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People living with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience episodic CNS white matter lesions instigated by autoreactive T cells. With age, patients with MS show evidence of gray matter demyelination and experience devastating nonremitting symptomology. What drives progression is unclear and studying this has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. Here, we show that passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by an adoptive transfer of young Th17 cells induced a nonremitting clinical phenotype that was associated with persistent leptomeningeal inflammation and cortical pathology in old, but not young, SJL/J mice. Although the quantity and quality of T cells did not differ in the brains of old versus young EAE mice, an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in B cells were observed in the brains of old mice. Neutrophils were also found in the leptomeninges of a subset of progressive MS patient brains that showed evidence of leptomeningeal inflammation and subpial cortical demyelination. Taken together, our data show that while Th17 cells initiate CNS inflammation, subsequent clinical symptoms and gray matter pathology are dictated by age and associated with other immune cells, such as neutrophils.

Abstract Background Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of axonal regrowth and remyelination. More recently, they have also been highlighted as a modulator of macrophage infiltration into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Methods We interrogated results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying in or close to genes regulating CSPG metabolism in the summary results from two publicly available systematic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics. A demyelinating injury model in the spinal cord of exostosin-like 2 deficient (EXTL2-/-) mice was used to investigate the effects of dysregulation of EXTL2 on remyelination. Cell cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons were supplemented with purified CSPGs or conditioned media to assess potential mechanisms of action. Results The strongest evidence for genetic association was seen for SNPs mapping to the region containing the glycosyltransferase exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2), an enzyme that normally suppresses CSPG biosynthesis. Six of these SNPs showed genome-wide significant evidence for association in one of the studies with concordant and nominally significant effects in the second study. We then went on to show that a demyelinating injury to the spinal cord of EXTL2−/− mice resulted in excessive deposition of CSPGs in the lesion area. EXTL2−/− mice had exacerbated axonal damage and myelin disruption relative to wild-type mice, and increased representation of microglia/macrophages within lesions. In tissue culture, activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from EXTL2−/− mice overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Conclusions These results emphasize CSPGs as a prominent modulator of neuroinflammation and they highlight CSPGs accumulating in lesions in promoting axonal injury.

Although anatomically distant from the central nervous system (CNS), gut-derived signals can dynamically regulate both peripheral immune cells and CNS-resident glial cells to modulate disease. Recent discoveries of specific microbial taxa and microbial derived metabolites that modulate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have provided mechanistic insight into how the gut may modulate the CNS. Furthermore, the participation of the gut in regulation of peripheral and CNS immune activity introduces a potential therapeutic target. This review addresses emerging literature on how the microbiome can affect glia and circulating lymphocytes in preclinical models of human CNS disease. Critically, this review also discusses how the host may in turn influence the microbiome, and how this may impact CNS homeostasis and disease, potentially through the production of IgA.

Battery waste needs to be managed immediately and thus electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular as a sustainable replacement for internal combustion engine vehicles. This review discusses waste battery recycling industry practices and emphasizes the need for authorized battery management services for electric motorcycles. This gap allows third-party businesses not affiliated with the primary manufacturer to emerge and potentially grow sustainably. The literature review methodology involves an in-depth search of relevant literature using the Scopus database with strategically selected keywords. The VoS Viewer collects, organizes, and graphically maps references to synthesize them orderly. The search initially yielded 138 relevant articles. This number was then narrowed to 66 articles published in English journals. Thirty-nine articles were found when the search was modified to focus on full-text availability. These findings indicate an important need for more targeted research to design effective management frameworks for recycling waste batteries in electric motorbike workshops. All critical components increased waste management awareness and expertise among workshop managers, government policies, funding support, and a well-coordinated supply chain. This assessment identifies barriers to developing a viable battery waste recycling sector and makes recommendations for future policy and research initiatives.

The coming out process differs for everyone, and parents may experience difficulties such as external stress, ostracism and finding local services. Access to resources is, therefore, fundamental, and parents need support in accompanying their children. Methods: This research was carried out in two waves. Firstly, data collection began with parents of TNB children living in the Gaspésie, Bas-Saint-Laurent and Îles-de-la-Madeleine regions, who participated in five group meetings. Secondly, nine in-depth interviews were conducted with parents living in the province of Quebec, outside major urban centres. Results: This article presents the synergy between the two waves of data collection. The results show that parents report various experiences of vulnerability in the process of accepting their children’s gender identity. Despite this, the families we met provided their children with unconditional support to help them navigate various service structures. Conclusions: Although parents of TNB children living in regional areas face similar difficulties to their urban peers, the lack of resources and access to services limits their options, contributing to their isolation. As a result, these parents must employ strategies to initiate change and improve their conditions.

