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In conquest to attain the goal of zero hunger as well as tackling the problem of malnutrition worldwide, fish proves to be one of the best functional food to humans. Along with the sense of good taste to humans, it ensures great nutritional value at an affordable price. Fish food plays an active role in providing nutrients to the body that are directly involved in metabolic activities. It is enriched with high quality protein containing all the essential amino acids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Also, it provides wide variety of micronutrients involving vitamins (fat soluble vitamins and several members of vitamin B complex) and minerals. Also, these have significant protective effects against the occurrences of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, retinopathy, diabetes, arthritis and some other acute or chronic diseases. The bioactive peptides from fish food are reported for their positive effect on humans. Therefore, fish is an optimal choice of food to humans as it helps in their growth, development and maintenance of good health. However, care should be taken during processing of fish or fish products as the inappropriate handling can deteriorate the nutritional quality of the food.

Nanoparticles (NPs) made of metals, polymers, micelles, and liposomes are increasingly being used in various biomedical applications. However, most of these NPs are hazardous for long- and short-term use and hence have restricted biomedical applications. Therefore, naturally derived, biocompatible, and biodegradable nanoconstructs are being explored for such applications. Inspired by the biology of viruses, researchers are exploring the viral proteins that hold considerable promise in biomedical applications. The viral proteins are highly stable and further amenable to suit specific biological applications. Among various viral proteins, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) has emerged as one of the most versatile platforms for biomedical applications. Starting with their first major use in lentivirus/retrovirus packaging systems, the VSV-G-based reagents have been tested for diverse biomedical use, many of which are at various stages of clinical trials. This manuscript discusses the recent advancements in the use of the VSV-G-based reagents in medical, biological research, and clinical applications particularly highlighting emerging applications in biomedical imaging.

In the present study, the groundwater potential zone was demarcated and suitable site selection for the water storage structures was identified in the Deoria watershed of Jharkhand by using analytical hierarchy process. Thematic layers of lithology, geomorphology, soil, lineament, lineament density, slope, relief, aspects, drainage, drainage density, land use and land cover, and groundwater depth maps were created. The watershed falls under fourth-order river basin. A major portion of the basin is mainly dominated by lower order streams. Groundwater potential zones were categorized as very good, good, moderate, bad, and very bad. Only 9.37% of the total watershed area falls under a very good category. Twenty-eight suitable sites were recognized for constructing water harvesting structure in the Deoria watershed. The vast majority of the Deoria watersheds were observed to be appropriate for check dam. The watershed is characterized as having a reasonable land-use class (forest, river bed), slope (under 15%) and soil type (sandy loamy topsoil) which fills the need for soil and water conservation and groundwater expansion. The appropriateness of other water storage structures like nala bandh, farm pond and bore well were apportioned on the grounds. Remote sensing, satellite data, and GIS techniques provide a convenient approach for delineating the potential of groundwater zones which ultimately support the better planning and management of groundwater resources.

In this article, the association of solar radio type IV bursts with active region location on the Sun is studied for the solar cycle 24. The active regions associated with moving and stationary type IV bursts are categorised as close to disk center and far from disk center regions based on their location on the solar surface (i.e, $\leq 45^{\circ}$ or $\geq 45^{\circ}$, respectively). The location of the active regions associated with type IV bursts accompanied with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are also studied. We found that $\approx 30-40 \%$ of the active regions are located far from disk center for all the bursts. It is found that most of the active regions associated with stationary type IV bursts are close to disk center ($\approx 60-70 \%$). The active regions associated with moving type IV bursts are more evenly distributed across the surface, i.e $\approx 56 \%$ and $\approx 44 \%$, close to disk center and far from disk center regions, respectively. Most of the burst having active region close to disk center indicate that these bursts can be used to obtain physical properties such as electron density and magnetic fields of the coronal mass ejections responsible for geomagnetic storms., 3 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in Solar Physics

