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RESUMO A destilação simples do alcatrão vegetal gera uma tração oleosa obtida entre 120 °C e 250 °C. Esta fração, após redestilação na mesma faixa de temperatura e tratamento com soluções diluídas de hidróxido de sódio 10%, ácido sulfúrico 10%, bicarbonato de sódio 10% e éter metílico, dará origem aos fenóis brutos, que serão submetidos à destilação simples, aproveitando-se os vapores condensados entre 160 °C e 230° C para a produção dos adesivos fenólícos. Sugere-se a elaboração de três formulações, substituindo-se 0%, 50% e 100% de fenol comercial por fenóis do alcatrão. Os adesivos produzidos terão sua viscosidade, pH e teor de sólidos avaliados e, então, empregados para colar madeira sólida cujos corpos de prova serão submetidos a ensaios de ruptura sob tração, segundo especificações contidas na norma ASTM D 904-40, inerentes a estes ensaios.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os ácidos fenólicos em sementes de Angico-Vermelho (Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth), de Bálsamo (Myroxylon balsamum L.), de Cotieira (Joannesia princeps Vell.), de Jacarandá-Caviúna (Dalbergia nigra Vell.) e de Pinheiro-do-Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia Bert.), em função da grande importância desses compostos para o ciclo de vida das sementes e para os mecanismos biológicos das plantas superiores. Através da extração dos fenóis com etanol 80%, quantificou-se os tenéis totais nas amêndoas e nos tegumentos das sementes, a partir da utilização de uma equação gerada pelo ajustamento de uma curva padrão. Os resultados observados demonstraram a existência de sensíveis diferenças entre as quantidades de constituintes fenólicos nas amêndoas e nos tegumentos das sementes das espécies florestais estudadas, sendo observados valores médios variando de 0,009 a 0,495 miligrama de equivalentes catecol. grama-1 de peso seco para as amêndoas e de 0,036 a 1,826 miligrama de equivalentes catecol. grama-1 de peso seco para os tegumentos.

Abstract The fibrogenic process plays a significant pathophysiological role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one strategy to delay disease progression but does not reverse established fibrosis. In this context, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered an alternative due to their regenerative potential. iPSCs exert their effects through paracrine signaling, which releases specific biomolecules into the extracellular environment, either directly or within extracellular vesicle (EVs), that can reach target cells. This study aims to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of iPSC-derived EVs (EV-iPSCs) in an in vitro model of fibrosis using mouse mesangial cells (MMCs) stimulated with TGF-β. EV-iPSCs were obtained by differentially ultracentrifuging iPSCs culture medium. MMCs were stimulated with 5 ng/mL of TGF-β and simultaneously treated with or without EV-iPSCs for 24 h. Markers of inflammation, fibrosis, and RAS components were assessed using RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Under TGF-β stimulus, MMCs exhibited increased expression of inflammation markers, RAS components, and fibrosis. However, these changes were mitigated in the presence of EV-iPSCs. EV-iPSCs effectively reduced inflammation, RAS activation, and fibrogenesis in this fibrosis model involving mesangial cells, suggesting their potential as a strategy to reduce glomerular sclerosis.

Abstract Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard technique for gene expression analysis, but the choice of quantitative reference genes (housekeeping genes, HKG) remains challenging. Identify the best HKG is essential for estimating the expression level of target genes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the best HKG for an in vitro model with mouse mesangial cells (MMCs) stimulated with 5 ng/mL of TGF-β. Five candidates HKG were selected: Actb, Hprt, Gapdh, 18S and Ppia. After quantitative expression, the best combination of these genes was analyzed in silico using six software programs. To validate the results, the best genes were used to normalize the expression levels of fibronectin, vimentin and α-SMA. In silico analysis revealed that Ppia, Gapdh and 18S were the most stable genes between the groups. GenEX software and Spearman's correlation determined Ppia and Gapdh as the best HKG pair, and validation of the HKG by normalizing fibronectin, vimentin and α-SMA were consistent with results from the literature. Our results established the combination of Ppia and Gapdh as the best HKG pair for gene expression analysis by RT-PCR in this in vitro model using MMCs treated with TGF-β.

Resumo: Introdução: Ao final de 2019, um dos grandes desafios do século XXI veio à tona e atingiu o mundo todo. O longo período de isolamento levou as pessoas a se adaptar a uma nova forma de trabalho e estudo. A mesma medida foi adotada pelos cursos de Medicina, o que resultou em novas metodologias de aprendizagem. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, dados referentes ao processo de adaptação da educação médica on-line durante a pandemia. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura em que se utilizaram os dados das seguintes plataformas: PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). A pesquisa teve início em julho de 2021. Resultado: Inicialmente, com a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, obteve-se um total de 841 artigos oriundos das bases de dados selecionadas. Após a exclusão de artigos duplicados, esse número foi reduzido a 242 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, chegou-se a 22 artigos selecionados para o estudo. Conclusão: Como a Medicina é um curso prático em sua maioria, é fundamental o contato físico dos estudantes com os pacientes, de modo a desenvolver habilidades essenciais para um médico de qualidade, tanto em técnicas da semiologia médica como na desenvoltura da relação médico-paciente. Porém, a necessidade de um modo de aprendizagem surgiu com a pandemia, e o ensino não podia parar. Diante dos pontos levantados na literatura pesquisada, o senso comum seria a aplicação de um método de ensino híbrido - on-line e presencial - (visando à otimização de tempo e ao rompimento de barreiras geográficas, sem deixar de lado a importância da prática clínica), excepcionalmente on-line (quando houver situações extraordinárias, a exemplo da pandemia de Covid-19) ou somente presencial (em regiões onde é inviável a aplicação do e-learning).

In vitro germplasm conservation allows to extend the interval between subcultures without compromising the viability and genetic integrity of the plant, ensuring a backup of genotypes with high phytosanitary quality. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effect of four concentrations of Paclobutrazol® in inducing minimum growth in five Manihot esculenta accessions from the in vitro Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Cassava and Fruits. An experiment was installed using the Murashige and Skoog medium without addition and added with four concentrations of Paclobutrazol® (0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 mg L-1), in five in vitro accessions of M. esculenta: BRS Jari (BGM 2041), Cigana (BGM 0264), BRS Poti Branca (BGM 2017), TME 14, and BRS Novo Horizonte. The statistical design was completely randomized in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with 15 repetitions. After 120 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: plant height (cm), number of green leaves, number of senescent leaves, number of mini-cuttings, number of shoots, and fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots (mg). Paclobutrazol® caused a reduction in plant height and gain in root mass for all accessions, in addition to preserving the number of green leaves and decreasing leaf senescence for most genotypes. There was a strong dependence of the genotype in relation to the concentration of Paclobutrazol®. The concentration of 0.20 mg L-1 showed potential in the in vitro conservation of M. esculenta genotypes.

