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High protein content, excellent amino acid profile, absence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), high digestibility and good palatability of fishmeal (FM), make it a major source of protein in aquaculture. Naturally derived FM is at risk due to an increase in its demand, unsustainable practices, and price. Thus, there is an urgent need to find affordable and suitable protein sources to replace FM. Plant protein sources are suitable due to their widespread availability and low cost. However, they contained certain ANFs, deficiency of some amino acids, low nutrient bioavailability and poor digestibility due to presence of starch and fiber. These unfavourable characteristics make them less suitable for feed as compared to FM. Thus, these potential challenges and limitations associated with various plant proteins have to be overcome by using different methods, i.e. enzymatic pretreatments, solvent extraction, heat treatments and fermentation, that are discussed briefly in this review. This review assessed the impacts of plant products on growth performance, body composition, flesh quality, changes in metabolic activities and immune response of fishes. To minimize the negative effects and to enhance nutritional value of plant products, beneficial functional additives such as citric acid, phytase and probiotics could be incorporated into the plant-based FM. Interestingly, these additives improve growth of fishes by increasing digestibility and nutrient utilization of plant based feeds. Overall, this review demonstrated that the substitution of fishmeal by plant protein sources is a plausible, technically-viable and practical option for sustainable aquaculture feed production.

Background: Ruminants have the distinct advantage of being able to eat forages and graze on land that is not suitable for growing crops. During breakdown of feed in rumen, 2 to 12 per cent of the gross energy consumed is converted to enteric CH4, which accounts for about 6 per cent of the world's anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Anti nutritional factor (ANF) plays a vital role in rumen manipulation. It helps in mitigation of methane production and improves the feed efficiency. Methods: Twenty calves of 6-7 months old with an average body weight of 90.2±4.0 kg were distributed randomly into four dietary treatment groups. The calves of the control group (T0) were fed on a basal diet as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard. The basal diet of T1, T2 and T3 were supplemented with NLP, MOP, CO@ 2 per cent on DM basis, respectively. Blood serum and fecal samples were collected and analyzed on 30th, 90th and 120th day of the experiment. The methane emission per animal was measured over fortnightly. Result: It was depicted that supplementation of ANFs as feed additives to the crossbred calves didn't not affect the blood serum indices but the worm load and methane emission in calves differ significantly (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The projected global population is expected to reach around 9.7 billion by 2050, indicating a greater demand for proteins in the human diet. Cereal bran proteins (CBPs) have been identified as high-quality proteins, with potential applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. In 2020, global cereal grain production was 2.1 billion metric tonnes, including wheat, rice, corn, millet, barley, and oats. Cereal bran, obtained through milling, made up 10–20% of total cereal grain production, varying by grain type and milling degree. In this article, the molecular composition and nutritional value of CBPs are summarized, and recent advances in their extraction and purification are discussed. The functional properties of CBPs are then reviewed, including their solubility, binding, emulsifying, foaming, gelling, and thermal properties. Finally, current challenges to the application of CBPs in foods are highlighted, such as the presence of antinutritional factors, low digestibility, and allergenicity, as well as potential strategies to improve the nutritional and functional properties by overcoming these challenges. CBPs exhibit nutritional and functional attributes that are similar to those of other widely used plant-based protein sources. Thus, CBPs have considerable potential for use as ingredients in food, pharmaceutical, and other products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis sativa is a high-value crop that can be cultivated for ruminant's feed and medicinal purposes. The demand for Cannabis and Cannabis products has increased since the beginning of 21st century. Objectives: The increase in the production cost of high-protein feeds such as lucerne has led to an urgent need to investigate alternative high-protein sources. Methods: Cannabis has been identified as an alternative to lucerne due to its high protein content. Results: However, the cultivation and uses of Cannabis and its by-products in South Africa is limited due to the strict legislation. The metabolites and nutritional value of Cannabis are influenced by growing conditions and soil type. Furthermore, the available literature has shown that Cannabis contains anti-nutritional factors that may affect feed intake or bioavailability and digestibility. Conclusions: Therefore, it is crucial to employ a processing method that can reduce anti-nutritional factors to promote the feed intake and growth rate of sheep. Fermentation, as a processing method, can reduce anti-nutritional factors found in Cannabis, which will make it a palatable alternative feed supplement for ruminants such as Dorper sheep. Overall, this review paper aimed to examine the available literature on the use of Cannabis as an alternative high-protein feed supplement for Dorper sheep in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legume seeds account for one-fifth of the plant proteins consumed worldwide, and are divided into 3 groups: pulses, oilseeds and pulses with pods. Traditional fermented products based on legume seeds are an integral part of the diet of many populations, and are generally obtained from oilseeds, such as Glycine max. Fermented seeds are known to have better digestibility, lower amounts of anti-nutritional factors and isoflavones, courtesy of the numerous steps involved in their traditional processing. The present review was therefore undertaken to provide a comprehensive assessment of the contribution of each of the main processing steps, i.e. cooking and fermentation, on the degradation of compounds with anti-nutritional activities. The data presented in this review show that the cooking operation degrades almost all thermolabile anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Some thermostable ANFs are