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Introduction: Educational achievement has remained the common yardstick for assessing human capital development across the world. However, it has been observed that Nigeria is one of the developing countries facing the challenge of low level of academic achievement by employees in the university system, which in turn has grave implications for the overall performance of the Nigerian university system in terms of efficient work delivery. Methods: This study adopts a robust and stratified sampling technique to select 4,122 employees in selected federal universities in the southeast of Nigeria and uses structural questionnaire and binary logistic regression to analyse the effect of employment status on academic achievement in South East Nigeria. Results: The findings show that employment status negatively and significantly influences the academic achievement of employees in Nigerian universities. Discussion: The major focus of this study is to examine the impact of employment status on educational achievement in the universities for southeast, Nigeria. To drive more effective and efficient service delivery in the universities, there is need for adequate salary enhancement for employees in order to motivate them to strive for higher educational attainments. Limitations: The study was carried out in federal universities in Nigeria. It is expected to expand the study to cut across both private, states in Nigeria for effective and efficient comparison among the universities found in southeast geopolitical zones. Conclusion: The study concludes that government should continuously motivate these employees so that they can strive for higher educational attainments.

Subject and purpose of work: The literature on financial development and economic growth is expansive. The proportion of individuals and firms that use or have access to financial services can be referred to as the financially included. Considerable evidence shows that the poor benefit more from access to basic financial services such as payments, savings accounts and insurance. Thus, this study analysed the impact of financial inclusion on financial development in Nigeria between 1982 and 2019.

This study investigated Nigeria's economic interactions with China, India, and the USA with a view to identifying the main source of real output shock to Nigeria in the period 1981Q1-2019Q4. The analysis followed the network approach of Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), which uses the size and direction of normalized generalized forecast error variance decompositions (NGFEVD) of a vector error correction model to track shock propagation among economic entities. The results indicate that China and India are net transmitters of real output shocks to Nigeria. The results also indicate that Nigeria is a net real output shock receiver. The study concludes that Nigerian policymakers should evolve policies that can insulate the economy against real output shock heatwaves from around the world, especially China and India. Such policies should mainly target the diversification of the economy such that crude oil will no longer be the only major source of revenue.

This paper analyzed the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) and power supply on human capital development in Nigeria as an emerging market economy. The study adopted the Classical Linear Regression Model for the empirical analysis. The result showed that ICT, power supply (proxied by electricity consumption) and population impact positively on human capital development, while infant mortality has a negative impact on human capital development in Nigeria. The impact of ICT on school enrolment suggests that technology is fast evolving and new technologies are preferred to old ones. The study, therefore, recommended that Nigeria should follow in the trend of ICT globally in harnessing her human capital endowments. In conclusion, the Nigerian government should harness her ICT and electric power potentials and develop the human capital available to her to prevent the emigration of her human resource endowment to more resilient and promising economies.

