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Delia sanctijacobi is critically assessed and given a revised description using data from scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and DNA barcode analysis. This species is recorded for the first time in Brazil and Peru. We provide a morphological identification key (with figures) for Delia species from Brazil, a molecular identification based on COI (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) barcode sequences and an updated distributional map. We also report the first occurrence of D. sanctijacobi feeding on Brassica species in Brazil. This potential pest was observed in broccoli roots (Brassica oleracea var. italica; Brassicaceae) in União da Vitória, Paraná, southern Brazil, in August and September of 2017. The infested plants displayed reduced growth due to damage to the stem base or death if severely attacked.

Background Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is an important leguminous crop from South America with a high protein content. In Ecuador, lupin yields are severely affected by the infestation of Delia platura larvae on germinating seeds. The application of elicitor molecules with activity against herbivorous insects to control Delia platura infestation constitutes an unexplored and promising alternative for chemical insecticides. In this study, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), Hexanoic acid (Hxa), Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB), and DL-β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance against D. platura in three commercial lupin cultivars. Results Only seeds pre-treated with MeJA significantly impaired insect performance during choice and no-choice assays. Additionally, fitness indicators such as seed germination and growth were not affected by MeJA treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the MeJA-mediated resistance, RT-qPCR assays were performed. First, RT-qPCR reference genes were validated, showing that LmUBC was the most stable reference gene. Next, expression analysis over time revealed that MeJA application upregulated the activity of the Jasmonic Acid biosynthetic genes LmLOX2 and LmAOS, together with other jasmonate-related defense genes, such as LmTPS1, LmTPS4, LmPI2, LmMBL, LmL/ODC, LmCSD1, and LmPOD. Conclusion This study indicates that MeJA can be used as an environmentally friendly elicitor molecule to protect Andean lupin from D. platura attack without fitness cost. MeJA application induces plant defense responses to insects in Andean lupin that may be modulated by the onset of terpenoid biosynthesis, proteinase inhibitors, lectins, polyamines, and antioxidative enzymes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The genus Botanophila Lioy has several species distributed in North America, but none had been recorded from Mexico. Here we describe three new species of Botanophila from the highlands of the Mexican Transition Zone. We include images of habitus, drawings of the terminalia and a key to facilitate the identification of species. Remarkably, the male of the new species has dichoptic eyes, an unusual characteristic in Anthomyiidae.

Root feeding by the larvae of multiple Delia species can lead to economic loss in many agricultural crops. Field vegetables are subject to infestations by a species complex composed of Delia radicum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a pest in brassica crops (Brassicaceae), Delia antiqua (Meigen), believed to cause the majority of crop damage in onions, and the generalists Delia florilega (Zetterstedt), Delia platura (Meigen), and Botanophila fugax (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Correct species identification is necessary to implement field management strategies, but these species are challenging to identify morphologically. We propose a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method as a molecular tool to distinguish between five species of Delia and between two genetic lines of D. platura. The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 barcode fragment is targeted, then the polymerase chain reaction product digested with four different restriction enzymes (AccI, BsrI, MlyI, and StyI). The BsrI enzyme distinguishes the two genetic lines of D. platura and D. florilega. The MlyI enzyme identifies B. fugax from the Delia species. Combining BsrI, StyI, AccI, and MlyI into double digestion reactions allows for rapid diagnostics among the species tested. Our method was validated using DNA from specimens collected in eastern Canada. This method provides tools in ecological and environmental studies where these species are of interest.