Study objective: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease that can cause left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. This study analyzed the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RA) in improving clinical and hemodynamic factors in patients receiving obstructive HCM refractory treatment. This evaluation was necessary because of the small number of studies on the effectiveness of this technique for obstructive HCM in the existing literature. Design: We used the PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct databases to identify randomized clinical trials and observational studies addressing the clinical and hemodynamic outcomes before and after RA in patients with HCM. Participants: We selected six articles published between 2011 and 2022, comprising 304 patients (mean age: 45 years). Interventions: We performed a bias assessment using the ROBINS I tool, and meta-analysis processing was performed using the STATA program (v.16.0). Results: The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest and with stimulation decreased by 58.78 mmHg (p = 0.001) and 70.38 mmHg (total effect Z = 21.62; p

Abstract Introduction: Cardiac pacemaker (PM) therapy is of paramount importance. PM use increases with age, with an estimated increased use of 70% to 80% in patients over 65 years. This study evaluated the perception of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of elderly patients with PM, comparing them with patients without PM, by applying two quality of life questionnaires: EuroQoL 5-dimensions (EQ-5D) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Methods: This study included elderly patients divided into a group with PM and another without PM. Information on HRQoL was obtained using the EQ-5D and SF-36 questionnaires. Results: The study involved 104 elderly patients with PM and 150 without PM. The distribution of responses to the EQ-5D was similar between groups. Statistical differences within the gender variable in the group of elderly people with PM were significant for the mobility, habitual activities, and anxiety/depression domains and for the average EQoL utility score and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). Elderly patients with PM presented significant differences between New York Heart Association classes 1 and 2 for the mobility domain and EQ-VAS, while those evaluated through SF-36 presented higher averages in vitality, general health status, and pain. However, a different analysis was observed in the physical aspect domain. Conclusion: The SF-36 demonstrated that elderly patients with PM had an HRQoL similar to or greater than those without PM. However, the results of the EQ-5D did not show significant differences regarding the implantation of PM and HRQoL between the two groups of elderly individuals in the study.

A construção civil é responsável por gerar grandes impactos ambientais, fazendo-se necessário adotar alternativas que reduzam essa problemática e atendam ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Entre as alternativas, destaca-se a substituição dos materiais convencionais por outros mais limpos, a exemplo do bambu. Trata-se de um vegetal de rápido desenvolvimento, com propriedades e potencialidade para ser utilizado na construção civil. Devido à sua elevada resistência à tração, torna-se equiparável ao aço. Partindo desse princípio, a presente pesquisa exploratória de método qualitativo apresenta como objetivo abordar o uso do bambu como material estrutural na construção civil. Por meio de uma metodologia de cunho bibliográfico, explicita-se as propriedades, os benefícios e as limitações do bambu na construção civil. Além disso, para melhor exemplificar o uso do bambu como material estrutural, foram expostas construções com esse material, como também, por meio de um questionário, foi realizada uma análise da sua utilização na construção civil no Brasil. Desse modo, verifica-se que o bambu é um material que detém propriedades úteis para ser utilizado na construção civil. Entretanto, no Brasil, sua utilização ainda não ocorre de forma ampla, devido a fatores que limitam o seu uso.

In vitro oxidation is a problem for some herbaceous and woody species and can cause darkening of tissues and consequently death of explants and plants Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of activated charcoal on in vitro yam cultivation, aiming at reducing or eliminating explant oxidation and optimizing the growth of the genotypes Dioscorea alata var. purpurea (Roxb.) A. Pouchet and Dioscorea rotundata Poir. Nodal segments of approximately 1 cm, extracted from plants previously grown in vitro, were introduced into test tubes containing 10 mL of 2GGC culture medium, plus 30 g L-1 sucrose, solidified with 2.2 g L-1 Phytagel® and pH adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving, containing activated charcoal doses of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g L-1. Plants were maintained for 90 days in a growth room, with temperature of 27 ± 1ºC, photon flux density of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 and photoperiod of 16 hours, after which their development variables were evaluated. Activated charcoal, at the concentration of 4 g L-1 considerably promoted the best development of plants, and the species D. alata var. purpurea showed higher means for all variables studied.

Sepsis contributes to the high prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), which mainly occurs in hospitalized patients. The delay in AKI detection is a risk factor for death and chronicity; thus, early diagnosis is essential for initiating proper treatment strategies. Although serum creatinine is used as biomarker, it is increased in plasma serum creatinine only at late stages of AKI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs responsible for gene regulation, can be found in biological fluids within vesicles such as exosomes and may be promising tools for the early detection of AKI. We aimed to identify potential blood miRNAs that can be used as early biomarkers of sepsis-induced AKI in rats. Adult male Wistar rats received a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The earliest significant increase in serum creatinine was detected 4 h after LPS administration. To evaluate whether miRNAs could act as early biomarkers, blood samples were collected before and 2 h after LPS infusion. Serum NGAL levels were used as a comparative marker. Serum miRNAs were derived from exosomes, and their expression were evaluated by the PCR array. miR-181a-5p and miR-23b-3p showed higher expression in LPS-treated rats than in the control animals (p < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that both miRNAs target molecules associated with transcription factors that regulate genes related to proinflammatory cytokines. Considering that LPS activates transcription factors that lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, possible premature changes in the serum levels of miR-181a-5p and miR-23b-3p may be used to identify sepsis-induced AKI earlier.

Os serviços de conservação são fundamentais para a garantia do desempenho das rodovias. Nesta pesquisa foi realizada uma análise do estado de conservação da rodovia PB-293 para identificar as manifestações patológicas encontradas e sugerir soluções para as mesmas. Ainda, foi definido um trecho de 1,0 km da rodovia e propôs-se dois tipos de pavimentação, sendo uma flexível em tratamento superficial duplo e outra rígida de concreto. A metodologia utilizada para a elaboração dos custos estimativos dos serviços de implantação, conservação e recuperação foi auxiliada pelo simulador online de custos médios gerenciais do Instituto Brasileiro de Economia (IBRE) da Fundação Getúlio Vargas e do Sistema de Custos Referenciais de Obras (SICRO) do DNIT. Com o levantamento, observou-se que o pavimento flexível, na análise de 20 anos, apresentou uma diferença de R$ 277.013,82, ou seja, 27,26% a menos que o pavimento rígido proposto. Já, na análise de 40 anos, os dois pavimentos apresentaram quantitativo de custos estimativos muito próximos, com uma diferença de R$ 24.962,36, correspondente a 1,47% a mais para o pavimento flexível, neste caso. Vale ressaltar que, além dos custos, outros fatores devem ser levados em conta no planejamento de conservação e recuperação de uma rodovia.

Este artigo propõe-se a analisar as representações de mulheres na obra Nossa Irmã Mais Nova (2015), do cineasta Koreeda Hirokazu. Através da análise fílmica e da revisão bibliográfica, objetiva-se caracterizar o cinema de Koreeda, além de investigar e comparar as diferentes personagens do filme escolhido, buscando identificar de que modo a mudança na organização familiar e a diferença geracional impactam a posição de cada uma. Entendendo tais representações enquanto elementos simbólicos, historicamente situados, busca-se contextualizar o filme e o diretor, explorando os aspectos culturais da sociedade japonesa. Para tanto, o trabalho apresenta quatro momentos: primeiro, uma discussão sobre cinema e representação; segundo, uma exposição acerca da questão da mulher no Japão moderno; a seguir, um informe biográfico sobre o diretor; e, finalmente, a análise da obra por meio da decupagem e da revisão bibliográfica. Palavras-chave: Koreeda Hirokazu; mulheres; representação.

