confirmados de infección por SARS CoV-2 durante el embarazo, en pacientes controladas en el servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Centro Médico Docente la Trinidad desde el inicio de la pandemia en marzo 2020 hasta agosto 2022. Se observó entre las complicaciones que desarrollaron las pacientes, trastorno hipertensivo en el embarazo y prematuridad iatrogénica. Las pacientes con administración de vacunas presentaron menos complicaciones que las no vacunadas. Se registró un caso de fallecimiento relacionado con suspensión de tratamiento anticoagulante. A pesar de que los datos no son estadísticamente significativos dado el tamaño de la muestra, se debe continuar con estudios con muestras más amplias.

Introducción: La punción lumbar es una de las herramientas diagnósticas más importantes para diferentes patologías neurológicas. Caso clínico: Hombre de 32 años, con epilepsia, toxoplasmosis cerebral y VIH, quien presentó un hematoma subdural posterior a una punción lumbar diagnóstica, el cual no presentó sintomatología y fue un hallazgo imagenológico incidental. Conclusiones: El mecanismo por el que se produce el hematoma subdural, se basa en una presión baja del LCR que da lugar a un deslizamiento de la aracnoides sobre la duramadre, y como consecuencia se desgarran los vasos del espacio subdural, produciendo una extravasación de sangre en dicho espacio.

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Marfan syndrome classically presents with aortic root aneurysms. Aortic ectasia causes diverse blood flow alterations, influencing the behavior of coagulation factors and platelet activity. Heparin resistance has also been reported associated with Marfan Syndrome in a small number of patients, probably due to antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency or various mutations. The ascending aorta and the aortic valve are replaced with prosthetic material during Bentall- de Bonno procedures. Resistance to anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation, represents a significant challenge for both anesthesiologists and the surgical team. Resistance to heparin was observed in a patient with Marfan syndrome undergoing a Bentall procedure. ATIII concentrate was not available, and Activated Coagulation Time did not increase despite high doses of heparin. An alternate anticoagulation approach was used successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the last decade, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been incorporated as an anticoagulation tool in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Although they have a better pharmacological profile than vitamin K antagonists (VKA), the use of these drugs is not massive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of DOACs in patients with acute PE and to detect determinants of its use. Methodology: Prespecified analysis of the CONAREC XX registry that included patients with acute PE in 64 centers in Argentina. An analysis was performed to detect predictors of DOAC prescription at discharge. Results: 579 patients who received anticoagulation at hospital discharge were analyzed: 60% received VKA, 21% heparin and 19% DOAC (of them, 49% Rivaroxaban, 34% Apixaban, and 17% Dabigatran). Patients receiving DOACs had less severe PE, lower risk of bleeding, and fewer in-hospital complications. At 30-day follow-up, there were no differences in all-cause mortality or bleeding. Health coverage by social insurance (OR 7.45, CI 95% 1.74-31.9, p < 0.01) or by private coverage (OR 10.5, CI 95% 2.4-45.9, p < 0.01) were independent predictors of DOAC prescription at discharge, and history of heart failure (OR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-0.84, p = 0.028) and oncological disease (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.89; p = 0.02) were predictors not prescribe them. Conclusions: One in five survivors of acute PE received DOACs at hospital discharge in Argentina, and this was determined by clinical and economic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous thromboembolim (VTE) is a highly prevalent condition that requires long-term monitoring and treatment. This monitoring includes: 1) completing the etiological study and determining the risk of VTE recurrence; 2) establishing the optimal duration of anticoagulant treatment, as well as the type of therapy and its dosage; 3) estimating the risk of bleeding, and 4) identifying the occurrence of chronic complications. This consensus document, prepared by the VTE Group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI), aims to update and establish consensus recommendations on these aspects. The document focuses on four aspects of management: the first includes risk factors for VTE recurrence after an unprovoked VTE episode and describes the predictive scores of VTE recurrence; the second focuses on risk factors for bleeding; the third provides recommendations for long-term follow-up in VTE, addressing specific considerations for screening chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and post-thrombotic syndrome of the lower limbs; and the fourth provides guidance on the optimal duration of extended anticoagulant treatment, as well as the type of therapy and its dosage. For each area, an exhaustive literature review was conducted, analyzing the updated VTE clinical guidelines and recent studies. This document is intended to be a guide in the long-term