Key to the Kyrgyzstan species of Drymeia Meigen, 1826 Males of D. cilitarsis Sorokina & Pont, 2015 and D. grandis Sorokina & Pont, 2015 have not yet been found in Kyrgyzstan, but they are included in the key, since, according to the unidentified female, one of them may belong to the Kyrgyzstan fauna. Males 1. 3 pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae........................................................................................... 2 – 4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae........................................................................................... 3 2. Mid femur curved, with 2 strong anteroventral setae on apical half, basal half of femur bare on anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces............................................... D. valentinae (Pont, 1975) – Mid femur with rows of anteroventral and posteroventral setae, strong setae absent....................................................................................................................................... D. firthiana (Huckett, 1965) 3. Prealar seta strong. Mid tibia usually with 3–4 anterodorsal setae, rarely with 1–2........................ 4 – Prealar seta absent. Mid tibia without or with 1–2 short anterodorsal setae.................................... 5 4. Mid femur with anteroventral setae restricted to a group of 5–6 setae on apical fifth, and with a row of long posteroventral setae on basal ⅔ which at base are twice as long as diameter of femur. Hind femur without posteroventrals, only with fine posterior setae at base... D. fasciculata (Stein, 1916) – Mid femur with rows of fine anteroventral and posteroventral setae, with fine and dense posterior to posteroventral setae which are as long as diameter of femur. Hind femur with a dense row of posteroventrals........................................................................... D. gymnophthalma (Hennig, 1963) 5. Eye densely long-haired. Mid femur with a row of very long posteroventral setae, 2.3–2.5 × as long as diameter of femur. Black species..................................................................... D. ziegleri sp. nov. – Eye bare or with very short hairs. Mid femur without or with only short, fine posteroventral setae. Grey species...................................................................................................................................... 6 6. Anepimeron bare. Mid femur with a group of slender curved setae at extreme base of anteroventral surface and with 1–2 short ventral spinules on basal third.................... D. setibasis (Huckett, 1965) – Anepimeron setulose. Mid femur different....................................................................................... 7 7. Tip of abdomen with a dense brush of slender black setae and setulae, caudally directed. Mid tibia without anterodorsals. Eye very short haired............................ D. cilitarsis Sorokina & Pont, 2015 – Tip of abdomen without such a brush of setae and setulae, at most with several caudally directed setulae on hypopygium. Mid tibia with 1–2 anterodorsals. Eye bare...... D. grandis Sorokina & Pont, 2015 Females The female of D. ziegleri sp. nov. is not known, but we have included it in the key based on the male characters. 1. Prealar seta present and strong......................................................................................................... 2 – Prealar seta absent or weak, shorter than 2 nd notopleural seta.......................................................... 5 2. 4 postsutural dorsocentral setae; parafacial with an undusted shining patch near base of antenna.. 3 – 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae; parafacial entirely dusted............................................................. 4 3. Arista appearing almost bare, the longest hairs shorter than its basal diameter; body grey, subshining; proboscis long, labella small; hind femur only with 1 weak posteroventral seta at base; fore tarsomere 5 normal, not flattened........................................................................... D. fasciculata (Stein, 1916) -– Arista pubescent, longest aristal hairs twice as long as its basal diameter; body black, shining; proboscis short and thick, labella large; hind femur with 1 weak posteroventral seta at base and with 2–3 posteroventral setae on basal third; fore tarsomere 5 moderately flattened...................................................................................... D. gymnophthalma (Hennig, 1963) 4. Mid femur with 2anteroventrals on apical third, with 1anteroventral and 1posteroventral setae on basal third. Body brownish-grey dusted, sometimes with an olive tinge. Wing yellow at base. Lower facial margin projecting slightly forward beyond level of antennal base........ D. firthiana (Huckett, 1965) – Mid femur only with 2 anteroventrals on apical third, otherwise without anteroventrals or posteroventrals. Body black, subshining. Wing black at base. Lower facial margin projecting well beyond level of antennal base.................................................................. D. valentinae (Pont, 1975) 5. Anepimeron setulose. Body whitish-grey dusted; thorax with 2–3 narrow brown vittae, sometimes indistinct. Lower facial margin not projecting slightly forward beyond level of antennal base. Mid femur with 1–2 fine anteroventrals on basal quarter..................................................................................................................... D. grandis Sorokina & Pont, 2015; D. cilitarsis Sorokina & Pont, 2015 – Anepimeron bare. Body yellowish-grey dusted, with an olive tinge. Lower facial margin projecting slightly forward beyond level of antennal base. Mid femur with 3–4 strong anteroventrals on basal third........................................................................................................ D. setibasis (Huckett, 1965) Remark The unknown female of D. ziegleri sp. nov. will probably key out to couplet 5 (with D. setibasis) and will be recognised by the very black body., Published as part of Sorokina, Vera S. & Pont, Adrian C., 2022, The genus Drymeia Meigen, 1826 (Diptera: Muscidae) in Kyrgyzstan: new records and new species, pp. 158-172 in European Journal of Taxonomy 823 on pages 167-169, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.823.1825, http://zenodo.org/record/6658717, {"references":["Sorokina V. S. & Pont A. C. 2015. A review of the genus Drymeia Meigen, 1826 (Diptera: Muscidae) in Russia. Zootaxa 4000 (2): 151 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4000.2.1","Pont A. C. 1975. Two new Muscidae (Diptera) from the Asiatic part of the USSR. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 54: 191 - 196. [In Russian, with English summary. English translation in Entomological Review 54: 136 - 139.]","Huckett H. C. 1965. The Muscidae of Northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Diptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 42: 1 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 9742 fv","Stein P. 1916. Die Anthomyiden Europas. Tabellen zur Bestimmung der Gattungen und aller mir bekannten Arten, nebst mehr oder weniger ausfuhrlichen Beschreibungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 81 A, 10 (1915): 1 - 224."]}

Anthomyiidae is a family of flies distributed worldwide comprising approximately 2,000 species, which, based on molecular analyses, belong to the Muscoidea grade. The phylogenetic data for this fam...

Flies of the genus Chiastocheta Pokorny, 1889 (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) and their associations with endemic Asian species of Trollius L. (Ranunculaceae) have been studied for the first time under natural conditions in Russia. Species of Chiastocheta are pollinators and seed feeders of Trollius. Chiastocheta rotundiventris Hennig, 1953 and Ch. trollii (Zetterstedt, 1845), previously known from Europe, and also Ch. latispinigera Fan, Chen et Jiang, 1982, known from China, Japan and Sakhalin, have been found in West Siberia for the first time. The endemic Asian Trollius species have been studied as potential host plants of Chiastocheta species. Associations of Ch. rotundiventris and Ch. trollii with T. sajanensis, T. altaicus, T. apertus, and also association of Ch. latispinigera with T. europaeus are recorded for the first time. Trollius chinensis, T. ledebourii, T. pumilus, and T. riederianus, which blossom in Novosibirsk Botanical Garden after June 7, are neither pollinated nor injured by the local Chiastocheta species. The male genital apparatus and its variations in all the investigated Chiastocheta species are described and illustrated by photos.