A água é crucial para a sobrevivência dos seres vivos, porém a sua escassez tem sido um dos maiores problemas que a humanidade tem enfrentado. No Brasil, muitos domicílios ainda não contam com coleta de esgoto e abastecimento de água, principalmente em áreas rurais, fazendo com que seja necessário o reúso de água ou até mesmo o uso de água não tratada, inadequada para consumo humano. Diante disso, estudiosos têm desenvolvido meios de tratamento de água, porém, alguns métodos são caros, ineficientes e podem causar poluição ao meio ambiente. Faz-se necessário elaborar tratamentos sustentáveis, acessíveis e econômicos. Este estudo expõe um método utilizando o bambu como filtro para o tratamento de águas servidas, provenientes de lavagens para fins não potáveis. As análises envolvem estudos em laboratório com aparelhos e percepção a olho nu. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados à Resolução COEMA Nº 2 de 02/02/2017 e à NBR 13969/1997, que determinam critérios e padrões para que águas residuais possam ser reutilizadas para fins não potáveis, ou lançadas em corpos hídricos. Foi mostrado também que o bambu pode ser uma alternativa de filtro para tratamento de águas servidas.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently occurring supraventricular arrhythmia. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with AF pathogenesis, standard protocols for quantifying and selecting specific miRNAs for clinical use as biomarkers should be optimized. In this study, we evaluated the clinical application of miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of AF. Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. We included prospective or retrospective observational studies that had been published as of 14 February 2022; our main objective was to analyze the relationship between circulating miRNAs and AF. The data were extracted using the descriptors “Atrial fibrillation AND miRNA”, “Atrial fibrillation AND diagnostic AND miRNA”, and “Atrial fibrillation AND prognosis AND miRNA”. No filters were applied for period delimitation, type of publication, or language. Studies using samples isolated from blood plasma and TaqMan and RT-qPCR for detecting and quantifying miRNAs were selected, and those that used atrial tissue samples were excluded. We identified 272 articles and excluded 102 duplicated articles. Two authors independently read the titles and abstracts of 170 out of 272 articles and selected 56 potential articles, 6 of which were selected for final review. Our analysis revealed a significant association between AF and miR-4798 [OR = 1.90 (95% CI 1.45–2.47)], AF and miRNA-133a [2.77 (2.73–2.82)], AF and miRNA-150 [3.77 (1.50–9.46); I2 = 70%], AF and miRNA-21 [2.23 (1.20–4.17); I2 = 99%], AF and hsa-miRNA4443 [2.32 (2.20–2.44)], and AF and miR-20a-5p [3.67 (1.42–9.49)]. The association between miRNAs and AF showed an OR of 2.51 [95% CI 1.99–3.16; I2 = 99%]. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that circulating miRNAs are potential biomarkers of AF, as they exhibit stable expression post–sample collection. In addition to regulating cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, development, and cell death, miRNAs were found to be linked to arrhythmia development.

Neste artigo, retomamos aspectos metodológicos de pesquisas sobre representações da classe trabalhadora encontradas no cinema documentário. Através da discussão com base em conceitos de Marx e de outros teóricos, como Lukács, Adorno, Benjamin e Kracauer, procuramos aqui revisar os termos dessa experiência a partir de sua proposta metodológica e aprofundar uma abordagem do conceito de representação que contemple os aspectos de forma e conteúdo do filme como obra de arte. Desse modo, apontamos para a correlação entre a representação e a realidade social, ressaltando a relevância dos elementos criativos a ela intrínsecos. Para tanto, buscamos analisar o filme como produto das determinações resultantes da relação reciprocamente mediada entre artistas e realidade social. Em seguida, buscamos desdobrar tais reflexões em procedimentos específicos de análise, expondo o uso de tais elementos na pesquisa citada, de modo a contribuir para as reflexões metodológicas acerca de uma sociologia estética a partir da experiência acumulada em nossas investigações.

The occupation of Brazilian urban areas is troubled and has occurred in an accelerated manner, different from efficient and predictable urban planning, from the macro-population point of view. Urban settlements generate social and environmental problems. Without due assistance of public authorities, the population may face some difficulties when dwelling in inappropriate regions. As a result, they start a process of instability of slopes and occupy areas which are informally called hills. This type of natural conformation is seen by geotechnics as natural slopes, which are geological units whose dynamic is variable and where several phenomena occur and may bring environmental risks. In this study, we will discuss the relationship between disordered occupation and the consequences of mass movements. In addition to that, we will examine some causes of susceptibility for the occurrence of environmental phenomena, associated risks and, as an example, we will present the measures adopted by the state of São Paulo in order to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters in areas that are inappropriate for dwelling.

In vitro multiplication is an important tissue culture technique that is capable of efficiently producing seedlings at any scale. It is a propagation method based on the aseptic culture of small propagules in a suitable culture medium to enable plant regeneration. Multiplication experiments conducted in vitro to set protocols adapted to wild Manihot species have used modified mineral salts and MS vitamins as basic culture medium. Here, 25 treatments based on combinations of the regulators benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mg L-1 were used for in vitro multiplication of three genotypes of wild Manihot species (M. violaceae Pohl Müll. Arg., M. pseudoglaziovii Pax & Hoff., and M. flabellifolia Pohl). Plant height and the number of 1 cm minicuttings, number of roots, shoots, green leaves and senescent leaves were recorded 120 days after explant inoculation. M. violaceae Pohl. Müll. Arg. and M. flabellifolia Pohl. presented favorable results with 0.05 and 0.025 mg L-1 NAA, respectively. Culture medium lacking NAA and BAP favored the in vitro growth of M. pseudoglaziovii Pax & Hoff.

Background: The incidence of electrical storm (ES) has been increasing with the rise of the indicated uses of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). It is estimated that 20% of patients will evolve to have this complication. Ablative therapy stands out as the treatment for this condition when it is refractory to antiarrhythmic treatment. The objective was to define the current role of catheter ablation in the treatment of electrical storm. Methods: An integrative literature review was performed using the PubMed and BVS databases. All identified articles were screened and verified for eligibility by the authors. Results: Twenty-five out of the initial 951 articles were used in the final analysis. The categories listed for analysis included indication for ablation in ES, modality of the approach, therapeutic success, complications related to the procedure, mortality and cardiovascular follow-up and alternative therapeutic modalities by frequency of these categories in the articles researched. Conclusion: Catheter ablation is the initial therapy for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and ES. The endocardial approach presents more relevant success rates than the other therapeutic methods presented.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, a biomassa seca e indicadores de estresse em mudas de C. guianensis e D. odorata submetidas a estresse hídrico. As plantas foram submetidas a tratamentos com e sem fornecimento de água. Foram coletados altura e diâmetro, biomassa, área foliar, área foliar específica, índice de conteúdo de clorofila e fluorescência da clorofila a. As plantas exibiram aumentos nos valores biométricos e de biomassa em ambos os tratamentos aplicados. O índice de conteúdo de clorofila aumentou em C. guianensis, já em D. odorata manteve constante no tratamento de deficiência hídrica. Nos valores relacionados à fluorescência, verificou-se redução até nas plantas sem deficiência hídrica. Maiores investigações precisam ser realizadas para esclarecer esse comportamento.

Renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade reduces the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) independently of its antihypertensive effect. Ang II-induced fibrosis can be mediated by molecules such as klotho, peroxisome proliferator-activate receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway; however, the interaction among these molecules and RAS activation is not completely known. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible link between RAS, PPAR-γ, and Klotho in the 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) animals. NX rats presented hypertension that was blunted by both losartan and propranolol, however, only losartan was able to reduce the expression levels of fibronectin FSP1 and TGF-β in the remnant kidney. The anti-fibrotic Klotho and PPAR-γ were reduced in the remnant kidney, and losartan, but not propranolol, restored their levels. In contrast, the profibrotic Wnt 7a and Wnt 3 were upregulated and losartan prevented the increase in Wnts. In vitro, Ang II induced a decrease in both klotho and in PPAR-γ in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and this effect was blunted by losartan. However, klotho expression was increased by pioglitazone, an agonist of PPAR-γ, and suppressed by BADGE, an antagonist of PPAR-γ, suggesting that the effect of Ang II downregulating klotho is mediated by PPAR-γ. These data suggest that activation of the Wnt pathway together with downregulation of PPAR-γ that in turn suppresses klotho contribute to potentiating the profibrotic effect of Ang II.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the growing environment on the in vitro conservation of citrus genotypes obtained from the Active Citrus Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Cassava and Fruit. The study used multivariate statistic tools in order to improve the efficiency in the analysis of the results. Approximately 1-cm of length microcuttings from plantlets derived from ten genotypes previously cultured in vitro were inoculated in test tubes containing 20 mL of WPM culture medium supplemented with 25 g L-1 sucrose, solidified with 7 g L-1 agar and adjusted to a pH of 5.8, and maintained under three environmental conditions for 180 days. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a split-plot in the space, with 15 replications. The results indicate that the principal component analysis is an effective tool in studying the behavior of different genotypes conserved under different in vitro growing conditions. The growing conditions of 22±1°C, a light intensity of 10 μmol m-2.s-1 and a 12 hours photoperiod was the most adequate for reducing the growth of in vitro conserved plants, increasing the subculture time interval while keeping the plants healthy.

