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Jujube is a plant of the genus Ziziphus in the family Rhamnaceae; its fruit has high nutritional value, and it is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites. The color of its peel is an important indicator for evaluating the appearance of the fruit. However, the mechanism of the difference in color presentation between the seedling offspring of the 'Red Fruit' (TLHH) and the 'Green Fruit' (TLHL) of the fresh jujube cultivar 'Tailihong' is not clear. Therefore, this study used targeted metabolomics techniques to accurately and quantitatively analyze the metabolic pathways of carotenoid and anthocyanin metabolites during the ripening process of two color-presenting types of jujube fruits. Through the analysis of the dynamic changes in the pigment content of the jujube peel, it was found that 30 DAP (days after pollination), 80 DAP, and 110 DAP were the key periods for the development of the color of the peel of 'TLHL' and 'TLHH' jujube and that the substances responsible for the main differences were chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Furthermore, we used an LC-MS/MS metabolic analysis to compare the differences in the carotenoids and anthocyanin metabolites between the two color-presenting types of jujube peels at the key periods of 30 DAP, 80 DAP, and 110 DAP. We detected 32 carotene metabolites and 75 anthocyanin metabolites, respectively, among which lutein had the highest content of carotenoids; it reached the maximum value (93.05 µg/g) and was higher than that of 'TLHH' (74.14 µg/g) at 30 DAP of 'TLHL'. Both showed a decreasing trend with fruit ripening. The anthocyanin with the highest content was cyanidin-3-O-(tartaryl)rhamnoside-5-O-glucoside, which reached the maximum value (258.32 µg/g) at 30 DAP of 'TLHH' and was 51.6 times that of 'TLHL'; similarly, both showed a decreasing trend with fruit ripening. These results elucidate the main metabolites of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the two types of jujube peel and their accumulation characteristics, suggesting that the key metabolites of the difference in color between 'TLHL' and 'TLHH' jujube fruits were lutein and cyanidin-3-O-(tartaryl)rhamnoside-5-O-glucoside, increasing the understanding of the color mechanism of jujube peel and providing a reference for targeted genetic breeding of jujube peel color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the relationship between flavonoids intake and the prevalence and all-cause mortality of depressive symptoms in American adults. Analyzing 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018 NHANES data, we examined the association between dietary flavonoid and depressive symptoms, including specific subclasses assessment and mortality outcomes tracking until December 31, 2019. Our methodology included weighted multivariate logistic regression, weighted cox proportional hazards regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, supported by stratified and sensitivity analyses. Among the 12,340 participants in total, 1129 exhibited depressive symptoms. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant reduction in total flavonoid and subclass intake in individuals with current depressive symptoms. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the highest quartiles were 0.69 for anthocyanidins and 0.63 for flavones. Interaction effects emerged in non-hypertensive, higher-income, and normal-weight groups for flavones intake. The RCS model indicated an L-shaped association between depressive symptoms and total flavonoid intake, with inflection points at 346 mg/day. During a median follow-up of 119 months, 148 deaths occurred among patients with depressive symptoms. Hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality showed a significant positive correlation between total flavonoid intake and survival in model 1 (HR = 0.56), with an optimal intake range of 45.2–948.3 mg/day according to the RCS model. The study relied on U.S. population survey data, potentially limiting generalizability. Unmeasured confounding factors may exist, and genetic factors were not considered. Adequate intake of flavonoids, especially anthocyanidins and flavones, is associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms. Additionally, optimal intake ranges of flavonoid intake for mental health benefits were observed for all-cause mortality in population with depressive symptoms. • Flavonoid intake is associated with lower depressive symptoms, particularly from anthocyanidins and flavones, and better survival. • The L-shaped link between total flavonoid intake and depressive symptoms and mortality suggests an optimal intake for mental health. • Interaction effects suggest flavones are more linked to depressive symptoms in non-hypertensive, higher-income, normal-weight individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B-box (BBX) family, which is a class of zinc finger transcription factors, exhibits special roles in plant growth and development as well as in plants' ability to cope with various stresses. Even though Rubus chingii is an important traditional medicinally edible plant in east Asia, there are no comprehensive studies of BBX members in R. chingii. In this study, 32 RcBBX members were identified, and these were divided into five groups. A collinearity analysis showed that gene duplication events were common, and when combined with a motif analysis of the RcBBX genes, it was concluded that group V genes might have undergone deletion of gene fragments or mutations. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that each RcBBX gene contained hormone-, light-, and stress-related elements. Expression patterns of the 32 RcBBX genes during fruit ripening revealed that highest expression occurred at the small green fruit stage. Of note, the expression of several RcBBX genes increased rapidly as fruit developed. These findings, combined with the expression profiles of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes during fruit ripening, allowed us to identify the nucleartargeted RcBBX26, which positively promoted anthocyanin production in R. chingii. The collective findings of this study shed light on the function of RcBBX genes in different tissues, developmental stages, and in response to two abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase（F3'H）is a key enzyme in the synthesis of anthocyanins in plants, and the function and expression characteristics of F3'H gene in Rhododendron hybridum Hort were investigated.【Method】The petals and roots, stems and leaves of R. hybridum Hort at different developmental stages were used as experimental materials. The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene sequence information of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was screened from the R. hybridum Hort transcript database and bioinformatics analysis was performed, and the RhF3'H gene was cloned by reverse transcription（RT-PCR）technology. The anthocyanin content in the petals of R. hybridum Hort at different stages was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and the expression of RhF3'H gene was analyzed by RTqPCR technology on different tissues of petals at different development stages and maturity stages. The overexpression vector 35S:RhF3'H-GFP recombinant vector was constructed by Gateway technology for subcellular localization verification, and p1302-RhF3'H overexpression vector was constructed to infect the petals of R. hybridum Hort.【Result】The RhF3'H gene was 1 557 bp in length and encoded 518 amino acids, and the protein encoded by RhF3'H belonged to the P450 superfamily with a conserved F3'H domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RhF3'H was the most closely related to Dimocarpus longan and Litchi chinensis F3'H proteins. The results of RT-qPCR showed that RhF3'H was expressed in different petal stages and roots, stems, and leaf tissues of R. hybridum Hort. The expressions of RhF3'H gene were higher in the blooming and decaying stages of different petal development stages, which was consistent with the anthocyanin content, and subcellular localization analysis showed that RhF3'H mainly existed on the cell membrane. Compared with CK and p1302, p1302-RhF3'H was significantly higher in the petals of R. hybridum Hort and its anthocyanin content significantly increased.【Conclusion】The RhF3'H gene was expressed in the petal cell membrane, and the expression pattern was consistent with the accumulation trend of anthocyanins. Overexpression of the RhF3'H gene promotes the synthesis of anthocyanins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanidins exist in the form of glycosides bound to glucose or fibre disaccharide molecules, and are a class of water-soluble natural pigments that are widely found in fruits, vegetables and flowers in nature. Anthocyanins have physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and virus growth inhibition, thus they have broad application prospects in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Purple corn is an anthocyanin-rich crop, and the study of its anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is of high practical significance. With the in depth study of anthocyanin synthesis pathway in plants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway has been gradually clarified, but the anthocyanin regulatory genes and the mechanism still have a lot of room for exploration. In recent years, researchers have made great progress in the study of anthocyanin-rich maize, but the precision breeding of anthocyanin-rich maize needs further research. In this paper, we reviewed the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, key enzyme genes and regulatory genes of maize, systematically analysed the effects of structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway of maize as well as regulatory genes, such as MYB, bHLH, WD40, etc., and elaborated on the regulation of anthocyanins by the MBW ternary complex. We also discussed the unresolved issues in breeding anthocyanin-rich maize and the future research direction, with a view to providing reference for future research on the genetic improvement of anthocyanins in maize and the selection of maize varieties with high anthocyanin content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delphinidin, a plant anthocyanidin, suppresses disuse muscle atrophy in mice. However, its effect on muscle fiber type shift is unclear. To examine whether delphinidin affects skeletal muscle fiber type, differentiated C2C12 cells were treated with delphinidin. Results revealed that delphinidin upregulated the mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain type I (MyHCI), troponin C1, troponin I1, and MyHCIIx and increased slow MyHC protein level in C2C12 myotubes. Delphinidin also enhanced succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and suppressed lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition attenuated delphinidin-induced MyHCI upregulation and MyHCIIb downregulation. We investigated the effect of delphinidin on the upstream factors involved in AMPK activation. Delphinidin increased liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKK2) protein levels. In conclusion, delphinidin induced muscle fiber type conversion from fast-twitch to slow-twitch muscles through the AMPK signaling pathway.