Calythea cochlearis new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 64E1A537-E4E1-4564-B65F-B76C90692EEC (Figs. 2, 4 e-h, 5a-c, 6) Diagnosis. Calythea cochlearis new species can be separated from the other species of the genus in having the distance between the presutural acrostichal rows, at least the two first pairs, longer than their distance to dorsocentral rows; and postgonite bilobate. Description. Male holotype. Body length: 4.2 mm. Wing length: 4.0 mm. Thorax black, silvery pruinose on postpronotal lobe and notopleuron; pronotum pruinose basally parallel to notopleural suture and extending to transverse suture (Fig. 2b). Calypters white with edge yellow. Halter basally brownish and yellow apically. Legs black with pulvillus yellowish. Abdomen black with silvery pruinose on tergites 2-5, forming two dorsal almost triangular spots, segments 3 and 4 with laterally and superiorly prolonged spots. Head. Eyes bare. Frontal vitta very narrow, distance between eyes shorter than width of anterior ocellus (Fig. 2a). 6-7 pairs of frontal setae. Face projecting beyond frontal angle. Gena shorter than length of pedicel. Parafacialia very narrow, with about 1/5 of postpedicel width. Postpedicel twice longer than length of pedicel. Pedicel with a long dorsal seta, shorter than length of pedicel. Thorax. 2 postpronotals; dorsocentrals 2+3; acrostichals 4+8 setulaelike, with only the prescutellar developed; prealar absent. Anepisternum with a row of 4 posterior setae and an upward anterior seta below anterior notopleural seta. Scutellum with a pair of basal, preapical and apical setae; the apical seta almost twice as long as basal seta. Meron with a tuft of 4-6 setulae, located posteriorly below spiracle. Katepimeron with 6-9 setulae. Legs. Fore tibia with 1 submedian p seta; 1 preapical d seta, and 1 apical pv; fore pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Mid femur with 4 v setae at base; and 2 p preapical setae; midtibia with 1 median pv seta, 1 submedian p seta; preapical seta on av, d, pv, and v. Hind femur with 2 av rows, 1 long and stout and 1 long fine; 2 ad, 2 d, and 1 pd preapicals; 1pv row long and sparce setae; hind tibia with a submedian av, 1 supramedian and 1 submedian ad, and a long submedian pd seta three times longer than tibia width; preapical seta on av and d; hind pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Abdomen. With many covered setulae; sternite 1 setulose, setulae slightly longer than length of sternite; tergite 3-5 with long median and lateral marginal seta, terminal segment with apical and discal setae; sternite 5 quadrangular with a serrated edge on its posterior incision (Fig. 4e). Terminalia. Cerci triangular from posterior view (Fig. 4f); surstyli, from posterior view, long and straight with an acute median projection on inner surface (Fig. 4f), and from lateral view, slightly curved and enlarged apically (spoon-like) (Fig. 4g); Hypopygium on lateral view with phalapodema long and slightly curved, pregonite with two long setae, postgonite bilobate with a median long seta and two apical setulae, epiphallus as long as postgonite, distiphallus very large and rounded (Fig. 4h). Female. Similar to male, except: Body length: 4.0- 4.5 mm. Wing length: 3.8-4.0 mm. Thorax with 3 conspicuous dorsal stripes, the central stripe twice wider than the laterals and exceeding the line of acrostichal setae; and 2 dotted strips on dorsocentral setae region between the central stripe and the laterals (Fig. 2e). Scutellum fully covered by pruinose, except basally on lateral region and dorsally on the basal third. Anepisternum with a row of 3 posterior setae. Meron with a tuft of 3-4 setulae, located posteriorly below spiracle. Katepimeron with 4-5 setulae. Terminalia with cerci dilated distally, with long setae; epiproct subtriangular, as long as its wide; hypoproct subconical, twice longer than its wide; sternite 6 and 7 trapezoid; tergite 6 and 7 T-shaped dorsally; sternite 8 as long as tergite 8 (Fig. 5 a-c). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the spoon-like shape of the surstyli in lateral view (latin word cochlearis = spoon). Gender neuter. Material examined. Holotype. Brazil. Paraná. Jundiaí do Sul, Fazenda Monte Verde [-23.423531, -50.281910], Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, Malaise trap, 22.ix.1986 (DZUP 099249). Paratypes (n= 55). Argentina: Tucumán, V.Padre Monti, Burruyacú [-26.4998, -64.7412], R. Golbach, 17.i–7.ii.1948, 1♂ (DZUP); Brazil: Maranhão. Parque Estadual Mirador, Base da Geraldina [-6.623888, -45.869166], J. A. Rafael & F. L. Oliveira, 28–30.ix.2006, 1♀ (INPA); Mato Grosso do Sul. Bodoquena Fazenda California [-20.698333, -51.881955], Van Someren modified, Lamas, C. J. E., 07–08.viii.2011, 1♀ (MZUSP); Minas Gerais. Araxá [-19.5934, -46.9411], C. T. & C. Elias, 22.xi.1965, 1♂ (DZUP 099242); Viçosa [-20.7536, -42.8761], G. R. Lima, 12.viii.1986 (Nº68), 1♂ (DZUP); Paraná. Guarapuava, Est.Sta. Clara [-25.632814, -51.964977], Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 15.ix.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 099273); Jundiaí do Sul, Fazenda Monte Verde [-23.423531, -50.281910], Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, Malaise trap, 02.xi.1987, 1♀ (DZUP 099276); same label information, except: 22.ix.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 099280); 07.ix.1987, 1♀ (DZUP 099281); light trap, 04.x.1986, 2♂♂ (DZUP 099241; 099248); light trap, 02.ix.1986, 1♂ (DZUP 099243); Palmas, Linha Alegre, Fazenda Cerro Chato [-26.50252, -51.67033], Malaise, 1224m, M. Savaris & A. L. Norrbom, 3-4.iii.2015, 3♂♂ and 2♀♀ (DZUP); Ponta Grossa, V. Velha, IAPAR [-25.244012, -50.011530], Ganho & Marinoni, Malaise trap, 06.ix.1999, 1♀ (DZUP 099274); same label information, except: 10.vii.2000, 2♀♀ (DZUP 058573, 099275); 01.xi.1999, 1♀ (DZUP); 28.viii.2000, 1♀ (DZUP); Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 18.viii.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 463152); Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 01.x.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 058557); light trap, Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 04.viii.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 099279); Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 04.x.1986, 1♂ (DZUP 058550); Telêmaco Borba, Res. Biol. Klabin [-24.297941, -50.618785], Malaise trap, Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 12.x.1987, 1♀ (DZUP 058495); Piauí. Guaribas, Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões, Andorinha; 09º08’27.8”S; 43º33’42.1”W, 515m, Malaise trap, J. A. Rafael & F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, 01–10.ix.2013, 1♂ (CZMA). Same label information, except: 11–20.viii.2013, 1♂ (CZMA); 20–31.viii.2013, 1♂ (DZUP); Piracuruca, P. N. de Sete Cidades, Posto ICMBio, 04º05’57”S; 41º42’34”W, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira & J. S. Pinto Júnior, 01–14.ii.2013, 1♂ (CZMA); Rio Grande do Sul. Quaraí [-30.384608, -56.448744], J. R. Cure, 21.xi.1985, 2♂♂ and 4♀♀ (DZUP 099239–40, 099269, 099277, 462901, 462909); Santa Catarina. Nova Teutônia [-27.1833, -52.3833], 300–500 m, Fritz Plaumann, 6.v.1961, 1♀ (MZUSP); São Paulo. São Carlos, EMBRAPA, Faz. Canchim [-21.954680, -47.847250], Airton S. Soares, xii.2010, 9♂♂ and 7♀♀ (MZUSP, 5♂♂ and 4♀♀; DZUP, 4♂♂ and 3♀♀); Sergipe. Canindé do São Francisco, Res. CHESF, Tabuleiro Argiloso Plano, área 1 [-9.6296, -37.8028], Malaise trap, Luciana Ianuzi, 14.ix.2000, 1♂ Projeto Xingó (DZUP). Non-type material. Rio Grande do Sul. Quaraí [-30.384608, -56.448744], J. R. Cure, 19-20.xi.1985, 2♂♂ (DZUP 099251–52). Distribution. Argentina (Tucumán) and Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe) (Fig. 6). Remarks. Two male specimens from Quaraí (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) have the surstyli slightly narrower, this was considered as morphological variation and these specimens were not included as paratypes.