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of cassava genotypes from the in vitro shoot tip culture to eliminate the cassava frogskin disease for several root and aerial part characteristics. Cassava plants from accessions BGM0315, BGM0464 and BGM0841 infected with cassava frogskin disease were grown in a greenhouse after clonal cleaning. Cuttings from the three accessions were subjected to tetracycline concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) for three minutes, and then maintained in an acclimatized chamber (35 ± 1 °C and 16 hour photoperiod). Shoots were disinfected for excising shoot tips (0.2 mm and 0.4 mm) and inoculated in a culture medium containing the same concentrations of tetracycline used in the cuttings. After 60 days of cultivation, the explants were transferred to medium without antibiotic, 30 days later they were acclimatized for a period of 70 days for subsequent planting in the field. Seven months after planting, agronomical evaluation was held for root and aerial part characteristics. No influence of isolated shoot tip size was noticed on agronomic characteristics, while the addition of tetracycline in the culture medium, specifically at the concentrations of 5 mg L-1 and 15 mg L-1, was favorable to the development of the root system of plants in the field. The results revealed that the agronomic performance of cassava plants derived from in vitro cultivation are higher for the production of basic propagation material for the following production cycles, as well as root production for commercial use with subsequent generation of income.

In this study, the somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of Cigana Preta plants from shoot apices and immature leaves taken from plants cultivated in vitro were examined. To embryo induction the explants were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (Picloram) at concentrations of 8.0 and 12 mg L-1. To development of embryos two media cultures with different concentration of BAP (D1 or D2) were evaluated. Embryos in the cotyledonary stage were incubated in germination medium containing MS salts and vitamins, 2.0 µM copper sulfate, 2.4 g L-1 of Phytagel® and 1.77 µM BAP. The highest frequency of calluses and the greatest number of embryos per explant were obtained using the auxin picloram at a concentration of 8.0 mg L-1. The plants regenerated in the picloram treatment exhibited normal development and were transferred to a multiplication medium after a minimum of four weeks. The histological sections of the malformed embryos from foliar explants cultured in the presence of 2,4-D demonstrated that the origin of the cotyledonary structures was independent of the formation of the shoot apical meristem, which was not formed in the embryos, and the majority of the embryos were classified as cornet-shaped. This study demonstrates that in cassava, the use of different auxins provides different conditions for the formation of somatic embryos, and the low rate of conversion into plants results from abnormalities in the embryos.

Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda) Mez, a Bromeliad endemic to the Brazilian Caatinga and source of fiber for many different products, is considered an endangered species. Leaf and stem segments were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 9, 18 and 27 µM) and glutamine (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) for the induction of embryogenic calli. Leaf segments did not present a favorable response for the combinations analyzed. The best response for embryogenic calli frequency with the best distribution of somatic embryos on the surface and better conversion rate was obtained using the stems explants in the medium containing 18 µM 2,4-D and 100 mg L-1 glutamine. The embryogenic calli obtained from the different induction media were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 30 g.L-1 sucrose, 2.4 g.L-1 Phytagel®, 0.53 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.88 µM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The regenerated plants presented normal growth; however, many embryos did not fully develop.

BACKGROUND:The question whether metacylic trypomastigote (MT) forms of different T. cruzi strains differentially release surface molecules, and how they affect host cell invasion, remains to be fully clarified. We addressed that question using T. cruzi strains that differ widely in the ability to invade cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Metacyclic forms were incubated at 37°C for 1 h in complete D10 medium or in nutrient-deprived PBS containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ (PBS++). The conditioned medium (CM), collected after parasite centrifugation, was used for cell invasion assays and Western blot analysis, using monoclonal antibodies directed to gp82 and gp90, the MT surface molecules that promote and negatively regulate invasion, respectively. CM of poorly invasive G strain (G-CM) contained high amounts of gp90 and gp82, either in vesicles or as soluble molecules. CM of highly invasive CL strain (CL-CM) contained gp90 and gp82 at very low levels. HeLa cells were incubated for 1 h with CL strain MT in D10, in absence or in the presence of G-CM or CL-CM. Parasite invasion was significantly inhibited by G-CM, but not by CL-CM. As G strain MT invasion rate in D10 is very low, assays with this strain were performed in PBS++, which induces invasion-promoting lysosome-spreading. G-CM, but not CL-CM, significantly inhibited G strain internalization, effect that was counteracted by preincubating G-CM with an anti-gp90 monoclonal antibody or anti-gp82 polyclonal antibody that do not recognize live MT. G strain CM generated in PBS++ contained much lower amounts of gp90 and gp82 as compared to CM produced in D10, and exhibited lower inhibitory effect on host cell invasion. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our data suggest that the surface molecules spontaneously released by MT impair parasite-host cell interaction, gp82 presumably competing with the molecule expressed on MT surface for the host cell receptor, and gp90 further contributing to down modulate invasion.

Este texto analisa dois filmes que representam a pobreza urbana nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro, Cinco Vezes Favela, realizado em 1962, é um misto de documentário e cinema ficcional que apresenta cinco visões distintas da favela no Rio, mostrando a face pobre do Rio de Janeiro no momento em que se iniciava a brutal alteração demográfica do espaço urbano. O segundo, Santa Marta: duas semanas no morro, dirigido por Eduardo Coutinho em 1987, apresenta temáticas predominantemente urbanas como o tráfico e a violência policial; aparecem também a cultura tradicional e a religiosidade popular. Em ambos verifica-se a antecipação de problemas que darão origem a explosão da violência na vida urbana nos dias atuais: a ausência de oportunidades, a pobreza e a exclusão social.

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) plant regulators in in vitro etiolation and subsequent regeneration of the PE x SC-60 pineapple hybrid. Nodal segments of in vitro plants with approximately 5-7 cm height were incubated in basic MS culture medium supplemented with 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) in concentrations of 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, and maintained at 27 ºC under dark condition. Evaluations were carried out at 90 and 180 days after incubation period. The best results for length of etiolated stems were obtained with 1.0 mg L-1 of NAA. In the experiment followed by the regeneration, stems with 3 cm from the etiolation treatment, were cultivated in proliferation medium and the number of regenerated plants per treatment was evaluated at 60 days of cultivation. The treatment that promoted the best etiolation of plants also promoted the worst regeneration rates, demonstrating the residual effect of the auxin used in the previous step in the regeneration of plants of the pineapple hybrid evaluated.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos reguladores vegetais ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) e ácido giberélico (AG3) no estiolamento in vitro e posterior regeneração de plantas do abacaxizeiro híbrido PE x SC-60. Segmentos nodais de plantas produzidas in vitro, com aproximadamente 5-7 cm de comprimento, foram incubados em meio de cultura MS em sua concentração básica, suplementados com 0,0; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) em combinação com ácido giberélico (AG3), nas concentrações de 0,0; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1, e mantidos a 27ºC e sob condições de escuro. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 90; 180 e 270 dias de incubação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a concentração de 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA. No experimento posterior de regeneração, hastes com 3 cm, oriundas dos tratamentos de estiolamento foram cultivadas em meio de proliferação, quando aos 60 dias de cultivo avaliou-se o número de plantas regeneradas por tratamento. O tratamento que resultou ser mais efetivo para o estiolamento das plantas foi o que apresentou maior dificuldade de regeneração, demonstrando o efeito residual do regulador auxina na regeneração de plantas de híbrido de abacaxi.