management of VTE based on the most current knowledge., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the preparation and consensus of the recommendations., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon and clinically heterogeneous cerebrovascular particularly in children, only a few published case series focused in the pediatric population., Patients and Methods: Retrospective single-center observational and analytical study of consecutive pediatric patients admitted in a level II Portuguese hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of CVT, from 2003 to 2021. Clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, prothrombotic factors, treatment strategies, outcome and recanalization were documented., Results: Twelve children were included (58% female). Mean age was 7.3 years. The most frequent symptoms were vomiting, headache and behavioral alterations. Infection was the triggering factor in 50% of the cases. The diagnosis of CVT was made based on imaging evidence of thrombosis through magnetic imaging resonance (MRI) with venography and/or computed tomography (CT) with venography. In 67% of cases there were multiples sinuses involved; the transverse sinus was the most affected, followed by the sigmoid sinus. In 83% of cases anticoagulant therapy was initiated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and associated prothrombotic factors were investigated, with no major prothrombotic factors identified. No deaths occurred, but 30% had long-term neurological sequelae. One patient recurred 18 years later., Conclusion: The results of this study are consistent with data from other published studies. MRI is the preferred imaging method for diagnosis in children by avoiding ionizing radiation and allowing identification of subjacent causes. Anticoagulation with LMWH is recommended and important to reduce mortality and sequelae. Infectious diseases are the most common trigger for CVT and can also be the cause for high morbidity and poor outcomes., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare life-threatening clinical condition that represents the most severe clinical presentation of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It was first described in 1992 in a group of patients that presented with multiorgan involvement and microangiopathic features of APS. Most of the current knowledge of CAPS comes from the analysis of all cases collected at the "CAPS Registry" that was created in 2000 to perform studies on this condition. Most cases are triggered by a prothrombotic situation that leads to a multiorgan thrombosis and a cytokine storm. The analysis of cases included in the "CAPS Registry" has shown that the triple therapy with anticoagulation, glucocorticoids, and plasma exchange and/or intravenous immunoglobulins is associated to a better prognosis of CAPS. The improvement of the knowledge allowed a decrease from the 50% mortality rate reported in the first series to 25-30% in the most recent publications., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Thrombotic manifestations, mainly venous thromboembolism (VTE) and stroke, are the most common and potentially life-threatening presentations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The management of APS requires the assessment of the antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) profile, of concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus or other systemic autoimmune diseases and the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and bleeding. Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) remains the cornerstone of therapy for thrombotic APS. As platelets play a central role in APS, low-dose aspirin is the first option for primary thromboprophylaxis in asymptomatic aPL carriers, and also plays a role as combination therapy with VKAs in arterial thrombosis. Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) could be considered in certain low-risk situations, although they are not recommended in patients with arterial thrombosis or triple positive aPL. Adjuvant therapies such as hydroxychloroquine and statins may be useful in complex settings such as thrombotic recurrences or high risk of bleeding. In this article, we review the evidence and the recommendations of the guidelines for the treatment of APS, and provide a critical and practical approach of its management from our clinical perspective., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. AF is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, stroke, cognitive impairment and dementia, and mortality. Individuals with AF have a 5-fold risk of ischemic stroke, and AF-related strokes are associated with greater disability and mortality compared with strokes from other causes. Moreover, the burden of AF and AF-related stroke on patients, their caregivers, health-care systems, and society is significant and projected to increase in the coming decades due to the rapid growth of the ageing population. The care and management of patients with AF and AF-related stroke are challenging, often involving complex decision-making to weigh the risks and benefits of various treatment and prevention strategies. This topical review focuses on the latest science and advances in AF and AF-related stroke and identifies knowledge gaps and future directions of continued research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immunological reaction that