Abstract Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is abundant on Earth, is a major component of marine biominerals and thus of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and it plays a major role in the global carbon cycle by storing atmospheric CO2 into solid biominerals. Six crystalline polymorphs of CaCO3 are known—3 anhydrous: calcite, aragonite, vaterite, and 3 hydrated: ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O), monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O, MHC), and calcium carbonate hemihydrate (CaCO3·½H2O, CCHH). CCHH was recently discovered and characterized, but exclusively as a synthetic material, not as a naturally occurring mineral. Here, analyzing 200 million spectra with Myriad Mapping (MM) of nanoscale mineral phases, we find CCHH and MHC, along with amorphous precursors, on freshly deposited coral skeleton and nacre surfaces, but not on sea urchin spines. Thus, biomineralization pathways are more complex and diverse than previously understood, opening new questions on isotopes and climate. Crystalline precursors are more accessible than amorphous ones to other spectroscopies and diffraction, in natural and bio-inspired materials.

In the wake of COVID-19, numerous research projects moved to online data collection to comply with public health guidelines. Since then, many qualitative projects have continued to use online methods to collect data. While online methods facilitated research continuity, they also introduced new opportunities for deceptive behaviors, particularly misrepresentation and multiple participation. Drawing from a recent project that conducted online interviews with young people who detransition after a gender transition, this article describes how fraudulent interviews were identified and dealt with. We present 12 indicators of potential scams in qualitative interviews, including similarities between participants, the type of information provided, participants’ behaviors, and inconsistencies in the narratives. We discuss our overall experience and, in light of recent literature, present strategies to prevent and deal with scams in qualitative research.

Waste cooking oil is one of household waste. Waste cooking oil is usually disposed to the sewers or gardens. Utilization of waste cooking oil is by recycling it into a solid soap product. The production of solid soap from waste cooking oil is a solution to reduce waste. There are various formulas for making soap products from waste cooking oil. In order to utilize waste cooking oil becomes maximal dan useful, it is necessary to select the best formula for further development. The research begins by identifying the soap formula with a simple process. The identification results obtained six soap formulas that can be produced on a household scale. The six soap formulas were then produced and tested according to Indonesia’s national standards (SNI). The method used to select the best formula was Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which involved four partisipants as experts. The result of the decision of the best soap formula is Soap 6. Meanwhile, the three priority attributes for decision-making are soap standard (SNI), cleaning power, and the ability to hold bacteria.

Summary: Background: In a parallel-group, international, phase 3 study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04762680), we evaluated prototype (D614) and Beta (B.1.351) variant recombinant spike protein booster vaccines with AS03-adjuvant (CoV2 preS dTM-AS03). Methods: Adults, previously primed with mRNA (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273), adenovirus-vectored (Ad26.CoV2.S, ChAdOx1nCoV-19) or protein (CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 [monovalent D614; MV(D614)]) vaccines were enrolled between 29 July 2021 and 22 February 2022. Participants were stratified by age (18–55 and ≥ 56 years) and received one of the following CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 booster formulations: MV(D614) (n = 1285), MV(B.1.351) (n = 707) or bivalent D614 + B.1.351 (BiV; n = 625). Unvaccinated adults who tested negative on a SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test (control group, n = 479) received two primary doses, 21 days apart, of MV(D614). Anti-D614G and anti-B.1.351 antibodies were evaluated using validated pseudovirus (lentivirus) neutralization (PsVN) assay 14 days post-booster (day [D]15) in 18–55-year-old BNT162b2-primed participants and compared with those pre-booster (D1) and on D36 in 18–55-year-old controls (primary immunogenicity endpoints). PsVN titers to Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 subvariants were also evaluated. Safety was evaluated over a 12-month follow-up period. Planned interim analyses are presented up to 14 days post-last vaccination for immunogenicity and over a median duration of 5 months for safety. Findings: All three boosters elicited robust anti-D614G or -B.1.351 PsVN responses for mRNA, adenovirus-vectored and protein vaccine-primed groups. Among BNT162b2-primed adults (18–55 years), geometric means of the individual post-booster versus pre-booster titer ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) were: for MV (D614), 23.37 (18.58–29.38) (anti-D614G); for MV(B.1.351), 35.41 (26.71–46.95) (anti-B.1.351); and for BiV, 14.39 (11.39–18.28) (anti-D614G) and 34.18 (25.84–45.22 (anti-B.1.351). GMT ratios (98.3% CI) versus post-primary vaccination GMTs in controls, were: for MV(D614) booster, 2.16 (1.69; 2.75) [anti-D614G]; for MV(B.1.351), 1.96 (1.54; 2.50) [anti-B.1.351]; and for BiV, 2.34 (1.84; 2.96) [anti-D614G] and 1.39 (1.09; 1.77) [anti-B.1.351]. All booster formulations elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.2 (across priming vaccine subgroups), Omicron BA.1 (BNT162b2-primed participants) and Omicron BA.4/5 (BNT162b2-primed participants and MV D614-primed participants). Similar patterns in antibody responses were observed for participants aged ≥56 years. Reactogenicity tended to be transient and mild-to-moderate severity in all booster groups. No safety concerns were identified. Interpretation: CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 boosters demonstrated acceptable safety and elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants, regardless of priming vaccine. Funding: Sanofi and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA).