also eliminated by hydrolysis and diffusion into the cooking water or in the soaking water (in case soaking is performed), especially when the seed/water ratio is sufficient for the cooking or soaking water to be subsequently discarded. Fermentation dominated by Bacillus subtilis or Rhizopus oligosporus is an interesting option when the aim is to further reduce thermostable antinutritional factors that were only partially reduced during cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global protein consumption is increasing exponentially, which requires efficient identification of potential, healthy, and simple protein sources to fulfil the demands. The existing sources of animal proteins are high in fat and low in fiber composition, which might cause serious health risks when consumed regularly. Moreover, protein production from animal sources can negatively affect the environment, as it often requires more energy and natural resources and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, finding alternative plant-based protein sources becomes indispensable. Rapeseed is an important oilseed crop and the world's third leading oil source. Rapeseed byproducts, such as seed cakes or meals, are considered the best alternative protein source after soybean owing to their promising protein profile (30%–60% crude protein) to supplement dietary requirements. After oil extraction, these rapeseed byproducts can be utilized as food for human consumption and animal feed. However, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) like glucosinolates, phytic acid, tannins, and sinapines make them unsuitable for direct consumption. Techniques like microbial fermentation, advanced breeding, and genome editing can improve protein quality, reduce ANFs in rapeseed byproducts, and facilitate their usage in the food and feed industry. This review summarizes these approaches and offers the best bio-nutrition breakthroughs to develop nutrient-rich rapeseed byproducts as plant-based protein sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION There are few studies on the effects of electrically stimulated bacteria on anti‐nutritional factors and microbial communities in mulberry leaf silage. This study aimed to examine the impact of the combined use of electrically stimulated Bacillus subtilis (EB) and Lactobacillus casei (LC) on the quality and degradation of anti‐nutritional factors in mulberry leaf silage.The results revealed that the synergistic effect of EB and LC significantly enhanced the nutritional value of mulberry leaves, as evidenced by the promotion of lactic acid synthesis, the reduction of anti‐nutritional factors, and the augmentation of lactic acid bacteria following a 60‐day silage period. Moreover, the EB + LC co‐inoculation resulted in the highest quality of mulberry leaf silage, with the degradation rates of tannin and phytic acid at 38.8% and 47.1%, respectively. The combination of EB + LC also enhanced lactic acid content, along with significant reductions in ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N), soluble protein, and non‐protein nitrogen (NPN) (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Lactobacillus in the silage was significantly positively correlated with crude protein (CP) and lactic acid, while negatively correlated with water‐soluble carbohydrates, pH and NPN (P < 0.05). In contrast, Weissella was significantly negatively correlated with CP and lactic acid.This study represents a pioneering application of electro‐stimulation in the field of feed silage, offering a scientifically substantiated approach to degrading anti‐nutritional factors in mulberry leaves for livestock feeding. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSoybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) are a globally significant crop, valued for their high protein content and nutritional versatility. However, they contain anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that can interfere with nutrient absorption and pose health risks. This comprehensive review examines the presence and impact of key ANFs in soybeans, such as trypsin inhibitors, lectins, oxalates, phytates, tannins, and soybean polysaccharides, based on recent literature. The physiological roles, potential health hazards of the ANFs, and the detailed balance between their harmful and beneficial effects on human health, as well as the efficacy of deactivation or removal techniques in food processing, were discussed. The findings highlight the dual nature of ANFs in soybeans. Some ANFs have been found to offer health benefits include acting as antioxidants, potentially reducing the risk of cancer, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is important to note that the same ANFs can also have negative impacts. For instance, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and tannins may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and contribute to mineral deficiencies when consumed in excess or without proper processing. This review will provide a clear understanding of the role of ANFs in soybean-based diets and to inform future research and food processing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's growing population and evolving food habits have created a need for alternative plant protein sources, with pulses playing a crucial role as healthy staple foods. Dry beans are high-protein pulses rich in essential amino acids like lysine and bioactive peptides. They have gathered attention for their nutritional quality and potential health benefits concerning metabolic syndrome. This review highlights dry bean proteins' nutritional quality, health benefits, and limitations, focusing on recent eco-friendly emerging technologies for their obtaining and functionalization. Antinutritional factors (ANFs) in bean proteins can affect their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and lectins have been identified as potential allergens. Recently, eco-friendly emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, subcritical fluids, high-hydrostatic pressure, enzyme technology, and dry fractionation methods have been explored for extracting and functionalizing dry bean proteins. These technologies have shown promise in reducing ANFs, improving IVPD, and modifying allergen epitopes. Additionally, they enhance the techno-functional properties of bean proteins, making them more soluble, emulsifying, foaming, and gel-forming, with enhanced water and oil-holding capacities. By utilizing emerging innovative technologies, protein recovery from dry beans and the development of protein isolates can meet the demand for alternative protein sources while being eco-friendly, safe, and efficient. HIGHLIGHTS: Dry beans are a source of lysine-rich proteins and high-quality AA for the