facilitates the cytokine storm in the infection by the new coronavirus facilitates the appearance of microvascular, endothelial and direct cellular damage, which leads to a prothrombotic state and events of thromboembolism to different apparatus and systems as a complication. Therefore, the need to provide adequate prophylactic therapy or anticoagulant management in time and adequate dosage to these patients, as well as an individualized coagulation and hemostasis study. This document is intended to summarize in a practical way the evidence published to date and provide a broader view of the pathophysiological phenomena that occur in this hyperinflammatory state that has taught us a lot since its arrival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCCION: La trombosis del seno venoso se considera una de las causas más infrecuentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV), prevalente en la edad joven. Suele tener un inicio insidioso, lo cual dificulta su diagnóstico y el inicio oportuno del tratamiento, y se encuentra asociada con múltiples factores de riesgo, incluyendo estados de hipercoagulabilidad, como en aquellos pacientes que cursan con infección por SARS-CoV-2. REPORTE DE CASO: Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes con alteraciones neurológicas, diplopia y estatus epiléptico, en quienes se documentó por medio de la sintomatologia y de estudios imagenológicos, trombosis venosas extensas de localización infrecuente, se descartaron las principales etiologías asociadas, y el único nexo asociado fue la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Ambos pacientes recibieron tratamiento con anticoagulación parenteral, al que respondieron de forma exitosa, por lo cual se logró el alta posteriormente con anticoagulación oral. DISCUSIÓN: Es imprescindible el conocimiento de esta enfermedad, asociada con una alta sospecha diagnóstica, dadas sus manifestaciones clínicas variadas y su asociación cada vez más frecuente con infección por covid-19.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of prescription of oral anticoagulation in patients aged > 60 years with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study based on a review of the clinical histories of patients aged >60 years diagnosed with NVAF from July 1 to September 30, 2019 and seen at the outpatient clinic (cardiology, internal medicine, geriatrics) of a secondary-level hospital in Queretaro, Mexico. Clinical profile and oral anticoagulant treatment were analyzed. Results: The study population comprised 300 patients (mean age, 77.2±8.3 years; 53.3% women; 81% attended in cardiology). Of these, 91% had a high thromboembolic risk, 22.7% a high bleeding risk, and 1.7% contraindications for anticoagulation. Comorbidity was frequent. As for therapy, 82.7% were taking direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), 11.0% vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and 6.3% no anticoagulant treatment. Anticoagulant therapy was inappropriate in 29.3% of patients, mainly because DOAC were prescribed without adjusting for age, weight, or serum creatinine and administered without indication according to thromboembolic risk. Only 39.4% of patients taking VKA were within the therapeutic range. Of all patients receiving DOAC, 48.0% were taking rivaroxaban, mainly at 20 mg/d (73.1%). Conclusions: Thromboembolic risk is high in geriatric patients with NVAF. Anticoagulation is contraindicated in <2% of patients. Oral anticoagulants are prescribed inappropriately in three out of ten patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Una proporción significativa de pacientes sometidos a implante percutáneo de válvula aórtica (TAVI) presenta indicación de anticoagulación oral por fibrilación auricular. En estos pacientes, con frecuencia el riesgo hemorrágico es alto. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los resultados clínicos en pacientes tratados con dosis baja de apixabán o con acenocumarol, un antagonista de la vitamina K (AVK). Métodos: Registro observacional multicéntrico que incluyó pacientes sometidos a TAVI tratados con dosis baja de apixabán (2,5 mg/12 h) o AVK, en ambos casos sin tratamiento antiplaquetario asociado. Se llevó a cabo un emparejamiento por puntuación de propensión para seleccionar dos cohortes comparables. Se recabó la información de los 12 meses posteriores al procedimiento. Se consideraron objetivos coprimarios de eficacia (muerte, infarto de miocardio e ictus) y de seguridad (hemorragias BARC ≥ 2). Resultados: Se incluyeron 236 pacientes y se obtuvieron 2 grupos de 64 pacientes comparables en cuanto a características basales. Solo 19 (30%) cumplieron estrictamente los criterios de ajuste a la baja de la dosis de apixabán. A los 12 meses, la incidencia de muerte, infarto de miocardio e ictus fue comparable (12,5% con AVK frente a 9,3% con apixabán; p = 0,5), pero la incidencia de hemorragia BARC ≥ 2 fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de AVK (7,8 frente a 0%; p = 0,02). La mayoría de los eventos trombóticos en el grupo de apixabán se observaron en pacientes con reducción de dosis no ajustada a criterios. Conclusiones: En este registro de pacientes con TAVI y fibrilación auricular, el uso de la dosis baja de apixabán en comparación con el uso de AVK, sin antiagregantes concomitantes, se asoció a una menor incidencia de hemorragias mayores con una incidencia similar de eventos tromboembólicos.