This study investigates the Impact of Exchange Rate Regime Change on Non-oil Export in Nigeria from 1985Q1 - 2018Q4. The paper employs Markov Regime-Switching Approach to capture the exchange rate regime change. Results of the study reveal that exchange rate regimes have a positive and statistically significant impact on the non-oil export in Nigeria. The results also show that the degree of the impact in the two regimes are not the same, it is higher in regime 2. This is as a result of the fact that prior to the 1980s; Nigeria adopted the fixed exchange rate regime which does not allow for domestic currency devaluation hence, the relatively low non-oil export. However, in the 1980s, especially at the introduction of the structural adjustment programme of the 1986 which saw most economies of the world switch over to the floating exchange rates regime, the Naira is often time devalued and hence the higher increase in the non-oil exports. Therefore, the study recommends that there is need to achieve a stable exchange rate that when combined with the export-oriented policy will promote non-oil exports in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing nations have experienced a variety of economic challenges that have limited their ability to develop and thrive. Since the pandemic in 2020, Nigeria's economic growth has been trending downhill, creating severe economic and social problems. In light of this ugly trend, this study critically evaluates the effect of microfinance bank credit on output performance in Nigeria. This study utilized secondary data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. It deployed the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) Estimation techniques to explore the effects of microfinance bank credit on output performance in Nigeria. The findings show that microfinance bank loans and advances have a positive and significant long-run effect on Nigeria's economic growth. Therefore, the study recommends that microfinance institutions must be adequately harnessed and supported to attain their maximum potential. This involves appropriately regulating microfinance banks and reviewing the Microfinance Policy, Regulatory, and Supervisory Framework (MPRSF) to increase public trust in microfinance institutions. Additionally, microfinance banks should be required to provide SMEs with much-needed loans with minimal or reasonable collateral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As recorded widely in the extant literature, foreign‐invested firms with superior technology and managerial skills are likely to generate productivity spillovers that may be beneficial to local firms. We examine firm level productivity spillovers in the West African context. Four countries were sampled on the basis that they share institutional and similarities as British colonies and social economic similarities as West African countries. The Levinshon and Petrin methodology was fitted with firm level data sourced from the World Bank enterprise survey for the period 2006–2018 with the sampled countries having data for different years. Our results confirm that foreign direct investment has a significant and positive impact on the productivity of firms in West Africa. Controlling for other effects, Capital intensity has a significant but negative effect on firm productivity; changes in market concentration do not have any impact while firm size negatively affects productivity of firms in the region. The study recommends among other things that policy should be targeted towards removing all cumbersome access restrictions experienced by foreign investors. Improvement in the ease of doing business in these countries could be a major policy thrust which will clear up the path of direct investment inflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of capital flight on domestic investment in Nigeria. The data for the study were mainly sourced from CBN statistical bulletins for the period 1981 to 2017. However, the capital flight data series used in this analysis were obtained from new estimates of capital flight from the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) at the University of Massachusetts as constructed by Ndikumana and Boyce. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach was adopted for the study. The result showed that capital flight significantly decreases domestic investment in both the short run and long run. Other variables found to have a significant effect on domestic investment include credit to the private sector and inflation rate. With these findings, the study, therefore, recommended that policymakers in Nigeria should consistently evolve policy measures that will curtail capital flight and make the economy competitive and more attractive for domestic investment. Others include anti-inflationary policies, strengthening anti-graft agencies to improve their effort in tackling laundering of public funds and the maintenance of more stable macroeconomic indicators which allow foreign capital inflow so as to boost private domestic investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of Economic and Social Sector Expenditures on Human Capital Development in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model was applied in the analysis. The results reveal that the lagged values of government economic expenditure, student – teachefr ratio, external aid and per capita income impact significantly and positively on current level of development in human capital, while, government social expenditure, inflation, current value of student – teacher ratio and lagged value of external aid show a negative relationship with human capital development. In view of the above findings, the study recommends that social expenditure should be given more serious attention, while adequate measure should be taken to ensure that economic expenditure yield its preferred results. The study concludes that resources should be properly channeled (and monitored) to areas of expenditure that would boost human capital development in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated Nigeria's economic interactions with China, India, and the USA with a view to identifying the main source of real output shock to Nigeria in the period 1981Q1-2019Q4. The analysis followed the network approach of Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), which uses the size and direction of normalized generalized forecast error variance decompositions (NGFEVD) of a vector error correction model to track shock propagation among economic entities. The results indicate that China and India are net transmitters of real output shocks to Nigeria. The results also indicate that Nigeria is a net real output shock receiver. The study concludes that Nigerian policymakers should evolve policies that can insulate the economy against real output shock heatwaves from around the world, especially China and India. Such policies should mainly target the diversification of the economy such that crude oil will no longer be the only major source of revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explain the concept of financial literacy as a vehicle for economic development in Nigeria. Adequate knowledge of finance is needed for individuals to function properly in the area of economic decision making. Financial knowledge is neither a luxury nor a matter of convenience. Rather it has become an integral tool for survival in today's economy. This is due to the fact that the lack or low levels of financial knowledge could lead to the choice and implementation of poor financial decisions which could be injurious to individuals and the entire society. It is against this background that this paper argues that the promotion of financial literacy by financial institutions affects users of financial products and services in a positive manner. The paper concludes that financial literacy encourages financial access and savings which invariably increases economic growth, reduces poverty levels, enhance livelihoods and leads to overall economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of unemployment on health outcomes in Nigeria. Prevalence of disease (morbidity) was used as health outcome indicator. Adopting the Classical Linear Regression Model and estimation technique, the results show that government health expenditure has a significant negative relationship with prevalence of morbidity, while high unemployment rate also contributes to negative health outcomes in Nigeria. Furthermore, prevalence of HIV and Malnutrition were found to contribute negatively to health outcomes in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the government and private sector players should create decent jobs and enhance job security for the citizens in order to reduce deaths that occur as a result of employment in certain sectors of the economy. Occupational hazards should be minimized in earnest to safeguard the health of the masses. Again, there is need for an effective National Food and Nutritional Policy in other to improve health and reduce morbidity among the populace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the impact of exchange rate movements on the agricultural sector in Nigeria. Time series data and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation technique were employed in this study to address the specified objective. The variables employed in this study were exchange rate, Agric GDP, Government Capital Expenditure, foreign direct investment, credit to private sector, and Lending interest rate. The result showed that exchange rate movements play a significant role in the agric sector performance in Nigeria. Specifically, the findings showed that exchange rate, government capital expenditure, foreign direct investment and lending interest rate were positively related to agric GDP while credit to private sector was negatively related. Co-integration approach was also applied to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The results revealed that the variables have a statistically significant impact on the agricultural sector in the long run. The study recommended that the apex bank should keep a close watch on exchange rate developments in order to enhance exchange rate stability which will contribute to the development of the agric sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria through the human capital channel. It also ascertained the direction of causality between financial development and human capital development. In order to address the objectives, the study utilized Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Toda and Yamamoto Granger causality model. The result obtained from ARDL estimation showed that financial development through human capital development channel has positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. It was also discovered that stock market development passing through human development channel has positive and significant impact on economic growth. Also, the study observed that Toda and Yamamoto Granger causality test showed the existence of unidirectional causality running from financial development to human capital development in Nigeria. In view of these, the study concluded that policies meant to improve the contribution of financial development and stock market development on economic growth should be evolved. Again, the study recommended that financial and stock market education should be incorporated into the schools' curriculum starting from secondary schools. This would help to improve the quality human capital, enhance the perception of people in these areas and to help them make informed financial decision which would increase economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]