Calythea comis (Stein, 1911) (Figs. 3 a-c, 4i-l, 5d-f, 6) Diagnosis. Calythea comis can be separated from the other Neotropical species of the genus in the frons with fronto-orbital plates separated by frontal vitta (Fig. 3a); distance between presutural acrostichal rows, even anteriorly in the first pair, shorter than their distance to dorsocentral rows; and pattern of pruinosity, which extends forward covering the region of dorsocentral setae, forming an inconspicuous stripe (Fig.3b). Redescription. Male. Body length: 4.5-5.0 mm. Wing length: 4.0- 4.5 mm. Thorax black with silvery pruinose on postpronotal lobe and notopleuron; pronotum pruinose basally running parallel to the notopleural suture, extending to transverse suture with forward projection, reaching the anterior dorsocentral presutural seta (Fig. 3b). Calypters white with the edge yellow. Halter basally brownish and yellow apically. Legs black with pulvillus yellowish. Abdomen black with silvery pruinosity on tergites 2-5, forming two dorsal almost triangular spots, segments 3 and 4 with laterally and superiorly prolonged spots. Head. Eyes bare. Frontal vitta narrow, distance between eyes subequal to width to anterior ocellus (Fig. 3a). 6-7 pairs of frontal setae. Face not projecting beyond frontal angle. Gena shorter than length of pedicel. Parafacialia relatively broad, with about 1/3 of postpedicel width. Postpedicel twice longer than pedicel. Pedicel with long dorsal setae, shorter than pedicel. Thorax. 2 postpronotals; dorsocentrals 2+3; acrostichals 4+8 setulaelike, with only the prescutellar developed; prealar absent. Anepisternum with a row of 5 posterior setae and an upward anterior seta below anterior notopleural seta. Scutellum with a pair of basal, preapical and apical setae; the apical seta almost twice longer than the basal one. Meron with a tuft of 4-5 setulae, located posteriorly below spiracle. Katepimeron with 4-5 setulae. Legs. Fore tibia with 1 submedian p seta; 1 preapical d seta, and 1 apical pv; fore pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Mid femur with 4 v setae at base; and 2 p preapical setae; midtibia with 1 median pv seta, 1 submedian p seta; preapical seta on av, d, pv, and v. Hind femur with 2 av rows, 1 long and stout and 1 long fine; 2 ad, 2d, and 1pd preapicals; 1 pv row of long and sparse setae; hind tibia with a submedian av, 1 supramedian and 1 submedian ad, and a long submedian pd seta three times longer than tibia width; preapical seta on av and d; hind pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Abdomen. With many covered setulae; sternite 1 setulose, setulae twice longer than sternite length; tergite 3-5 with long median and lateral marginal seta, terminal segment with apical and discal setae; sternite 5 rectangular with a serrated edge on posterior incision (Fig.4i). Terminalia. Cerci triangular in posterior view (Fig. 4j); surstyli in posterior view long and straight, with proximal rounded incision (Fig. 4j), and in lateral view, slightly curved and slightly enlarged apically (Fig. 4k); Hypopygium in lateral view with phalapodema long and slightly curved, pregonite with two long setae, postgonite with a median long seta and two apical setulae, epiphallus as long as postgonite, distiphallus very large and rounded (Fig. 4l). Female. Similar to male, except:Thorax with 3 conspicuous dorsal stripes, width of central stripe not exceeding the line of acrostichal setae; and 2 inconspicuous thin stripes close to central stripe, with about 1/5 the width of central stripe (Fig. 3c). Scutellum fully pruinose, except basally on lateral region.Anepisternum with a row of 3 posterior setae. Meron with a tuft of 3-5 setulae, located posteriorly below spiracle. Katepimeron with 3 setulae. Terminalia with cerci dilated distally, with long setae; epiproct subtriangular, as long as its wide; hypoproct subconical, 1.3 times longer than its wide; sternite 6 and 7 trapezoid; tergite 6 and 7 T-shaped dorsally; sternite 8 shorter than tergite 8 (Figs. 5 d-f). Material examined. Brazil: Paraná, Antonina, Reserva Sapitanduva [-25.439498, -48.746125], Lâmpada [light trap], Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR, 02.xi.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 099272); Castro [-24.7978, -49.9976], S. Loroca, ix.1961, 3♂♂ (DZUP 099245–47); Curitiba [-25.4332, -49.2667], P.D.Hurd, xi.1959, 2♀♀ (DZUP 099270–71); same label information, except: 900m, Dept. Zoologia, 14.i.1986, 1♀ (DZUP 099278); Palmas [Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge], 1115m, grasslands, -26.5025, -51.6755, A. C. Pereira, 9.xii.2013, 1♂ (DZUP); same label information except: 29.x.2014, 2♀♀ (DZUP); 28.iv.2014, 1♀ (DZUP); 16.i.2014, 1♂ (DZUP); 20.x.2014, 1♂ and 1♀ (DZUP); 29.x.2014, 1♀ (DZUP); inside forest, -26.5022, -51.6738, 12.vii.2014, 1♂ (DZUP); regeneration area, -26.5572, -51.5422, 03.xii.2013, 1♀ (DZUP); 21.ix.2012, 1♂ (DZUP); Tijucas do Sul, Morro do Araçatuba, -25.8997, -49.0096, 1200 m, P.C. Grossi, 01.xi.2010, 2♂♂ and 22 ♀♀ (DZUP); Rio Grande do Sul, Arroio Grande, Distrito Mauá [-32.233483, -53.086682], Malaise trap, R. F. Krüger, 22.xi.2002, 2♀♀ (DZUP 099253; 099256); same label information, except: P. B. Ribeiro, 6♀♀ (DZUP 099259–64); 15.xi.2002, 2♀♀ (DZUP 099254–55); 07.ii.2003, 1♀ (DZUP 099257); 31.i.2003, 1♀ (DZUP 099258); Santa Catarina, Itajaí, EMPASC [-26.9534, -48.7358], C. Paloschi, ix.1988, 1♂ (DZUP 099244); same label information except: xi.1989, 4♀♀ (DZUP 099265–68). Chile: Bío-Bío, Lag. Laja [-37.4042, -71.3415], Luis Peñas, 13.ii.1957, 1♂ (WSU); Los Lagos, Maullín, Llanquihue [-41.2675, -73.0240], Luis Peñas, 16–21. ii.1957, 2♂♂ (WSU); Valparaíso, Laguna Verde [-33.1054, -71.6676], L. E. Peña, x.1969, 15♂♂ and 6♀♀ (MZUSP). Distribution. Argentina (Río-Negro), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul *, Santa Catarina), Chile (Bío-Bío *, Los Lagos, Valparaíso *) and Peru (Tacna) (Malloch, 1934; Albuquerque, 1953; Pont and Ackland, 2009; Gomes et al., 2019) (Fig. 6). *= new records. Remarks. The type-locality indicated as Tacna, Chile (Stein 1911; Pont and Ackland 2009) is a region that currently belongs to Peru. Some specimens from Chile have the body covered by pollen. There are some male specimens from Argentina, Brazil and Chile with 1-4 setulae on meron, which probably belong to this species (V.Michelsen, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Gomes, Lucas Roberto Pereira & Carvalho, Claudio José Barros de, 2022, Taxonomy of the Neotropical species of Calythea (Anthomyiidae: Diptera), with description of two new species from South America, pp. 1-11 in Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20210102) (e 20210102) 66 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2021-0102, http://zenodo.org/record/8111413, {"references":["Stein, P., 1911. Die von Schnuse in Sudamerika gefangenen Anthomyiden. Arch. Naturgesch. 77, 61 - 189.","Malloch, J. R., 1934. Muscidae. In: British Museum (Natural History) (Ed.), Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part VII (2). British Museum, London, pp. 171 - 346.","Albuquerque, D. O., 1953. Contribuicao ao conhecimento das especies neotropicais de Hammomyia RDI. e Calythea Schnabl et Dziedzicki, com descricao de uma especie nova (Diptera-Muscidae). An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 25, 535 - 543.","Pont, A. C., Ackland, D. M., 2009. The types of Anthomyiidae (Diptera) in the Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Zoosyst. Evol. 85, 5 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / zoos. 200800015.","Gomes, L. R. P., Fogaca, J. M., Bortolanza, M., Pereira, A. C., 2019. New records of the Brazilian Anthomyiidae (Diptera) and a checklist of species from Palmas Grasslands Wildlife Refuge. Check List 15, 93 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 15.1.93."]}

