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Fused-silica-based microlens array (MLA) has excellent stability in the harsh environment. However, it is still a challenge to efficiently prepare superhydrophobic quasi-periodic MLA and keep the optical performance of the microlens. In this paper, we proposed spatial modulated picosecond laser parallel processing method to prepare a superhydrophobic quasi-periodic MLA on fused silica. By using a spatial light modulator, the picosecond laser was shaped to multi-focal spots and line-shape beam, respectively, which improved the fabrication efficiency. The line-shape beam was the key to induce micro-nanostructures on the smooth MLA and keep the optical performance of the microlens. The results showed that the surface roughness of the microlens region was less than 100 nm. Combing with shaping picosecond laser processing and chemical treatment, the superhydrophobic MLAs showed the excellent anti-fogging and self-cleaning properties. The average contact angle of the superhydrophobic MLAs was 162.3°. The superhydrophobic MLA showed low adhesion to water droplet (<10 μN) and low contact angle hysteresis (2.1° ± 0.7°). We believe shaping picosecond laser parallel processing method is a flexible and low-cost approach to prepare superhydrophobic micro-optical elements on fused silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-fogging coatings/surfaces have attracted much attention lately because of their practical applications in a wide variety of engineering fields. In this study, we successfully developed transparent anti-fogging surfaces using a non-volatile and hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL), bis(hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium methanesulfonate ([BHEDMA][MeSO3]), with a high surface tension (HST, 66.4 mN/m). To prepare these surfaces, a layer of highly transparent, superhydrophilic silica (SiO2) nano-frameworks (SNFs) was first prepared on a glass slide using candle soot particles and the subsequent chemisorption of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). This particulate layer of SNFs was then used as the support for the preparation of the [BHEDMA][MeSO3] layer. The resulting IL-infused SNF-covered glass slide was highly transparent, superhydrophilic, hygroscopic, and had self-healing and reasonable reversible/repeatable anti-fogging/frosting properties. This IL-infused sample surface kept its excellent anti-fogging performance in air for more than 8 weeks due to the IL's non-volatile, HST, and hygroscopic nature. In addition, even if the water absorption limit of [BHEDMA][MeSO3] was reached, the anti-fogging properties could be fully restored reversibly/repeatably by simply leaving the samples in air for several tens of minutes or heating them at 100 °C for a few minutes to remove the absorbed water. Our IL-based anti-fogging surfaces showed substantial improvement in their abilities to prevent fogging when compared to other dry/wet (super)hydrophobic/(super)hydrophilic surfaces having different surface geometries and chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The global scenario on PVC plasticizer is experiencing a drastic change from petroleum-based, toxic di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) toward renewable, non-toxic bio-alternatives. However, replacing diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), a DEHP analogue specifically intended for plasticizing PVC automotive upholstery, with bio-alternative remains a challenge as few bio-plasticizer volatilizes from PVC as slowly as DIDP, a crucial aspect compulsorily required by automotive industry. Here, we demonstrate that covalently attaching two short esters at the α-position of all components of a traditional epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester via a two-step, hydrogen-to-ester nucleophilic substitution in a one-pot procedure yields an epoxidized fatty acid tri-ester bio-plasticizer with remarkably suppressed volatilization from PVC, and hence an extremely low fogging value comparable to DIDP. With this strategy in hand, DIDP, long deemed irreplaceable despite its toxicity and non-renewable nature, may ultimately be phased out. Graphical Abstract

Anti-fogging coatings/surfaces have attracted much attention lately because of their practical applications in a wide variety of engineering fields. In this study, we successfully developed transparent anti-fogging surfaces using a non-volatile and hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL), bis(hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium methanesulfonate ([BHEDMA][MeSO3]), with a high surface tension (HST, 66.4 mN/m). To prepare these surfaces, a layer of highly transparent, superhydrophilic silica (SiO2) nano-frameworks (SNFs) was first prepared on a glass slide using candle soot particles and the subsequent chemisorption of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). This particulate layer of SNFs was then used as the support for the preparation of the [BHEDMA][MeSO3] layer. The resulting IL-infused SNF-covered glass slide was highly transparent, superhydrophilic, hygroscopic, and had self-healing and reasonable reversible/repeatable anti-fogging/frosting properties. This IL-infused sample surface kept its excellent anti-fogging performance in air for more than 8 weeks due to the IL’s non-volatile, HST, and hygroscopic nature. In addition, even if the water absorption limit of [BHEDMA][MeSO3] was reached, the anti-fogging properties could be fully restored reversibly/repeatably by simply leaving the samples in air for several tens of minutes or heating them at 100 °C for a few minutes to remove the absorbed water. Our IL-based anti-fogging surfaces showed substantial improvement in their abilities to prevent fogging when compared to other dry/wet (super)hydrophobic/(super)hydrophilic surfaces having different surface geometries and chemistries.

