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Objectives Computed Tomography (CT) is an indispensable element of medical care used throughout the world, and first developed for clinical use by Hounsfield in 1971. The largest source of monetary support for Hounsfield’s work was from his employer, Electrical Musical Industries, Ltd. (EMI) and, in turn, the most lucrative source of income for EMI through the 1960’s was their recording contract with the English quartet, the Beatles. The purported link between the Beatles’ productive oeuvre with EMI and Hounsfield’s discovery of CT has not been well established. We endeavored to elucidate the technological and creative talents that linked Hounsfield with EMI and the Beatles and which ultimately led to one of the greatest medical innovations of the 20th century. Methods We used GoogleScholar, PubMed, and primary sources to research the life of Godfrey Hounsfield, the history of Electric and Musical Industries, Ltd (EMI), and The Beatles in reference to the development of CT. We used the EMI Archives Trust (London), and the archives of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) UK and Ireland (London). We obtained unpublished photographs courtesy of private collections. Results EMI translated its electronic prowess during WWII into the recorded music business, purchasing Capitol Records in 1955. EMI would sign The Beatles in 1963 and EMI profits rose 80% that first year. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield began a successful scientific career with EMI in 1951. With financial support from EMI’s research division, Hounsfield began developing what would become the first CT-scanner in 1967. By directing x-ray beams through the body at 1 degree angles, with a detector rotating in tandem on the other side, he could measure the x-ray attenuation of different tissues inside the body. These values were then analyzed via a mathematical algorithm to produce a 2-dimensional image of the slice of the body. Hounsfield worked with James Ambrose, a radiologist, to conduct the first clinical CT-scan at Atkinson Morley Hospital in 1971 in a patient with a brain tumor. EMI entered the medical equipment business thereafter and heavily marketed the CT-scanner using the financial resources EMI derived from its record sales. By 1976, EMI could not produce enough CT-scanners to fill demand and ultimately would cede the medical imaging business to competitors, and devote itself to the music industry. In 1979, Hounsfield, and Allen Cormack, a South African physicist who independently theorized the basis of CT imaging, would win the Nobel Prize. Conclusions ‘Let it be’ known that it was only ‘yesterday’ when a recording company, a rock band, and a radar scientist revolutionized medical imaging with the development of computed tomography.

Voiding dysfunction and urinary incontinence in children is common. Both are associated with significant effects on quality of life and comorbidities, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and constipation. A thorough history, physical examination, and non-invasive evaluation are essential in determining the etiology. Interventions, such as behavioral therapy/biofeedback and pharmacologic therapies, are primary treatments. Prevalence rates, current evaluation, and management techniques are discussed in this article.

A 14-year-old male was evaluated and treated for frequent urination associated with straining to void, a sensation of incomplete emptying, and nocturia. Treatment and outcomes are presented in this article.

Surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux has changed with the use of endoscopic correction. We evaluated the possible factors that may affect parental decision making with regard to this procedure, and assessed subsequent parent satisfaction.We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent surgery for vesicoureteral reflux during a 3-year period. We used a telephone based survey, rating factors affecting decision making and overall satisfaction.A total of 74 parents of children 1.5 to 18 years old participated in the study, and 77 procedures were evaluated. Among the 52 cases of open reimplantation success was rated as "most important" in 47 (90.4%) and long-term history was rated as "most important" in 30 (57.7%). Among the 25 cases of endoscopic correction success was rated as "most important" in 13 (52%) and invasiveness/lack of invasiveness was rated as "most important" in 21 (84%). The need for postoperative voiding cystourethrogram was rated as "most important" in 7 (28%) of the cases. Among the 52 cases of open ureteral reimplantation 50 parents (96%) said they would choose the procedure again. Among the 25 endoscopic procedures involving 23 children 3 parents (13%), whose children had a failed endoscopic correction, said they would not choose the procedure again.Parents selecting open surgery consider the success of the procedure most important, and the majority are satisfied with their choice of treatment. Parents choosing endoscopic correction consider the minimally invasive nature of the procedure and the success rate most important but the outcome may alter their satisfaction.

We report a multicenter experience using tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias.From August 1993 to December 1996 tubularized incised plate urethroplasty was performed in 27 boys 6 months to 3 years old with mid shaft and penoscrotal hypospadias. In 7 other boys complex reconstruction combined the tubularized incised plate technique for the glanular urethra with other repairs for the proximal urethra.Tubularized incised plate surgery created a functional neourethra even in penoscrotal hypospadias. Complications of the primary repair developed in only 3 of 27 patients (11%). No complications were attributed to use of the technique for the glanular urethra in complex repairs.Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty is a versatile operation that corrects proximal hypospadias defects with few complications and superior cosmetic results.

We report a multicenter experience using tubularized incised plate urethroplasty to correct distal hypospadias.A total of 148 patients underwent repair by 6 pediatric urologists at different institutions in the United States and Europe.Tubularized incised plate repair created a functional neourethra with a vertically oriented meatus. Complications, including meatal stenoses and fistulas, occurred in 10 patients (7%).Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty can be performed in most cases of distal hypospadias. Cosmetic results are superior to those of other popular techniques.

Twelve male cadaver specimens were injected with a latex solution to define the cutaneous blood supply of the penis. The cutaneous blood supply of the penile shaft is derived solely from a pair of axial arteries running in the dartos layer. Additional deep perforating arteries from the dorsal penile artery and corporal vessels supply the glans and subcoronal region. An understanding of this anatomy allows one to develop safely a variety of penile skin flaps for difficult reconstructive problems.