In order to improve the nutritional value of leisure tree nuts, this study was conducted to explore the effects of the supplemental levels of anthocyanin, salt and citric acid on the sensory and anthocyanin retention rates of the product in the pre-cooked solution of Zanthoxylum, anise and cassia, which were 1. 5%, 3. 0% and 4. 0% (w/ w), respectively. The results of single factor optimization showed that when the supplemental levels of anthocyanin, salt and citric acid were 8. 0%, 12. 5% and 0. 6% (w/ w), respectively, the score of sensory evaluation was the highest, and the anthocyanin retention rate reached 63. 54%, respectively. After moisturizing and drying at 95 ℃ for 160 min, pecan showed nutty fragrance, and anthocyanin retention rate was 40. 88%. After baking at 125 ℃ for 25 min, the product was crisp and good in appearance, and the anthocyanin retention rate was 36. 97%. The results of this study can provide reference for the application of anthocyanins in baked foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to remove tannin from fruit juice efficiently and improve the quality of fruit juice, the deastringency process of the Aronia melanocarpa juice was optimized by ultra-high pressure collaborative enzymolysis method. The effects of tannase addition, enzymolysis pressure and enzymolysis time on deastringency rate and anthocyanin retention rate were studied by single factor test. The deastringency process was further optimized by response surface test. The results show that the best parameters of deastringency process are as follows: tannase addition 0.1%, enzymolysis pressure 260 MPa,and enzymolysis time 10 min. Under these conditions, the deastringency rate of the juice is 89.08%, and the retention rate of anthocyanin is 99.91%. The ultra-high pressure collaborative enzymolysis method can not only remove most tannins, but also retain anthocyanins to the maximum extent. The study results provide a reference for the deastringency process of Aronia Melanocarpa and its related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins are nutrient substances commonly seen in rice grains, but anthocyanidin, with benefit for plant growth and animal health, exists mainly in the common wild rice but hardly in the cultivated rice. To screen the rice germplasm with high intensity of anthocyanidins and identify the variations, we used metabolomics technique and detected significant different accumulation of anthocyanidins in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon, with purple leaf sheath) and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa, with green leaf sheath). In this study, we identified and characterized a well-known MYB transcription factor, OsC1, through phenotypic (leaf sheath color) and metabolic (metabolite profiling) genome-wide association studies (pGWAS and mGWAS) in 160 common wild rice (O. rufipogon) and 151 cultivated (O. sativa) rice varieties. Transgenic experiments demonstrated that biosynthesis and accumulation of cyanidin-3-Galc, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin O-syringic acid, as well as purple pigmentation in leaf sheath were regulated by OsC1. A total of 25 sequence variations of OsC1 constructed 16 functional haplotypes (higher accumulation of the three anthocyanidin types within purple leaf sheath) and 9 non-functional haplotypes (less accumulation of anthocyanidins within green leaf sheath). Three haplotypes of OsC1 were newly identified in our germplasm, which have potential values in functional genomics and molecular breeding of rice. Gene-to-metabolite analysis by mGWAS and pGWAS provides a useful and efficient tool for functional gene identification and omics-based crop genetic improvement.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins are nutrient substances commonly seen in rice grains, but anthocyanidin, with benefit for plant growth and animal health, exists mainly in the common wild rice but hardly in the cultivated rice. To screen the rice germplasm with high intensity of anthocyanidins and identify the variations, we used metabolomics technique and detected significant different accumulation of anthocyanidins in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon, with purple leaf sheath) and cultivated rice (Oryza sativa, with green leaf sheath). In this study, we identified and characterized a well-known MYB transcription factor, OsC1, through phenotypic (leaf sheath color) and metabolic (metabolite profiling) genome-wide association studies (pGWAS and mGWAS) in 160 common wild rice (O. rufipogon) and 151 cultivated (O. sativa) rice varieties. Transgenic experiments demonstrated that biosynthesis and accumulation of cyanidin-3-Galc, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin O-syringic acid, as well as purple pigmentation in leaf sheath were regulated by OsC1. A total of 25 sequence variations of OsC1 constructed 16 functional haplotypes (higher accumulation of the three anthocyanidin types within purple leaf sheath) and 9 non-functional haplotypes (less accumulation of anthocyanidins within green leaf sheath). Three haplotypes of OsC1 were newly identified in our germplasm, which have potential values in functional genomics and molecular breeding of rice. Gene-to-metabolite analysis by mGWAS and pGWAS provides a useful and efficient tool for functional gene identification and omics-based crop genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The anthurium is a popular cut flower worldwide having red, pink, coral, white, green, or brown spathes. There is a constant demand for new flower colours in the commercial market. Flower colour in plants is mainly determined by anthocyanins. Understanding anthocyanin variation and other factors affecting anthurium spathe colour is important for genetic engineering approaches. Therefore, our objectives were to assess the factors affecting colour variation of selected commercially available cut flower anthuriums and to determine the associated regulatory networks and transcription factors (TFs). Nineteen commercial cut flower anthurium cultivars were selected for this purpose. The colour of the spathe surface, anthocyanin location, anthocyanidin type and vacuolar pH were recorded. Anthocyanin associated Gene Network Model generation and analysis were carried out. The CIELAB colourimeter procedure indicated the colour variation among the selected 19 cultivars in terms of colour type, colour intensity, chroma, and hue angle. The location of anthocyanin was limited to mesophyll and epidermal cells. Cyanidin was detected in tested anthurium cultivars as the main anthocyanidin. The pH gradient in pigment extracts indicated a variation with a range of 4.6 to 4.94. The gene pathways of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport were associated with that of the vacuolar pH/H+ pump according to Gene Network Model. Three pathways were regulated by an R2R3-MYB transcription factor. Although, cyanidin was the only pigment in all the tested cultivars, different pH levels by R2R3-MYB regulated V-H+ synthase was suggested to be the cause of the high colour variation in addition to the anthocyanidin type and location. Our results indicate the application of R2R3-MYB transcription factor genes for desirable vacuolar pH maintenance in genetic engineering of the blue anthurium in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube is a plant of the genus Ziziphus in the family Rhamnaceae; its fruit has high nutritional value, and it is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites. The color of its peel is an important indicator for evaluating the appearance of the fruit. However, the mechanism of the difference in color presentation between the seedling offspring of the ‘Red Fruit’ (TLHH) and the ‘Green Fruit’ (TLHL) of the fresh jujube cultivar ‘Tailihong’ is not clear. Therefore, this study used targeted metabolomics techniques to accurately and quantitatively analyze the metabolic pathways of carotenoid and anthocyanin metabolites during the ripening process of two color-presenting types of jujube fruits. Through the analysis of the dynamic changes in the pigment content of the jujube peel, it was found that 30 DAP (days after pollination), 80 DAP, and 110 DAP were the key periods for the development of the color of the peel of ‘TLHL’ and ‘TLHH’ jujube and that the substances responsible for the main differences were chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Furthermore, we used an LC-MS/MS metabolic analysis to compare the differences in the carotenoids and anthocyanin metabolites between the two color-presenting types of jujube peels at the key periods of 30 DAP, 80 DAP, and 110 DAP. We detected 32 carotene metabolites and 75 anthocyanin metabolites, respectively, among which lutein had the highest content of carotenoids; it reached the maximum value (93.05 µg/g) and was higher than that of ‘TLHH’ (74.14 µg/g) at 30 DAP of ‘TLHL’. Both showed a decreasing trend with fruit ripening. The anthocyanin with the highest content was cyanidin-3-O-(tartaryl)rhamnoside-5-O-glucoside, which reached the maximum value (258.32 µg/g) at 30 DAP of ‘TLHH’ and was 51.6 times that of ‘TLHL’; similarly, both showed a decreasing trend with fruit ripening. These results elucidate the main metabolites of carotenoids and anthocyanins in the two types of jujube peel and their accumulation characteristics, suggesting that the key metabolites of the difference in color between ‘TLHL’ and ‘TLHH’ jujube fruits were lutein and cyanidin-3-O-(tartaryl)rhamnoside-5-O-glucoside, increasing the understanding of the color mechanism of jujube peel and providing a reference for targeted genetic breeding of jujube peel color.