Calythea andina new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A7626B36-F747-4C07-A79A-5CC8B139F444 (Figs. 1, 4 a-d, 6) Diagnosis. Calythea andina new species can be separated from the other species of the genus in having the distance between the presutural acrostichal rows, at least the two first pairs of setae, similar to the distance to dorsocentral rows; calypters white, with apical half of upper calypter brownish, calypter margin basally brownish. Description. Male holotype. Body length: 4.5 mm. Wing length: 4.5 mm. Thorax black, silvery pruinose on postpronotal lobe and notopleuron; pronotum pruinose basally, parallel to notopleural suture and extending to transverse suture (Fig. 1b). Calypters white with basal edge brown and apical edge white. Halter basally brownish and yellow apically. Legs black with pulvillus yellowish. Abdomen black, silvery pruinose on tergites 2-5, forming two dorsal almost triangular spots, segments 3 and 4 with prolonged spots laterally and apically. Head. Eyes bare. Frontal vitta very narrow, distance between eyes shorter than width of anterior ocellus (Fig. 1a). 4-5 pairs of frontal setae. Face projecting beyond frontal angle.Gena shorter than length of pedicel. Parafacialia very narrow, with about 1/5 of postpedicel width. Postpedicel twice longer than pedicel. Pedicel with long dorsal setae, shorter than pedicel. Thorax. 2 postpronotals; dorsocentrals 2+3; acrostichals 4+8 setulaelike, with only prescutellar developed; prealar absent. Anepisternum with row of 4 posterior setae and upward anterior seta below anterior notopleural seta. Scutellum with a pair of basal, preapical and apical setae; apical seta almost twice as long as basal seta. Meron with a tuft of 4-5 setulae. Katepimeron with 7-8 setulae. Legs. Fore tibia with 1 submedian p seta; 1 preapical d seta, and 1 apical pv; fore pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Mid femur with 4 v setae at base; and 2 p preapical setae; midtibia with 1 median pv seta, 1 submedian p seta; preapical seta on av, d, pv, and v. Hind femur with 2 av rows, 1 long and stout and 1 long fine; 2 ad, 2 d, and 1 pd preapicals; 1 pv row long and sparse setae; hind tibia with a submedian av, 1 supramedian and 1 submedian ad, and a long submedian pd seta three times longer than tibia width; preapical seta on av and d; hind pretarsus with 1 basal v seta. Abdomen. With many covered setulae; sternite 1 setulose, setulae twice longer than length of sternite; tergite 3-5 with long median and lateral marginal seta, terminal segment with apical and discal setae; sternite 5 rectangular with a serrated edge on its posterior incision (Fig.4a). Terminalia. Cerci triangular from posterior view (Fig.4b); surstyli, from posterior view, long and straight with rounded median projection on inner surface (Fig. 4b), and from lateral view, slightly curved and slightly enlarged apically (Fig. 4c); Hypopygium on lateral view with phalapodema long and slightly curved, pregonite with two long setae, postgonite with median long seta and three apical setulae, epiphallus distally curved and as long as postgonite, distiphallus very large and rounded (Fig. 4d). Female. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet andina refers to the Andean distribution of this species. The specific epithet andina (nominative, adjective feminine) is derived from the Andes Mountains, where the specimens were collected. Gender female. Material examined. Holotype.Male. Ecuador. Imbabura, N.Perueho. Otavalo [0.2360, -78.2622], 2000m, L.E. Peña, i.1971 (MZUSP). Paratypes (3♂♂). Colombia. Antioquia, Alejandría [6.3759, -75.1414], A. Vélez, ii.1972, #catal 2005 (CEUA); Ecuador. Imbabura, N. Perueho. Otavalo [0.2360, -78.2622], 2000m, L. E. Peña, i.1971, (DZUP); Loja, La Toma, W. de Loja [-4.0081, -79.2110], 1500m, L. E. Peña, xi.1970 (MZUSP). Distribution. Colombia and Ecuador (Fig. 6). Remarks. There are some male specimens from Costa Rica with 2-5 setulae on meron, which probably belong to this new species (V. Michelsen, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Gomes, Lucas Roberto Pereira & Carvalho, Claudio José Barros de, 2022, Taxonomy of the Neotropical species of Calythea (Anthomyiidae: Diptera), with description of two new species from South America, pp. 1-11 in Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20210102) (e 20210102) 66 (1) on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2021-0102, http://zenodo.org/record/8111413