The Sun is an active star that often produces numerous bursts of electromagnetic radiation at radio wavelengths. Low frequency radio bursts have recently been brought back to light with the advancement of novel radio interferometers. However, their polarisation properties have not yet been explored in detail, especially with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), due to difficulties in calibrating the data and accounting for instrumental leakage. Here, using a unique method to correct the polarisation observations, we explore the circular polarisation of different sub-types of solar type III radio bursts and a type I noise storm observed with LOFAR, which occurred during March-April 2019. We analysed six individual radio bursts from two different dates. We present the first Stokes V low frequency images of the Sun with LOFAR in tied-array mode observations. We find that the degree of circular polarisation for each of the selected bursts increases with frequency for fundamental emission, while this trend is either not clear or absent for harmonic emission. The type III bursts studied, that are part of a long--lasting type III storm, can have different senses of circular polarisation, occur at different locations and have different propagation directions. This indicates that the type III bursts forming a classical type III storm do not necessarily have a common origin but instead they indicate the existence of multiple, possibly unrelated, acceleration processes originating from solar minimum active regions., 19 pages, 6 figures

Background: In the process of volumetric evaluation of the damaged region in the human brain from a MR image it is very crucial to remove the non-brain tissue from the acquainted image. At times there is a chance during the process of assessing the damaged region through automated approaches might misinterpret the non-brain tissues like skull as damaged region due to their similar intensity features. So in order to address such issues all such artefacts. Objective: In order to mechanize an efficient approach that can effectively address the issue of removing the non-brain tissues with minimal computation effort and precise accuracy. It is very essential to keep the computational time to be as minimal as possible because the processes of skull removal is used in conjunction with segmentation algorithm, and if the skull scrapping approach has consumed a considerable amount of time, they it would impact the over segmentation and volume assessment time which is not advisable. Methods: In this paper a completely novel approach named Structural Augmentation has been proposed, that could efficiently remove the skull region from the MR image. The proposed approach has several phases that include applying of Hybridized Contra harmonic and Otsu AWBF filtering for noise removal and threshold approximation through Otsu based approach and constructing the bit map based on the approximated threshold. Morphological close operation followed by morphological open operation with reference to a structural element through the generated bitmap image. Results: The experiment are carry forwarded on a real time MR images of the patient at KGH hospital, Visakhapatnam and the images from open sources repositories like fmri. The experiment is conducted on the images of varied noise variance that are tabulated in the results and implementation section of the article. The accuracy of the proposed method has been evaluated through metrics like Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity through true positive, true negative, False Positive and False negative evaluations. And it is observed that the performance of the proposed algorithm seems to be reasonable good. Conclusion: The skull scrapping through structural Augmentation is computationally efficient when compared with other conventional approaches concerning both computational complexity and the accuracy that could be observed on experimentation. The Adaptive Weighted Bilateral Filter that acquire the weight value from the approximated contra harmonic mean will assist in efficient removal of poison noised by preserving the edge information and Otsu algorithm is used to determine the appropriate threshold value for constructing the bitmap image of the original MRI image which is efficient over the earlier mean based approach for estimating the threshold. Moreover, the efficiency of the proposed approach could be further improved by using customized structural elements and incorporating the fuzzy based assignments among the pixels that belong to brain tissue and skull effectively.

Mangroves are Earth's most active and diversified saline wetlands, which play an essential role in protecting coastal communities from storm surge, cyclonic winds, tsunami, and tidal waves. Space-borne satellite data provide vital information for monitoring mangrove and retrieving health-related parameters. The objective of this study is to map and model biophysical and biochemical parameters of mangrove forests over the Bhitarkanika reserve forest located on the eastern coast of Odisha. The present study has employed Sentinel–2A sensor's red-edge bands to derive both the aforementioned parameters. Furthermore, the near-proximal sensor (NPS) data were integrated with satellite data for mapping leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen contents with the help of an empirical model. The key findings indicate that EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) and measured leaf chlorophyll were significantly and positively correlated (R2 = 0.78). EVI showed a stronger relationship with foliage pigments, such as leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen. Leaf area index (LAI) of mangrove ranged between 1 and 4, with healthy dense mangrove depicted LAI more than 2.5. Leaf chlorophyll content for dense mangrove forests showed between 40 and 90 μg/cm2 as estimated from satellite-based (i.e. NAOC index) and empirical model. However, the NAOC (Normalized Area Over reflectance Curve) index has relatively overestimated the chlorophyll. A similar pattern was also obtained for leaf nitrogen. Nevertheless, integrating both satellite and handheld NPS instruments has provided a robust and dynamic way to monitor mangrove forests' health conditions. Satellite-derived biophysical and biochemical parameters offer vital information on mangrove, which could be crucial towards conservation, plantation, and mangrove management.

