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Accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiments seek to measure the relative number of electron and muon neutrinos and antineutrinos at different $L/E$ values. However high statistics studies of neutrino interactions are almost exclusively measured using muon neutrinos and antineutrinos since the dominant flavor of neutrinos produced by accelerator based beams are of the muon type. This work reports new measurements of electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions in hydrocarbon, obtained by strongly suppressing backgrounds initiated by muon flavor neutrinos and antineutrinos. Double differential cross sections as a function of visible energy transfer, $E_\text{avail}$, and transverse momentum transfer, $p_T$, or three momentum transfer, $q_3$ are presented., Comment: 25 pages, 32 figures and 7 tables, accepted for publication in Physical Review D. Revised to add content updated in review process

Neutron production in antineutrino interactions can lead to bias in energy reconstruction in neutrino oscillation experiments, but these interactions have rarely been studied. MINERvA previously studied neutron production at an average antineutrino energy of ~3 GeV in 2016 and found deficiencies in leading models. In this paper, the MINERvA 6 GeV average antineutrino energy data set is shown to have similar disagreements. A measurement of the cross section for an antineutrino to produce two or more neutrons and have low visible energy is presented as an experiment-independent way to explore neutron production modeling. This cross section disagrees with several leading models' predictions. Neutron modeling techniques from nuclear physics are used to quantify neutron detection uncertainties on this result., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures; Added ancillary files with cross section values as .csv Matches preprint accepted by publisher

This paper presents the first simultaneous measurement of the quasielastic-like neutrino-nucleus cross sections on C, water, Fe, Pb and scintillator (hydrocarbon or CH) as a function of longitudinal and transverse muon momentum. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon between Pb and CH is always above unity and has a characteristic shape as a function of transverse muon momentum that evolves slowly as a function of longitudinal muon momentum. The ratio is constant versus longitudinal momentum within uncertainties above a longitudinal momentum of 4.5GeV/c. The cross section ratios to CH for C, water, and Fe remain roughly constant with increasing longitudinal momentum, and the ratios between water or C to CH do not have any significant deviation from unity. Both the overall cross section level and the shape for Pb and Fe as a function of transverse muon momentum are not reproduced by current neutrino event generators. These measurements provide a direct test of nuclear effects in quasielastic-like interactions, which are major contributors to long-baseline neutrino oscillation data samples., Comment: 9 pages, 8 flgures, including supplemental material

We present measurements of the cross section for anti-neutrino charged-current quasielastic-like scattering on hydrocarbon using the medium energy (ME) NuMI wide-band neutrino beam peaking at $\sim 6$ GeV. The cross section measurements are presented as a function of the longitudinal momentum ($p_{||}$) and transverse momentum ($p_{T}$) of the final state muon. This work complements our previously reported high statistics measurement in the neutrino channel and extends the previous anti-neutrino measurement made in the low energy (LE) beam at neutrino energy($$) $\sim$ 3.5 GeV to $p_{T}$ of 2.5 GeV/c. Current theoretical models do not completely describe the data in this previously unexplored high $p_{T}$ region. The single differential cross section as a function of four momentum transfer ($Q^{2}_{QE}$) now extends to 4 GeV$^2$ with high statistics. The cross section as a function of $Q^{2}_{QE}$ shows that the tuned simulations developed by the MINERvA collaboration that agreed well with the low energy beam measurements do not agree as well with the medium energy beam measurements. Newer neutrino interaction models such as the GENIE 3 tunes are better able to simulate the high $Q^{2}_{QE}$., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures

MINERvA has measured the $\nu_{\mu}$-induced coherent $\pi^{+}$ cross section simultaneously in hydrocarbon (CH), graphite (C), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) targets using neutrinos from 2 to 20 GeV. The measurements exceed the predictions of the Rein-Sehgal and Berger-Sehgal PCAC based models at multi-GeV $\nu_{\mu}$ energies and at produced $\pi^{+}$ energies and angles, $E_{\pi}>1$ GeV and $\theta_{\pi}<10^{\circ}$. Measurements of the cross-section ratios of Fe and Pb relative to CH reveal the effective $A$-scaling to increase from an approximate $A^{1/3}$ scaling at few GeV to an $A^{2/3}$ scaling for $E_{\nu}>10$ GeV., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures and 60 pages of supplemental material. Updated to accepted version, with ancillary files of the cross section data

