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Transcription - driftwood in a sea of vagueness and misconceptionI Why should this he all that remains of a word as simple in its meaning as it is expressive in its achievements? Transcription has one, and only one, meaning and that is, the presentation of the matter of an intricate musical score in compact playable form, with the usual modifications of figure and figuration to meet the requirements of keyboard technique. It does not mean (as others would have it) the literal translation from one musical medium to another The art of transcribing requires the skill of the specialist. The reproduction must be in the most perfect manner of the contents of the original score. It must not only bring out the thematic texture, but also - and this is important - imitate the effects of light and shade by means of the dynamic gradations. Thus the forms of figuration are varied, as is the greater or less fulness of the chords. The frequent and necessary alteration of the orchestral shape of chord effects and accompaniments into forms playable on the piano is in reality the principle underlying transcription. Without compromise of some kind or another the reproduction of massive orchestral writing by means of a piano solo cannot be accomplished. As a whole the subject of transcription so teems with Ideas that It is not possible to do more than touch upon a few of the features which most readily strike the reader, when studying the transcriptions of the masters. Liszt, in his transcriptions, displays the wide scope of his musical knowledge, and his individuality asserts itself in ever increasing measure. The advocates of transcription consider that arrangements of the musical masterpieces are of educational value. Especially was this the case before the advent of the gramophone and radio. Others think that an orchestral tone picture Is totally defaced when translated Into the pianistic-idiom, but to quote from H. S. Mencken's essay "The Critic as Artist" - "Criticism is anything but scientific, for It cannot reach judgments that are surely and permanently valid. The most it | can do at its best is to pronounce verdicts that are valid here and now in the light of living knowledge and prejudice." There is no musical instrument so extensively used as the pianoforte and it has not inaptly earned the title of "the instrumental maid-of-all-work." . Its democratic functions are represented in Its literature, since owing to Its lack of variety of timbre or tone colour effects, It must rely mostly on ideas and their development. Ample proof of this Is shewn in the absolute Ineffectiveness of the piano rendering of modern orchestral music.

RATIONALE: Cognitive processes and models that inform psychological treatment for children and adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are based on research with adults. A systematic review of the cognitive processes associated with GAD in children and adolescents was conducted in order to consider the relevance of such processes to the development of GAD in this age group. The empirical study aimed to clarify the influence of a cognitive conceptual model, the intolerance of uncertainty model, on GAD symptoms in children and adolescents, and the moderating influence of gender and age on these relationships. METHOD: The literature was systematically searched and additional sources sought for research relating to cognitive processes associated with GAD symptoms in children and adolescents. In the empirical study 326 young people, aged II 15 years, completed self-report measures relating to GAD symptoms and cognitive variables of the intolerance of uncertainty model. RESULTS: Sixteen papers met inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Cognitive processes associated with GAD included attention bias, perceptual bias of external threat and familial relationships, perception of internal resources, anxiety sensitivity and maladaptive coping strategies. In the empirical study, intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation were found to be predictive of GAD symptoms; positive beliefs about worry and cognitive avoidance were found to be less important in the prediction of such symptoms. Age and gender did not demonstrate significant moderating effects on key relationships in this model. CONCLUSION: A diverse range of cognitive processes were highlighted as relevant to the possible development and maintenance of GAD in children and adolescents. Negatively biased perceptions and tolerance of uncertainty are processes that could be targeted in psychological interventions. From the empirical study, intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation were the components of the intolerance of uncertainty model that appear most applicable to treatment of GAD in 11-15 year olds.