Using naturally colored cotton (NCC) can eliminate dyeing, printing and industrial processing, and reduce sewage discharge and energy consumption. Proanthocyanidins (PAs), the primary coloration components in brown fibers, are polyphenols formed by oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol units derived from anthocyanidins. Three essential structural genes for flavanone and flavonoid hydroxylation encoding flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) are initially committed in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway to produce common precursors. The three genes were all expressed predominantly in developing fibers of NCCs, and their expression patterns varied temporally and spatially among NCC varieties. In GhF3Hi, GhF3′Hi and GhF3′5′Hi silenced lines of NCC varieties XC20 and ZX1, the expression level of the three genes decreased in developing cotton fiber, negatively correlated with anthocyanidin content and fiber color depth. Fiber color depth and type in RNAi lines changed with endogenous gene silencing efficiency and expression pattern,the three hydroxylase genes functioned in fiber color formation. GhF3H showed functional differentiation among NCC varieties and GhF3′H acted in the accumulation of anthocyanin in fiber. Compared with GhF3′H, GhF3′5′H was expressed more highly in brown fiber with a longer duration of expression and caused lighter color of fibers in GhF3′5′H silenced lines. These three genes regulating fiber color depth and type could be used to improve these traits by genetic manipulation.

Anthocyanin, a kind of flavonoid, plays a crucial role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. Salt stress is a kind of abiotic stress that can damage the growth and development of plant seedlings. However, limited research has been conducted on the involvement of maize seedlings in salt stress resistance via anthocyanin accumulation, and its potential molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, it is of great significance for the normal growth and development of maize seedlings to explore the potential molecular mechanism of anthocyanin improving salt tolerance of seedlings via transcriptome analysis. In this study, we identified two W22 inbred lines (tolerant line pur–W22 and sensitive line bro–W22) exhibiting differential tolerance to salt stress during seedling growth and development but showing no significant differences in seedling characteristics under non–treatment conditions. In order to identify the specific genes involved in seedlings' salt stress response, we generated two recombinant inbred lines (RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22) by crossing pur–W22 and bro–W22, and then performed transcriptome analysis on seedlings grown under both non–treatment and salt treatment conditions. A total of 6100 and 5710 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22 seedlings, respectively, under salt–stressed conditions when compared to the non–treated groups. Among these DEGs, 3160 were identified as being present in both RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22, and these served as commonly stressed EDGs that were mainly enriched in the redox process, the monomer metabolic process, catalytic activity, the plasma membrane, and metabolic process regulation. Furthermore, we detected 1728 specific DEGs in the salt–tolerant RILpur–W22 line that were not detected in the salt–sensitive RILbro–W22 line, of which 887 were upregulated and 841 were downregulated. These DEGs are primarily associated with redox processes, biological regulation, and the plasma membrane. Notably, the anthocyanin synthesis related genes in RILpur–W22 were strongly induced under salt treatment conditions, which was consistented with the salt tolerance phenotype of its seedlings. In summary, the results of the transcriptome analysis not only expanded our understanding of the complex molecular mechanism of anthocyanin in improving the salt tolerance of maize seedlings, but also, the DEGs specifically expressed in the salt–tolerant line (RILpur–W22) provided candidate genes for further genetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by high blood sugar concentration is a major global public health problem and untreated DM results in blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and lower extremity amputation. In this structure-based drug design (SBDD) study, the potential inhibitory effects of twelve anthocyanidins (aglycon unit of anthocyanins) components on human pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes were investigated using the molecular docking method and a novel approach developed by our research group was used to rank the global binding potentials of ligands to a series of different enzymes simultaneously. In addition, drug-likeness, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity (ADMET) predictions, and intracellular target-component interaction network analyses of twelve anthocyanidin components were performed using the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH). Petunidin, peonidin, and aurantinidin were determined as 'hit' phytochemicals according to the docking binding energy and relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analyses, whereas, based on the RBCI index, petunidin was found to be the most effective ligand in terms of binding capacity to both enzymes that play an important role in DM. The more accessible and large-volume active site of α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase caused petunidin to bind with higher affinity against α-amylase. Promisingly, petunidin did not violate any of the criteria for drug-likeness consisting of a combination of the Lipinski's rule of 5, Ghose and Veber filters, showed no cytochrome (CYP) P450 or hERG I-II inhibitory activity in the ADMET analysis, however, it was found to have a low gastrointestinal absorption profile. In intracellular target-component network analysis using the STITCH online platform, it was determined that petunidin did not show negative functional interactions with any enzyme in the human protein network. Considering these results, it is recommended that petunidin be advanced to further in vitro and in vivo assays as a potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory agent in the treatment of DM. However, the intestinal absorption profile of petunidin must be enhanced by molecular optimization without compromising its pharmacological activity.