Antireflective (AR) coatings are widely used in the various applications of optical devices, flat panel displays, automotive windshields, and solar cell cover glasses. Usually, coatings with high transmittance and self-cleaning capability enhance solar cell efficiency. In this work, SnO2 thin film with TEOS, ITES, and MTES by spin coating was deposited on glass substrates and analyzed. The prepared films was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, FESEM, and Water contact angle measurements (WCA). The prepared SnO2/TEOS/ITES and SnO2/TEOS/MTES films showed good optical transmittance of 92.46% and 92.56% with WCA of 9° and 92° respectively. The transmittance of the antireflective films was increased by 2% than the bare glass substrate. Also, the antifogging behavior of SnO2/TEOS/ITES film was examined. Furthermore, the self-cleaning ability of the coatings helps to maintain the efficiency of the solar cell even during dust exposure. Thus, the antireflection coating can be applied to enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global scenario on PVC plasticizer is experiencing a drastic change from petroleum-based, toxic di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) toward renewable, non-toxic bio-alternatives. However, replacing diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), a DEHP analogue specifically intended for plasticizing PVC automotive upholstery, with bio-alternative remains a challenge as few bio-plasticizer volatilizes from PVC as slowly as DIDP, a crucial aspect compulsorily required by automotive industry. Here, we demonstrate that covalently attaching two short esters at the α-position of all components of a traditional epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester via a two-step, hydrogen-to-ester nucleophilic substitution in a one-pot procedure yields an epoxidized fatty acid tri-ester bio-plasticizer with remarkably suppressed volatilization from PVC, and hence an extremely low fogging value comparable to DIDP. With this strategy in hand, DIDP, long deemed irreplaceable despite its toxicity and non-renewable nature, may ultimately be phased out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Transparent protective coatings capable of preventing fog and dust accumulation have broad application prospect in photovoltaic systems, optical devices and consumer electronics. Although a number of superhydrophobic coatings have been developed for self-cleaning purpose over the past three decades, there is still a lack of surfaces that can simultaneously possess high transparency, remarkable superhydrophobicity, and excellent fog and dust resistance. In this study, we have prepared surfaces featuring sub-wavelength nanofiber cluster structures through a facile plasma etching method, and further modified the surface with liquid-like perfluoropolyether (PFPE) brushes. The prepared PFPE modified nanofibrous surface (PFPE-NS) exhibits superior optical transparency (transmittance 90.4 % ± 0.7 %) and water repellency, with a water contact angle as high as 171.0° ± 0.6° and sliding angle down to 0.5° ± 0.1° (5 µL). More importantly, benefitted from the nanofiber cluster structures and the slippery liquid-like surface chemistry, the adhesion and accumulation of fog droplets and dust particles on PFPE-NS is greatly inhibited. As a consequence, PFPE-NS can keep excellent optical clearness after 2 h fogging test and maintain an average transmittance above 87 % after 24 h dusting test. Our study provides a promising strategy through constructing liquid-like nanofibrous coating for optical protection that could be applicable in practical rainy, foggy, and dusty environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel seaweed and mussel inspired bilayer anti-oil-fouling and antifogging coating was proposed. The coating shows water resistance, mechanical durability, and long-term environmental stability. The coating performs good in anti-oil-fouling and anti-fogging. [Display omitted] Ecofriendly fabrication of anti-oil-fouling materials is of interest. Surfaces with underwater superoleophobicity have been fabricated which exhibit limited mechanical durability and water resistance. In this study, we report on a bioinspired bilayer design of a transparent anti-oil-fouling coating. Seaweed surfaces show anti-oil-fouling in the sea due to its high surface hydration ability. Mussels can adhere tightly onto a surface with good stability in the sea by virtue of its levodopa-containing secretions. The surface layer was fabricated using a crosslinked combination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (AlgS) inspired by seaweed, with the addition of calcium ions. Polydopamine (PDA), a derivative of levodopa, was used as the underlayer to enhance bonding strength and water resistance. Oil that adhered to the coated surface was spontaneously detached upon immersion in water. The mechanism underlying this anti-oil-fouling effect was elucidated using Gibbs free energy theory. The coating exhibited mechanical durability and water resistance. The coating is transparent and preserves the original color of the substrate. The coated glass showed stable anti-fogging and anti-frost performance. These coatings hold promise for a wide range of anti-oil-fouling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the difficulties of continuous adjustment of visible transmittance of amorphous porous ceramics and their anti-fogging without treatment, this paper delicately combined "hydrochromism" and porous ceramics, and prepared water-induced SiO 2 transparent porous ceramics (TPCs) with high strength and adjustable transparency. The effects of adding solvents to the silica sol on their visible transmittance, integrity and porosity were studied, and their multifunctional applications were also investigated. Results showed that the addition of EG, ammonia and acetonitrile mainly affected the gel integrity, the porosity of amorphous TPCs, and their gelation time and light transmittance, respectively. The compressive strength, porosity, visible transmittance after drying and water absorption of the optimal TPCs prepared at 600 °C by adding the above three solvents were 23.95 MPa, 54.7 %, 43 % and 81 %, respectively. The transparency of TPCs could be adjusted from 3 % to 81 % by controlling their water content, and they had excellent thermal insulation and anti-fogging ability without any treatment, and the excellent anti-fogging performance is related to their hydrophilicity and uniform nanopore structures. Overall, this paper provides new strategies for lightweighting, anti-fogging, and continuous adjustment of visible transmittance of transparent ceramics, and the resulting lightweight TPC is an ideal candidate for applications in daylighting design, as well as thermal insulation and anti-fogging in high humidity environments. [Display omitted] • Water-induced highly transparent SiO 2 -based TPCs were prepared for the first time. • Controlling water content in TPCs has realized its continuous cycle from transparent to opaque. • TPCs possess the anti-fogging ability without any treatment. • TPC is an ideal candidate for applications in daylighting design, thermal insulation and anti-fogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic coatings were prepared by dip-coating bare glass in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/carboxybetaine acrylamide (CBAA) suspensions. The effects of surface wettability on the anti-fogging and anti-icing properties of the two coatings were investigated. The surface morphologies of the coatings were characterized by polarized light microscopy and laser confocal microscopy, and the hydrophilicity of the coatings depended on the binding capacity of the hydrophilic functional groups in the fillers with water. The wettability of the coating surface was characterized by contact angle measurements, and it improved with increasing filler content. The coatings with the addition of more than 80 wt % of SiO2 or 1 wt % of CBAA showed superhydrophilic behavior. The anti-fogging and anti-frosting test results showed that the two coatings successfully prevented the development of fog and frost. The anti-icing properties of the coatings were also characterized. At three different temperatures, the anti-icing performance of the CBAA coating was better than that of the SiO2 coating. For, instance, at −15 °C, the icing delay time of PVP/SiO2 coating was 306.7 s and that of PVP/CBAA coating was 630.0s. Thus, the icing time of the CBAA coating was 323.3s longer than that of the SiO2 coating. When less than 80 wt% SiO2 or 10 wt% CBAA was added, the coating had good transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Superhydrophilic coatings have incomparable advantages in anti-fogging and self-cleaning but are limited to poor abrasion resistance and water resistance. Consequently, the research on the contradiction between hydrophilicity and water resistance, as well as abrasion resistance and visible transmittance, has become a focus of superhydrophilic coatings. Herein, we design a ceramic-polymer superhydrophilic composite coating with a high density, strong cross-linking structure, and smooth surface. Because of its static water contact angle (WCA = 3.2°) and short water spreading time (ST = 1878 ms), the transparent composite coating exhibits anti-fogging performance. Meanwhile, it exhibits anti-fogging durability even after 400 Taber abrasion cycles under a 250 g load or immersion in boiling water for 30 min. Furthermore, the result of self-cleaning characterization and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the low surface roughness endows the composite coating with excellent self-cleaning properties. The composite coating can effectively scavenge oil and dust pollution on its surface in a humid environment. Thus, the developed composite coating in this work is potential in the anti-fogging and self-cleaning fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fog generation can severely damage optical systems by degrading the light absorption rate and imaging quality of optical components. Furthermore, fog can reduce the light flux and transmittance of the optical system, resulting in poor imaging clarity and contrast. Studies have focused on minimizing fog formation and effects. Drawbacks such as high energy consumption and waste pollution severely limit the application of conventional methods. However, achieving high fog resistance of optical components remains a challenge. A novel method of fabricating anti‐fogging slippery surfaces (inspired by the anti‐fog mechanism of the mammalian cornea) on silica glass by using femtosecond lasers is proposed to achieve durable and environment‐friendly optical devices that can achieve anti‐fogging in real time. The femtosecond laser wet etching method is used to fabricate the inside cabin of glass. The cabin filled with graphene spontaneously heats the sample under sunlight to prevent fog formation. In addition to exhibiting excellent anti‐fogging characteristics, the prepared sample achieves high optical transmittance, high durability, and excellent self‐repair capability. Thus, the proposed method exhibits considerable potential for application in numerous domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, starch-PVA based composite films combined with nano SiO2 were prepared by a solvent casting technique. Different amounts of nano SiO2 additives were added to starch-PVA films and the results were evaluated. Accordingly, in starch-PVA films containing nano SiO2 added in the ratio of 1%, 3%, and 5% by mass, nano SiO2 was homogeneously distributed on the surface of the composite films. However, loss of elasticity was observed in films from containing 3% nano SiO2 onwards. The unique properties of nanocomposite films obtained with small amounts of nanomaterial reinforcement have been demonstrated. Composite films have been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fogging tests were compared. Less nano SiO2 additive in the samples showed the best anti-fogging behavior. This study aims to demonstrate the potential use of starch-PVA nanocomposite films with unique properties in food packaging applications. The surface of starch/PVA films is strengthened by the deposition of SiO2 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural silicate minerals have a wide range of applications as green, non-toxic and low-cost materials. In this paper, hydrophilic anti-fog films of silicate minerals were generated via a vacuum evaporation coating method using natural feldspar minerals as raw material. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the feldspar changes its structure during the coating process, which in turn changes the roughness of the film and improves the hydrophilicity of the film. The hydrophilicity, anti-fogging properties, optical properties and surface morphology of the films were characterized by contact angle measurements, the hydrothermal method, UV-VIS spectrophotometer and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The results show that the mineral films have excellent hydrophilicity. The best anti-fog effect was achieved at a minimum contact angle of 22.3° with water when the thickness of the film was 100 nm. The anti-fog effect gradually decreased with the increasing thickness of the film. The optical transmittance test showed that the film material had a negligible effect on the transmittance of the substrate. When the film thickness was 100 nm, the maximum optical transmittance was 92.2%. This is 4.5% higher than when the film was uncoated, which has a specific visual transmittance effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought forth the crucial roles of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks and shields. Additive manufacturing with 3D printing enabled customization and generation of transparent PPEs. However, these devices were prone to condensation from normal breathing. This study was motivated to seek a safe, non-toxic, and durable anti-fogging solution. Methods We used additive 3D printing to generate the testing apparatus for contact angle, sliding angle, and surface contact testing. We examined several formulations of carnauba wax to beeswax in different solvents and spray-coated them on PETG transparent sheets to test contact and sliding angle, and transmittance. Further, the integrity of this surface following several disinfection methods such as detergent, isopropyl alcohol, or water alone with gauze, paper towels, and microfiber, along with disinfectant wipes, was assessed. Results The results indicate a 1:2 ratio of carnauba to beeswax in Acetone optimally generated a highly hydrophobic surface (contact angle 150.3 ± 2.1° and sliding angle 13.7 ± 2.1°) with maximal transmittance. The use of detergent for disinfection resulted in the complete removal of the anti-fogging coating, while isopropyl alcohol and gauze optimally maintained the integrity of the coated surface. Finally, the contact surface testing apparatus generated a light touch (5,000 N/m2) that demonstrated good integrity of the antifogging surface. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a simple natural wax hydrophobic formulation can serve as a safe, non-toxic, and sustainable anti-fogging coating for clear PPEs compared to several commercial solutions.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought forth the crucial roles of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as face masks and shields. Additive manufacturing with 3D printing enabled customization and generation of transparent PPEs. However, these devices were prone to condensation from normal breathing. This study was motivated to seek a safe, non-toxic, and durable anti-fogging solution. Methods: We used additive 3D printing to generate the testing apparatus for contact angle, sliding angle, and surface contact testing. We examined several formulations of carnauba wax to beeswax in different solvents and spray-coated them on PETG transparent sheets to test contact and sliding angle, and transmittance. Further, the integrity of this surface following several disinfection methods such as detergent, isopropyl alcohol, or water alone with gauze, paper towels, and microfiber, along with disinfectant wipes, was assessed. Results: The results indicate a 1:2 ratio of carnauba to beeswax in Acetone optimally generated a highly hydrophobic surface (contact angle 150.3 ± 2.1° and sliding angle 13.7 ± 2.1°) with maximal transmittance. The use of detergent for disinfection resulted in the complete removal of the anti-fogging coating, while isopropyl alcohol and gauze optimally maintained the integrity of the coated surface. Finally, the contact surface testing apparatus generated a light touch (5,000 N/m2) that demonstrated good integrity of the antifogging surface. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a simple natural wax hydrophobic formulation can serve as a safe, non-toxic, and sustainable anti-fogging coating for clear PPEs compared to several commercial solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Stacked front-end heat recovery architecture (SFE-HRA) is developed with biH-TMNF. • BiH-TMNF is designed and maintained a high light incidence of 90 % of solar vapors. • 3-(SFE-HRA)-CSE got 1.5 and 2–3 times increase in WER and condensate recovery. • Bi-hydrophilic interface of BiH-TMNF promote latent heat cycle and water harvest. • Proof-of-concept testing confirmed SWP efficiency of 130 % from (SFE-HRA)-CSE. Generating solar vapor through thermal localization is a promising solution to address the global water shortage. However, incident light attenuation and latent heat accumulation of front-end condensing interface have led to a negative cascade effect between low condensing efficiency and heat loss, constraining the water evaporation rates (WER) and specific water productivity (SWP). This study presents an innovative approach of stacked front-end heat recovery architecture (SFE-HRA) developed based on a bi-hydrophilic transparent micro-nano-film (biH-TMNF). The biH-TMNF is designed and functionalized as a circulatable front-end vapor condensation cooling component that integrates a liquid film condensation module with two-phase functionalization and a porous hydrogel module. The biH-TMNF allows solar vapors from the bottom to adhere to the anti-fogging hydrophilic surface as a micro-liquid film while maintaining as high a light incidence as possible (> 90 %). At the same time, the latent heat of vapor is released to the second stage of the transparent hydrogel evaporator to drive the next stage of the latent heat of the vapor cycle. A 3-stage stacked SFE-HRA was constructed and demonstrated with the conventional solar evaporator [(SFE-HRA)-CSE]. The (SFE-HRA)-CSE system obtained a considerable increase in water evaporation rates (WER) by 150 % and a substantial improvement in condensate recovery by 200–300 %. A critical role of the dual bi-hydrophilic interface has been emphasized in promoting the efficiencies of latent heat cycle and water harvesting. The proof-of-concept testing confirmed an unprecedented SWP efficiency of 130 % from (SFE-HRA)-CSE, surpassing all SWPs from the high-performance front-end evaporators that have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel anti-fogging coating was fabricated with economical and industrially available raw materials through a simple approach. • The optimal coating displays excellent self-cleaning and anti-bacterial performances as well. • The optimal coating exhibited sustainable stability in many application scenarios. Transparent substrates with anti-fogging properties endowed by surface hydrophilic modification have been proved to applied in various fields. In this study, a superhydrophilic coating (PAT coating) was generated on glass substrate via dip coating technique using a solution comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), alkyl polyglycoside (APG1214), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The plentiful hydroxyl groups present in PVA and APG1214 endow the PAT coating with high hydrophilicity for excellent anti-fogging and self-cleaning properties, and facilitate to form a stable homogeneous hydrogen-bonded crosslinked network. Meanwhile, the in situ generated tetraethoxysilane hydrolysate (TEOH) from hydrolysis of TEOS acts as a crosslinker, which can covalently connect the organic components to the glass substrate. As a result, the resulting PAT coating displays excellent stability during various mechanical and chemical durability tests. In addition, the coating exhibits antibacterial adhesion properties owing to the broad-spectrum antibacterial property of APG1214. Importantly, the PAT coating can be easily prepared with readily available and economical raw materials through a simple method under mild conditions that does not require complicated separation and purification, thereby enabling its potential industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of particle loading on the wetting properties of coatings was investigated by modifying a coating formulation based on hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA). Water contact angle (WCA) measurements were conducted for all coatings to characterize the surface wetting properties. Wettability was improved with an increase in particle loading. The resulting coatings showed superhydrophilic (SH) behavior when the particle loading was above 53 vol. %. No new peaks were detected by attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR). The surface topography of the coatings was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of hydrophilic functional groups and nano-scale roughness were found to be responsible for superhydrophilic behavior. The surface chemistry was found to be a primary factor determining the wetting properties of the coatings. Adhesion of the coatings to the substrate was tested by tape test and found to be durable. The antifogging properties of the coatings were evaluated by exposing the films under different environmental conditions. The SH coatings showed anti-fogging behavior. The transparency of the coatings was significantly improved with the increase in particle loading. The coatings showed good transparency (>85% transmission) when the particle loading was above 84 vol. %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pullulan-based composite films incorporated with bacterial cellulose (BC) and ferulic acid (FA) were prepared by solution casting method. The rheological, morphological, barrier, optical, anti-fogging, and antioxidant properties of pullulan-based composite films doped with BC and FA were investigated. The rheological results showed that all film-forming solution was pseudoplastic fluid and its viscosity increased with the increase of BC content. An appropriate BC (2 %) and FA were uniformly dispersed in pullulan to form uniform and dense composite films. With the increase of BC content, the roughness and opacity of composite films increased while their UV–vis barrier performance was improved by incorporating BC and FA. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis demonstrated that hydrogen bond interactions among pullulan, BC, and FA were found, and incorporating BC could increase the crystallinity of the composite films, thus enhancing their mechanical, barrier, hydrophobic, and thermal stability properties. Pullulan-based composite films incorporated with 2 % BC and FA (P-BC2-FA) showed better mechanical properties, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide barrier performances, and its water contact angle value also increased compared with control, respectively. P-BC2-FA film showed superior anti-fogging and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the P-BC2-FA film are expected to be a potential target of bioactive packaging. [Display omitted] • Composite films were prepared by pullulan, bacterial cellulose (BC), and ferulic acid (FA). • Pullulan composite films obtained better barrier, Uv-vis shielding, hydrophobicity, mechanical, and thermal stability properties. • A dense structure was formed between pullulan, BC, and FA through hydrogen bond interaction. • Pullulan-based composite films incorporated with 2 % BC and FA, obtained superior antioxidant and anti-fogging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curved artificial compound eyes (ACEs) attract enormous research interest owing to their potential applications in medical devices, surveillance imaging, target tracking, and so on. However, fog, dust, or other liquids are likely to condense on the device surface under a humid, low‐temperature environment or outdoors, thus affecting the optical performance. In this work, a multi‐functional ACE (MF‐ACE) is fabricated by a combination of i) femtosecond laser wet etching, ii) soft lithography, and iii) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) swelling methods. The fabricated device is close‐packed with over 3000 microlenses (≈108 µm diameter and ≈15 µm height) on a spherical macrolens (6.56 cm diameter and 0.87 cm height). The trapped silicone oil in the cross‐linked PDMS endows the as‐fabricated ACE with excellent water repellence and anti‐fogging, anti‐fouling, and self‐cleaning abilities. In addition, the ACE shows high optical performance and the ommatidia have a spatial resolution of 50.8 lp mm−1. The imaging and focusing experiments demonstrate its high optical properties and uniformity. It is anticipated that this research may provide useful guidelines for the fabrication of anti‐fogging and anti‐fouling optical devices, and such device enables potential applications in autonomous vehicles, medical, or vision systems under harsh environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the pretreatment of goggles with iodophor solution and antibacterial hand sanitizer to reduce the fogging of goggles. A total of 90 health care workers were divided into a control group (n = 30), an iodophor solution group (n = 30), and an antibacterial hand sanitizer group (n = 30). This study evaluated the degree of fogging of goggles and the light transmission, comfort, eye irritation, and the impact of goggles on the medical work of staff. The antibacterial hand sanitizer group had the lowest amount of goggle fogging and the most transparent view. Participants in the control group reported the worst light transmission and comfort level, followed by the iodophor solution group. In contrast, the goggles in the antibacterial hand sanitizer group had the best light transmission and comfort level. The iodophor solution group participants reported more eye irritation. Participants in the control group reported that the goggles severely impacted their medical work, with a less severe impact reported by the iodophor solution group. The antibacterial hand sanitizer group did not report any impact on their medical work. When the goggles were internally coated with antibacterial hand sanitizer solution (diluted 1:1 with distilled water), the antifog effect was significant. Moreover, the goggles treated with antibacterial hand sanitizer had a clearer field of vision, were reported as non-irritating to the eyes, and significantly improved the efficiency of COVID-19 health care workers, including emergency nurses and providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface fogging is a common phenomenon that can result in restricted visibility, reduced light absorption, and image distortion. Although both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces are effective in preventing this phenomenon, typical coatings in both have limitations, including low durability and the need for frequent reapplication. To address these issues, a highly durable anti-fogging film that lasts over five weeks, even under high moisture conditions, while maintaining a promising degree of transparency (> 60%) is developed. A novel statistical random copolymer containing superhydrophilic and photo-crosslinkable segments that can be simultaneously crosslinked and chemically bonded to various substrates via a simple ultraviolet (UV) irradiation process is synthesized. Notably, the chemical bonding between the anti-fogging coating and substrate improves not only the durability but also the resistance to external forces and environmental changes. Furthermore, this film is versatile and applicable to diverse substrates, such as car windshields, polymer films, and aluminum foil. The innovative strategy offers a simple, rapid process and durable anti-fogging performance with broad applications in the automotive industry, optical devices, and building materials., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-modified polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) films were prepared using γ-radiation crosslinking. The PVA molecules formed a crosslinking network after γ-irradiation and were loaded onto the surfaces of the PET films. The samples were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to demonstrate that the PVA was successfully anchored to the PET film surfaces. Light transmission tests revealed that the modified films maintained good optical properties with a light transmission of 89%. Whether under high-temperature, high-humidity, or low-temperature freezing conditions, the tests revealed that the samples exhibited good anti-fogging performance. Saturated water absorption tests revealed that the anti-fogging properties of the modified PET films were derived from the water absorption of the PVA crosslinking network, where the PET film under 12.43% loading showed a saturated water absorption of 50%.