Calythea micropteryx (Thomson 1869) (Figs. 3 g-i, 4q-t, 5j-l, 6) Diagnosis. Calythea micropteryx can be separated from the other species of the genus in having face not projecting beyond frontal angle; parafacialia very narrow, with about 1/5 of postpedicel width (Fig. 3g); distance between presutural acrostichal rows, except anteriorly in the first pair of setae, shorter than their distance to dorsocentral rows; hind tibia with a posterodorsal seta twice longer than tibia width. Also, this is the smaller neotropical species (body length: 3.3–3.5; wing length: 3.2–3.5). Type-material examined. Paralectotypes. United States, California, Kinb., 3♂♂ (NHRS: 459 67; 464 67; 460 67). Material examined. Mexico. Baja California, Golfo California, Isla Angel de la Guarda, Puerto Refugio [29.3407, -113.4311], F. Árias, 6.ii.1986, 1♂ and 1♀ (CNIN); Campeche, Grutas de Ixta, Cambilxunau [19.9911, -89.7642], F. Árias, 21.vi.1986, 1♂ (CNIN). Distribution. Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba); United States (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming); Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Campeche *, Chihuahua, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Zacatecas); Cuba, Dominican Republic (Griffiths, 1986; Michelsen, 2010) (Fig. 6). *= new record. Remarks. Redescribed by Griffiths (1986). The records from North America are based on Griffiths (1986) map. The record from Costa Rica (Michelsen, 2010) is based on a misidentification (V. Michelsen, pers. comm.)., Published as part of Gomes, Lucas Roberto Pereira & Carvalho, Claudio José Barros de, 2022, Taxonomy of the Neotropical species of Calythea (Anthomyiidae: Diptera), with description of two new species from South America, pp. 1-11 in Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20210102) (e 20210102) 66 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2021-0102, http://zenodo.org/record/8111413, {"references":["Griffiths, G. C. D., 1986. Cyclorrhapha II (Schizophora: Calyptratae) Anthomyiidae [Part II]. In: Griffiths, G. C. D. (Ed.), Flies of the Nearctic Region, Vol. VIII, Part 2, Number 5. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 601 - 728.","Michelsen, V., 2010. Anthomyiidae (Anthomyiid Flies). In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E., Zumbado, M., (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. II. National Research Council Press, Ottawa, pp. 1271 - 1276."]}