Previous studies have identified the Notch signalling pathway as an important regulator of haematopoietic development. However its role in definitive haematopoietic stem cell (dHSC) development is still unclear mainly due to the fact that Notch mutants die around mid- gestation before the emergence of the first dHSC. Here I investigated the role of the Notch signalling pathway in dHSC development focusing on the ligand Jaggedl and the receptor Notchl. I carried out a detailed characterisation of the expression pattern of Notchl and Jaggedl in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, where dHSCs first emerge in the embryo, by immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. I then determined, by sorting cells from the AGM region based on their level of Notchl, that Notchl was highly expressed in endothelial cells, precursors of dHSCs (called pre -HSC) and dHSCs, and its expression then decreases in haematopoietic progenitors. I also generated a Jaggedl dtTomato knock -in reporter mouse using a combination of recombineering and traditional cloning to produce a targeting vector, followed by targeting a B16 ES cell line, and producing a mouse line from a correctly targeted ES cell clonal line. This mouse line allowed me to visualise Jagged1 expression during dHSC development. With the line I showed that pre-HSCs express both Jagged1 and Notch1 and that Jagged1⁺Notch1⁺ cell surface marker phenotype can enrich the pre-HSC population 1 in 8. To further investigate the implication of Jagged1 in dHSC development the gene was conditionally deleted in the HSC lineage using a CD41-Cre. Our result indicated that Jagged1 is not required for HSC development in a cell autonomous manner. Furthermore, I carried out experiments with a conventional Jagged1 knock -out mouse line. It has previously been shown that Jagged1 null embryos die around E10.5 and contain fewer intra-haematopoietic progenitors. I used an explant culture system to culture E10.5 AGM regions from Jagged1⁻/⁻ embryos past the point of embryo lethality and in culture HSCs were produced. This result indicates that Jagged1⁻/⁻ embryos contain pre-HSCs that can mature efficiently into dHSC in vitro.

Myoblasts are muscle derived mesenchymal stem cell progenitors that have great potential for use in regenerative medicine, especially for cardiomyogenesis grafts and intracardiac cell transplantation. To utilise such cells for pre -clinical and clinical applications, and especially for personalized medicine, it is essential to generate a synchronised, homogenous, population of cells that display phenotypic and genotypic homogeneity within a population of cells. This thesis demonstrates that the biomarker -free technique of dielectrophoresis (DEP) can be used to discriminate cells between stages of differentiation in the C2C12 myoblast pluripotent mouse model. Terminally differentiated myotubes were separated from C2C12 myoblasts to better than 96% purity, a result validated by flow cytometry and Western blotting. To determine the extent to which cell membrane capacitance, rather than cell size, determined the DEP response of a cell, C2C12 myoblasts were co- cultured with GFP- expressing fibroblasts of comparable size distributions (mean diameter -10 gm). A DEP sorting efficiency greater than 98% was achieved for these two cell types, a result concluded to arise from the fibroblasts possessing a larger membrane capacitance than the myoblasts. It is currently assumed that differences in membrane capacitance primarily reflect differences in the extent of folding or surface features of the membrane. However, our finding by Raman spectroscopy that the fibroblast membranes contained a smaller proportion of saturated lipids than those of the myoblasts suggests that the membrane chemistry should also be taken into account. These high levels of discrimination raised more questions about the cell plasma membrane characteristics that may be responsible for the dielectrophoretic response. This prompted to extend the work to a specific neurodegenerative disease, Huntington's disease. Several studies have been revealing the association between plasma membrane dysregulation and Huntington's disease. In particular the feasibility to use peripheral fibroblasts cells from donors affected by the disease, as a forecasting model marker for Huntington. Although there are substantial evidences about the indirect effect of the disease on the plasma membrane, a non -invasive technique that can discriminate and characterise a cell sample is not available. Raman spectroscopy with associated statistical multivariate analysis was used to characterise sub -cellular differences in extracted plasma membranes from peripheral fibroblastic cells in order to elucidate the differences between cells affect and non - affected by the disease. The results clearly showed that indeed the plasma membrane carries differences that can be attributed to the presence of the disease making the plasma membrane an amenable and novel biomarker for Huntington's disease