Tendo em vista a necessidade decontribuir para o estabelecimento de protocolo deanálise específico para cada espécie, o presenteestudo teve como objetivo complementar osestudos sobre germinação de sementes já existentesem literatura, avaliando o efeito de diferentescondições de temperatura e umidade paraGuazuma ulmifolia (mutamba), umidade e luz paraDimorphandra mollis (faveira) e temperatura e luzpara Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina(angico branco). As sementes de G. ulmifolia foramescarificadas com ácido sulfúrico concentrado durante45 minutos e colocadas para germinar emsubstratos umedecidos com 30 e 60 mL de águadestilada, nas temperaturas constante de 30ºC ealternada de 20-30ºC, sob luz branca. As sementesde D. mollis foram escarificadas com ácido sulfúricoconcentrado durante 60 minutos e colocadas paragerminar a 30ºC, em substrato umedecido com 30,60 e 90 mL de água destilada. As sementes deA. colubrina var. colubrina foram colocadas paragerminar sem tratamento pré-germinativo emsubstrato umedecido com 60 mL de água destilada,nos regimes de temperatura constante (15, 20, 25 e30ºC) e alternada (20-30ºC). As sementes das duasúltimas espécies foram também submetidas àausência de luz e ao fotoperíodo de 8 horas sob luzdos espectros branco, vermelho e vermelhoextremo.Para todas as espécies foi utilizada avermiculita como substrato e foram avaliados aporcentagem final e o índice de velocidade degerminação das sementes. A análise estatísticadetectou efeito significativo dos fatores testadospara as três espécies estudadas e os resultadosobtidos sugerem que, em condições naturais,as sementes de G. ulmifolia estão adaptadas paragerminar melhor em clareiras, as de D. mollissob o dossel e as de A. colubrina var. colubrinatanto em clareiras como sob o dossel. O testede germinação, utilizando a vermiculita comosubstrato, pode ser conduzido nas seguintescondições: (a) a 30ºC com 30 mL de água,para G. ulmifolia; (b) com 90 mL de água,na ausência de luz ou sob luz branca, para D. mollis;(c) a 20ºC, 25ºC ou 20-30ºC, sob luz branca,para A. colubrina var. colubrina.In order to complement the informationabout seed germination available in literature andto contribute for the establishment of protocol ofanalysis for three Brazilian arboreal species, in thiswork the effects of different conditions oftemperature and substrate moisture content forGuazuma ulmifolia, substrate moisture content andlight for Dimorphandra mollis, and temperatureand light for Anadenanthera colubrina var.colubrina, were evaluated. Seeds of G. ulmifoliawere scarified with concentrated sulfuric acid for45 minutes and released to germinate in substratemoistened with 30 and 60 mL of distilled water,at constant (30ºC) and alternating (20-30ºC)temperatures, under white light. Seeds of D. molliswere scarified with concentrated sulfuric acid for60 minutes and placed to germinate at 30ºC insubstrate moistened with 30, 60 and 90 mL ofdistilled water. Seeds of A. colubrina var. colubrinawere placed to germinate without pretreatment insubstrate moistened with 60 mL of distilled waterat constant (15ºC, 20ºC, 25ºC e 30ºC) and alternating(20-30ºC) temperatures. Seeds of the two lastspecies were also submitted to darkness and to8 hours photoperiod under white, red and far-redlight. For all the studied species vermiculite wasused as substrate and both final percentage andspeed of germination index of seeds wereevaluated. Significant effect of the tested factorswas found for the three species and the obtainedresults suggest that under natural conditions, seedsof G. ulmifolia are able to germinate better in lightgap, seeds of D. mollis under canopy, and seeds ofA. colubrina var. colubrina either in light gap orunder canopy. The germination test, using vermiculiteas substrate, can be performed at the followingconditions: 30 mL of water at 30ºC for G. ulmifolia,90 mL of water in darkness or under white light forD. mollis, and at 20ºC, 25ºC and 20-30ºC, underwhite light, for A. colubrina var. colubrina.Keywords: forest seed; analysis of seeds;temperature; light; substrate moisturecontent.

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (Fabaceae) éuma espécie arbórea característica da caatinga,nativa da região Nordeste brasileira. Neste trabalhoforam realizados dois experimentos. No primeiroexperimento foi estudado o efeito da coloração dassementes (verde e marrom) e da temperatura para agerminação (25, 30 e 20-30 ºC). No segundoexperimento foi estudado o efeito do volume deágua destilada adicionado ao substrato (45, 60 e75 mL) e da qualidade de luz (ausência de luz e luzdos espectros branco, vermelho e vermelho-extremo),na germinação das sementes de coloração verdesubmetidas a 30 ºC. Os testes de germinação foramconduzidos sob fotoperíodo de 8 h, utilizando 30 gde vermiculita como substrato, e tiveram a duraçãode 14 dias. Foram avaliados a porcentagem final eo índice de velocidade de germinação dassementes. Os resultados obtidos no primeiroexperimento mostraram que as sementes decoloração verde são de melhor qualidade fisiológicae que a temperatura de 30 ºC foi a mais adequadapara a germinação. Os resultados obtidos no segundoexperimento mostraram que: (a) as sementes decoloração verde são fotoblásticas positivaspreferenciais; (b) o teste de germinação pode serconduzido sob luz branca, em substrato umedecidocom 75 mL de água, e (c) os resultados obtidospermitem supor que, em condições naturais, assementes sejam capazes de germinar tanto a plenosol (luz do espectro vermelho) como sob luzfiltrada pela vegetação (espectro vermelho-extremo).Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (Fabaceae) is animportant arboreal species native from the caatingavegetation of the northeastern of Brazil. In thiswork two experiments were carried out. In the firstexperiment, the effect of seed color (green andbrown) and temperature for germination (25, 30,and 20-30 ºC) was studied. In the second experiment,the effect of distilled water added to substrate(45, 60, and 75 mL) and light quality (darkness andwhite, red, and far-red light) on germination at30 ºC of green color seeds was studied. Germinationtests were performed for 14 days under an 8 hphotoperiod, using 30 g of vermiculite as substrate.Both final percentage and speed of germinationindex of seeds were evaluated. The results obtainedin the first experiment showed that seeds of greencolor have better physiological quality and that theconstant temperature of 30 ºC favoured the seedgermination. The results obtained in the secondexperiment showed that (a) seeds of green color arepreferential positive photoblastic; (b) germination testcan be performed under white light with substratemoistened with 75 mL of water and (c) the resultsobtained in laboratory suggest that under naturalconditions seeds are able to germinate either inlight gap (red light) or under canopy (far-red light).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar a concentração de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e vitaminas do meio de cultura Murashige & Tucker (MT), de modo a permitir a germinação de embriões imaturos, menores que 3 mm, de tangerineira 'Cleópatra'. As sementes foram obtidas a partir de frutos com 4 a 5 meses após a antese, cujos embriões não germinam nos meios de cultura atualmente indicados para citros. Inicialmente, os embriões foram cultivados em meio de cultura básico contendo sacarose e ágar, seguindo uma seqüência de etapas, procedendo-se a ajustes da concentração normal dos macronutrientes (1/1, ½ e ¼), micronutrientes (1/1, ½, ¼ e 1/1, 3/2, 2/1) e vitaminas (2/1, 1/1 e ½) do meio MT. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 3 (concentrações do MT) x 4 (comprimentos de embriões), com 10 repetições. As variáveis, porcentagem de germinação de embriões, porcentagem de plântulas normais e comprimentos dessas plântulas foram avaliadas 30 dias após a inoculação dos embriões em meio de cultura. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando-se de metade da concentração normal de macronutrientes, não havendo necessidade de alterar as concentrações de micronutrientes e vitaminas.The objective of the present work was to adjust the macronutrient, micronutrient and vitamin concentrations of the Murashige & Tucker (MT) culture medium in order to promote the germination of ´Cleopatra´ Tangerine immature embryos, smaller than 3 mm. Seeds from fruits, 4 to 5 months after anthesis, in which the embryos do not germinate in recently indicated culture media for citrus, were used. Initially, the embryos were cultivated in basic culture medium containing sucrose and agar, followed by a sequence of steps, carrying out the adjustments of the normal concentration of macronutrients (1/1, ½ and ¼), micronutrients (1/1, ½, ¼ and 1/1, 3/2, 2/1) and vitamins (2/1, 1/1 e ½) of the MT medium. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 3 (concentrations of MT) x 4 (embryo size), with 10 repetitions. The following variables were evaluated thirty days after embryo inoculation in culture medium: percentage of germination, percentage of normal plantlets and plantlet length. The best results were obtained using half the normal concentration of macronutrients, whereas the concentrations of micronutrients and vitamins remained unaltered.