Inorganic coatings with high transparency and superhydrophilicity have attracted tremendous attention because of their potential applications in marine environment monitoring, and oily wastewater treatment. However, the transparency and superhydrophilicity are usually mutually exclusive. Herein, we present a new facile strategy for fabricating highly transparent and mechanically robust superhydrophilic inorganic coatings with outstanding anti-fogging ability and anti-oil-fouling performance for high-viscosity oils. In this strategy, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) coatings are mineralized on the surface of polydopamine and polyethylenimine (PDA/PEI) membranes under the synergistic effect of magnesium ions, citric acid, and poly(acrylic acid) at room temperature, forming an organic-inorganic composite structure with a uniform texture on various substrates. Owing to the strong hydration capacity of ACP, these coatings are highly efficient at preventing surface fogging and avoiding underwater crude oil fouling. Meanwhile, the ACP coating without grain boundaries or pores can reduce light scattering, thus maintaining the high transparency of the substrate. Moreover, the organic-inorganic composite structure endows the coatings with robust mechanical properties. This PDA/PEI-ACP mineralized coating can be deposited on various substrates, showing potential applications in underwater optical lenses, oily wastewater treatment, microfluidic devices, and other areas. [Display omitted] • Transparent PDA/PEI-ACP coating is easily prepared on various substrates using an alternate soaking mineralization strategy. • The PDA/PEI-ACP coating can maintain the high transparency of transparent substrates. • Excellent anti-fogging and anti-oil-fouling abilities of the coating due to strong hydration capacity of PO 4 3− group. • The mechanically robust coating can be applied in underwater optics, microfluidic devices, and oily wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophilic coatings show promising applications in the anti-fogging and self-cleaning fields. However, the application of transparent superhydrophilic coatings faces two challenges: abrasion and water immersion leading to loss of superhydrophilicity. Herein, we contribute Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) to enhancing abrasion resistance by integrating into network-like structures within coatings, and water resistance by adsorbing sodium alkenyl sulfonate (AOS) facilitated by the positive charge within their cavities, respectively. Hydrolyzed tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as crosslinking agents combines with the abundant hydroxyl groups (Si-OH) on the surface of HNTs nanotubes and glass substrate to form a three-dimensional network structure. The results demonstrate that the designed HNTs tube coatings have strong abrasion and water resistance accompanied by anti-fogging and self-cleaning properties, which can withstand 800 cycles of Taber abrasion under a load of 250 g, and 90 min of immersion in boiling water. Furthermore, the coated surface exhibited negligible contamination after 153 days in an outdoor environment, which indicates a commendable long-term self-cleaning capability. Therefore, the introduction of HNTs nanotubes can provide a useful strategy for the development of superhydrophilic coatings for anti-fogging and self-cleaning with excellent abrasion and water resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Anti-fogging treatments using self-healing (super)hydrophilic materials is reviewed. • Several self-healing nanocomposite films for anti-fogging treatments are introduced. • Future directions in the development of anti-fogging treatments are discussed. Anti-fogging treatments have recently attracted increasing attention for a variety of practical applications. Among them, the use of hydrophilic/superhydrophilic materials with self-healing properties has shown great promise due to their high durability and ability to maintain performance over time, even when subjected to severe physical/chemical damages. This feature letter outlines the latest research trends in anti-fogging treatments using such promising materials. First, the current state-of-the-art in this field is briefly reviewed, followed by our recent development of self-healing organic–inorganic nanocomposite films that exhibit durable anti-fogging properties. Finally, future directions in the development of anti-fogging treatments for practical applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed a self-cleaning transparent coating on a glass substrate by dip coating a TiO2 ̶ KH550 ̶ PEG mixed solution with super-hydrophilicity and good antifogging properties. The fabrication of the thin-film-coated glass is a one-step solution blending method that is performed by depositing only one layer of modified TiO2 nanoparticles at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structure and morphology of the nanoparticles and the thin-film-coated glass. The surface functional groups were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the optical properties of the glass coating were measured using a UV/Vis spectrometer. The results revealed that the KH-500-modified TiO2 film coating was in an anatase crystalline form. The hydrophilicity of the coated and uncoated glass substrates was observed by measuring their water contact angle (WCA) using a contact angle instrument. The maximum transparency of the coated glass measured in the visible region (380–780 nm) was approximately 70%, and it possessed excellent super-hydrophilic properties (WCA ~0°) at an annealing temperature of 350 °C without further need of UV or plasma treatment. These results demonstrate the super-hydrophilic coated glass surface has potential for use in self-cleaning and anti-fogging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of electronics proposes higher requirements for flexible, transparent, and conductive materials with high electromagnetic shielding performance in viewing windows. Flexible transparent films have been fabricated by collaborating one-dimensional silver nanowires (AgNWs) and novel two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene sheets on PET films with an external polymeric coating consisting of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Especially, the combination of different dimensional nanomaterials effectively establishes a conductive network that exhibits a synergistic effect on excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance, which is superior to that of pure AgNW network or Ti 3 C 2 T x network to some extent. By optimizing the AgNWs content (0.05 mg/cm2) and Ti 3 C 2 T x sheets content (0.01 mg/cm2), the PET/AgNW/Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVA-PSS film exhibits a transmittance of 81% and a desirable EMI SE value of 30.5 dB. In addition, the film shows outstanding anti-fogging and frost-resistant properties due to the remarkable water absorption capacity of PVA and PSS on the external surface. Considering its efficiency and simplicity, this transparent conductive film has promising applications in flexible transparent electronic devices and optical related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Transparent superhydrophilic coatings are very promising in various scenarios. Appropriate fabrication of colloid coatings with superhydrophilicity both in air and under oil would enlarge their application potential in anti-oil fouling and facilitate anti-fogging of transparent surfaces. The Barite colloid was obtained from a one-step precipitation method and was transferred onto glasses to prepare transparent coatings with different thicknesses simply by dip-coating. Then, the impact of thickness on wettability and property was studied through the investigation of wettability in various phase, anti-crude oil fouling performance and anti-fogging ability. Similar surface morphology and roughness of these coatings were achieved and all the coated surfaces showed ultra-hydrophilicity both in air and under oil. Moreover, the hydrophilicity in air and under oil was found to deteriorate with the decrease of coatings' thickness and dual superhydrophilicity could be achieved on thick coatings. More importantly, excellent anti-crude oil fouling property and durable anti-fogging ability were realized on these transparent coatings with dual superhydrophilicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of particle loading on the wetting properties of coatings was investigated by modifying a coating formulation based on hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA). Water contact angle (WCA) measurements were conducted for all coatings to characterize the surface wetting properties. Wettability was improved with an increase in particle loading. The resulting coatings showed superhydrophilic (SH) behavior when the particle loading was above 53 vol. %. No new peaks were detected by attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR). The surface topography of the coatings was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of hydrophilic functional groups and nano-scale roughness were found to be responsible for superhydrophilic behavior. The surface chemistry was found to be a primary factor determining the wetting properties of the coatings. Adhesion of the coatings to the substrate was tested by tape test and found to be durable. The antifogging properties of the coatings were evaluated by exposing the films under different environmental conditions. The SH coatings showed anti-fogging behavior. The transparency of the coatings was significantly improved with the increase in particle loading. The coatings showed good transparency (>85% transmission) when the particle loading was above 84 vol. %.

The SiO 2 –TiO 2 superhydrophilic coatings with photocatalytic activity via heat curing over a low temperature of 100 ℃ were fabricated without a high-temperature calcination process. The effects of the composite ratio of SiO 2 and TiO 2 on the stability of the sols, different treatment processes on the crystalline morphology of TiO 2 , and different solid contents of the sols on the coating properties were investigated. The surface morphology, optical properties and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterised by a water contact angle (WCA) analyser, UV spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and multiple functional tests. The experimental results demonstrated that the SiO 2 –TiO 2 coating featuring both the intrinsic hydrophilicity of SiO 2 and photophilicity of TiO 2 had the WCA up to 3.5° and exhibited good photocatalytic, self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and mechanical properties. [Display omitted] • Low temperature induced crystallisation of TiO 2 for photocatalytic properties of the coating. • The superhydrophilic coating was produced by combining the intrinsic hydrophilicity of SiO 2 and the photophilicity of TiO 2. • The superhydrophilic coating has good stain resistance and self-cleaning properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is simultaneously water‐repellent and highly permeable to water vapor. Unfilled and silica‐free cross‐linked PDMS films of variable thickness (8–160 µm) are prepared and their water vapor transmission rates and permeability values are determined. Vapor transmission rate increases as membrane thickness decreased from 160 to 15 µm, but does not increase further when the film thickness is decreased to 8 µm. Rate‐limiting sorption is implicated as the cause of this effect and substantiated by a surface modification to enhance adsorption rate. Water vapor does not macroscopically condense on films thin enough to operate in this kinetic regime, and vapor transmission rates as high as 60% of the transmission rates through air are measured. A mechanism for water permeation is offered based on those proposed for nanoscopically confined water in carbon nanotubes and aquaporins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed a self-cleaning transparent coating on a glass substrate by dip coating a TiO2 ̶ KH550 ̶ PEG mixed solution with super-hydrophilicity and good antifogging properties. The fabrication of the thin-film-coated glass is a one-step solution blending method that is performed by depositing only one layer of modified TiO2 nanoparticles at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the structure and morphology of the nanoparticles and the thin-film-coated glass. The surface functional groups were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the optical properties of the glass coating were measured using a UV/Vis spectrometer. The results revealed that the KH-500-modified TiO2 film coating was in an anatase crystalline form. The hydrophilicity of the coated and uncoated glass substrates was observed by measuring their water contact angle (WCA) using a contact angle instrument. The maximum transparency of the coated glass measured in the visible region (380–780 nm) was approximately 70%, and it possessed excellent super-hydrophilic properties (WCA ~0°) at an annealing temperature of 350 °C without further need of UV or plasma treatment. These results demonstrate the super-hydrophilic coated glass surface has potential for use in self-cleaning and anti-fogging applications.