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence against children across different mediums, both online and offline is a prevailing problem. Yet there is a dearth of research on clinical characteristics of these contact child sex offenders, and in particular Internet child sex offender groups. Primarily previous research has focused on risk and risk management. In contrast, recently defining clinical characteristics has become a research focus, with clinical needs and deficits such as social anxiety and loneliness being investigated as potential psychological factors that precipitate and maintain offending. Despite this, these clinical characteristics have not been assessed in this offender group in Scotland. It is on this basis that this thesis endeavours to explore these features within the child sex offender population. METHOD: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify if social anxiety is associated with male contact child sex offenders. Secondly, the empirical research study employed an exploratory quantitative design and to inform our understanding of the psychological characteristics of community Internet child sex offenders (N =31) when compared with non -offenders (N = 31). It was hypothesised that social anxiety, loneliness and obsessive compulsive disorder would be greater in the offender sample. Mann Whitney U tests and Kendal -tau correlations were used to investigate the hypotheses between the groups. Initially, contact child sex offenders and violent offenders were recruited for comparison, however due to insufficient numbers were excluded from the final study. RESULTS: The systematic review suggested eight of the eighteen studies showed an inconclusive statistical association between social anxiety and sexual offending against children. Of the remaining ten studies, one study had a strong statistical association, four studies had a moderate statistical association and five studies were weak statistical association. The empirical research study found that social anxiety and loneliness were statistically significantly greater in Internet child sex offenders than non -offenders. Additionally, correlations between online cognitions dependency (problematic internet use) and social anxiety and loneliness were significant, indicating a possible function of problematic Internet use within this offender group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings from the systematic review indicate there is lack of strong statistical association studies between social anxiety and sex offending, therefore, the results may have been tempered by other factors due to methodological inconsistencies across the studies. The empirical study indicated a statistically significant difference between the groups on social anxiety and loneliness, with Internet child pornography sex offenders were statistical significantly greater in these deficits than non -offenders. However, clinically only one fifth of the ICSO group reached the clinically significant cut off for social anxiety. Additionally, there may not be a direct relationship due to several possible confounding factors. The role of problematic Internet use may increase clarity on the clinical characteristics of this offender group and warrants further investigation. The implications of this research suggest that treatment may require a focus on social needs and isolation within this group. Strengths and limitations of the systematic review and the research were discussed with implications for clinical practice and future research also being proposed.

Recently the dynamic association between the immune system and the skeletal system has become appreciated. However, to date there has been no attempt at manipulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes during fracture repair. This study was aimed at evaluating whether patients and animals with a perturbed lymphocyte function have an abnormal bone fracture repair. The in vivo study involved the creation of a standard closed tibia fracture in BALB-c mice depleted in CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to wild type controls. Bone fracture repair was investigated using radiographs, biomechanical testing, stereology and immunohistochemistry. The CD4+ depleted group had significantly greater callus size at days 7 and 14 compared to controls (p

