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Background: Teeth changes after chemotherapy are of clinical importance, but no morphological studies were conducted on microscopic level., Aim: To assess morphological changes in teeth developing under chemotherapy., Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine adolescents aged 13-16 years that received chemotherapy at the age of 2-13 were included in the study. Teeth morphology was evaluated by means of clinical and radiological data as well as microscopy of extracted teeth (n=13). Thirty healthy children aged 13-16 and 8 teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons served as a control., Results: Chemotherapy has arresting impact on teeth development confirmed by aplasia of germs when influenced on stages I-II (p=0.0001), preliminary apexogenesis resulting in shortened roots in teeth at the later stages of growth and development (p=0.01). Enamel and dentine defects usually located in cervical area are also a specific feature, while caries incidence was not higher when compared to control group., Conclusion: Children receiving chemotherapy have high risk of secondary teeth loss because of germs aplasia and extraction of severely decayed teeth. Early diagnostics helps to prevent secondary deformations of dental arches by prompt prosthetic rehabilitation. Root morphology changes should be considered by root canal treatment.

We describe the dental findings and therapeutic management of a child aged three years and eight months with medulloblastoma treated by surgical resection at age eight months followed by 20 months of chemotherapy. Thin and short roots of the primary molars were observed, as were microdontia and anodontia of the premolars. The boy suffered from severe early childhood caries (ECC). Dental treatment was carried out under general anesthesia. Follow-up examinations at three, six and twelve months after the initial dental treatment revealed healthy gingival tissue and no new caries. The boy passed away before the next scheduled follow-up dental examination.

Background: Adverse long-term general and dental health effects of cancer and cancer therapy during childhood have been reported., Aim: To examine the association between chemotherapy before the age of 8 years and (1): microdontia; (2): hypodontia of premolars and permanent molars., Material and Methods: In The Danish Registry of Childhood Cancer (DBCR), we identified 203 children who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) age below 8 years at the start of treatment; (2) age between 12 to 18 years upon dental examination; (3) had received chemotherapy The exclusion criterion was radiotherapy to the head and neck. A total of 150 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. As controls, a random sample of 193 age-matched unexposed children was included., Results: Microdontia was found in a total of 88 teeth in 29 (19.3%) of the 150 children who had been exposed to chemotherapy, while none of the controls had microdontia of premolars or permanent molars (difference: 19.3%; 95% CL: 13.5%; 26.4%). The earlier the exposure, the more frequent was microdontia. We found a total of 27 missing premolars and permanent molars in 14 (9.3%) of the exposed children and a total of 18 missing premolars and permanent molars in 8 (4.1%) of the controls (difference: 5.2%; 95% CL: -0.1%; 11.3%)., Conclusion: The present study confirms findings from previous studies that chemotherapy, especially in very young children, causes microdontia and hypodontia of premolars and permanent molars., (© 2011 The Authors. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry © 2011 BSPD, IAPD and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Developmental orofacial dentoalveolar complications associated with chemoradiotherapy in an 8 year old child with a history of rhabdomyosarcoma are reported. This report details, clinically and radiographically, these effects in a child diagnosed at 3 years of age with a lesion primary to the left buccinator. Early evaluation is vital to determine potential dentoalveolar complications and long-term consequences.

Objective: We evaluated the effects of different levels of the potent environmental toxicant and teratogen, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on molar development in mice in six inbred strains, all with TCDD responsive Ahr alleles., Design: Pregnant females were exposed on gestation day 13 to 4 different levels of TCDD (control, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 microg/kg) and their offspring were examined for the frequency of missing third molars (M3s) and for differences in first mandibular molar (M1) cuspal morphology., Results: Missing M3s were prevalent only in mice in two strains, C3H/HeJ and CBA/J, and their frequency significantly increased with increasing TCDD exposure. The frequency of the M1 variant was high in mice in only one strain, C57BL/10J, and was significantly higher in the treated compared with the control group., Conclusions: Inbred mice strains exhibited differential responses to TCDD suggesting that there is a genetic component, beyond Ahr differences, mediating the effects of TCDD on molar development.

Commonly designed by the term "dioxins", polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons are environmental pollutants leading to several toxic effects during development and growth in embryo and child. The general consequences of dioxin exposure are particularly well-documented whereas only few data are mentioned by the experts concerning tooth development. However, studies performed in rodents have shown many disruptions during odontogenesis and enamel mineralisation. Moreover, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated in human the incidence of dioxin exposure on enamel hypomineralisation and hypodontia. The aim of this review is to report recent data about consequences of dioxin exposure on tooth development, tooth being considered as a biological marker of potential dioxin poisoning.

Prenatal exposure to anticonvulsant medication has been shown to cause craniofacial dysmorphology, prenatal growth retardation, hypoplastic nails and phalanges, and visceral abnormalities. In this study we examined maxillary and mandibular stone dental casts (45) and panoramic radiographs (39) from 45 individuals with ages 4.5 to 22.0 years for changes in mesiodistal crown size of deciduous and permanent teeth, and the presence of dental anomalies. These individuals had been exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Mesiodistal crown diameters were measured from the dental casts and converted into standard scores (Z), using published normative data from the University of Michigan Longitudinal Craniofacial Growth Series. A significant increase in mesiodistal crown dimensions of the posterior maxillary teeth was observed, specifically in primary molars and their permanent premolar successors, as well as permanent molars. Changes in tooth size were more common in females than in males. Dental maturity, assessed using the panoramic radiographs, was equal to chronologic age. An increased frequency of hypodontia was the only notable dental anomaly.

Delayed drug-related mortality in rats treated with a single high dose (75 mg/kg) of cyclophosphamide complicated experiments using this drug treatment. We observed that this delayed mortality was due to dental abnormalities including broken teeth, absent teeth, extra long teeth, and/or supernumerary teeth. These dental abnormalities developed about 140 days after treatment and, if left untreated, interfered with eating. Eventually, the untreated rats starved. Clipping their long teeth and feeding the rats powdered chow eliminated the deaths. Researchers should be aware that high doses of cyclophosphamide may result in dental abnormalities several months after the treatment.