It is to bring light on the research that have found how these social sites impact the lives of our youth in a society with a great deal in terms of moral , behaviour and even educational wise. Social media have become prominent part of our daily life . Most people engaged with social media without stopping to think how it will effect on our lives whether positive or negative. We as a society becoming more concern with our facebook “ friends ” than we are interacting with the people on our daily lives. Some people are having double faced personality, on their social media pages and profiles they show they are living a happy life , but in reality their lives are not that fascinating . The people who are giving” love” react to our photos are also the one who are backbiting . So, what is the long term effect of social media use?

To better predict the impacts of solar eruptions on Earth, understanding the low-corona evolution of CMEs is crucial because this influential early phase is highly dynamic. We therefore investigate the evolution of CME properties, such as the evolution of flux rope footpoints as well as the magnetic flux enclosed in the flux rope, during this stage of the eruption. To simulate the eruption we make use of the data-driven time-dependent magnetofrictional method (TMFM), which has been proven to accurately capture a flux rope's early evolution and lift-off. We then developed a semi-automatized method for identifying the flux rope and extracting these flux ropes from 3D data cubes and tracking their evolution in time. The extraction algorithm is based on the twist parameter Tw in a 2D plane close to the polarity inversion line as a proxy for the flux rope and its temporal evolution. It is then applied to TMFM simulations of the active region AR12473, which produced an eruption on 28th of December 2015 (see e.g., Price et al, 2020). This CME was also accompanied by an M1.9 flare, that peaked at about 12:45 UT. The extracted flux rope footpoints are then compared against observational data from SDO's AIA instrument in the 1600 Å wavelength. This comparison yields a very good match with coverage parameters (see Asvestari et al, 2019) in the range of 60-70 %. The magnetic flux is extracted from the footpoints that are rooted in one specific polarity region.

Type-IV radio bursts have been studied for over 50 years. However, the specifics of the radio emission mechanisms is still an open question. In order to provide more information about the emission mechanisms, we studied a moving Type-IV radio burst with fine structures (spike group) by using the high-resolution capability of the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) on August 25, 2014. We present a comparison of Nançay Radioheliograph (NRH) and the first LOFAR imaging data of the Type-IV radio burst. The degree of circular polarization (DCP) is calculated at frequencies in the range 20 – 180 MHz using LOFAR data, and it was found that the value of DCP gradually increased during the event, with values of 20 – 30%. LOFAR interferometric data were combined with white-light observations in order to track the propagation of this Type-IV burst. The kinematics shows a westward motion of the radio sources, slower than the CME leading edge. The dynamic spectrum of LOFAR shows a large number of fine structures with durations of less than 1 s and high brightness temperatures ($T_{ \mathrm{B}}$ T B ), i.e., $10^{12}$ 10 12 – $10^{13}$ 10 13 K. The gradual increase of DCP supports gyrosynchrotron emission as the most plausible mechanism for the Type IV. However, coherent emissions such as Electron Cyclotron Maser (ECM) instability may be responsible for small-scale fine structures. Countless fine structures altogether were responsible for such high $T_{\mathrm{B}}$ T B .