diet. Physical treatments can reduce the ANFs of beans and increase protein digestibility. Eco-friendly technologies can treat, modify, extract, and separate bean proteins. Conformational changes with protein unfolding improve WHC, EA, and solubility. The combined use of emerging technologies allows for conveying advantages of each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock nutrition is crucial for sustaining the health and productivity of farm animals, which are a cornerstone of the global food supply. Proper nutrition ensures that animals receive the necessary nutrients for essential bodily functions, growth, reproduction and lactation. Tailored, balanced diets that cater to the specific nutritional needs of different livestock species and their developmental stages also boost reproductive performance, leading to higher birth rates and healthier offspring. Conversely, inadequate nutrition can lead to stunted growth, diminished productivity and increased vulnerability to diseases, ultimately resulting in significant economic losses. Nutritional imbalances among animals, especially in dairy goats and cattle, pose a significant challenge in livestock management. These disorders result from inadequate or imbalanced nutrient intake, leading to a range of metabolic and health issues. Fodders are essential to livestock nutrition, providing a balanced diet that supports overall animal health, growth and productivity. They are primary sources of energy, with grasses and cereals supplying carbohydrates needed for maintenance and production activities. Leguminous fodders like alfalfa and clover are rich in protein and crucial for muscle development, milk production and growth. Additionally, green fodders offer vital vitamins (A, D, E, K) and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for various metabolic functions. The high fibre content in fodders aids in proper digestion and prevents digestive disorders. Overall, the review highlights the impact of various nutrient deficiencies on livestock, including the effects of anti-nutritional factors and the mechanisms of nitrate, oxalate, and prussic acid toxicity in animals. It underscores the importance of agronomic bio fortification as a promising strategy to enhance the nutritional quality of fodder crops, thereby improving animal health and welfare, while also contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop wild relatives hold significant potential for enhancing diversity, nutrition, and stress resilience in improvement programs. As such thorough, the biochemical assessment of these wild counterparts becomes indispensable. Okra, a vital vegetable crop renowned for its vibrant green pods, faces various productivity challenges due to diverse stresses, and its nutritional and stress tolerance aspects have been somewhat overlooked. In this current research, an extensive evaluation was conducted on both wild and cultivated okra species to decipher their nutritional, anti-nutritional, and antioxidant profiles. The results of the proximate analysis showed that wild okra exhibited higher nutritional value and antioxidant potential compared to cultivated species. Remarkably among the wild species A. moschatus accessions IC 470737 and IC 140986 stood out for their elevated content of carbohydrates (93.10 % and 69.38 %), soluble sugars (84.36 % and 41.83 %), reducing sugars (19.41 % and 38.11 %), and vitamin E (37.23 % and 51.24 %); whereas A. Manihot and A. tetraphyllus had higher antioxidant potential. Significantly, these wild entries also showcased the reduced anti-nutrient content suggesting high mineral bioavailability compared to cultivated ones. So, these wild genotypes having a good combination of many biochemical characteristics can be used for the introgression of traits in cultivated okra for further end product diversification. [Display omitted] • Wild okra species contain higher nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties than cultivated okra. • A. moschatus IC 470737 exhibited higher total carbohydrates, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugar whereas accession IC 140986 registered as a good source of vitamin E, and crude protein, total soluble protein was high in A. manihot. • A. manihot also harbored high content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid were high in A. manihot and chlorophyll b, flavonols, DPPH activity in A. manihot accession IC 90339. • Phenols, o-dihydroxy phenols, and FRAP activity were higher in A. tetraphyllus. Anti-nutrients phytate and oxalate were low in A. tetraphyllus, tannins in A. manihot, and saponins in A. tuberculatus and A.manihot. • A. manihot , A. manihot 90339, and A. tetraphyllus may be used as sources for the introgression of desirable characters to develop varieties with stress resilience and nutritive attributes for enhanced marketability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into the untapped potential of underutilized legumes in India, offering a deep exploration of their nutritional composition, health benefits, culinary versatility, and functional attributes. Specifically, we examine kidney beans, fava beans, horse gram, and chickpeas, shedding light on their abundant protein content, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that contribute to human well-being and the prevention of various diseases. The review doesn't shy away from discussing the impact of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) on legume nutritional quality, while also proposing various culinary techniques such as cooking, roasting, and sprouting as effective strategies to mitigate these effects. Moreover, this review underscores the pivotal role that lesser-known legumes can play in addressing malnutrition, bolstering food security, and advancing sustainable agriculture. It outlines strategies aimed at raising awareness, encouraging further research, promoting cultivation, and facilitating market integration, with a strong emphasis on incorporating these legumes into diversified diets and resilient farming systems. Recognizing the cultural and agricultural significance of underutilized legumes in India, this review provides insights into their historical importance and versatile applications. A case study is presented, featuring chickpeas, fava beans, red kidney beans, and horse gram, highlighting their exceptional nutritional value and addressing the challenges posed by ANFs, which can impede nutrient absorption and digestion. The review further delves into strategies to overcome these challenges, encompassing various processing techniques and genetic modifications. It also thoroughly examines several treatments and their effects on specific ANFs, offering a comprehensive perspective on how to harness the full potential of these