Neutrino-induced charged-current single $\pi^+$ production in the $\Delta(1232)$ resonance region is of considerable interest to accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. In this work, high statistics differential cross sections are reported for the semi-exclusive reaction $\nu_\mu A \to \mu^- \pi^+ +$ nucleon(s) on scintillator, carbon, water, iron, and lead targets recorded by MINERvA using a wide-band $\nu_\mu$ beam with $\left< E_\nu \right> \approx 6$~GeV. Suppression of the cross section at low $Q^2$ and enhancement of low $T_\pi$ are observed in both light and heavy nuclear targets compared to phenomenological models used in current neutrino interaction generators. The cross-section ratios for iron and lead compared to CH across the kinematic variables probed are 0.8 and 0.5 respectively, a scaling which is also not predicted by current generators., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, 117 pages of supplementary material; updated to accepted version and added ancillary files with cross section data; updated again to add ancillary files with neutrino flux used for result

Processes with precisely known cross sections, like neutrino electron elastic scattering ($\nu e^{-} \!\rightarrow \nu e^{-}$) and inverse muon decay ($\nu_\mu e^{-} \!\rightarrow \mu^{-} \nu_e$) have been used by MINERvA to constrain the uncertainty on the NuMI neutrino beam flux. This work presents a new measurement of neutrino elastic scattering with electrons using the medium energy \numubar enhanced NuMI beam. A sample of 578 events after background subtraction is used in combination with the previous measurement on the \numu beam and the inverse muon decay measurement to reduce the uncertainty on the \numu flux in the \numu-enhanced beam from 7.6\% to 3.3\% and the \numubar flux in the \numubar-enhanced beam from 7.8\% to 4.7\%., Comment: 12 pages, 16 figures

Neutrino charged-current quasielastic-like scattering, a reaction category extensively used in neutrino oscillation measurements, probes nuclear effects that govern neutrino-nucleus interactions. This Letter reports the first measurement of the triple-differential cross section for $\nu_{\mu}$ quasielastic-like reactions using the hydrocarbon medium of the MINERvA detector exposed to a wide-band beam spanning 2 $\leq$ E$_\nu \leq$ 20 GeV. The measurement maps the correlations among transverse and longitudinal muon momenta and summed proton kinetic energies, and compares them to predictions from a state-of-art simulation. Discrepancies are observed that likely reflect shortfalls with modeling of pion and nucleon intranuclear scattering and/or spectator nucleon ejection from struck nuclei. The separate determination of leptonic and hadronic variables can inform experimental approaches to neutrino-energy estimation., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary 18 figures

We compare different neural network architectures for Machine Learning (ML) algorithms designed to identify the neutrino interaction vertex position in the MINERvA detector. The architectures developed and optimized by hand are compared with the architectures developed in an automated way using the package "Multi-node Evolutionary Neural Networks for Deep Learning" (MENNDL), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The two architectures resulted in a similar performance which suggests that the systematics associated with the optimized network architecture are small. Furthermore, we find that while the domain expert hand-tuned network was the best performer, the differences were negligible and the auto-generated networks performed well. There is always a trade-off between human, and computer resources for network optimization and this work suggests that automated optimization, assuming resources are available, provides a compelling way to save significant expert time.

The nuclear medium effects are studied in the $\nu_\tau/\bar\nu_\tau$ interactions from nuclei in the deep inelastic scattering (DIS) region and applied to the $^{40}Ar$ nucleus to obtain the scattering cross sections in the energy region of the proposed DUNE experiment. The free nucleon structure functions ($F_{iN}(x,Q^2);~(i=1-5)$) have been calculated at the next-to-leading order (NLO) using Martin-Motylinski-Harland Lang-Thorne 2014 as well as The Coordinated Theoretical-Experimental Project on QCD parameterizations for parton distribution functions (PDFs) and including the effect of perturbative and nonperturbative QCD corrections \cite{Ansari:2020xne}. These free nucleon structure functions are then convoluted with the nucleon spectral function in the nucleus to obtain the nuclear structure functions ($F_{iA}(x,Q^2);~(i=1-5)$). The nucleon spectral function takes into account the Fermi motion and the binding energy of the nucleons as well as the nucleon correlations within the nucleus. These nuclear structure functions are then used to calculate the deep inelastic scattering cross sections. Moreover, the contribution of $\pi$ and $\rho$ mesons as well as the corrections due to the shadowing and antishadowing effects in the relevant kinematic region of the Bjorken variable $x$ are also included. The numerical results for the cross sections have been presented and compared with the results obtained in the phenomenological approach using nuclear structure functions from nCTEQnu., Comment: 26 pages and 20 figures and 1 table