Background and Objective: Ageing is associated with an increased risk of falls and trauma. The aim of the study was to assess the characteristics of patients over 65 years of age who consulted the ED for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 2022, their relationship with cognitive impairment, functional dependence, use of oral antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs and complications., Materials and Methods: Retrospective study conducted from 1 January to 31 December 2022. Demographic data were collected: age, sex, origin; cardiovascular risk factors; cognitive impairment using the Pfeiffer questionnaire; physical disability according to the Barthel Index; number of drugs; use of antiplatelet and oral anticoagulant (OAC); mechanism of fall; performance of cranial X-ray/CT, and presence of complications: intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), death., Results: 599 patients were included. The mean age was 82.3±8.2 years. 63.8% were female and 36.2% male. 75.3% were from home, 24.7% from residence. No dementia in 61.4%, moderate-severe dementia in 38.6%. 58.1% were functionally independent, 25.1% had moderate-severe dependence. 85.7% had CVRF: HT 476 (79.5%), dyslipidaemia 354 (59.1%), DM 217 (36.2%), obesity 173 (28.9%), smoking 15 (2.5%). The number of drugs per patient was 9.2±4.3. Polypharmacy was present in 94.7% of patients. 35.9% were taking antiplatelet drugs and 30.2% anticoagulants. Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 11 (2.3%) patients. Four (0.7%) patients died., Conclusions: The TBI in our study was caused by low-energy trauma in a female patient, without dementia, functionally independent and with polypharmacy. There were few serious complications: 2.3% ICH and 0.7% deaths. 90.1% of ICH occurred in patients on antiplatelet and/or OAC therapy., (Copyright © 2024 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the limbs is a common disease and causes significant morbidity and mortality. It is frequently the prelude to pulmonary embolism (PE), it can recur in 30% of patients and in 25-40% of cases they can develop post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), with a significant impact in functional status and quality of life. This document contains the recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of acute DVT from the Thromboembolic Disease group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI). PE and thrombosis of unusual venous territories (cerebral, renal, mesenteric, superficial, etc.) are outside its scope, as well as thrombosis associated with catheter and thrombosis associated with cancer, which due to their peculiarities will be the subject of other positioning documents of the Thromboembolic Disease group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI)., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: Renal infarction is a rare disease in clinical practice, in most cases it is triggered by predisposing thromboembolic factors, with atrial fibrillation being the main risk factor, only a minority of cases is associated with small vessel vasculitis and another large percentage is idiopathic. Semiologically it presents with severe, sudden low back pain that simulates reno-ureteral colic; this clinical presentation obligates to rule out urolithiasis, so the diagnosis is usually late and by exclusion. The diagnostic study of choice is the contrast computed axial tomography of abdomen. The basis of treatment is anticoagulation, mainly with coumarins. CLINICAL CASE: A 41-year-old male patient, without risk factors, previously healthy, who debuted with sudden intense left lumbar pain, the diagnosis was made with contrasted abdominal tomography and it was determined that the etiology of the renal infarction was finally idiopathic after ruling out atrial fibrillation, thrombophilia and vasculitis. CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to provide guidelines in the treatment of this idiopathic percentage of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Within cerebral vascular disease, venous thrombosis is an entity that until now has been little considered due to its low frequency (0.5 to 1%) worldwide, according to different reports in the literature. Currently, there is a great difference between the incidence reported in the different populations studied, as well as the risk factors for its development. In Mexico, the information is relatively low and variable frequencies ranging from 0.43 to 8% have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients who were treated at Hospital Ángeles Pedregal, Mexico City, in a period of 5 years (2013 to 2018). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, single-center study of a retrospective cohort that included all patients diagnosed with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) from January 2103 to December 2018 al Hospital Ángeles Pedregal, Mexico City. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 17 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis; headache was the most frequent symptom, and the most frequent predisposing factor was infectious. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral venous thrombosis in Mexico is more frequent than that reported in world literature, as it was observed in this study with an incidence of 7.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es la tercera causa de enfermedad cardiovascular, siendo un problema de salud pública debido a la carga de la enfermedad y los costos de la misma. No existen estudios epidemiológicos que describan el comportamiento conjunto de los dos eventos en el suroccidente colombiano; por consiguiente, el objetivo es determinar la prevalencia, características sociodemográficas, clínicas y complicaciones por la enfermedad en pacientes de un centro hospitalario de la ciudad de Popayán. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, en el cual se tomó como población a todos los pacientes de 18 a más años con diagnóstico de ETEV. Resultados: La prevalencia fue de 0,008%. De los 120 pacientes con enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, la media de edad fue 61,53 años, la mayoría de género femenino y procedentes de Popayán. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la edad mayor de 40 años (80%), el síntoma más frecuente fue edema de miembros inferiores (79,1%) en pacientes con dicha condición y el ecodoppler fue la técnica diagnostica utilizada en el 100%. La disnea (76,19%) fue más frecuente en los pacientes con tromboembolia pulmonar, con electrocardiograma normal y derrame pleural en la radiografía de tórax. La técnica diagnóstica más frecuente fue la angiotomografía (90,02%). El 79,2% presentaban protección tromboembólica con heparina de bajo peso molecular en su mayoría, 27,5% de los pacientes presentaron al menos una complicación y la mortalidad estuvo presente en 5,8%. El porcentaje de reingresos fue del 17,5%. Conclusiones: la identificación temprana de factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas permiten el diagnóstico y la intervención temprana para disminuir la progresión a complicaciones, recurrencias y reingresos.