This research develops a theoretical framework explaining how University -Industry Linkages (UILs) affect the performance of tourism clusters in Thailand. Significant external and internal factors affecting Thai tourism industry are examined. The research questions are significant given the importance of successful tourism cluster through University -Industry Linkages (UIL). These questions recognized tourism clusters, the role of university, the linkages between university and industry, influential factors are contextual, and as a result, the author explores four tourism clusters in Thailand and using multiple case studies explains the nature and character of tourism cluster and University- Industry Linkages (UILs) between tourism cluster and its universities. The findings demonstrated that UILs, strategic entrepreneurship and leadership play key role to successful tourism cluster in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: The relevance of attachment theory to clinical practice was posited by Bowlby in his seminal work on Attachment and Loss. He likened the role of the therapist to that of an attachment figure and proposed that the course and outcome of therapy would be affected by the internal working models (IWM's) of both the patient and the therapist. A small number of studies have explored the dyadic nature of attachment patterns within the therapeutic process although findings are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to extend previous empirical evidence by exploring the application of attachment theory within a naturalistic clinical setting. Both patient and therapist attachment patterns were considered individually and as a therapeutic attachment dyad in relation to clinical outcomes following psychological therapy. It was hypothesised that patients reporting higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance would experience greater levels of psychological distress, less symptomatic relief and greater difficulty engaging with therapy. It was also hypothesised that patient and therapist attachment patterns would interact to moderate the trajectory of psychological therapy. A secondary aim of the study was to test the relationship between attachment dimensions and dispositional coping style within a clinical psychology population. A systematic review of the literature exploring attachment patterns and coping styles was also conducted. RESULTS: Findings ofthe systematic review were suggestive of a relationship between attachment style and coping style that were consistent with theoretically derived assumptions. The results of the current empirical study lend support to the role of individual attachment patterns in coping and clinical outcomes, as well supporting the idea that therapist attachment can affect clinical outcomes through therapeutic engagement. CONCLUSION: The clinical application of attachment theory provides an interesting perspective on how services can best adapt to meet those most in need, although further research is required.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of post-operative pneumonia following lung resection is poorly understood despite it being the most common complication which may lead to death. The role of the acute inflammatory response following lung resection, in particular innate immune cells, was investigated and used to identify biomarkers for post-operative pneumonia. Comparison of inflammatory responses to resection undertaken by video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) and thoracotomy was also evaluated. METHODS: Patients undergoing lung resection for suspected bronchogenic carcinoma were recruited. Objective pre-defined criteria were used to diagnose pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was conducted in the contra-lateral lung pre- and post-operatively to measure cellular composition and cytokines. Blood was sampled preoperatively and 6-, 24- and 48-hours post-operatively primarily to assess neutrophil phagocytic capacity, monocyte subsets, monocyte cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and serum cytokine responses. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) was also measured at these time points. Patient groups were compared using paired or student t-tests together with ANOVA/ANCOVA modelling. The predictive strength of the biomarkers identified was tested. 14 patients developed pneumonia. Pre-operatively, a blood neutrophil count above 5.04x10⁹/L had a relative risk (RR) for pneumonia of 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI95) 1.1-10.1), and a BAL cell count of greater than 1.04x10⁵/ml had a RR of 3.4 (CI95 1.3-9.0), whilst LPS-stimulated monocyte secretion of IL-12 of less than 0.15 pg/ml/pg protein had a RR of 3.0 (CI951.2-7.3). At 24 hours post-operatively, LPS-stimulated release from monocytes of IL-10 greater than 1.99 pg/ml/pg protein (RR 4.1, CI95 1.3- 12.3) and IL-6 greater than 414 pg/ml/pg protein (RR 3.1, CI₉₅ 1.2-8.1) were predictive of pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Lung resection is associated with significant early pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. VATS resection invoked significantly lower levels of serum cytokines and albumin changes compared with thoracotomy suggesting VATS lobectomy should be the surgical treatment strategy of choice for early stage lung cancer. No difference in neutrophil function or monocyte function was however observed between the surgical groups. Clinical benefits of this reduced inflammation need to be evaluated in a larger cohort of patients. Relative pre-operative leucocytosis in blood and BAL together with monocyte hyper-responsiveness in the early post-operative period is associated with the development of pneumonia. These findings warrant further investigation for their predictive power in accurately identifying post-operative pneumonia. Ultimately, they may be incorporated into a risk stratification model enabling targeted prophylactic or earlier therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: 40 patients were recruited. 26 patients (65%) underwent major lung resection using VATS and 14 (35%) thoracotomy. There was a post-operative blood monocytosis (p0.05). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood samples demonstrated a relative post-operative leucocytosis due principally to neutrophilia. A relative blood lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia developed post¬ operatively (p

BACKGROUND: close interpersonal relationships are highlighted as an important dynamic risk factor for reoffending in women that may mediate the association between their substance misuse and offending. However, research in this area is scarce. Evidence for an association between close relationships and recidivism in women was systematically reviewed. Findings were inconsistent and inconclusive, but they suggested that relationship factors may be relevant to women's reoffending when interacting with other complex problems. Research is needed that explores these interaction effects and the underlying psychological processes involved. Aims: to explore experiences of close relationships and the underlying psychological processes impacting on women's substance misuse and offending, and explore adult attachment style in relation to emergent themes. METHOD: a qualitative study was conducted using a social constructivist version of grounded theory. Seven women ex- offenders from community drug treatment services were interviewed about their experiences of close relationships in relation to their substance misuse and offending. Adult attachment style was measured with the Relationship Styles Questionnaire. RESULTS: a model was constructed of the complex interconnection between substance misuse, offending, family disconnection, dysfunctional intimate partner relationships, and loss of children, driven by unresolved trauma, insecure attachment and shame. CONCLUSION: formulations and interventions should consider the potential role of unresolved trauma, insecure attachment, and shame to substance misuse and offending in women to adequately address dynamic risk factors for recidivism.