The present status of the field theoretical model studies of the deep inelastic scattering induced by (anti)neutrino on the nuclear targets in a wide range of Bjorken variable $x$ and four momentum transfer square $Q^2$, has been reviewed~\cite{Haider:2011qs,Haider:2012nf,Haider:2016zrk,Zaidi:2019mfd,Zaidi:2019asc,Ansari:2020xne}. The effect of the nonperturbative corrections such as target mass correction and higher twist effects, perturbative evolution of the parton densities, nuclear medium modifications in the nucleon structure functions, nuclear isoscalarity corrections on the weak nuclear structure functions have been discussed. These structure functions have been used to obtain the differential scattering cross sections. The various nuclear medium effects like the Fermi motion, binding energy, nucleon correlations, mesonic contributions, shadowing and antishadowing corrections relevant in the different regions of $x$ and $Q^2$ have been discussed. The numerical results for the structure functions and the cross sections are compared with some of the available experimental data including the recent results from MINERvA. The predictions are made in argon nuclear target which is planned to be used as a target material in DUNE at the Fermilab., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.05538

The effect of nonperturbative and higher order perturbative corrections to all the free nucleon structure functions ($F_{iN}(x,Q^2); i=1-5$) in the DIS of $\nu_\tau/{\bar\nu}_\tau$ on nucleon is studied. The target mass correction (TMC) and higher twist (HT) effects are incorporated following the works of Kretzer et al. and Dasgupta et al., respectively. The evaluation of the nucleon structure functions has been performed by using the MMHT 2014 parameterization of the parton distribution functions (PDFs). The calculations have been performed at the next-to-leading(NLO) order. These nucleon structure functions (SF) are used to calculate the DIS cross section by further including the kinematical corrections due to $\tau$-lepton mass. Due to the inclusion of lepton mass two additional structure functions $F_{4N}(x,Q^2)$ and $F_{5N}(x,Q^2)$ become non-negligible. The results for the nucleon structure functions, differential and total scattering cross sections are presented. The various effects considered in this work are effective in the different regions of $x$ and $Q^2$, and quite important in the energy region of $E_{\nu_\tau/{\bar\nu}_\tau} < 15$ GeV. A comparative study of our results with the existing results in the literature for the cross sections is made in the energy region of interest for the DUNE, SHiP, DsTau and HyperK experiments proposed to be done in the near future., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Between 2013 and 2019 MINERvA collected an accelerator neutrino interaction dataset that is uniquely relevant to the energy range of DUNE. These are the only currently available data at intermediate and high momentum transfers for multiple nuclear targets in the same beam. MINERvA is undertaking a campaign to preserve these data and make them publicly available so that they may be analyzed beyond the end of the MINERvA collaboration. We encourage the community to consider the development of centralized resources to enable long-term access to these data and analysis tools for the entire HEP community., Comment: Snowmass 2021 Contributed Paper

The phenomenon of entanglement is the basis of quantum information and quantum communication processes. Entangled systems with a large number of photons are of great interest at present because they provide a platform for streaming technologies based on photonics. In this paper we present a device which operates with four-photons and based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference. The presented device allows to maximize the degree of spatial entanglement and generate the highly entangled four-dimensional Bell states. Furthermore, the use of the interferometer in different regimes leads to fast interference fringes in the coincidence probability with period of oscillations twice smaller than the pump wavelength. We have a good agreement between theoretical simulations and experimental results., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure

The two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference is a pure quantum effect which indicates the degree of indistinguishability of photons. The four-photon HOM interference exhibits richer dynamics in comparison to the two-photon interference and simultaneously is more sensitive to the input photon states. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally an explicit dependency of the four-photon interference to the number of temporal modes, created in the process of parametric down-conversion. Moreover, we exploit the splitting ratio of the beam splitter to manipulate the interference between bunching and antibunching. Our results reveal that the temporal mode structure (multimodeness) of the quantum states shapes many-particle interference., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure, bibliography and appendix

We report on the implementation of a time-multiplexed click detection scheme to probe quantum correlations between different spatial optical modes. We demonstrate that such measurement setups can uncover nonclassical correlations in multimode light fields even if the single mode reductions are purely classical. The nonclassical character of correlated photon pairs, generated by a parametric down-conversion, is immediately measurable employing the theory of click counting instead of low-intensity approximations with photoelectric detection models. The analysis is based on second- and higher-order moments, which are directly retrieved from the measured click statistics, for relatively high mean photon numbers. No data postprocessing is required to demonstrate the effects of interest with high significance, despite low efficiencies and experimental imperfections. Our approach shows that such novel detection schemes are a reliable and robust way to characterize quantum-correlated light fields for practical applications in quantum communications., Comment: 6 pages, incl. supplemental material