In this study, a superhydrophobic coating on steel surface has been developed with polyurethane, SiO2 nanoparticles and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane by using a spin-coating technique. Characterization of the coated steel surface was done by using the contact angle measurement technique, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With a water tilt angle of 4°±2° and static contact angle of 165°±5°, the coated surface shows a superhydrophobic and self-cleaning nature. Chemical, thermal, mechanical stability tests and droplet dynamic studies were done to evaluate performance of the coating. Excellent selfcleaning, anti-fogging and anti-corrosion properties of coated steel surfaces make them ideal for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophilic surfaces with underwater superoleophobicity have attracted widely attention in various fields, especially in the frequent ocean oil-spill accidents and increasing industrial oil leakage environments. However, controlling the oil fouling properties on these superhydrophilic surfaces is challenging since the potential solutions to prevent oil fouling tend to interfere with optical transparency. To reconcile the conflict between anti-oil-fouling properties and transparency, a triple-defense designed strategy by integrating mussel-inspired polycation coating, colorless hydrogel, and mineralized amorphous inorganic materials is introduced to a surface guaranteed superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity, superior active anti-oil-fouling properties, and high transparency. Thanks to the triple-defense design strategy, a synergistic effect originating from the cooperation of third defense layer of polycation coating, second defense layer of hydrogel, and first defense layer of amorphous inorganic materials gives rise to the superior active anti-oil-fouling properties to this superhydrophilic surface, regardless of oils. Independent of the environment, the surface enables to be aggressively infused by water, thus active de-wetting of diverse oils from the surfaces upon water action. The colorless organic coating and amorphous inorganic materials gives rise to the high underwater transparency. This substrate-independent multifunctional coating can be decorated on diverse substrates, allowing it used in various fields, such as oily wastewater treatment, anti-fogging, and underwater optical devices. A triple-defense design for fabricating multifunctional superhydrophilic surface with outstanding underwater superoleophobicity, high transparency, anti-fogging, and superior active anti-oil-fouling (self-cleaning) abilities for various applications. [Display omitted] • A triple-defense strategy for preparing a multifunctional superhydrophilic surface with high transparency and anti-oil-fouling property. • The high transparency cooperated with anti-oil-fouling property can be used in underwater optical devices. • The multifunctional coating membrane can effectively separate diverse oily wastewaters. • The multifunctional coating exhibits excellent anti-fogging performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic materials are promising for diverse applications including oil/water separation, self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and biomedicine. The integration of different functions, particularly oil resistance and optical transparency, to design superhydrophilic coatings with multifunctionality is still rare and highly desirable. Here, a transparent and multifunctional superhydrophilic coating was prepared by a simple combination of co-deposition and biomineralization strategy. The mineralized coating exhibits high transparency with a light transmission of approximately 90 % and excellent superhydrophilicity with a water contact angle of nearly 0°. The homogeneous nanostructure and strong hydration capabilities of amorphous calcium carbonate endow the coating with outstanding anti-oil-fouling properties. The coated porous membranes could effectively separate various immiscible oil/water mixtures and oil-in-water emulsions due to its excellent resistance to oil fouling. Furthermore, the transparent superhydrophilic coating demonstrates superior anti-fogging capabilities. With its multifunctionality, independent-substrate universality, and straightforward preparation process, this coating has excellent potential for a wide range of practical applications, such as oil spill remediation and underwater optics, particularly in complex operating environments. [Display omitted] • A simple combination strategy to prepare the multifunctional coating. • The coating demonstrates excellent superhydrophilicity, anti-oil-fouling property, and high transparency. • The coated porous membrane shows outstanding separation performance for various emulsions. • The coating exhibits excellent anti-fogging property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fogging of protective eyewear is commonly encountered by healthcare workers and there exists a number of ways to combat this. This article presents a comparison various anti-fogging measures of protective eyewear in terms of their mechanism of action, advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Modified TiO 2 nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in polymer monomers without any solvent. • All experiments in the preparation process were performed at room temperature. • The composite coating exhibited durable superhydrophilicity, high transmittance, self-cleaning and anti-fogging properties. • The work provided an efficient method to fabricate superhydrophilic TiO 2 -polymeric composite materials. Coatings with high transmittance and superhydrophilicity play an outstanding role in many practical applications such as antifogging, antifouling, self-cleaning, etc. The durability greatly affects their applications. In the current work, TiO 2 organic nanocomposite coating with high transmittance and durable superhydrophilicity was prepared via the homogeneous compositing of modified anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) without any solvent. The curing process of coating and the formation of nanometer rough structure were carried out simultaneously under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at room temperature. The composite coating exhibited an excellent intrinsic superhydrophilicity (water contact angle less than 3° in 0.45 s), high transmittance (above 90% in the visible wavelength), mechanical robustness, photocatalytic activity, anti-fogging and anti-fouling properties. The superhydrophilicity of the as-prepared nanocomposite coating could last for 330 days in the laboratory environment, which was quite a long time for maintaining the superhydrophilicity of TiO 2 coatings in the literature reports. The durable superhydrophilicity is attributed to the enhancement of intrinsic hydrophilicity and the increase of surface roughness. The superhydrophilic TiO 2 -PHEA nanocomposite coating has a wide application prospect in solar cells, building and automobile antifogging glass, antifogging lens and other fields. The methodology proposed in this work can be applied to the fabrication of new superhydrophilic TiO 2 -polymeric composite materials using a low-cost, efficient and simple methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical Abstract Highlights • Flexible, transparent hierarchical superhydrophobic polymer film is proposed. • The film is fabricated by one-step photopatterning in a simple and low-cost manner. • SCA of >172°, CAH of <3°, and T 550nm of >84% are achieved, ensuring durability. • The self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and water-repellent capabilities are demonstrated. Abstract Superhydrophobic surfaces with mechanical compliance and optical visibility open up new possibilities in practical applications. This work presents a simple, fast, and cost-effective route to fabricate highly flexible and transparent superhydrophobic films with hierarchical surface morphology. Two-tiered polymeric surface structures are readily obtained by a one-step photopatterning approach in conjunction with a roughened sandpaper template. The hierarchical superhydrophobic polymer (HSP) films show excellent wetting properties (static contact angle of >172° and contact angle hysteresis of <3° after Teflon coating), high optical transmittance (> 84% at 550 nm), and enhanced resistance to water drop impact. In addition, the HSP films exhibit high resistance to repeated bending and pressing deformations (5000 cycles), while stably maintaining their superhydrophobicity. The practical utility of the HSP film is successfully demonstrated through self-cleaning, anti-fogging, and water-jet impact tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, an anti-fogging film composed of anti-fogging agents (span-20 and tween-20) and nano-TiO2 was prepared. Its structural properties and anti-fogging performance such as optical property, anti-fogging property, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), contact