BACKGROUND: The concept of emotional intelligence (El) has received much attention in research, with trait El having been shown to be particularly associated with mental health (Martins, Ramalho & Morins, 2010). However, there is little explanation of the aetiology of this construct; with mixed findings as to whether gender differences exist in El (Joseph & Newman, 2010). A recent study has shown a possible link between El and early maladaptive schema, based on the idea that El is developed through early experiences and influenced by parental socialisation (Karami, 2013). However little research has been conducted in support of this hypothesis. INTRODUCTION: This research portfolio begins with a systematic review of the literature on gender and trait emotional intelligence (El), in order to synthesise literature on gender differences in self-reported El (Part I). It continues with an empirical study of an adolescent population (Part II) which aims to investigate the hypothesised relationships between El and early maladaptive schema (EMS), their effect on psychological well-being (PWB), and gender differences in El. RESULTS: Synthesis of cross-sectional literature examining gender differences in El suggests mixed findings, with the majority of studies reporting no gender differences found in overall trait-El. Analysis of individual El dimensions showed that females are likely to exhibit greater intrapersonal skills, whilst males show greater interpersonal skills. Results of this empirical study differed in part from these findings. This study demonstrated that El, EMS and depression are significant predictors of adolescent well-being, although El did not appear to moderate the relationship between EMS and PWB. DISCUSSION: Findings contribute to the growing body of self-reported El research in relation to mental health and gender research, and highlight the need for greater awareness of El in clinical practice. Implications for psychological theory and intervention are discussed.

The sixty-five publications, which are included in this thesis, report a continuous research interest and activity over more than 25 years in the unique and still mysterious process of menstruation, its related symptoms and the various roles of the endometrium in these processes. These research activities are largely a continuation of interests developed during work for my MD thesis. None of the publications submitted for this thesis formed a part of my MD or other thesis. The publications cover three main areas of research: heavy menstrual bleeding; breakthrough bleeding in women using long-acting progestogen-only methods of contraception; and pelvic pain and its relationship to pelvic innervation and local cellular immunology in endometriosis. I have summarised the work presented in the 65 publications in the Introduction, below, with reference to each publication as part of a developing theme, rather than on a chronological basis HEAVY MENSTRUAL BLEEDING (HMB): This section includes 25 papers, beginning with reports of studies aimed at addressing the objective measurement of menstrual blood loss and total fluid loss in different clinical situations where HMB is a problem. These are followed by a series of reports exploring the endometrial vascular and molecular mechanisms of HMB, and further reports addressing the impact of different therapies on abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The section culminates with a description of a major effort to develop international agreement on a series of logical terminologies and definitions around normal and abnormal uterine bleeding. BREAK-THROUGH BLEEDING (BTB) WITH LONG-ACTING HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES: This section covers 19 papers, beginning with scholarly reviews of early research needs in hormonal contraceptive-induced abnormal vaginal bleeding, followed by the objective assessment of bleeding and bleeding patterns in users of these methods. These are followed by a series of in vivo and in vitro studies of mechanisms of BTB, and three reviews of our changing perspectives on the causes and management of BTB. The section concludes with descriptions of two randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled trials of several potential therapies for BTB. PELVIC PAIN, NERVE FIBRES AND IMMUNE CELLS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS: This section includes 21 papers, which begin with two brief and early attempts to measure relevant cytokine levels in peritoneal fluid and blood in women with endometriosis, leading to a series of novel immuno-histochemical studies of nerve fibres in the eutopic endometrium and ectopic endometriotic lesions. These led us on to the study of local cellular immunology in eutopic endometrium and ectopic lesions, probably with relationships to the pain and nerve fibres. Diagnostic and therapeutic studies are followed by three scholarly reviews of the microanatomy and function of the eutopic endometrium and the relationships to pelvic pain in endometriosis.

