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Tetragonisca angustula honey was fractioned in a SiO2 column to furnish three fractions (A-C) in which four hydroxycinnamic acid-Spermidine amides (HCAAs), known as N', N″, N‴-tris-p-coumaroyl spermidine, N', N″-dicaffeoyl, N‴-coumaroyl spermidine, N', N″, N‴-tris-caffeoyl spermidine and N', N″-dicaffeoyl and N‴-feruloyl spermidine were identified in the fractions B and C by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A primary culture model previously infected with Neospora caninum (72 h) was used to evaluate the honey fractions (A-C) for two-time intervals: 24 and 72 h. Parasitic reduction ranged from 38% on fraction C (12.5 µg/ml), after 24 h, to 54% and 41% with fractions B and C (25 µg/ml) after 72 h of treatment, respectively. Additionally, HCAAs did not show any cell toxicity for 24 and 72 h. For infected cultures (72 h), the active fractions B (12.5 µg/ml) and C (25 µg/ml) decreased their NO content. In silico studies suggest that HCAAs may affect the parasite's redox pathway and improve the oxidative effect of NO released from infected cells. Here, we presented for the first time, that HCAAs from T. angustula honey have the potential to inhibit the growth of N. caninum protozoa.

This study evaluates the efficiency of acid extraction and total digestion to determine the presence of metals in geopropolis produced by the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris. Geopropolis samples were collected at five meliponaries in the city and in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. The sample treatment methods comprised acid extraction and total digestion. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) technique was used to quantify Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn. Geopropolis samples submitted to both digestion methods showed statistical differences. For both methods, Cr and Zn showed the highest concentrations, while those of Cd were the lowest. The Cr concentration for determination by total digestion was 37.53 mg/kg, while for acid extraction it was 32.90 mg/kg. For Zn, the concentration was 17.65 mg/kg and 8.85 mg/kg for total digestion and acid extraction, respectively. The total digestion method showed the highest concentrations of the metals evaluated; however, acid extraction (USEPA 3050b) is a more straightforward procedure for metal evaluation in geopropolis samples and presented values that support the use of geopropolis as a bioindicator. The acid extraction method USEPA 3050b, in combination with detection using ICP OES, showed efficiency in analyses carried out to determine metals in geopropolis.

O alumínio tóxico em altas concentrações no solo interfere no crescimento e desenvolvimento da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), afetando principalmente seu sistema radicular e dessa forma, diminuindo a produtividade da cultura. Nesse sentido, uma população de 117 linhagens de mamona foram submetidas à dose de 30 mg L-1 de Al+3 em solução nutritiva, sob condição hidropônica com o objetivo de avaliar e selecionar linhagens tolerantes ao alumínio tóxico. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Seleção Precoce do Núcleo de Melhoramento Genético e Biotecnologia (NBIO) pertencente ao Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas – BA. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de seis plântulas por parcela. A dose utilizada, 30 mg L-1,interferiu no desenvolvimento das linhagens, agrupando-as diferentemente em cada caráter avaliado. Pela análise conjunta dos dados, existe variabilidade genética para tolerância ao alumínio tóxico, distribuindo as linhagens em cinco grupos distintos, permitindo a seleção das linhagens por apresentarem as melhores características quanto à tolerância ao alumínio tóxico.

An experiment was conducted to determine the selection of morphological descriptors in cassava crop by multivariate techniques with the aim of optimizing the use of this technique in order to provide reliable, useful information for the program of genetic improvement and conservation of the species. The phenotypical characterization was performed in 200 genotypes, using 35 descriptors. These genotypes came from Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, located in the municipality of Cruz das Almas - BA. 19 qualitative and 16 quantitative variables were used. The selection of descriptors was performed by means of principal components analysis (quantitative) and entropy (multi-categories). The efficiency of elimination was analyzed by a comparative study between the components formed, taking into account all the 35 descriptors. Namely, root length and diameter, number of roots per plant, root weight per plant, starch content and HCN in the root, distance between leaf scars, number of stems from the manioc cuttings mother, height of the first branch, length of the middle lobe and the petiole. Color was measured in various places, namely in the film from root; root bark without film, stem, petiole and color of terminal branches. The form of the lobe was also measured It was concluded that the disposal of 57% of descriptors caused no loss of information, however, it minimized the costs and streamlined the management of collections of germplasm of cassava. Index terms: Variability, characteristics morphoagronomic, discarding descriptors.

This study aimed at selecting determinant morphoagronomic descriptors to characterize and evaluate Physalis angulata L. germplasm. Twelve quantitative and twenty-two qualitative descriptors were analyzed in six accessions of P. angulata coming from the physalis germplasm collection belonging to the State University of Feira de Santana-BA. The selection and discharge of quantitative descriptors was based on the direct selection and on the Singh method, while qualitative descriptors were analyzed through entropy. The statistic analyses were carried out using the GENES and R programs. Ten quantitative descriptors were excluded through direct selection and five through the Singh method. However, only four descriptors were considered redundant by both methods: east-west fruit, weight of five ripe fruits, width of leaf blade and total soluble solids. Although the total soluble solids descriptor was appointed for discharge, it was included in the group of descriptors selected due to its importance in the characterization of physalis fruit. The list of minimum descriptors to describe physalis accessions comprised 15 descriptors: plant height, stem diameter, north-south fruits, number of fruits per plant, leaf blade length, internode length, fruit longitudinal length, fruit transversal length, total soluble solids, growth habit, stem color, leaf margin shape, unripe calyx color, unripe fruit shape and color. These were nine quantitive and six qualitative descriptors, respectively. The discharge of 55.88% of the descriptors did not cause significant loss of information and might allow the reduction of time and resources spent to characterize and evaluate physalis germplasm.

The objective of this work was to determine the optimal size of experimental plots for the evaluation of agronomic characteristics and fruit quality of papaya, by the linear model of plateau response, under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano region, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The experiment consisted of a uniformity test, with the papaya lineage L78, at 3×2 m spacing, in 16 rows with 22 plants, totaling 352 plants and 2,112 m2 useful area. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, and 11 forms of pre-established plots, with rectangular and row formats, were obtained. The agronomic characteristics and fruit quality were evaluated in the plots. Optimal plot size varied greatly among the variables related to agronomic characteristics, with a greater participation of the variable number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months (16 basic units). The optimal plot size for the evaluation of the agronomic characteristics and fruit quality in papaya is eight experimental units, with 48 m2 area, at a spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela experimental para avaliação de características agronômicas e qualidade de fruto de mamoeiro, por meio do modelo linear de resposta platô, nas condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano, no Estado da Bahia. O experimento consistiu de um teste de uniformidade, com a linhagem de mamoeiro L78, no espaçamento 3×2 m, em 16 fileiras com 22 plantas, com o total de 352 plantas e área útil de 2.112 m2. Cada planta foi considerada como unidade básica, tendo-se obtido 11 formas de parcelas pré-estabelecidas, com formatos retangulares e em fileiras. As características agronômicas e a qualidade dos frutos foram avaliadas nas parcelas. O tamanho ótimo de parcela variou muito entre as variáveis relativas às características agronômicas, com maior participação da variável número de frutos comerciais aos 14 meses (16 unidades básicas). O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliação das características agronômicas e da qualidade do fruto em mamoeiro é de oito unidades experimentais, com área de 48 m2 no espaçamento de 3 m entre fileiras e 2 m entre plantas de mamoeiro.