Acid-catalyzed depolymerization is recognized as the most practical method for analyzing subunit composition and the polymerization degree of proanthocyanidins, involving purification by removing free flavan-3-ols, as well as acid-catalyzed cleavage and the identification of cleavage products. However, after the removal of proanthocyanidins with low molecular weights during purification, the formation of anthocyanidins from the extension subunits accompanying acid-catalyzed cleavage occurred. Thus, grape seed extract other than purified proanthocyanidins was applied to acid-catalyzed depolymerization. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography was developed to quantify free flavan-3-ols in grape seed extract to distinguish them from flavan-3-ols from terminal subunits of proanthocyanidins. Reverse-phase chromatography was used to analyze anthocyanidins and cleavage products at 550 and 280 nm, respectively. It is found that the defects of the recognized method did not influence the results of the subunit composition, but both altered the mean degree of polymerization. The established method was able to directly analyze proanthocyanidins in grape seed extract for higher accuracy and speed than the recognized method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthocyanin-rich litchi shell extract (LE) was mixed with the matrix to prepare active/intelligent food packaging composite films. The microstructure and properties of composite films were characterized. The results showed that the composite films incorporated with LE had texture-oriented layered, compact, uniform cross-sections. The composite films with LE showed different degrees of red. The composite films had similar water vapor transmission rates (1.62–1.65 × 10−12 g·cm/cm2·Pa·s). However, gelatin/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/litchi shell extract (Gel/Csa/PVA/LE) film had better UV blocking rates (0–20 %), the best tensile strength (18.6 MPa) and elongation at break (116%). When the composite films monitored for fish freshness at 4 °C (10 d) and 25 °C (3 d), the Gel/Csa/PVA/LE film had the pH sensitivity to show an obvious color change at 25 °C, 1th day. The results suggested that the Gel/Csa/PVA/LE film could be applied to intelligent food packaging film to indicate the freshness of fish. [Display omitted] • A novel active and intelligent food packaging composite film incorporated with litchi shell extract was prepared. • Litchi shell extract had excellent antibacterial properties. • Litchi shell extract had extremely high UV shielding properties. • The composite film with litchi shell extract had outstanding mechanical properties. • The intelligent packaging film with litchi shell extract could be used as pH indicator of fish freshness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anthocyanins in China aster of different colours were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time. • 2. Genotype 'Arka violet Cushion' was the richest source of anthocyanins (469.36 mg/100 g FW), with delphinidin and cyanidin as major compounds. • Anthocyanin content of Arka violet cushion was 2–3 times that of Clitorea ternatea, Centaurea cyanus and hibiscus rosa-sinensis, which can be exploited commercially for bio-color synthesis. Anthocyanins are biocolorants which have gained momentum owing to their extensive range of colors and antioxidant activity which has great potential in food, pharmaceutical, textile and cosmetic industries. China aster became popular among the consumers due to its myriad colors. To find out the pigment composition responsible for flower color, fifteen genotypes of China aster were studied using liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The flower color analysis indicated that the 15 genotypes of China aster grouped into seven groups viz., red purple, red, purple, purple violet, violet, white and yellow. Flower petals were evaluated for color through Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart (RHSCC) and calorimeter that resulted in most of the genotypes were categorized under red purple group. The flower color in China aster is due to the presence of three primary anthocyanidins namely cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin. A total of 4 anthocyanins namely cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin and malvidin were identified and quantified. The genotype Arka Violet Cushion was the richest source of anthocyanins (469.36 mg/100 g FW) and IIHRJ22, the poorest (1.17 mg/100 g FW). Genotype Arka Violet Cushion recorded highest for both the cyanidin and delphinidin, however, pelargonidin was recorded highest in Matsumoto Red. The genotype Arka Violet Cushion has been identified with highest anthocyanin can be exploited commercially for bio-color synthesis. The trend of decreased L* value of Color Reader with increased total anthocyanin content was observed in red purple and purple group. The correlation between L* value and total anthocyanin content was not observed in white and violet group. The results revealed that the white and yellow group has very low anthocyanin content which indicates the presence of co-pigmentation in China aster. Arka Violet Cushion recorded 2–3 times higher anthocyanin content than the commercial sources viz., Clitorea ternatea, Centaurea cyanus and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , which can be exploited commercially for bio color synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by high blood sugar concentration is a major global public health problem and untreated DM results in blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and lower extremity amputation. In this structure-based drug design (SBDD) study, the potential inhibitory effects of twelve anthocyanidins (aglycon unit of anthocyanins) components on human pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes were investigated using the molecular docking method and a novel approach developed by our research group was used to rank the global binding potentials of ligands to a series of different enzymes simultaneously. In addition, drug-likeness, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity (ADMET) predictions, and intracellular target-component interaction network analyses of twelve anthocyanidin components were performed using the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH). Petunidin, peonidin, and aurantinidin were determined as 'hit' phytochemicals according to the docking binding energy and relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analyses, whereas, based on the RBCI index, petunidin was found to be the most effective ligand in terms of binding capacity to both enzymes that play an important role in DM. The more accessible and large-volume active site of α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase caused petunidin to bind with higher affinity against α-amylase. Promisingly, petunidin did not violate any of the criteria for drug-likeness consisting of a combination of the Lipinski's rule of 5, Ghose and Veber filters, showed no cytochrome (CYP) P450 or hERG I-II inhibitory activity in the ADMET analysis, however, it was found to have a low gastrointestinal absorption profile. In intracellular target-component network analysis using the STITCH online platform, it was determined that petunidin did not show negative functional interactions with any enzyme in the human protein network. Considering these results, it is recommended that petunidin be advanced to further in vitro and in vivo assays as a potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory agent in the treatment of DM. However, the intestinal absorption profile of petunidin must be enhanced by molecular optimization without compromising its pharmacological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (HID) plays an important role in isoflavone biosynthesis. In this study, HID was isolated from the seeds of the purple-grained Tibetan hulless barley variety Nerumuzha and the white-grained variety Kunlun 10. The HvnHID gene includes the 981 bp open reading frame and encodes a protein of 327 amino acids. It has a typical Abhydrolase_3 domain (78-306) and belongs to the carboxylesterase (CXE) family of the Abhydrolase_3 (α/β hydrolase) superfamily. There are eight nucleotide differences in the HvnHID coding sequence and two amino acid differences (one in the Abhydrolase_3 domain) between Nerumuzha and Kunlun 10. The HvnHID of hulless barley has the closest relationship with the HID in Hordeum vulgare, and the most distant relationship in Panicum hallii. At the early-mid stage of the seed colour development, the HvnHID expression levels in the purple and black seeds were significantly higher than in the white and blue ones (P < 0.01). During the seed colour development of purple-grained hulless barley, the expression of the key genes (HvnF3'H, HvnDRF, HvnANT1, and HvnGT) in the anthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway increased significantly, while the HvnHID expression decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Thus, it is likely that HvnHID negatively regulates the anthocyanidin biosynthesis. This result provides an important basis for further study of the biological functions of HvnHID in the anthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway.

Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first key enzyme in anthocyanidin synthesis pathway. To explore the CHS expression pattern under different light quality and transcription factor regulation, 2 CHS genes（VdCHS2 and VdCHS3）were cloned from Vitis davidii callus, and VdCHS bioinformatics and relative expression by 8 different light quality treatments were conducted. Moreover, CHS promoter cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding sites were predicted. The results showed that VdCHS2 and VdCHS3 were cloned with 1 382 bp and 1 398 bp length, respectively. Both CHS were composed of 2 exons and 1 intron, and they encoded hydrophilic proteins without signal peptide, and were predicted to be cytoplasm-located. Light promoted the expression of VdCHS, which was up-regulated under short wavelength light induction, then down-regulated when its expression level reached a certain level. But long wavelength light inhibited the expression of VdCHS. Total 13 MYB transcription factors targeted at CHS were predicted, and there were 23 MYB recognition and binding elements on the 2 CHS promoters. The above results revealed that light quality affected greatly the expression of CHS. Moreover, 13 MYB transcription factors may be involved in CHS transcription regulation in anthocyanidin synthesis of V. davidii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids have been inversely associated to colorectal cancer (CRC) and are plausible intermediaries for the relation among gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and CRC. We analyzed the relation of flavonoid intake with CRC and blood bacterial DNA. We conducted a case–control study in Italy involving 100 incident CRC cases and 200 controls. A valid and reproducible food–frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary habits and to estimate six flavonoid subclass intakes. We applied qPCR and 16S rRNA gene profiling to assess blood bacterial DNA. We used multiple logistic regression to derive odds ratios (ORs) of CRC and Mann–Whitney and chi-–square tests to evaluate abundance and prevalence of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) according to flavonoid intakes. Inverse associations with CRC were found for anthocyanidins (OR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.24, 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.11–0.52) and flavanones (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08–0.42). We found different abundance and prevalence according to anthocyanidin and flavanone intake for OTUs referring to Oligoflexales order, Diplorickettsiaceae family, Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas, Pelomonas and Escherischia–Shigella genera, and Flavobacterium and Legionella species. The study provides evidence to a protective effect of dietary anthocyanidins and flavanones on CRC and suggests an influence of flavonoids on blood bacterial DNA, possibly through intestinal permeability changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anthocyanidins are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice. This class of molecules includes Delphinidin (Del), Cyanidin (Cya), and Pelargonidin (Pel). Using prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines PC3, MDA-MB-231, BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2, we show that anthocyanidins inhibit cell proliferation (measured by MTT assay) and induce apoptosis like cell death (measured by DNA/Histone ELISA). Copper chelator neocuproine and reactive oxygen species scavengers (thiourea for hydroxyl radical and superoxide dismutase for superoxide anion) significantly inhibit this reaction thus demonstrating that intracellular copper reacts with anthocyanidins in cancer cells to cause DNA damage via ROS generation. We further show that copper-supplemented media sensitizes normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) to Del-mediated growth inhibition as determined by decreased cell proliferation. Copper supplementation results in increased expression of copper transporters Ctr1 and ATP7A inMCF-10A cells, which is attenuated by the addition of Del in the medium. We propose that the copper mediated, ROS-induced mechanism of selective cell death of cancer cells may in part explain the anticancer effects of anthocyanidins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity of protoplasts requires a comprehensive analysis of the morphological and metabolic characteristics of many individual cells. In this study, we developed a microfluidic flow cytometry with fluorescence sensor for functional characterization and phenotyping of protoplasts to allow an unbiased assessment of the influence of environmental factors at the single cell level. First, based on the measurement of intracellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a DCFH-DA dye, the effects of various external stress factors such as H2O2, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) light, and cadmium ions on intracellular ROS accumulation in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts were quantitatively investigated. Second, a faster and stronger oxidative burst was observed in Petunia protoplasts isolated from white petals than in those isolated from purple petals, demonstrating the photoprotective role of anthocyanins. Third, using mutants with different endogenous auxin, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of auxin during the process of primary cell wall regeneration. Moreover, UV-B irradiation has a similar accelerating effect by increasing the intracellular auxin level, as shown by double fluorescence channels. In summary, our work has revealed previously underappreciated phenotypic variability within a protoplast population and demonstrated the advantages of a microfluidic flow cytometry for assessing the in vivo dynamics of plant metabolic and physiological indices at the single-cell level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel porous corn starch-based antibacterial sustained-release intelligent film was prepared with the porous corn starch as the substrate, purple corn cob anthocyanin (PCA) as the indicator, and tangerine peel essential oil as the antibacterial agent, and its properties were studied. The results showed that the porous corn starch-based antimicrobial sustained-release indicator film had good mechanical strength, surface hydrophobicity and light transmittance. The tensile strength of the sustained-release indicator film (PLSt-12) prepared by porous corn starch with an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 12 h was 14.35 MPa and the elongation at break was 6.55 %. The water contact angle was 89.10°, and the water vapor transmittance was 6.62 × 10 -4  g·mm 2 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 . The PLSt-12 was brown at pH 10 and had a sensitive color response. The PLSt-12 reduced the release rate of anthocyanins by 25.01 %, and the sustained-release mechanism was non-Fick diffusion. It showed a significant color change when the pork quality deteriorated, which can be used to monitor the freshness of the pork. This type of antibacterial sustained-release intelligent film had considerable application potential in indicating food freshness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Anthocyanidins are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice. This class of molecules includes Delphinidin (Del), Cyanidin (Cya), and Pelargonidin (Pel). Using prostate, breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines PC3, MDA-MB-231, BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2, we show that anthocyanidins inhibit cell proliferation (measured by MTT assay) and induce apoptosis like cell death (measured by DNA/Histone ELISA). Copper chelator neocuproine and reactive oxygen species scavengers (thiourea for hydroxyl radical and superoxide dismutase for superoxide anion) significantly inhibit this reaction thus demonstrating that intracellular copper reacts with anthocyanidins in cancer cells to cause DNA damage via ROS generation. We further show that copper-supplemented media sensitizes normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) to Del-mediated growth inhibition as determined by decreased cell proliferation. Copper supplementation results in increased expression of copper transporters Ctr1 and ATP7A in MCF-10A cells, which is attenuated by the addition of Del in the medium. We propose that the copper mediated, ROS-induced mechanism of selective cell death of cancer cells may in part explain the anticancer effects of anthocyanidins.