This thesis discusses the evidence for funerary practices afforded to children in the Earlier Bronze Age in Britain (circa 2500BC to 1400BC) focusing on three key case study areas: Scotland, Yorkshire and Wessex. A long -view of the Earlier Bronze Age has been adopted to enable broad patterns to be determined and discussed. The wider aim is to offer a fuller understanding of the perception and importance of children within Earlier Bronze Age society. Following the theoretical and methodological framework adopted throughout the study the evidence for the mortuary treatment of children and the grave furnishings provided for them is discussed with particular reference to how children's graves compare to those of adults in the same chronological period. To accompany this study, a comprehensive catalogue of previously recorded children's burials both by inhumation and after cremation has been compiled by the writer for the three case study areas. This includes data both from antiquarian sources and from modern excavation reports detailing aspects of grave location, positioning of the body and associated material culture in the form of grave goods. The corpus is then reviewed and discussed for each of the case study areas. The aim of each study is to analyse the significance of aspects of funerary practice and the role of grave goods in association with children of fifteen years of age or younger within regional burial traditions. This study indicates that children are under -represented in the burial record and suggests that formal burial was not open to all immature individuals. In each of the case study areas funerary rites afforded to children are generally consistent with those of adults but this study demonstrates that the inclusion of certain objects found in adult graves (such as bronze knife- daggers) were not considered appropriate for inclusion in the grave of a child. A number of exceptional and highly- furnished graves are present which indicate that it was possible for children to be perceived as significant members of Earlier Bronze Age society during life and in the Otherworld.

This thesis brings together my published work in the field of investigation and control of animal diseases and infections, including zoonoses. It was undertaken between 1980 and 2011 whilst employed by the former Veterinary Investigation Service and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), firstly based in Norwich, Norfolk and subsequently in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Part 1 covers a broad spectrum of predominantly novel and emerging conditions, or unusual manifestations of known diseases, and is subdivided into separate sections for pigs, sheep, cattle, goats and birds. These investigations used clinical field work, diagnostic necropsies and currently available or newly introduced laboratory tests, and relied heavily on initial referrals from local veterinary practitioners and extensive subsequent cooperation from farm managers or owners. Part 2 covers zoonotic diseases and infections, including separate sections on Escherichia coli (mainly verocytotoxigenic serogroup 0157), cryptosporidiosis and Q fever. Most of the work on zoonoses was undertaken during the period from 2004 onwards when I was VLA project leader for non-statutory zoonoses and it includes investigations into human outbreaks of zoonotic disease initiated at the request of public health professionals. In both parts of the thesis the publications have been grouped within their respective sections to demonstrate progression of ideas and activities, including relevant test development. In the early 1980s, pig producers in East Anglia and elsewhere experienced devastating piglet losses from transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE). The subsequent history of TGE in Britain until its eventual demise by the end of the 20th century is charted in the pig disease section. Other pig topics include swine influenza, a previously undescribed zinc induced copper deficiency anaemia in swill fed pigs and farm biosecurity Although sheep are a minor species in East Anglia, a number of new and emerging conditions were recognised, often before being seen in other regions. The foremost is maedi-visna which was first identified in indigenous sheep in Norfolk in 1983 and soon became strongly associated with the area. Other conditions recorded include a high morbidity ovine vulvitis outbreak and the Dandy-Walker syndrome. Despite a relatively small cattle industry, the region has exhibited many unusual bovine diseases including probably the most severe outbreak of acute bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) ever recorded in Britain. The emergence of fascioliasis in East Anglia is also detailed. Close involvement with the former MAFF Cattle Health Scheme in the late 1980s led to an interest in herd biosecurity, abortion and the development of milk antibody tests for Leptospira Hardjo, and BVD and IBR virus infections. These tests were subsequently introduced within the VLA and used for assessing and monitoring herd disease status. Regular bulk milk antibody screening of a high health status dairy herd led to the detection of novel high morbidity non-pathogenic IBR virus infection. Publications on several new or emerging diseases of goats and birds are also included in Part 1. Cattle are the principal reservoir of VTEC 0157 and the primary source of most human infection. A number of outbreak investigations, particularly on farms open to the public, revealed the extent of infection in a diverse range of other animal species including sheep, pigs, horses, goats and camelids. An outbreak amongst visitors to a wildlife gardens in Norfolk was linked to contact with wild rabbits co-grazing with infected cattle. Cryptosporidium parvum infection is prevalent in young ruminants and has led to zoonotic outbreaks amongst visitors to farms. A series of investigations used a newly adopted sensitive fluorescent antibody test to define the extent of sub-clinical infection in pigs, calves and lambs, including orphan lambs being bottle-fed by visitors to an open farm. 0 fever emerged as a zoonosis of increased importance following human outbreaks in Britain and a massive outbreak in the Netherlands. My participation in a multi-disciplinary outbreak control team for a Q fever outbreak in Cheltenham in 2007 led to the development of improved diagnostic tests (PCR and ELISA) which were subsequently used for farm outbreak investigations and surveys in Britain. Other zoonoses featured include Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagicae infection acquired from pet rats and zoonotically acquired Corynebacterium ulcerans diphtheria.