Delia radium is a root-feeding pest of cole crops. In California, the biocontrol agents associated with D. radicum are not well understood. Soil samples and sentinel pupae were used to assess D. ra...

Holoparasitic plants are interesting heterotrophic angiosperms. However, carrion- or faeces-mimicking is rarely described for such plants. There is no information on the pollination biology of Cynomoriaceae, despite the fact that these plants are rare and vulnerable. This is the first study to reveal pollination in a member of this family, Cynomorium songaricum, a root holoparasite with a distinctive and putrid floral odour. From 2016 to 2018, we studied the floral volatiles, floral visitors and pollinators, behavioural responses of visitors to floral volatiles, breeding system, flowering phenology and floral biology of two wild populations of C. songaricum in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 42 volatiles were identified in inflorescences of C. songaricum. Among these volatiles are compounds known as typical carrion scents, such as p-cresol, indole, dimethyl disulphide and 1-octen-3-ol. C. songaricum is pollinated by various Diptera, such as Musca domestica, M. stabulans (Muscidae), Delia setigera, D. platura (Anthomyiidae), Lucilia sericata, L. caesar (Calliphoridae), Wohlfahrtia indigens, Sarcophaga noverca, S. crassipalpis and Sarcophila meridionalis (Sarcophagidae). The inflorescence scent of C. songaricum attracted these pollinators. The plants significantly benefit from insect pollination, although wind can be a pollen vector in the absence of pollinators. C. songaricum is a cross-pollinated, self-incompatible plant. Our findings suggest that C. songaricum releases malodorous volatiles to attract Diptera to achieve pollination. This new example lays the foundation for further comparative studies in other members of this plant group and contributes to a better understanding of fly-pollinated, carrion mimicking plants.