underutilized legumes for enhanced nutrition, food security, and sustainable agriculture in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays , lupin seeds have emerged as a novel and valuable source of proteins representing a sustainable alternative to current raw materials of plant-based proteins, such as soybean. In this regard, lupin demonstrates superior adaptation to the Mediterranean climate with improved tolerance to water stress. However, its suitability for human consumption is limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors, including alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and lipids, which can have adverse nutritional consequences and/or impact on the purity and yield of protein extraction. In this study, the Lupinus luteus seeds were germinated for 1, 2, 3, and 6 days and the effect of germination on the anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors of flours and derived protein isolates was analyzed. Additionally, changes on techno-functional properties of lupin protein isolates were also studied. Results showed that prolonged germination decreased fat content whereas antioxidant activity, polyphenols, saponin, and alkaloid content of flours increased. However, alkaloids were completely removed during protein extraction. Furthermore, protein isolates derived from germinated seeds exhibited higher water and oil absorption capacities, as well as improved foaming and emulsifying capabilities in comparison to isolates from non-germinated seeds. Nevertheless, prolonged germination periods were associated with diminished foam and emulsion stability. Therefore, germination of lupin seeds for no longer than 3 days should be recommended in order to minimize the levels of anti-nutritional and anti-technological factors, while enhancing techno-functional properties of the isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based foods, a new category of foods made from plant materials with specific processes, have characteristics similar to those of animal-based foods, which meet consumers’ nutritional needs. Plant-based foods have become a research hotspot and key focus in the field of food science, as they help to ensure sustainable food supply, realize efficient and low-carbon utilization of resources, and promote the optimization of residents’ dietary structure and the improvement of nutritional levels. At present, most research on plant-based foods focuses on developing new products, but little attention has been paid to potential food safety risks. In order to provide references and enlightenments for guaranteeing the quality and safety of plant-based foods and promoting the healthy development of the plant-based food industry, this article systematically reviews and summarizes the potential chemical and biological safety risk factors of plant-based foods that are currently available on the market, and proposes possible solutions for the problems.

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Green leafy vegetables are essential components of a balanced diet, known for their rich nutritional content. However, their nutritional value is often influenced by the presence of antinutritional factors that can hinder nutrient absorption and utilization in the animal as well as in the human body. This comparative study aims to evaluate and compare the nutritional and antinutritional factors in various green leafy vegetables which are underutilized. The study involves the analysis of the proximate composition, including dry matter, crude fat, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content and simultaneously antinutritional factors like phenols and tannins were assessed. Alysicarpus vaginalis had the highest concentrations of dry matter, crude fat, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, and chlorophyll-b (39.33%, 9.60%, 348.11 mg/100 g, 243.32 mg/100 g, and 104.88 mg/100 g, respectively). The total carbohydrate content was found maximum in Raphanus sativus (3.60%) followed by 3.51% in Sorghum bicolor and 3.43% in Psoralia corylifolia. Adhatoda vasica had the highest values of phenol and tannin content at 0.421 and 0.067%, respectively. The findings of this study will provide valuable insight into the nutritional profiles of different green leafy vegetables, helping consumers make informed dietary choices. Additionally, understanding the level of antinutritional factors in these leafy plant species will aid in developing strategies to mitigate their effects, thereby maximizing the nutritional benefits of incorporating green leafy underutilized plant species for animal and human consumption. This research contributes to promoting healthier eating habits and addressing nutritional challenges in various populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Soybean meal (SBM) is used widely in animal feed but it contains anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs) such as protease inhibitors – immunogenic proteins that limit its utilization. Fermentative processes could help to reduce these ANFs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional attributes, bacterial community dynamics, and microbial metagenomic profile during the solid‐state fermentation of SBM using a strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus with or without pre‐autoclaving treatment. RESULTS: Following fermentation, there was a reduction in the pH and a concurrent increase in the population of lactic acid bacteria. Fermentation also resulted in an increase in both crude and soluble protein levels. Trypsin inhibitor levels decreased after fermentation, particularly in fermented SBM that had not been pre‐autoclaved, with an inactivation rate higher than 90%. Moreover, high‐molecular‐weight peptides (44–158 kDa), specifically some polypeptides from the soybean immunogen glycinin and β‐conglycinin, underwent degradation during the fermentation process. Bacterial community analysis revealed the dominance of the Lactobacillus genus in all samples, regardless of the treatments applied. Metagenomic profiling identified L. acidophilus as the dominant species in inoculated SBM, irrespective of whether pre‐autoclaving was conducted or not. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of solid‐state fermentation with L. acidophilus under non‐sterile conditions to inactivate trypsin inhibitor and increase protein concentration and hydrolysate immunogen proteins into low‐molecular‐weight peptides in SBM. Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum also inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the potential applications of solid‐state fermentation with L. acidophilus in improving the nutritional quality of SBM. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents a comparative analysis of gelation properties in plant-based versus animal-based proteins, emphasizing key factors such as pH, ionic environment, temperature, and anti-nutritional factors. Gelation, a crucial process in food texture formation, is influenced by these factors in varying ways for plant and animal proteins. Animal proteins, like casein, whey, meat, and egg, generally show stable gelation properties, responding predictably to pH, temperature, and ionic changes. In contrast, plant proteins such as soy, pea, wheat, and oilseed show more variable gelation, often requiring specific conditions, like the presence of NaCl or optimal pH, to form effective gels. Animal proteins tend to gel more reliably, while plant proteins require precise environmental adjustments for similar results. Understanding these factors is crucial for selecting and processing proteins to achieve desired textures and functionalities in food products. This review highlights how changing these key factors can optimize gel properties in both plant- and animal-based proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malva sylvestris L., Cynara cardunculus L., and Spinacia oleracea L. are spontaneous plants often consumed by humans and animals. Although, these plants possess nutritional and therapeutic value, they may also contain anti-nutritional factors in their carbohydrate fraction and trypsin inhibitors that interfere with protein digestion. This study aims to identify the antinutritional factors, and determine the trypsin inhibitory activity of Malva sylvestris L., Cynara cardunculus L., and Spinacia oleracea L. The sugar contents of the plants' ethanol extracts were determined using the Anthrone and Ortho-Toluidine colorimetric methods. Specific monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) contents were also assessed. The trypsin inhibitory activity was evaluated according to standard procedures. The results showed that the sugar contents of the plants ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 g/100 g dw. TLC analysis revealed the presence of sucrose in all the three plant extracts, while two oligosaccharides; raffinose and stachyose were identified in M. sylvestris and S. oleracea. The extracts exhibited significant trypsin inhibitory activity with C. cardunculus demonstrating the highest inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 4.92 mg/mL, while the IC50 values for M. sylvestris and S. oleracea where 9.26 mg/mL and 12.24 mg/mL, respectively. The presence of these anti-nutritional factors may interfere with digestion in both humans and animals, hence the need for caution in the use of these plants for medicinal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bambara groundnut is an underutilized food outside the main regions of its consumption. However, after soybean, groundnut, and cowpea, this legume is considered the fourth most significant one. It is an excellent food crop due to various beneficial characteristics, including stress tolerance, nitrogen fixation, and the capacity to grow and sustain in low-input environments. The fact that Bambara groundnut can be eaten untreated demonstrates that it has fewer and least harmful anti-nutritional factors. Due to its well-balanced macronutrient content, this nutrient-dense legume is commonly known as a "complete food". Compared to other legume crops, Bambara groundnut has an excellent nutrition profile for traditional and new food applications, besides the agronomic potential to be planted in many areas globally. Increasing awareness among consumers of Bambara groundnut as a food is needed for this potential crop. This review showed that Bambara groundnut possesses high values of nutritional composition, lower quantity of anti-nutritional properties, and good functional and physico-chemical properties. Discussion on applications of Bambara groundnut in the food industry showed Bambara groundnut could be explored as an alternative source of protein, supplementation of carbohydrate-based foods, and ingredient in many food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The inactivated whole soy (IWS) was studied in pigs to determine the energy value through a metabolism trial and evaluate the effect of IWS and protease on performance, carcass traits, and economic viability. Metabolism with pigs (53.80±4.15kg) to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn). For the performance trial, 60 immunocastrated male pigs and 60 female pigs (30.09±1.46kg) were used in a 2 (gender) x 2 (with and without IWS) x 2 (protease) factorial arrangement. The DM, OM, and CP metabolizability coefficients of IWS were 83.77, 84.43, and 89.18%, respectively. The DE, AME, and AMEn values were 4904±117, 4805±273, and 4656±255kcal/kg, respectively. In growth phase I, enzyme provided an increase in average daily feed intake. In the economic viability, diet with IWS and without the enzyme had the lowest cost per kilogram of weight gained and provided the highest economic efficiency index and net revenue. The IWS has a high energy value and when used in diets for growing and finishing pigs provides satisfactory performance and better economic efficiency.

This study was designed to evaluate how treating Prosopis juliflora pods with polyethylene glycol and carbohydrase enzyme will affect its chemical composition and how the inclusion of treated P. juliflora pods in Boschveld chicken's diets will affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Before P. juliflora pods were administrated to the diets, they were pre-treated with enzyme, PEG and a combination of both and analysed for their nutrient content. Five diets, namely PJPM1: commercial standard pullet grower diet as a control; PJPM2: commercial standard grower diet with untreated 30 % of P. juliflora; PJPM3: commercial standard grower diet with PEG treated 30 % of P. juliflora; PJPM4: commercial standard grower diet with carbohydrase enzyme treated 30 % of P. juliflora; PJPM5: commercial standard grower diet with PEG and carbohydrase enzyme treated 30 % of P. juliflora. A total of 300 six-week-old Boschveld chickens were used in this trial. After 42 days of feeding trial, three Boschveld chickens per replicate (n = 90) were randomly selected for the determination of nutrient digestibility. Results on the chemical composition of raw P. juliflora pods meal, pre-treated with enzyme, PEG and combination of both show significant difference (P < 0.05) in CP, Ash, NDF, CF, EE, Hemicellulose, NFC and NFE. Only overall feed intake shows significant different (P < 0.05) in all dietary treatments and all the measured parameters of nutrient digestibility. Enzyme and PEG positively contribute to the chemical composition, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility of diets containing P. juliflora fed to Boschveld chickens.

Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) fruits weigh from small to large about 1 kg in some cultivars. It easily ripens within 6 months, turn reddish and ready for consumption. Most of the produced mango fruit can be consumed fresh and less amount (less than 2%) of it become processed to different products including juice. During processing of mango fruit for consumption, large quantity of mango by- products which can be used as animal feeds and some important antioxidants can be produced. Mango seed kernel (MSK) is a by-product of mango used for both human and animal consumption after several treatment options. In mango fruit, MSK constitutes about 45% to 75% of the whole seed. Mango seed kernel composes greater amount of carbohydrate, protein, fiber, fat, amino acids, important anti-oxidants and minerals comparable to maize. Mango seed kernel contains some important acids which can be fractionated in to the different oils and used in chocolate making by replacing some forms of butter in developed countries. Although MSK is cheap and contains high amount of metabolizable energy, MKS is rich in anti-nutritional factors like tannin which is difficult for animals to consume. However, research reports showed that effective treatment methods like boiling, soaking and drying reduced the anti-nutrient to the level safe for both ruminants and monogastric animals. It is concluded that MKS is a potential energy feed resource for farm animals and inclusion of mango seed kernel up to 25% in layer, up to 30% in broiler nutrition and up to 40-60% in ruminants nutrition has no detrimental effect, profitable and can be best alternative feed sources if well treated by using the best technical methods of anti-nutritional factors reduction like boiling.

Global protein consumption is increasing exponentially, which requires efficient identification of potential, healthy, and simple protein sources to fulfil the demands. The existing sources of animal proteins are high in fat and low in fiber composition, which might cause serious health risks when consumed regularly. Moreover, protein production from animal sources can negatively affect the environment, as it often requires more energy and natural resources and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, finding alternative plant-based protein sources becomes indispensable. Rapeseed is an important oilseed crop and the world’s third leading oil source. Rapeseed byproducts, such as seed cakes or meals, are considered the best alternative protein source after soybean owing to their promising protein profile (30%–60% crude protein) to supplement dietary requirements. After oil extraction, these rapeseed byproducts can be utilized as food for human consumption and animal feed. However, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) like glucosinolates, phytic acid, tannins, and sinapines make them unsuitable for direct consumption. Techniques like microbial fermentation, advanced breeding, and genome editing can improve protein quality, reduce ANFs in rapeseed byproducts, and facilitate their usage in the food and feed industry. This review summarizes these approaches and offers the best bio-nutrition breakthroughs to develop nutrient-rich rapeseed byproducts as plant-based protein sources.

The direct feeding value of distillers grains is low due to the presence of higher cellulose, lignin and anti-nutritional factors such as mannan and xylan. In this study, complex enzymes and probiotic flora based on "probiotic enzyme synergy" technology were used to produce fermented distillers grains. The optimal substrate ratio, moisture content, fermentation time and temperature were determined. Subsequently, scale-up experiments were conducted to determine the performance of fermented feed. The results showed that multiprobiotic (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae) cooperated with complex enzymes (glucanase, mannanase, xylanase) showed excellent fermentation effect, crude protein, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein and fat increased by 31.25, 36.68, and 49.11% respectively, while crude fiber, acidic fiber and neutral fiber decreased by 34.24, 26.91, and 33.20%, respectively. The anti-nutritional factors mannan and arabinoxylan were reduced by 26.96 and 40.87%, respectively. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermented organic acids increased by 240.93, 76.77, and 89.47%, respectively. Butyric acid increased significantly from scratch, and the mycotoxin degradation effect was not significant. This study provides a potential approach for high-value utilization of distillers grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the chemical composition, mineral content, and in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility of two forage legume species from arid pastures in northeastern Morocco, namely S. spinosissima subsp. capitata and S. pallida. This is the first report assessing the nutritive value of these two pasture species. Results revealed a wide variation between selected Sulla species; in particular, the growth stage had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on most chemical traits and digestibility parameters. Comparatively, S. spinosissima had higher organic matter digestibility (72.4 %OM) at the vegetative stage in direct correlation with lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) (24.2 %DM), lower condensed tannin, (CT) (0.27 %DM), and higher crude protein (24 %DM). Conversely, S. pallida plants with a considerable amount of ADF (40.3 %DM) and CT (4.5 %DM) had lower organic matter digestibility (56.1 %OM). Both species are mineral-rich and contain satisfactory mean (g/kgDM) levels of calcium: 23.25 in S. spinosissima and 13.75 in S. pallida, and phosphorus: 1.01 in S. spinosissima and 1.53 in S. pallida. Additionally, chemical analysis of some anti-nutritional factors revealed low concentrations (mg/g) of phytate (0.19), oxalate (0.18), and nitrate (0.21), even at the flowering stage, compared with others pasture plants. The results of the present study suggest the suitability of both Sulla species, particularly S. spinosissima, for domestication to enhance pasture productivity to support small ruminant nutritional needs in arid pastures native to the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the nutritional quality of feed, growth performance indicators, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens, aiming to overcome the challenges associated with locally produced soybean meal stemming from