Visando a evitar os efeitos da poliembrionia, os quais dificultam a distinção entre indivíduos híbridos e aqueles de origem materna (nucelares). O Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Citros da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical selecionou híbridos monoembriônicos, com potencial de geração de novos porta-enxertos, e utilizou-os como parentais femininos em polinizações abertas. Esses parentais foram: trifoliados HTR-001; HTR-002; HTR-005; HTR-037; HTR-073 e HTR-135, além de LCR (limoeiro 'Cravo' Citrus limonia) x LRF (limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida' C. jambhiri) - 005. As progênies de meios-irmãos obtidas compreenderam, respectivamente, 364; 55; 12; 58; 51; 551 e 59 seedlings (plantas oriundas de sementes) zigóticos. Os híbridos dentro de progênies foram extremamente variáveis quanto à altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, também apresentando diferenças na presença de ramificações, formato, cor e textura do limbo foliar e tamanho de espinhos. A progênie mais vigorosa relacionou-se ao parental HTR-073, dando-se o contrário com aquela relativa ao híbrido LCR x LRF-005. Este trabalho indica que, em citros, a utilização de parentais femininos monoembrônicos em cruzamentos abertos constitui método simples e fácil de obtenção de híbridos.Seeking to avoid the effects of polyembryony, that difficult the identification of hybrids and individuals of maternal origin (nucellar), the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits selected monoembryonic hybrids with potential of generating new rootstocks. Thus, the trifoliate hybrids HTR-001, HTR-002, HTR-005, HTR-037, HTR-073 and HTR-135, besides LCR ('Rangpur' lime Citrus limonia) x LRF ('Florida' rough lemon C. jambhiri) - 005 were used as female parents in open pollinations design. The half-sibling progenies obtained were, respectively, 364; 55; 12; 58; 51; 551 and 59 zygotic seedlings. The hybrids inside progenies were extremely variable as regards the height of the plant and diameter of the stem, also showing differences in the presence of ramifications, format, color and texture of the limb of leaves and size of the thorns. The most vigorous progeny was derived from HTR-073 parent, the opposite being observed with the hybrid progeny related to the parent LCR x LRF-005. This work indicates that, in citrus, the use of female monoembryonic parents in open pollinated crossings constitutes a simple and easy method of obtaining hybrids.

O limoeiro 'Cravo' e a laranjeira 'Azeda' são importantes porta-enxertos de citros. Com o objetivo de explorar seu potencial genético, distintas seleções de limoeiro 'Cravo', empregadas como parentais femininos, foram cruzadas com seleções de laranjeira 'Azeda', tangerineira 'Sunki Maravilha' e híbridos de Poncirus trifoliata. Semelhantemente, seleções de 'Azeda' foram hibridadas com seleções de 'Cravo' e híbridos de P. trifoliata. Avaliaram-se a taxa de vingamento de frutos, a porcentagem de híbridos no conjunto total de indivíduos obtidos (zigóticos e nucelares), a altura e o diâmetro do caule destes, em torno dos 12 meses de idade. O cruzamento entre limoeiro 'Cravo', seleções comum e 'Santa Cruz', com tangerineira 'Sunki 'Maravilha' resultou nas maiores taxas de vingamento de frutos (média de 87,5%) e maior percentual de híbridos (média de 64,0%), sendo estes relativamente vigorosos, segundo comparações com seedlings nucelares desse limoeiro. Quanto às hibridações envolvendo a laranjeira 'Azeda', mostraram-se promissoras 'Azeda Jacarandá' x (tangerineira 'Cleópatra' x P. trifoliata seleção 'Swingle 245'), pela relativamente elevada taxa de vingamento de frutos (50%), boa porcentagem de híbridos (32,3%) e possibilidade de obtenção de híbridos vigorosos, e laranjeira 'Azeda' comum x limoeiro 'Cravo' seleções comum e 'Santa Cruz', pela possibilidade de obtenção de híbridos vigorosos e em quantidades relativamente altas, em torno de 40% de plantas híbridas.'Rangpur' lime and 'Sour' orange are important citrus rootstocks. Aiming to explore their genetic potential, several 'Rangpur' lime selections, as female parents, were crossed with 'Sour' orange selections, 'Sunki Maravilha' mandarin and Poncirus trifoliata hybrids. In the same way, 'Sour' orange selections were crossed with 'Rangpur' lime selections and P. trifoliata hybrids. Parameters evaluated were: fruit set, percentage of hybrids out of the total number of seedlings (zygotes and nucellars), stem height and diameter of the hybrids at 12 months of age. The common and 'Santa Cruz' selections of 'Rangpur' lime x 'Sunki Maravilha' mandarin had the highest fruit set (87.5% on average) and the highest percentage of hybrids (64.0% on average), which were relatively vigorous compared to 'Rangpur' lime seedlings of nucellar origin. With regard to the hybridization with 'Sour' oranges, the 'Jacarandá' sour orange x ('Cleopatra' mandarin x P. trifoliata 'Swingle 245' selection) was promising, due to the relatively high fruit set (50%), good percentage of hybrids (32.3%) and the possibility of obtaining vigorous hybrids, and also common 'Sour' orange x 'Rangpur' lime common and 'Santa Cruz' selections for the possibility of obtaining vigorous hybrids in relatively high amounts, around 40%.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pH on in vitro germination and pollen grain viabilityof banana diploids (AA) generated by the breeding program of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical. The pollen grainswere inoculated in culture medium containing 15% sucrose, 0.01% H3BO3, 0.01% KNO3, 0.03% Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 0.02%MgSO4.7H2O, solidified with 0.8% agar and pH adjusted to 5.8 or 7.0. Pollen viability was evaluated by staining with 1%acetic carmine. The germination percentages of the genotypes 9187-01 (90.0%) and M-53 (89.7%) in pH 7.0 medium werehighest, while the pollen tube length of genotype 9187-01 was approximately half the size (1.79mm) of genotype M-53(3.84mm). The pollen viability of the genotypes evaluated was higher than 85%, even for the diploids with a low in vitrogermination percentage.