Anthocyanin, a kind of flavonoid, plays a crucial role in plant resistance to abiotic stress. Salt stress is a kind of abiotic stress that can damage the growth and development of plant seedlings. However, limited research has been conducted on the involvement of maize seedlings in salt stress resistance via anthocyanin accumulation, and its potential molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, it is of great significance for the normal growth and development of maize seedlings to explore the potential molecular mechanism of anthocyanin improving salt tolerance of seedlings via transcriptome analysis. In this study, we identified two W22 inbred lines (tolerant line pur–W22 and sensitive line bro–W22) exhibiting differential tolerance to salt stress during seedling growth and development but showing no significant differences in seedling characteristics under non–treatment conditions. In order to identify the specific genes involved in seedlings’ salt stress response, we generated two recombinant inbred lines (RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22) by crossing pur–W22 and bro–W22, and then performed transcriptome analysis on seedlings grown under both non–treatment and salt treatment conditions. A total of 6100 and 5710 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22 seedlings, respectively, under salt–stressed conditions when compared to the non–treated groups. Among these DEGs, 3160 were identified as being present in both RILpur–W22 and RILbro–W22, and these served as commonly stressed EDGs that were mainly enriched in the redox process, the monomer metabolic process, catalytic activity, the plasma membrane, and metabolic process regulation. Furthermore, we detected 1728 specific DEGs in the salt–tolerant RILpur–W22 line that were not detected in the salt–sensitive RILbro–W22 line, of which 887 were upregulated and 841 were downregulated. These DEGs are primarily associated with redox processes, biological regulation, and the plasma membrane. Notably, the anthocyanin synthesis related genes in RILpur–W22 were strongly induced under salt treatment conditions, which was consistented with the salt tolerance phenotype of its seedlings. In summary, the results of the transcriptome analysis not only expanded our understanding of the complex molecular mechanism of anthocyanin in improving the salt tolerance of maize seedlings, but also, the DEGs specifically expressed in the salt–tolerant line (RILpur–W22) provided candidate genes for further genetic analysis.

Seed coat color is an important quality and domestication trait. The adzuki bean has more than a dozen seed coat colors closely associated with the anthocyanin and flavonoid metabolism pathways. In this study, we explored the pigment composition of 10 different seed coat color adzuki beans including red, black mottle on red, black mottle on gray, golden, green, black, ivory, brown, and light brown. The results showed that anthocyanins are the main pigment in adzuki bean seed coat. There were no carotenoid or pelargonidin derivatives in the seed coats of any accessions. Different colors of adzuki bean seed coat have different pigment compositions and the combination of procyanidins and anthocyanins affected seed coat color. The ivory seed coat had an extremely low proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin content. Only the green adzuki bean seed coats contained chlorophyll. Our results explain the pigment composition of the different seed coat colors and the combination of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins affected seed coat color in adzuki bean. These results can provide a theoretical basis for the study of adzuki bean coloring mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An anthocyanidin, pelargonidin, primarily found in berries, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and is associated with better cognition and reduced Alzheimer's dementia risk.Objective: This study investigated if pelargonidin or berry intake is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in human brains.Methods: The study was conducted among 575 deceased participants (age at death = 91.3±6.1 years; 70% females) of the Rush Memory and Aging Project, with dietary data (assessed using a food frequency questionnaire) and neuropathological evaluations. Calorie-adjusted pelargonidin intake was modeled in quartiles and berry intake as continuous (servings/week). Mean amyloid-beta load and phosphorylated tau neuronal neurofibrillary tangle density across multiple cortical regions were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Global AD pathology burden, a quantitative summary score of neurofibrillary tangles, and diffuse and neuritic plaques using Bielschowsky silver stains in multiple brain regions, was also assessed.Results: In a linear regression model adjusted for age at death, sex, education, APOE ɛ4 status, vitamin E, and vitamin C, participants in the highest quartile of pelargonidin intake when compared to those in the lowest quartile, had less amyloid-β load (β (SE) = -0.293 (0.14), p = 0.038), and fewer phosphorylated tau tangles (β (SE) = -0.310, p = 0.051). Among APOE ɛ4 non-carriers, higher strawberry (β (SE) = -0.227 (0.11), p = 0.037) and pelargonidin (Q4 versus Q1: β (SE) = -0.401 (0.16), p = 0.011; p trend = 0.010) intake was associated with less phosphorylated tau tangles, no association was observed in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Berry intake was not associated with AD pathology. However, excluding participants with dementia or mild cognitive impairment at baseline, strawberry (p = 0.004) and pelargonidin (ptrend = 0.007) intake were associated with fewer phosphorylated tau tangles.Conclusion: Higher intake of pelargonidin, a bioactive present in strawberries, is associated with less AD neuropathology, primarily phosphorylated tau tangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid-catalyzed depolymerization is recognized as the most practical method for analyzing subunit composition and the polymerization degree of proanthocyanidins, involving purification by removing free flavan-3-ols, as well as acid-catalyzed cleavage and the identification of cleavage products. However, after the removal of proanthocyanidins with low molecular weights during purification, the formation of anthocyanidins from the extension subunits accompanying acid-catalyzed cleavage occurred. Thus, grape seed extract other than purified proanthocyanidins was applied to acid-catalyzed depolymerization. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography was developed to quantify free flavan-3-ols in grape seed extract to distinguish them from flavan-3-ols from terminal subunits of proanthocyanidins. Reverse-phase chromatography was used to analyze anthocyanidins and cleavage products at 550 and 280 nm, respectively. It is found that the defects of the recognized method did not influence the results of the subunit composition, but both altered the mean degree of polymerization. The established method was able to directly analyze proanthocyanidins in grape seed extract for higher accuracy and speed than the recognized method.