anti-nutrients and variations in nutritional quality. The study methodology included assessing growth performance metrics through two-way ANOVA statistical analysis and evaluating nutrient utilization in broiler chickens. Results indicated that broiler chickens fed with FSBM exhibited superior performance, displaying the highest average weekly weight gain (452 grams), optimal feed conversion ratio (1.39), extended intestinal length (225 cm), increased intestinal weight (297.5 grams), and heightened activity of digestive enzymes compared to other treatment groups throughout the feeding trials. The results of this study suggest that FSBM's better digestibility helps broiler chickens grow faster. This makes it a possible replacement for animal protein sources like fish meal in poultry feed production, which is good for both local poultry feed producers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its valuable nutritional qualities and unique capacity to withstand heat and drought, the cowpea (CWP; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is an important legume crop that is grown extensively throughout the globe and in increasing quantities also in semi-arid areas in Romania. Moreover, a drought-tolerant crop like CWP can provide several benefits to poultry in regions affected by water scarcity or drought conditions. Compared to other legumes, such as peas or soybeans, CWP has been the least researched and are the least used in poultry nutrition. The seed's mean protein content is 25.5%, which is comparable to soybeans, winged beans, and gram. In addition, carbohydrates, fibers, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals are abundant in CWP seeds. The amino acid composition is characterized by a balanced profile, making it a valuable source of essential and non-essential amino acids. Additionally, CWP seeds are very rich in nutraceuticals like polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The major PUFAs were linoleic (20.8–40.3%) and linolenic acids (9.6–32.1%). It also contains anti-nutritional factors like enzyme inhibitors that reduce nutrient absorption. However, various processing methods are employed to diminish or eliminate the negative effects of anti-nutritional components. CWP in their raw unprocessed form can be used as replacement for soybean meal in poultry diets, at inclusion levels up to 200 g/kg. However, the optimal inclusion rate of CWP in poultry feed will depend on different factors such as age and the processing method used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising of the price of raw materials, the sustained supplying of traditional grains such as corn and wheat are going to be a challenge. Barley has been recognized as an excellent energy substitute material. The nutritional value and composition of barley is similar to the corn, with higher protein and amino acids. But the usage rate of barley in poultry diets is still relatively low because of the β-glucan and various anti-nutritional factors. Barley β- Glucan mainly affected the absorption of nutrients by increasing the viscosity of chyme in animal. During the breeding process, methods such as using enzyme preparations, adjusting production processes, and fermenting barley were used to reduce the impact of anti-nutritional factors on digestibility, thereby increasing the amount of barley used in poultry diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylanases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11 are common feed additives for broiler chicken diets due to their catalytic activity on the nonstarch polysaccharide xylan. This study investigated the potential of an optimized binary GH10 and GH11 xylanase cocktail to mitigate the antinutritional effects of xylan on the digestibility of locally sourced chicken feed. Immunofluorescence visualization of the activity of the xylanase cocktail on xylan in the yellow corn of the feed showed a substantial collapse in the morphology of cell walls. Secondly, the reduction in the viscosity of the digesta of the feed by the cocktail showed an effective degradation of the soluble fraction of xylan. Analysis of the xylan degradation products from broiler feeds by the xylanase cocktail showed that xylotriose and xylopentaose were the major xylooligosaccharides (XOS) produced. In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic potential of these XOS showed that they improved the growth of the beneficial bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The antibacterial activity of broths from XOS‐supplemented probiotic cultures showed a suppressive effect on the growth of the extraintestinal infectious bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. Supplementing the xylanase cocktail in cereal animal feeds attenuated xylan's antinutritional effects by reducing digesta viscosity and releasing entrapped nutrients. Furthermore, the production of prebiotic XOS promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. Based on these effects of the xylanase cocktail on the feed, improved growth performance and better feed conversion can potentially be achieved during poultry rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha seed cake (JSC) derived from Jatropha curcas seeds is a by-product of biodiesel production and, due to its high protein content, has been considered as a potential animal feed ingredient. However, the presence of toxic compounds such as phorbol esters and other anti-nutritional factors limits its use in animal feeding. Several detoxification approaches have been used to tackle these constraints and this review aims to summarize the recent advances in JSC treatment aiming to enhance its potential as an animal feedstuff. The review first provides an overview of the structure and composition of phorbol esters and other anti-nutritional compounds, discussing its toxic effects on different animal species. It then explores several detoxification methodologies giving special emphasis to its effects on the nutritional composition of JSC and on the use of the treated substrate as a feed ingredient in fish, poultry, pigs, and ruminants, highlighting their growth performance, nutrient utilization, and animal health issues. Overall, the review concludes that these treatments hold great potential for the detoxification and utilization of JSC as an animal feed ingredient. However, further research is needed to optimize the treatment conditions, evaluate the economic feasibility, and assess the long-term effects of treated JSC on animal health and