In North America, bear viewing is becoming increasingly popular with visitors to parks and protected areas. In the face of heightened visitation pressures in parks, the phenomena of roadside bear viewing poses risks to humans and wildlife. A related challenge is the formation of “bear jams,” which is traffic congestion caused by people stopping or slowing down to view bears. Using Peter Lougheed Provincial Park (PLPP) in Kananaskis, Alberta, as a case study, we examined the gaps in our understanding of roadside bear viewing from a human dimensions approach. To gain insight into management strategies, risks, and observed human behavior associated with roadside bear viewing, semi-structured interviews (n=22) were conducted with expert participants, including park staff members, non-profit organization employees, and biologists. Responses emphasized the need for consistent messaging and better communication regarding respectful roadside bear viewing behaviors, and recommendations for specific forms and methods of communication. Results of this study indicate that a holistic and adaptive approach could mitigate roadside bear viewing risks while also balancing conservation and recreation goals. Among the key contributions of this study is its insight into roadside bear management and viewing from a social sciences and human dimensions perspective

This study focuses on measuring the productivity of PT.X, especially the welding and painting unit, based on the total realization of production, several employees, working hours, overtime hours, and lost hours of employees. The purpose of this study is to propose a strategy for improving the productivity ratio of the welding and painting unit, which is still below the standard by setting performance criteria standards. The method used is the objective matrix (OMAX) and root cause analysis (RCA) which is carried out using six ratios of productivity measurement and looking for the root cause of the ratio at a level below the standard. The results show that three ratios are still below the standard of the six productivity measurement ratios, such as ratios 2, 3, and 5. These ratios need to be improved by increasing the realization of production results, reducing the number of absent workers, and reducing the total working hours of employees every month. Based on the study results, improvements in the three ratios were able to increase the productivity index of PT.X's welding and painting units.

Resilience is often invoked to address systemic marginalization (e.g. racism) in academia but inadvertently maintains harmful systems. We argue that the ability to transform systems, as opposed to persevering within them, must be prioritized to make real, lasting change.

The increasing population in Yogyakarta City has implications for consumption and solid waste production activities. The waste collection process is the most expensive one in municipal waste management. It is necessary to determine the optimal route for municipal waste collection. In this research, we developed a vehicle routing problem (VRP) with a heterogeneous fleet, multiple trips, intermediate facility, and split delivery to approach the Yogyakarta City waste collection problem. We proposed a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the VRP. The result of this study shows that developed VRP can be used to solve the Yogyakarta City waste collection problem.

Background: School plays an important role in transgender and non-binary (TNB) youths’ life and well-being. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how the lived experiences, gender affirmation and challenges encountered by TNB youths in the school setting affect their well-being. Method: Our study was a qualitative secondary data analysis, based on the interviews of 12 Canadian TNB youths aged 15–17 years old. Results: We found that TNB students’ well-being was closely related to the acknowledgment of gender identity at school. Several factors, including school socio-cultural environment, teachers’ and peers’ attitudes and behaviours, school physical environments and the respect of confidentiality of gender identity were all found to impact TNB students’ well-being. To face adversity related to some of these factors, TNB youths used several contextually driven strategies such as compromising, educating, and sensitizing others about gender diversity and avoiding certain people or situations. Conclusion: Our results highlight the important influence of school climate and culture, as well as teachers’, school personnel’s and peers’ behaviours and attitudes on TNB youths’ well-being. Our findings can guide future interventions to help schools become more inclusive and supportive of gender diversity.