Tea is an important cash crop, and it becomes necessary to map the spatial distribution of tea plantations. The tea industry has been expanding rapidly in the Northeast region of India, and consequently, the area under tea plantations is changing rapidly which needs periodic monitoring. In this study, satellite data such as Landsat–5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Sentinel–2A were deployed for tea plantation identification and to analyze the dynamics of tea extent in the North Bengal district during 2000 and 2020. The result showed that the tea plantation area has increased from 1097 km2 (2000) to 1377 km2 (2020), depicting an increase in tea plantation area by 280 km2 (or 25%) during the last 20 years. The highest increase in tea plantations was in Darjeeling (+137 km2) and Jalpaiguri (+ 83 km2) districts due to the expansion of tea estates along with the increasing population. The accuracy of tea plantation was evaluated using recall and precision with F1 score of 0.90 in 2000 and 0.92 in 2020. The tea plantation health condition was also assessed using both biophysical (LAI, EVI, FPAR) and biochemical parameters (leaf chlorophyll content). The results revealed that tea plants leaf area index (LAI) varied from 1 to 3, with healthy tea plants showed LAI > 2. Similarly, healthy tea plants depicted leaf chlorophyll content of 40 to 70 μg/cm2. Assessment of dynamics of tea plantation is required for promoting sustainable tea practices and safeguarding economic and social importance of people living in North Bengal.

In this paper, early detection of Coronavirus has been proposed using some machine learning techniques. Coronavirus has been the most exceptionally infectious and dangerous disease in the year 2020. By analyzing the significant clinical symptoms, early detection of this disease in patients can be done. A clinical dataset has been used for the classification of the disease using support vector machines, random forest algorithms, and neural networks. Neural network has been the most promising algorithm in providing the best-performance parameters like F1-score, recall, precision, confusion matrix, etc. Experimental analysis shows that neural network outperforms due to the approximation nature of the activation functions.

Two billion people worldwide take rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a staple food. Phosphorus (P) and Nitrogen (N) are the major requirements of rice; although these are available in limited concentrations within rice growing regions. Among different types of Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria (PSRB) constitute an important class. These are known for plant growth promotion by enhancing P and N uptake. PSRB are nowadays used as biofertilizers to restore the soil health. Under the present investigation identification, characterization and optimization of phosphate solubilizing activity of these microbes at different pH, temperature and salt concentrations was carried out. Thirty-seven isolates were recovered from different regions of rice rhizosphere on Pikovskaya (PVK) agar among which 15 isolates were recovered from R.S. Pura, 12 isolates from Bishnah and 10 isolates were recovered from Akhnoor sector of Jammu, India. A prominent halo zone of clearance was developed around the colonies of 12 different isolates, indicating phosphate solubilization activity. Four distinct isolates were amplified, cloned and sequenced for taxonomic identification using 16S primers. The results indicated that PS 1, PS 2, PS 3, PS 4 were related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis strain 1, B. subtilis strain 2, B. subtilis strain 3, respectively. These strains when grown at a wide range of ecological factors showed maximum growth at pH between 6.8 and 8.8, temperature between 28 °C and 37 °C and salinity between 1% and 2%. Screening for phosphate solubilization activity revealed that the halo zone diameter formed by these isolates extended from 2.1 to 3.2 mm. The phosphate solubilizing efficiency (SE) ranged from 35.4 to 50.9 with highest value of 50.9 by PS4 and maximum P solubilization of 10.22 µg/ml was recorded by PS4 at 7th day. Phosphate solubilization activity of these identified PSRB strains can be utilized and explored in the rice growing belts of Jammu region which are deficient in phosphorus. MIC value for zinc sulphate heptahydrate in 12 isolates varied from 1 mg/ml to 6 mg/ml. Phosphate solubilization activity and MIC of these identified PSRB strains can be utilized and explored in the rice growing belts of Jammu region which are deficient in phosphorus.