angle (CA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were all determined and compared with the contrast films. The results showed P-ST film and P-ST-TiO2 film both had good anti-fogging property, but the anti-fogging property of P-ST-TiO2 film was much more stable and efficient. The P-ST-TiO2 film had the lowest CA, which was 12.5°, while its WVTR was the highest with a value of 4.871 g/m2·d. With the addition of nano-TiO2, P-TiO2 film and P-ST-TiO2 film were possessed of UV-light barrier property. Strawberry preservation indicated the P-ST-TiO2 film could prolong the shelf life of strawberries at room temperature for a week. This study suggests that P-ST-TiO2 film, as an anti-fogging packaging material, has shown the potential to prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Graphical abstract Highlights • An immersion-curing process, assisted with ultrasonic dispersion, endows the PVA/SiO 2 coating with transparency. • Surface-engraved nanoporous structures are readily formed in the immersion-curing process. • The SiO 2 dispersion method and SiO 2 particle size are pivotal to optical transparency of the coating. • Reflection-reducing, anti-fogging, and underwater contamination-reducing properties are successfully integrated. • An acrylic polyurethane basecoat makes the PVA/SiO 2 coating be applicable on diverse substrates. Abstract The competing constraints, associated with different features such as wettability, optical transparency, anti-reflectivity, and anti-fouling properties, set back the progress of developing multi-functional coatings in an easily-accessible manner. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/SiO 2 coatings with combined reflection-reducing, anti-fogging, and underwater contamination-reducing performances were successfully fabricated from the immersion-curing process assisted with ultrasonic dispersion of silica nanoparticles (NPs). The effects of SiO 2 dispersion method, thickness and SiO 2 particle size on surface properties were systematically investigated. The designed two-stage process was underlined for the first time to be pivotal, during which the initial ultrasonic dispersion rendered the coating transparent, while immersion-curing further repressed its surface reflection. Coexistence of high hydrophilicity with high transmittance has been realized in the as-prepared coatings containing highly-dispersed fumed silica A200 NPs, resulting in a multi-functional surface equipped with anti-fogging, anti-reflection, self-cleaning and underwater anti-fouling properties. Additionally introducing bi-component acrylic polyurethane basecoat, the PVA/SiO 2 coatings were applicable on diverse substrates, including fragile ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Liquid metal coating is used as seed-layer for growing ZnO nano-petals. • Topography controlled ZnO nano-petal performs anti-fogging in low temperature. • ZnO nano-petal modified surface shows superhydrophobicity and robust heat transfer efficiency. • Liquid metal as cushioning material can be used to enhance heat transmission. Abstract In this paper, a topography-controlled ZnO nano-petal array has been fabricated on liquid metal (Ga 75.5 In 24.5) surface, and possesses not only superhydrophobicity and anti-fogging in low temperature but also robust heat transfer efficiency. The rough nano-petals prevent water layer formation at initial time, and maintain robust performance in enhancing the coalescence of condensed droplets, leading to excellent self-cleaning properties. In addition, the liquid metal used as cushioning materials with robust heat transfer character, has been identified as one of the most appropriate materials to enhance heat transmission. Graphical abstract The Schematic of fabrication processes of the tunable nano-petals on the liquid metal-based surface with different reaction time. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Bioinspired polymer–nanoparticle–fluorosurfactant complex composite coatings are shown to display fast-switching oleophobic–hydrophilic properties. The large switching parameters (difference between the equilibrium oil and water static contact angles) are attributed to nanoparticle enhanced surface roughening (leading to improvement in hydrophilicity and oleophobicity for optimum nanoparticle loadings). Nanoparticle incorporation also increases hardness of the coatings (durability). Porous substrates coated with these polymer–nanoparticle–fluorosurfactant complex composite coatings are found to readily separate oil–water mixtures under both static and continuous flow as well as displaying antibacterial surface properties against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria). A key advantage of this approach for coating substrates is its single-step simplicity. Potential applications include provision of safe drinking water, environmental pollution clean-up, and anti-fogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobicity and hygroscopicity are two properties that are theoretically exclusive to each other. The fabrication of functional fabrics with these two properties remains very challenging. In this work, it is demonstrated that a non-sticky superhydrophobic and hygroscopic fabric coating can be prepared via the photo polymerization of hexadecyl acrylate and methacrylic acid. On coating surface, the phase-separation-induced chemical heterogeneity has a unique feature of possessing elevated continuous hydrophobic domain and depressed hydrophilic domain, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy measurement. The elevation of hydrophobic domain (i.e., depression of hydrophilic domain) allows the hydrophilic domain to make negligible contribution to the surface wettability to water drop, but can absorb water molecules, thus inducing the unique superhydrophobic but hygroscopic property. The coating has a very low total surface energy of 22.61 mN m−1, with its polar part (0.01 mN m−1) being negligible, thereby showing a high static water contact angle of ~112° on flat glass slide. The coated polyester fabric shows a non-sticky superhydrophobicity with a static water contact angle of ~151° and a water shedding angle of ~10°, as well as good hygroscopic and anti-static properties. We anticipate that this novel coating and the reported strategy of generating the particular chemical heterogeneity may lead to the development of advanced special wettability coatings for various applications. [Display omitted] • A non-sticky superhydrophobic and hygroscopic fabric coating was prepared. • The coating shows a very low total surface energy of 22.61 mN m−1. • Coated polyester fabric shows a static water contact angle of ~151° and a water shedding angle of ~10°. • The coating surface has elevated continuous hydrophobic domain and depressed hydrophilic domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe 3+ -doped TiO 2 films with the pattern surface were fabricated onto glass substrates by a facial photosensitive sol–gel method. The patterned TiO 2 film has anatase crystallites and a micro- and nanometer-scale hill-to-valley hierarchical surface structure. The hydrophilicities of all TiO 2 films stored in the dark for a long time were evaluated by measuring the water contact angle (CA) without being illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) light in advance. The results demonstrated that water droplets could quickly spread onto the surface of the patterned TiO 2 film, resulting in a low CA. The patterned TiO 2 film with the lowest period of 2 μm showed the lowest CA of 2° within 3 s. This indicated that the patterned TiO 2 film had the good superhydrophilicity without any UV activation. The wetting behavior of the patterned TiO 2 film followed the Cassie impregnating wetting regime, and the dynamic to hydrophilic state was attributed to the capillary effect. The patterned TiO 2 film also had the non-UV induced anti-fogging performance and exhibited a good photocatalytic activity to decompose methyl orange pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-aspect-ratio nanostructures formed on a transparent polymer can be easily damaged after several cycles of anti-fogging testing, resulting in a reduction in optical transmittance. To ensure the robust wetting and optical properties of the transparent polycarbonate, we controlled the nanostructure geometries by adding the inert argon gas to oxygen gas during plasma-based selective ion etching process, resulting in both better transparency and longer-lasting anti-fogging properties. We confirmed that the size of the metallic clusters as a self-etching mask is strongly related to the aspect ratio of the final nanostructures. Since metallic clusters with relatively large diameters were formed with the addition of argon gas to oxygen gas, the robustness of the polycarbonate wettability and transparency instilled by the robust nanostructures was improved, as indicated by cyclic anti-fogging testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]