Research Framework: This article focuses on the different levels of parental support that trans youth may experience or not.Objectives: This article aims to define, from the perspective of trans youth, what parental support is, and describe how it affects their well-being.Methodology: The results are drawn from qualitative analyses of semi-structured interviews with 54 young trans people between the ages of 15 and 25, living in the province of Quebec (Canada). The data collection and analysis processes followed a grounded theory approach and were guided by two concepts: recognition (Honneth) and intersectionality (Crenshaw).Results: Our research reveals three levels of parental support: strong support, negative neutrality, and non-support or rejection. These can be conditional or non-conditional. The strong support that encourages gender expression promotes the well-being of young people and strengthens relationships with their parents. On the contrary, non-support or parental rejection affects negatively the youth well-being, can expose them to dangerous situations, and/or lead them to seek other forms of support. In addition, partial support, or negative neutrality, can also affect their well-being and self-esteem negatively.Conclusion: Our article demonstrates that, in order to promote the well-being of young people, parental acceptance must be strong, and accompanied by actions that allow and encourage the expression of the gender of trans youth. It would be important to educate and support parents in the process of accepting their child.Contribution: This article addresses the lack of qualitative data on parental support and its effects on trans youth, from the perspective of the youth themselves. Our study allows us to establish with more nuance how parental support or non-support fits into life trajectories and affects the well-being of young trans people.

Context: Papillary thyroid carcinoma with tall cell histology (PTC-TCH) is an aggressive subtype in terms of clinicopathological features and outcome. Even 10% of tall cells can show aggressive features. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of PTC-TCH, to compare with classic PTC (cPTC), and evaluate the short-term outcome. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with cPTC and those with TCH (PTC-TCH) seen from January 2010 to May 2017 seen in our Thyroid Cancer Clinic. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with TCH were compared with 352 cPTC and evaluated for age, gender, tumor size, presence of multifocality, capsular, vascular invasion, extrathyroid extension, and appearance of metastases. Short-term response to therapy was assessed using the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines. Statistical Analysis: P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed with SPSS software (Version 21.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: PTC with TCH presented at a younger age, had larger tumors, and more extrathyroid extension. Seven out of 40 cases developed lung metastases, (17.5% vs. 4.5% in cPTC), within a year of diagnosis. Conclusion: PTC-TCH irrespective of percentage of tall cells showed aggressive features and early metastases. They should be recognized early as an aggressive subtype and treated intensively. Close follow-up must be instituted to look for metastases, especially to the lungs.

In this article we explore some of the affective and ethical dimensions that we have faced as parent academic-activists seeking to understand and undo some of the structural transphobia that currently exists in Canadian society. Informed by critical feminist, critical race and black feminist thought, trans* scholarship, queer theory, and anti-oppression analysis, we discuss how our academic-activism assumes complex configurations of privilege and vulnerability.

CV. Grafika Inndah is a printing company, majoring in job order production system. While so far, the company has problems on the decision making due to lead time for booking orders that the company can accept customer orders according to quantity and due date. The production process of the design, print finishing and that includes the print engine 52 and engine Sakura print shop. The station receives a print job that exceeds the load capacity. Thus this research aims to determine the lead time, the average output and average utility. Data processing in this study using the method of manufacturing systems based load control (load oriented manufacturing control), and to assist in decision-making applications built using Delphi. Programming of the analysis of the data processing method known LOMC can the average lead time work station 2.88 hours and an average of 99.7% utilities, and Print Shop Lead time average of 1.82 hours and an average of 99.85% utilities. Decision support system applied in this study deserves to be implemented. It can be seen from the test program using the Black Box Test and Alpha Test is evidenced in respondents answered SS (strongly agree) as much as 48% and S (agree) as much as 46% .

Transness and faith can seem incompatible given the often-negative religious messages about sexual and gender minorities. Yet religion/spirituality (R/S) appears to be widespread in the trans and nonbinary population (Salazar, 2017). Studies show that while religion can conflict with LGBTQ+ identities, it is also a source of resilience. However, few studies have looked specifically at TNB youth’s experiences. This article, based on a qualitative study conducted in Quebec with 54 TNB youth aged 15 to 25, examines the role of R/S in their lives with an intersectional analysis. We have observed that R/S sometimes conflicts with gender identity within families, religious and LGBTQ+ communities, and society, but becomes a source of resilience and internal acceptance when young people reclaim it.