Multiphoton imaging, a highly effective diagnostic technique, has recently gained widespread attention for early-stage cancer detection. Tremendous efforts have been dedicated to explore various types of exogenous contrast agents for improved signal-to-noise ratio of multiphoton imaging. Indocyanine green (ICG), the only U. S. FDA approved near-infrared chromophore, has been recently used as an exogenous contrast agent for two-photon bioimaging. Despite its great potential applications in clinical settings, the conventional delivery method of ICG has limited applications due to its poor cellular uptake and optical stability in its free form. Herein, we report the effect of nanoencapsulation of ICG on two-photon bioimaging. For this study, ICG was encapsulated within poly-l-arginine (PLA) based nanoparticles for the first time. These nanoparticles were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable as the major constituents were salts and PLA. These nanoparticles were spherical with a mean diameter of ∼61 nm and exhibit higher photostability than free ICG. Additionally, nanoencapsulated ICG treated cells show enhanced contrast for two-photon bioimaging in comparison with its free form. In summary, nanoencapsulated ICG could serve as an exogenous chromophore for multiphoton imaging, which shows excellent delivery efficacy.

An effective drug delivery system (DDS) relies on an efficient cellular uptake and faster intracellular delivery of theranostic agents, bypassing the endosomal mediated degradation of the payload. The use of viral nanoparticles (VNPs) permits such advancement, as the viruses are naturally evolved to infiltrate the host cells to deliver their genetic material. As a proof of concept, we bioengineered the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-based near-infrared (NIR) active viral nanoconstructs (NAVNs) encapsulating indocyanine green dye (ICG) for NIR bioimaging. NAVNs are spherical in size and have the intrinsic cellular-fusogenic properties of VSV-G. Further, the NIR imaging displaying higher fluorescence intensity in NAVNs treated cells suggests enhanced cellular uptake and delivery of ICG by NAVNs compared to the free form of ICG. The overall study highlights the effectiveness of VSV-G-based VNPs as an efficient delivery system for NIR fluorescence imaging.

Many bacterivorous and parasitic nematodes secrete signaling molecules called ascarosides that play a central role regulating their behavior and development. Combining stable-isotope labeling and mass spectrometry-based comparative metabolomics, here we show that ascarosides are taken up from the environment and metabolized by a wide range of phyla, including plants, fungi, bacteria, and mammals, as well as nematodes. In most tested eukaryotes and some bacteria, ascarosides are metabolized into derivatives with shortened fatty acid side chains, analogous to ascaroside biosynthesis in nematodes. In plants and C. elegans, labeled ascarosides were additionally integrated into larger, modular metabolites, and use of different ascaroside stereoisomers revealed the stereospecificity of their biosynthesis. The finding that nematodes extensively metabolize ascarosides taken up from the environment suggests that pheromone editing may play a role in conspecific and interspecific interactions. Moreover, our results indicate that plants, animals, and microorganisms may interact with associated nematodes via manipulation of ascaroside signaling.

We report on a multi-wavelength analysis of the 26 January 2014 solar eruption involving a coronal mass ejection (CME) and a Type-II radio burst, performed by combining data from various space-and ground-based instruments. An increasing standoff distance with height shows the presence of a strong shock, which further manifests itself in the continuation of the metric Type-II burst into the decameter-hectometric (DH) domain. A plot of speed versus position angle (PA) shows different points on the CME leading edge travelled with different speeds. From the starting frequency of the Type-II burst and white-light data, we find that the shock signature producing the Type-II burst might be coming from the flanks of the CME. Measuring the speeds of the CME flanks, we find the southern flank to be at a higher speed than the northern flank; further the radio contours from Type-II imaging data showed that the burst source was coming from the southern flank of the CME. From the standoff distance at the CME nose, we find that the local Alfven speed is close to the white-light shock speed, thus causing the Mach number to be small there. Also, the presence of a streamer near the southern flank appears to have provided additional favorable conditions for the generation of shock-associated radio emission. These results provide conclusive evidence that the Type-II emission could originate from the flanks of the CME, which in our study is from the the southern flank of the CME., 19 pages, 7 Figures, 1 table ; Accepted for publication in Solar Physics