Fifteen commonly consumed purple vegetables were investigated for their total anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, profile of anthocyanins and their antioxidant abilities. The highest content of total anthocyanins was observed in red cabbage, followed by black carrot and red cowpea, with the content of 98.01, 60.98, and 47.01 mg·100 g−1, respectively. Totally, 50 anthocyanins were identified with 36 acylated and 14 nonacylated anthocyanins. Cyanidin was the most widely distributed aglycone which was found in 26 anthocyanins. Black carrot had the most abundant composition of anthocyanins, followed by hyacinth bean, red cabbage, and purple yam, with the number of 16, 14, 13, 12, respectively. Among the purple vegetables, antioxidant ability of black carrot was assumed to be the best, followed by red cabbage, red cowpea, and purple cauliflower. Basically, purple vegetables with high contents of total anthocyanins had high antioxidant ability, especially for FRAP and DPPH assay. This work provides the profile of anthocyanins in purple vegetables and how they might relate to antioxidant abilities, which is important for the development of functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring water-soluble flavonoids abundantly present in fruits and vegetables. They are polymethoxyderivatives of 2-phenyl-benzopyrylium or flavylium salts. Delphinidin (Dp) is a purple-colored plant pigment, which occurs in a variety of berries, eggplant, roselle, and wine. It is found in a variety of glycosidic forms ranging from glucoside to arabinoside. Dp is highly active in its aglycone form, but the presence of a sugar moiety is vital for its bioavailability. Several animal and human clinical studies have shown that it exerts beneficial effects on gut microbiota. Dp exhibits a variety of useful biological activities by distinct and complex mechanisms. This manuscript highlights the basic characteristics, chemistry, biosynthesis, stability profiling, chemical synthesis, physicochemical parameters along with various analytical methods developed for extraction, isolation and characterization, diverse biological activities and granted patents to this lead anthocyanin molecule, Dp. This review aims to open pathways for further exploration and research investigation on the true potential of the naturally occurring purple pigment (Dp) in its anthocyanidin and anthocyanin forms beyond nutrition.

The determination of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in wild grapes (Vitis sylvestris Gmelin) from Tunceli-Turkey are reported together with the influence of the extraction conditions on the results. Representative sets of anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-o-glucoside, cyanidin-3-o-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-o-glucoside, malvidin-3-o-glucoside) and anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, malvidin) were simultaneously determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The extraction conditions including the solvent type, extraction time and liquid:solid ratio (v:w) were optimized. The anthocyanin and anthocyanidin contents changed significantly depending on the extraction conditions. Malvidin-3-o-glucoside was identified to be the primary compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B-box (BBX) family, which is a class of zinc finger transcription factors, exhibits special roles in plant growth and development as well as in plants' ability to cope with various stresses. Even though Rubus chingii is an important traditional medicinally edible plant in east Asia, there are no comprehensive studies of BBX members in R. chingii . In this study, 32 RcBBX members were identified, and these were divided into five groups. A collinearity analysis showed that gene duplication events were common, and when combined with a motif analysis of the RcBBX genes, it was concluded that group V genes might have undergone deletion of gene fragments or mutations. Analysis of cis -acting elements revealed that each RcBBX gene contained hormone-, light-, and stress-related elements. Expression patterns of the 32 RcBBX genes during fruit ripening revealed that highest expression occurred at the small green fruit stage. Of note, the expression of several RcBBX genes increased rapidly as fruit developed. These findings, combined with the expression profiles of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes during fruit ripening, allowed us to identify the nuclear-targeted RcBBX26, which positively promoted anthocyanin production in R. chingii . The collective findings of this study shed light on the function of RcBBX genes in different tissues, developmental stages, and in response to two abiotic stresses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Xu, Zhang, Chen, Ying, Yao, Li, Teixeira da Silva and Yu.)

Abstract Background The formation of natural colored fibers mainly results from the accumulation of different anthocyanidins and their derivatives in the fibers of Gossypium hirsutum L. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first committed enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanidins are transported into fiber cells after biosynthesis mainly by Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) to present diverse colors with distinct stability. The biochemical and molecular mechanism of pigment formation in natural colored cotton fiber is not clear. Results The three key genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed in the developing fibers of colored cotton. In the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic cottons, the expression levels of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR significantly decreased in the developing cotton fiber, negatively correlated with the content of anthocyanidins and the color depth of cotton fiber. In colored cotton Zongxu1 (ZX1) and the GhCHSi, GhANRi and GhLARi transgenic lines of ZX1, HZ and ZH, the anthocyanidin contents of the leaves, cotton kernels, the mixture of fiber and seedcoat were all changed and positively correlated with the fiber color. Conclusion The three genes of GhCHS, GhANR and GhLAR were predominantly expressed early in developing colored cotton fibers and identified to be a key genes of cotton fiber color formation. The expression levels of the three genes affected the anthocyanidin contents and fiber color depth. So the three genes played a crucial part in cotton fiber color formation and has important significant to improve natural colored cotton quality and create new colored cotton germplasm resources by genetic engineering.

A method has been developed for the separation of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Experimental designs were applied for multivariate optimization of the HPLC experimental conditions with using response surface methodology (RSM). Three independent factors, namely formic acid concentration, initial ratio of acetonitrile in gradient program and flow rate, were used to design mathematical models. The responses were resolutions of four peak couples which were the most difficult to separate including: pelargonidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin, delphinidin and peonidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin and malvidin. Variance analysis proved a chosen model was highly fit and the RSM method yielded good results in improving separation of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. The optimized HPLC parameters were as follows: C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm), mobile phase is FA 10 % and ACN used as a gradient; flow rate 0.8 mL.min-1. Using these optimum conditions, separation of compounds with good resolutions and a run time of less than 30 min were archived. The results for method validation satisfied the requirement of AOAC, linearity range from 0.2–10 ppm with R2 ≥ 0.9955, LOD from 0.05–0.1 mg/kg, RSD from 4.79–6.45 % and the recovery is from 85.4 – 109.6 %. The method was applied to determone anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in some fruits and vegetables samples with the content of anthocyanidins being from 5.74 – 218.27 mg/100g. Anthocyanins primarily concentrate in peel of fruits and vegetables, black bean peel contains most anthocyanins.

A better understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity of protoplasts requires a comprehensive analysis of the morphological and metabolic characteristics of many individual cells. In this study, we developed a microfluidic flow cytometry with fluorescence sensor for functional characterization and phenotyping of protoplasts to allow an unbiased assessment of the influence of environmental factors at the single cell level. First, based on the measurement of intracellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a DCFH-DA dye, the effects of various external stress factors such as H2O2, temperature, ultraviolet (UV) light, and cadmium ions on intracellular ROS accumulation in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts were quantitatively investigated. Second, a faster and stronger oxidative burst was observed in Petunia protoplasts isolated from white petals than in those isolated from purple petals, demonstrating the photoprotective role of anthocyanins. Third, using mutants with different endogenous auxin, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of auxin during the process of primary cell wall regeneration. Moreover, UV-B irradiation has a similar accelerating effect by increasing the intracellular auxin level, as shown by double fluorescence channels. In summary, our work has revealed previously underappreciated phenotypic variability within a protoplast population and demonstrated the advantages of a microfluidic flow cytometry for assessing the in vivo dynamics of plant metabolic and physiological indices at the single-cell level.