This study investigated the relationships between numbers of Delia species (Delia spp. Rob.-Desv., Diptera: Anthomyiidae) flies or eggs and root injury levels of Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae) canola (oilseed rape), and between root injury levels and canola seed yields. Wild-collected Delia species adult flies or laboratory-obtained Delia radicum (L.) eggs were introduced into laboratory or field cages containing B. napus or B. rapa plants. The degree of root injury was strongly associated with infestation level using both flies and eggs. Linear response curves between numbers of Delia flies and root injury levels and quadrilinear response curves between numbers of D. radicum eggs and root injury levels showed that root damage increased with increasing levels of infestation; at high egg infestation levels, root damage levelled off in both Brassica species. Seed yield was not clearly related to fly or egg infestation rate, nor to ensuing root damage. No consistent yield relationship in B. napus ‘AC Excel’ was found with levels of root damage seen in the investigation. Conversely, B. rapa cultivar ‘AC Boreal’ seed yields tended to increase above uninfested controls when feeding damage was light but decreased with increased root injury. Despite procedures used to prevent infestation in Delia-free control cages, some root maggot damage was found in control cages in all 4 yr of the field study. Changes in climate, land use patterns, and cropping systems could influence the economic impact of this pest complex on canola in the future.

The male genital and pregenital skeleton and musculature were studied in males of the following species of the Muscidae subfamily Azeliinae: Drymeia firthiana (Huckett, 1965), Drymeia longiseta Sorokina & Pont, 2015, Drymeia segnis (Holmgren, 1883), Thricops nigritellus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Thricops hirtulus (Zetterstedt, 1838), Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius, 1805), Muscina stabulans (Fallén, 1817), and Muscina levida (Harris, 1780). Descriptions and figures of the genital sclerites and muscles of D. firthiana and M. stabulans are given. A comparison was made between the genital segments and muscles of previously studied species of Mydaeinae and Muscinae and those of the Azeliinae. Based on the structure of the skeleton and muscles of syntergosternite VII + VIII and the phallapodeme muscles, significant differences were found between the subfamily Azeliinae and the subfamilies Mydaeinae and Muscinae. The basal position of the Azeliinae within the family Muscidae was confirmed. A comparison of the genital segments and muscles of the Muscidae with those of the Scathophagidae (Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Anthomyiidae (Delia platura (Meigen, 1826)) was made. Tendencies in reduction of the pregenital segments and musculature, as well as of the phallapodeme muscles in the evolution of the Muscoidea have been revealed. The complete set of phallapodeme muscles in the Scathophagidae and Anthomyiidae corresponds to the basal state, and therefore the structure of the genital sclerites and muscles in the Muscidae shows a certain degree of reduction. The progressive changes in the Muscidae from the Azeliinae through the Mydaeinae to the Muscinae were traced.

Garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae) is consumed at all stages from fresh to dry in Turkey. Major harmful factors, pests for example, bring about a significant loss in garlic production. Studies carried out in Kastamonu garlic areas to determine the harmful pests revealed that the important harmful pest was Delia platura Meigen, (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the garlic fields. Population dynamics of D. platura was studied using yellow sticky traps in autumn and spring seasons of planting garlic fields. Plants were checked with trap controls and searched for D. platura on garlic plants. Plants tested were recorded as infested and non-infested. The testing of traps finished in two weeks after the harvest. As a result, D. platura, the first emergence of the adult, was detected on March 21, 2017 in autumn planting and in spring planting. In the autumn planting, the highest number of adults caught in traps was on April 2015 with 4 adult/trap/week. In spring planting, the first adult in the trap was 1 adult/trap/week on 14 March, 2015. The study conducted in 2017, the first time of adult determination on trap was on March 18, 2017 in autumn planting. In spring planting, the first adult emerged on March 18, 2017.

Ovipositional decisions in herbivorous insects may be affected by social information from conspecifics. Social facilitation of oviposition has been suggested for the onion fly Delia antiqua. In the current study, we found that D. antiqua oviposition was unequal between paired oviposition stations of equal quality and that more eggs were laid on an oviposition station baited with decoy flies than on the control. The increased oviposition toward the decoys continued over time >8 h. When decoys were placed upside down, the number of eggs laid did not differ between the decoy and control sides of oviposition stations, suggesting that social facilitation of oviposition is mediated by visual cues. Based on these findings, mechanisms of social facilitation of oviposition in D. antiqua were discussed.