Líder mundial, a citricultura brasileira compreende aproximadamente 270 milhões de plantas, distribuídas em mais de 900 mil ha. Vulnerável, devido ao uso excessivo do limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia) na sustentação de seus pomares, exige urgência em um programa de diversificação de porta-enxertos. Nesse sentido, a Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical vem executando, no Recôncavo Baiano, um programa de hibridações visando a criar novas variedades, principalmente porta-enxertos, adaptadas a diferentes regiões geográficas do País, com ênfase no Nordeste. Considerando os caracteres altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, foram analisados 554 seedlings (plantas oriundas de sementes ou pés-francos) híbridos, dentro de 38 progênies obtidas de cruzamentos envolvendo Citrus e gêneros afins, com destaque para Poncirus. Os híbridos foram levados a campo entre agosto de 1995 e julho de 2000, em conformidade com as épocas de suas obtenções. O citrangeiro (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata) 'Argentina' destacou-se como importante parental masculino na produção de híbridos. As tangerineiras 'Sunki (C. sunki) Comum', 'Sunki da Flórida', 'King' (C. nobilis), 'Clementina (C. clementina) de Nules' e 'Clementina Palazelli' podem dar formação a progênies vigorosas. Seedlings híbridos de 'Sunki' e 'King' podem ser tão ou mais vigorosos que seedlings nucelares dessas tangerineiras.

Background: Studies have reported varied prevalence estimates of coronary artery disease (CAD) in cardiac myxoma patients. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize the point prevalence of CAD in adults with cardiac myxomas. Methods and Results: Two independent investigators searched MEDLINE and LILACS databases using the terms "Myxoma”, "Coronary Angiography" and "Coronary Disease" from inception through December 2014 for all relevant studies. We included 6 observational studies. Publication bias was evaluated through Egger's test and Trim and Fill method. A pooled estimate of CAD prevalence with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated based on a random-effects model. The pooled CAD prevalence in adult cardiac myxoma patients was 20.7% with low heterogeneity (I2 = 14.86%). Conclusions: It is a matter of debate if preoperative coronary angiography must be done as a routine procedure. Although coronary disease and angiographically detectable neovascularity can alter surgical management, more studies are needed to evaluate this question.

The paper aims to assess the quality of HDMI connector component of welding in the welding process laptop printed circuit board meeting the eligibility criteria related to the filling of the solder barrel to pin through-hole components terminals as specified in international standard IPC-A-610D. For the development of the stages of research, it adopted the PDCA method, used for troubles hooting and application of continuous improvement, commonly used by different companies in the industrial segment worldwide. The results presented through analysis by X-RAY and metallographic test cross section, showed that the quality of HDMI welding through the automatic welding process by remelting meets the technical specifications of the standard of acceptability. Thus, left to perform the welding of this type of component in the manual process, passing it to weld using SMT technology.

Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de juntas coladas formadas pelas combinações de lâminas provenientes de três posições no tronco da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e Pinus elliottii. Foram empregados adesivos à base de poliacetato de vinila de média e alta viscosidade e resorcinol-formaldeído nas gramaturas de 150 g/m², em face simples para o poliacetato de vinila de média e alta viscosidades e 300 g/m², em face dupla, para o adesivo resorcinólico. O teor médio de umidade das lâminas, no momento da colagem, foi igual a 14%. Os valores médios mais elevados de resistência ao cisalhamento foram obtidos nas juntas produzidas com madeira de Eucalyptus saligna, coladas com adesivos de poliacetato de média viscosidade e resorcinol-formaldeído. A maior porcentagem de falha profunda na madeira foi obtida em juntas de madeira de Pinus elliottii, unidas com adesivo de poliacetato de alta viscosidade, seguidas das juntas de Eucalyptus grandis e coladas com adesivo de poliacetato de média viscosidade. As combinações de lâminas oriundas das seguintes posições no tronco: medula e casca, intermediária e casca e casca e casca resultaram em linhas de cola com maiores resistências ao cisalhamento.The objective of this work was to evaluate the shear strength of glued wood joints from pith, outer and intermediary wood of Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus elliottii. High and medium viscosity polyvinyl acetate and resorcinol-phenol adhesives were applied at spread rate of 150 g/m² in single line and at spread rate of 300 g/m² in double glue line for the resorcinolic adhesive. The mean wood moisture content was 14%. Higher shear strength was obtained with Eucalyptus saligna veneer glued with medium viscosity polyvinyl resorcinolic adhesive. The highest percentage of wood failure was found on Pinus elliottii veneer glued with high viscosity polyvinyl acetate adhesive followed by Eucalyptus grandis glued with medium viscosity polyvinyl acetate. Veneer combinations with higher shear strength were pith/outer, intermediary/outer and outer/outer wood.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da sacarose e do sorbitol na conservação in vitro de um acesso de Passiflora giberti N. E. Brown. Para isso, foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em que foi comparado o tratamento-testemunha (MS padrão) com o meio MS suplementado com três concentrações de sacarose (0; 15 e 30 g L-1) em combinação com três concentrações de sorbitol (10; 20 e 40 g L-1). As avaliações foram realizadas aos 30; 60; 90 e 120 dias de incubação, observando-se o comprimento das brotações (cm), número de raízes, número e coloração das folhas. Os resultados mostram ser possível conservar sob crescimento lento, por quatro meses, microplantas de maracujazeiro em meio de cultura MS suplementado com 10 ou 20 g L-1 de sorbitol, na ausência de sacarose, e mantidas sob condições de fotoperíodo de 16 h (22 µE m-2s-1) e temperatura de 27 ± 1 ºC. A sacarose promoveu maior desenvolvimento de microplantas. A rizogênese é afetada pelo sorbitol na concentração de 40 g L-1 e pela ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura.This work objectified the study of sucrose and sorbitol effect in the in vitro conservation for Passiflora giberti N. E. Brown, access. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to compare control treatment (standard MS) to MS medium supplemented with three sucrose concentrations (0, 15 and 30 g L-1) combined with three sorbitol concentrations (10, 20 and 40 g L-1), in a total of 10 treatments with 20 replicas. The experiment evaluation was carried out at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of incubation, whereas the height of shoots (cm), number of roots, number and color of leaves were observed. The results showed the possibility to maintain passion-fruit microplants for a four months period under slow growth in MS medium supplemented with 10 or 20 g L-1 of sorbitol, without sucrose, and kept under 16 hours photoperiod (22 µ E m-2 s-1) and temperature of 27 ± 1º C. Sucrose sustained the longest development of the microplants. Root formation was affected by the sorbitol in the concentration of 40 g L-1 and by the absence of sucrose in the culture medium.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de ciclos de umidade relativa e temperatura do ar na resistência da linha de cola, em juntas coladas entre lâminas de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna e lâminas de chapa de fibras de média densidade (MDF) cujas densidades foram iguais a 0,60, 0,66, e 0,72g/cm³, respectivamente. Foram empregados adesivos de poliacetato de média viscosidade e uréia-formaldeído nas gramaturas de 150,0g/m² e 180,0g/m², respectivamente, em face simples. O teor médio de umidade no momento da colagem foi igual a 14%. Foram observadas diferenças significativas tanto na resistência da linha de cola quanto na percentagem de falha na madeira provocada pela composição das amostras, etapa de equilíbrio e tipo de adesivo. Os valores mais elevados de resistência foram observados nas juntas coladas com madeira de Eucalyptus saligna após a primeira etapa de equilíbrio, enquanto os menores valores ocorreram nas juntas combinando lâminas de eucalipto e MDF. Considerando apenas as lâminas de madeira, os valores mais elevados de falha na madeira foram observados nas juntas coladas entre lâminas de Eucalyptus grandis. Nas amostras compostas de madeira de eucalipto e lâminas de MDF, a porcentagem de falha foi total e o rompimento ocorreu exclusivamente no interior da chapa de MDF. Observou-se interação significativa entre a composição das amostras lâminas e o tipo de adesivo, em que os valores mais altos de resistência ocorreram nas juntas coladas com madeira de Eucalyptus saligna e adesivo à base de uréia-formaldeído.The objectives of this work was to evaluate the effect of air relative humidity and air temperature cycles on glue line resistance of glued veneer joints of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and medium density fiberboard (MDF). Densities of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna wood and MDF were equal to 0,60, 0.66, e 0.72g/cm³ respectively. Medium viscosity polyacetate and urea-formaldehyde adhesives were applied at rate 150g/cm² and 180g/cm², respectively, on one face. Sample mean moisture content was 14%. Relative humidity and temperature cycles affected both resistance and percentage of wood failure. Higher values of resistance were observed on the glue line between Eucalyptus saligna wood after equilibrium on the first cycle. The lowest values were always observed on the glue line between wood veneer and MDF. Considering only wood, the highest wood percentage failure was observed among Eucalyptus grandis veneer samples. On the glue line between eucalyptus veneer and MDF the failure always occurred inside the MDF. Considering the interaction between samples composition and adhesive type, it was observed that the highest resistance occurred with Eucalyptus saligna veneer using urea-formaldehyde adhesive.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a variabilidade de freqüência cardíaca em indivíduos normotensos e hipertensos e observar o comportamento do sistema nervoso autônomo após terapia com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina II. MÉTODO: Estudados 286 pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial, pela 1ª vez, e divididos em 4 grupos, conforme a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD): grupo A - PAD110 mmHg. Os pacientes do grupo A (normais) e do grupo C (HA moderada), somando 110 e 79 pacientes, respectivamente, submeteram-se ao Holter-ECG 24h com análise de variabilidade de freqüência cardíaca no domínio do tempo (DT) e no domínio da freqüência (DF). O grupo C foi tratado com inibidores da ECA durante 3 meses, e após esse período novamente avaliado com Holter-ECG 24h e variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca, e os valores comparados com os normotensos. RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros SDNN, PNN50 (DT) e o espectro LF (DF) foram significativamente diferentes para os dois grupos, com valores notadamente diminuídos em hipertensos (pOBJECTIVE: To compare heart rate variability in normotensive and hypertensive individuals and to observe the behavior of the autonomic nervous system after treatment with angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors. METHOD: The study comprised 286 patients diagnosed with arterial hypertension (AH) for the first time and divided into 4 groups according to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels: group A - DBP110 mmHg. Group A (110 healthy individuals) and group C (79 patients with moderate AH) underwent 24-hour Holter-ECG with analysis of heart rate variability in time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD). The group C patients were treated with ACE inhibitors for 3 months, and, after this period, they underwent a new 24-hour Holter-ECG study for assessing heart rate variability, the values being compared with those of normotensive individuals. RESULTS: The SDNN and PNN50 parameters (TD), and the LF spectrum (FD) were significantly different in the 2 groups, with clearly reduced values in hypertensive individuals (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol (PBZ) no crescimento in vitro de plantas de abacaxi visando à conservação do germoplasma. Utilizou-se o meio MS suplementado com 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 8 g L-1 de ágar. Cada tratamento consistiu de duas doses de PBZ: a primeira aplicada no início do experimento e a segunda, noventa dias após, em combinações que envolviam a ausência, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência do PBZ, ou com 0,5 mg L-1 aplicada apenas no início do experimento. Foi possível reduzir o número de subcultivos durante o período de conservação.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on in vitro growth and conservation of pineapple germplasm. Plants of the PE x SC-60 pineapple hybrid were cultivated on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose and 8 g L-1 of agar. Treatments consisted of two concentrations of PBZ, the first one applied at the beginning of the trial and the other ninety days after. The best result was obtained without PBZ or with 0.5 mg L-1 at the beginning of the trial. It was possible to reduce the number of subcultures during conservation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de painéis fabricados com partículas de madeira, poliestireno (PS) e polietileno tereftalato (PET). Foram utilizadas três proporções, em relação à massa seca de madeira, de poliestireno (0, 25 e 50%) e duas proporções de PET/PS (5/20 e 10/40%), combinadas com 50, 75 ou 100% de partículas de madeira de Pinus elliottii. Os painéis foram produzidos com adesivos à base de uréia-formaldeído ou de fenol-formaldeído, em três teores (0, 4 ou 6%) e três níveis de solução de poliestireno em tolueno (0 , 4 e 6%), todos calculados em relação à massa seca total dos painéis. Foram produzidos painéis de aproximadamente 400 x 400 x 10 mm, em camada única, com densidade aproximada de 0,6 g/cm³. Determinou-se a resistência dos painéis à tração perpendicular à superfície, à flexão estática (módulos de ruptura (MOR) e elasticidade (MOE)), ao arrancamento de parafusos, bem como a absorção de água e o inchamento em espessura, após 24 horas de imersão. Todas as propriedades mecânicas dos painéis foram superiores às exigidas pela norma ANSI/A 208.1-1993. Contudo, todos os painéis absorveram água em valores superiores àqueles normalmente observados em painéis comerciais. Apesar disto, o inchamento em espessura foi compatível com o dos painéis de partículas de madeira existentes no mercado. Os painéis nos quais se aplicou a solução de poliestireno foram, de modo geral, os que apresentaram os melhores valores para todas as propriedades.This work aimed determine the properties of wood particleboards containing particles of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene therephthalate (PET). Three amounts of polystyrene (0, 25 and 50%), two amounts of PET/PS (5/20 and 10/40%), three amounts (0, 4 and 6%) of urea-formaldehyde or phenol-formaldehyde adhesive and three amounts of polystyrene in toluene solution (0, 4 and 6%), combined with 50, 75 or 100% of particles of Pinus elliottii wood were used. Layer boards measuring approximately 400 x 400 x 10 mm with density approximately equal to 0.60 g/cm³ were produced. Internal bond, rupture and elasticity modulus, screw withdrawal, water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours of immersion were determined. The mechanical properties of all the boards were superior to the established by ANSI/A 208.1-1993 standard. All wood/plastic particleboards absorbed more water than those observed in commercial boards. However, the observed thickness swelling was quite similar to the values of commercial wood particleboards. Boards in which the solution of polystyrene was applied presented, in general, the best values for all the properties.

Several studies indicate that the activity of cruzipain, the main lysosomal cysteine peptidase of Trypanosoma cruzi, contributes to parasite infectivity. In addition, the parasitic invasion process of mammalian host cells is described to be dependent on the activation of the host TGF-β signaling pathway by T. cruzi. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cruzipain could be an important activator of latent TGF-β and thereby trigger TGF-β-mediated events crucial for the development of Chagas disease. We found that live epimastigotes of T. cruzi, parasite lysates and purified cruzipain were able to activate latent TGF-β in vitro. This activation could be inhibited by the cysteine peptidase inhibitor Z-Phe-Ala-FMK. Moreover, transfected parasites overexpressing chagasin, a potent endogenous cruzipain inhibitor, prevented latent TGF-β activation. We also observed that T. cruzi invasion, as well as parasite intracellular growth, were inhibited by the administration of Z-Phe-Ala-FMK or anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody to Vero cell cultures. We further demonstrated that addition of purified cruzipain enhanced the invasive activity of trypomastigotes and that this effect could be completely inhibited by addition of a neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the activities of cruzipain and TGF-β in the process of cell invasion are functionally linked. Our data suggest that cruzipain inhibition is an interesting chemotherapeutic approach for Chagas disease not only because of its trypanocidal activity, but also due to the inhibitory effect on TGF-β activation.

Tendo em vista as tendências atuais para a Terapia de Ressincronizaçao Cardíaca (TRC), realizou-se uma análise descritiva das diretrizes brasileiras e internacionais com o objetivo de evidenciar novas indicaçoes e tendências, de acordo com inúmeros ensaios clínicos. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de atualizaçao da Diretriz Brasileira de Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) e de estudos nacionais sobre o tema.