Batoko plum fruit (Flacourtia inermis, Roxb) is one of the plants that contains anthocyanins. The fruit has purplish red color and was thought to benefit health by reducing blood sugar levels, as anti-hyperten-sion agents or antioxidants. The aim of this research was to determine the total anthocyanin content and identify the type of anthocyanidin and anthocyanin of batoko plum fruit. The total anthocyanin content of batoko plum fruit which determined by differential pH method was 26.56±0.28 mg/100 g (w.b.) or 103.89±1.08 mg/100 g (d.b.). Based on the Rf value on TLC and the peak retention time in HPLC, it was confirmed that the anthocyanin was delfinidine. However, the wavelength maximum absorbance data of the TLC spot showed the presence of cyanidine. These results were possibly caused by the use of too diluted extracts or the degradation of the anthocyanin during acid hydrolysis. Based on the Rf value on TLC and glucosidation pattern in UV-Vis spectrophotometer, it is suspected that cyanidine 3-glucoside and delfinidine 3-glucoside were present.

Potato tubers are an important agricultural crop containing carotenoids, an important group of secondary plant metabolites showing positive health benefits. This paper examines nine carotenoids at weekly intervals in three cultivars with different flesh color during the tuber maturation process, as analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Total carotenoids showed a bell-shaped distribution with maximum values in the middle of the tuber maturation process rather than in ready-to-harvest tubers. Xanthophylls (viola-, anthera-, neoxanthin and lutein) were the predominant carotenoid forms found in the cultivars. Red and purple-fleshed cultivars contained only a quarter of the total carotenoids of a commercial cultivar with yellow flesh. Weather conditions moderately influenced the carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle. In red or purple-fleshed tubers no relationship was found between total carotenoids and total anthocyanidins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vascular system is essential for the body to maintain health. Dysregulated vascular system leads to cardiovascular diseases and are observed in ischaemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes. TIE2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed on vascular endothelial cells and contributes to the maintenance of a vascular system. In this paper, we screened for natural products with an activity to induce phosphorylation of TIE2, which will be beneficial for protection of a vascular system. Employing HeLa cells expressing TIE2, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, anthocyanidins and triterpenoids were identified as active compounds that induce TIE2 phosphorylation. Several of the identified compounds are previously reported to protect endothelial cells from inflammation. Thus, the result provided TIE2 as the candidate receptor protein of those compounds for the protective effect of endothelial cells and the identified compounds will be a good candidate for maintenance of a vascular system.

In this study, we conducted an analysis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in different cultivars and genetic clones of American cranberries grown in Lithuanian climatic conditions. Four anthocyanin compounds predominated in fruit samples of American cranberry cultivars: cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, and peonidin-3-arabinoside. They accounted for 91.66 ± 2.79% of the total amount of the identified anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin content detected via the pH differential method was found to be by about 1.6 times lower than that detected via the UPLC method. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that the ‘Woolman’ cultivar distinguished from other cranberry cultivars in that its samples contained two times the average total amount of anthocyanins (8.13 ± 0.09 mg/g). The group of American cranberry cultivars ‘Howes’, ‘Le Munyon’, and ‘BL-8’ was found to have higher than average levels of anthocyanidin galactosides (means 3.536 ± 0.05 mg/g), anthocyanidins (means 0.319 ± 0.01 mg/g), and total anthocyanins (means 6.549 ± 0.09 mg/g). The evaluation of the antioxidant effect of cranberry fruit sample extracts showed that the greatest radical scavenging activity of the cranberry fruit extracts was determined in the fruit samples of ‘Woolman’ (849.75 ± 10.88 µmol TE/g) and the greatest reducing activity was determined in ‘Le Munyon’ (528.05 ± 12.16 µmol TE/g). The study showed a correlation between the total anthocyanin content and the antiradical and reductive activity of the extracts in vitro (respectively, R = 0.635 and R = 0.507, p < 0.05).

Background: Many of the health benefits of tea have been attributed to its flavonoid content. Tea consumption in US adults varies by socioeconomic status (SES).Objectives: The present objective was to explore intakes of total flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses by participant sociodemographics and by patterns of tea consumption.Methods: The present analyses were based on 2 d of dietary recalls for 17,506 persons aged >9 y in the 2011-2016 NHANES. The What We Eat in America nutrient composition database was merged with the USDA Expanded Flavonoid database, which included total flavonoids and flavan-3-ols (including catechins), flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, and isoflavones. Flavonoid intakes were compared by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) in univariate analyses. Flavonoid intakes of children and adults were also compared by tea consumption status. Time trends in flavonoid intakes were also examined.Results: Mean total flavonoid intake was 219 mg/d, of which flavan-3-ols provided 174 mg/d, or 79%. The highest total flavonoid intakes were found in adults aged 51-70 y (293 mg/d), non-Hispanic whites (251 mg/d) and in groups with college education (251 mg/d) and higher income (IPR >3.5: 249 mg/d) (P < 0.001 for all). The socioeconomic gradient was significant for anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavones (P < 0.001 for all) but not for flavan-3-ols, and persisted across 3 cycles of NHANES. Adult tea consumers had higher intakes of total flavonoids (610 mg/d compared with 141 mg/d) and flavan-3-ols (542 mg/d compared with 97.8 mg/d) than did nonconsumers (P < 0.001). Time trend analyses showed that both tea consumption and flavonoid intakes were unchanged from 2011 to 2016.Conclusions: Flavonoid intakes in children and adults in the NHANES 2011-16 sample were associated with higher SES and were largely determined by tea consumption. Studies of diet and disease risk need to take sociodemographic gradients and eating and drinking habits into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an advanced neurodegenerative disorder greatly accompanied by cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid plaques deposition, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hyper-activation. Growing evidence suggests natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features improve pathophysiological signs of AD. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Delphinidin (25, 50 mg/kg) as an anthocyanidin on spatial memory impairment and AD hallmarks such as hippocampal AChE activity, amyloid plaques deposition, oxidative stress and expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), AChE, and amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins in nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) lesioned rats as the most prevalent animal model of AD. Interestingly, Delphinidin-treated animals showed a significant decrease in escape latency and distance moved. Furthermore, in probe test, NBM lesioned rats treated with both doses of Delphinidin spent more time in the target quadrant zone in Morris water maze task. It could also interact with catalytic site of AChE enzyme and inhibits acetylcholine hydrolysis in in vitro and in vivo conditions. In addition, Delphinidin could scavenge additional produced reactive oxygen molecules dose dependently. Our immunoblotting analysis confirmed high dose of Delphinidin reduced AChE, APP and Aβ contents in AD model. Staining of hippocampus tissue revealed that Delphinidin treatment decreased amyloid plaques formation in NBM lesion rats. It seems that Delphinidin is a plate-like molecule intercalated between β-plated sheets related to Aβ molecules and inhibited amyloid fibril formation. Altogether, Delphinidin and Delphinidin-rich fruits could be suggested as a therapeutic adjuvant in AD and other related cognitive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]