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Introducción: la prescripción de fármacos inhibidores de la vitamina Kexige el control del efecto anticoagulante.Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes con antecedentes de tratamiento con warfarina sódica al momento del ingreso en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital General Docente“Dr. Agostinho Neto” durante el periodo 2016-2018.Método: se realizó estudio analítico, retrospectivo y longitudinal. Se estudiaron 54 pacientes con las características señaladas, que se agruparon en un grupo control (n=16) con anticoagulación adecuada y un grupo estudio (n=38) también con anticoagulación adecuada.Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio.Resultados: Un total de 16 pacientes presentó nivel adecuado de anticoagulación y en, 38, nivel de anticoagulación fue inadecuado. La warfarina sódica se indicó más en pacientes con prótesis valvular cardiaca mecánica (20,0 %), y en estos fue más común la anticoagulación inadecuada. Los factores más relacionados con la anticoagulación adecuada fueron la supervisión médica frecuente (p=0,0000), que no usaron fármacos que interfieran con la acción del fármaco (p=0,0000) y el cumplimiento del tratamiento (p=0,0000). En 22 pacientes se presentaron complicaciones hemorrágicas y la más común fue la hemorragia cerebral y, 16, presentaron complicaciones tromboembólicas y la más frecuente fue el embolismo cerebral. Fallecieron 3 pacientes por complicaciones hemorrágicas y 9 por complicaciones tromboembólicas. En 21 pacientes la indicación del fármaco fue inapropiada.Conclusiones: se revela la necesidad del control de la adecuada adherencia terapéutica del paciente pues el inadecuado efecto anticoagulante genera complicaciones que pueden determinar la muerte del paciente.

Masculino de 37 años, desconocido enfermo, que presenta tromboemobolismo pulmonar masivo, secundario a síndrome antifosfolípido primario.

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Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that mainly affects young adults. Early, accurate diagnosis can reduce the rate and severity of complications., Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, management, and treatment of CVT in different centres in Spain., Methods: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective, descriptive study of patients hospitalised due to CVT between 2008 and 2017 at 10 Spanish centres., Results: We included 256 patients, with a mean age (SD) of 49.8 (18.7) years; 51% of patients were women. The most frequent symptoms were headache (73%), focal deficits (50%), epileptic seizures (33%), and encephalopathy (21%). The most frequent localisations were the superior sagittal sinus (12.5%), the transverse sinus (10.9%), and 2 or more sinuses or veins (66.4%). Thrombophilia was the most frequent known aetiology (24%), and was most commonly associated with the prothrombin G20210A mutation (19%). Forty-six percent of patients were treated with antithrombotics for 3 to 6 months, 21% for one year, and 22.6% required indefinite anticoagulation. Endovascular therapy was performed in 5% of cases, and 33% required neurosurgery. Regarding outcomes, 75% of patients were independent at 3 months (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤ 2), with papilloedema (P =  .03), focal deficits (P = .001), and encephalopathy (P < .001) showing a statistically significant association with poor prognosis (mRS > 3). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.3%, with a 3-month mortality rate of 6.3%., Conclusion: The diverse risk factors and variable presentation of CVT represent a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. To improve prognosis and reduce mortality, it is essential to establish management protocols for this entity., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Cerebral venous thrombosis is part of the so-called thrombosis in unusual sites. It is defined as an occlusion in the cerebral venous territory. Its incidence is progressively increasing, especially in developing countries. It is more frequently observed in young women, with hormonal factors such as pregnancy or hormonal contraception being significant risk factors in the development of this condition. The clinical presentation will depend fundamentally on the topography of the thrombosis, with a confirmatory diagnosis based mainly on imaging tests. The treatment generally consists of anticoagulation, and other options may be considered depending on the severity of the case. Overall, the prognosis is better than that of other intracranial vascular disorders. This review describes the current evidence available regarding cerebral venous thrombosis., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.)

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RESUMEN En la actualidad la trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) se considera un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico, debido a la alta variabilidad de presentación y a la falta de un consenso terapéutico claro. Representa 0,5 % de los ictus y afecta con mayor frecuencia a sujetos jóvenes con factores de riesgo congénitos o adquiridos. Tiene manifestaciones clínicas variables que unidas a un estudio de neuroimagen adecuado, permiten realizar el diagnóstico. Se presenta un caso con el objetivo de describir la evolución clínico-radiológica de una paciente puérpera adolescente, con trombosis venosa cerebral que además tuvo un angioma venoso cerebral interauricular, que a los 21 días del puerperio presenta cefalea de moderada intensidad en región occipital y posteriormente hemiparesia derecha, con recuperación del defecto en 42 h. Se diagnóstica por Angio-TAC trombosis de seno recto, venas de galeno y venas cerebrales internas con evolución favorable luego de tratamiento anticoagulante.