product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between individual phytochemical constituents and overall antioxidant capacity or total phenolic content (TPC) is poorly understood in faba bean. This study used a range of linear and nonlinear regression techniques to investigate whether the antioxidant capacity and TPC of 60 faba bean samples (flour and methanolic extracts) could be predicted from 12 individual compounds (10 common polyphenols and 2 alkaloid glycosides) measured in the same samples. Nonlinear regression using machine learning with a Radial Basis Function showed the best performance for antioxidant and TPC prediction across all sample types, while multiple linear regression allowed moderately accurate predictions in most sample matrices. Improved performance metrics were seen for the methanolic extracts compared to the flour samples. The strongest predictors of antioxidant activity in the multiple linear regression models were protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and ferulic acid, suggesting that these compounds are particularly important contributors to the high antioxidant activity of faba bean. Understanding the relationship between individual constituents and the antioxidant capacity may help food technologists and plant breeders develop faba bean products with maximal health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based proteins, like those derived from hemp and rapeseed can contribute significantly to a balanced diet and meet human daily nutritional requirements by providing essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. According to numerous recent research papers, the consumption of plant-based proteins has been associated with numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Plant-based diets are often lower in saturated fat and cholesterol and higher in fiber and phytonutrients, which can support overall health and well-being. Present research investigates the nutritional attributes, functional properties, and potential food applications of hemp and rapeseed protein for a potential use in new food-product development, with a certain focus on identifying anti-nutritional factors and bioactive compounds. Through comprehensive analysis, anti-nutritional factors and bioactive compounds were elucidated, shedding light on their impact on protein quality and digestibility. The study also delves into the functional properties of hemp and rapeseed protein, unveiling their versatility in various food applications. Insights from this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the nutritional value and functional potential of hemp and rapeseed protein, paving the way for their further utilization in innovative food products with enhanced nutritional value and notable health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to containing rich nutrients and biologically active substances, the pulses contain phytic acid, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, lectins and other anti-nutritional factors, which have multiple types and entail complex detection processes, with different detection capabilities required. In certain treatment methods, their structures can be destroyed, and their content can be lowered, furthermore, the nutrients in pulses can be preserved to the maximum extent during processing. This paper evaluates the detection methods of anti-nutritional factors in detail, analyzes and compares the advantages, disadvantages, applicability and sensitivity of different detection methods, and introduces the principles, processes, inhibition effects, advantages and disadvantages of several common anti-nutritional factor elimination methods, focuses mainly on heat treatment. This study aims to provide some references for the analytical method selection, improvement and control of anti-nutritional factors in pulses.

The aim of this study was to investigating the effects of partially replacing the commercial soybean meal (SBM) by locally produced raw, full-fat soybean (RFFSB) in diets of layers. After cleaning, the tested ingredient (RFFSB) was hammered to pass through a 0.2-mm sieve. Then, four experimental diets were formulated by replacing the SBM by RFFSB at 0, 15, 30 or 45% (equivalents to 0, 30, 60 or 90 g/kg of diet, respectively). Before the commencement of this feeding trial, birds were uniformly managed and fed as per their requirements (i.e., starter, grower and pullet diets). This feeding trial was started when birds’ age was 24 weeks. Every treatment was replicated 4 times and 17 laying birds per replicate. The results revealed that replacing the commercial SBM by raw soybean (up to 45%) in the layer diets had no negative effects on the final live BWT and also on the vital organ developments, such as pancreas, duodenum, intestines and gizzard. Hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production and egg quality measuring parameters were not significant affected by that of partially replacing the commercially SBM by the raw soybean. It is concluded that without compromising the productivity and health, a hammered RFFSB can replace (up to 45%) the commercial SBM in diets of the laying hens.

Background: Cannabis sativa is a high-value crop that can be cultivated for ruminant’s feed and medicinal purposes. The demand for Cannabis and Cannabis products has increased since the beginning of 21st century. Objectives: The increase in the production cost of high-protein feeds such as lucerne has led to an urgent need to investigate alternative high-protein sources. Methods: Cannabis has been identified as an alternative to lucerne due to its high protein content. Results: However, the cultivation and uses of Cannabis and its by-products in South Africa is limited due to the strict legislation. The metabolites and nutritional value of Cannabis are influenced by growing conditions and soil type. Furthermore, the available literature has shown that Cannabis contains anti-nutritional factors that may affect feed intake or bioavailability and digestibility. Conclusions: Therefore, it is crucial to employ a processing method that can reduce anti-nutritional factors to promote the feed intake and growth rate of sheep. Fermentation, as a processing method, can reduce anti-nutritional factors found in Cannabis, which will make it a palatable alternative feed supplement for ruminants such as Dorper sheep. Overall, this review paper aimed to examine the available literature on the use of Cannabis as an alternative high-protein feed supplement for Dorper sheep in South Africa.