The refinement of large, crowded and asymmetric systems has always proved highly challenging using gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) data. Frequently, local symmetry constraints are still applied to the system to ensure a manageable size of parameter set during the refinement process. This can lead to errors in the heavyatom structure, as the core atoms move to compensate for the artificially enforced constraints on the peripheral atoms. This work is focused on the development of the new Structure Enhancement Methodology using Theory and Experiment (SEMTEX) method, which enables the incorporation of high-level ab initio data dynamically throughout the refinement process. Initially, the bulky phosphine molecules OPBul₃ and HNPBul₃ were studied to test the method, since a ready comparison could be made to previous studies. Subsequent work has seen the technique applied to various different structures. The fluorinated ring compound C₆F₁₁CF₃ has been studied, where the peripheral fluorine atoms can be expected to make a large contribution to the overall scattering. The refinement of the structure of the tungsten compound W(NBuᵗ)₂(NHBuᵗ)₂ followed, presenting a test case for the new method in which more than one conformer was present. The technique was then applied to the family of compounds C(SiMe₃Cl)₄, C(SiMe₃Br)₄ and C(SiMe₃F)₄, large, bulky molecules with more than one type of peripheral atom in the same structure and several conformers present in significant quantity. Finally, the GED refinement of the structure of Fe₃(CO)₁₂i s reported, a case where the new method must be further developed in order to be applicable.

This submission consists of monographs, journal articles and other contributions, authored singly or in concert with others, relating to three distinct fields detailed below within the broader domain of the archaeology of temperate Europe. Significant publications that have appeared up to early 2010 are included here, with a small selection of material in press. (a) The later prehistory of western Europe, especially Gaul, in the first millennium BC. This work is primarily focused on two, separate sub -fields: (i) the development of proto -urban settlements (`oppida') and state -level societies in the second and first centuries BC and, (ii) on a precocious, if short- lived, manifestation of state -level societies in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, for which the principal contributions are centred on a share of extensive fieldwork at Bourges Avaricum in central France. (b) British and more particularly Scottish prehistory of all periods from hunter - gatherer times until the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. A significant proportion of this work represents a consideration of evidence from eastern Scotland between the Tay and the Moray Firth. (c) Aspects of the development of applied professional archaeology in the UK, especially Scotland, including contributions to the formulation of the scope of archaeological resource management.

Free-ranging wildlife casualties are commonly presented to veterinary surgeons who have a professional responsibility for their immediate care and welfare. This thesis reports why 123 badgers (Meles meles) were presented to a wildlife rescue centre and veterinary hospital in Somerset, and the factors influencing their release to the wild. The seasonality and demographics of admissions were greatly affected by the ecology of the badger. Common reasons for presentation included road traffic accidents and the presence of conspecific bite wounds. Clinical triage and diagnostic tests, including blood biochemistry and haematology and radiography, identified both primary and concurrent clinical problems. Bite wounds occurred most commonly in male animals found in buildings but only impacted upon release when present with another disease. M. bovis infection diagnosed in four badgers created potential zoonotic risks whilst the badgers were in captivity and ethical issues associated with potential disease transmission to cattle, although all were identified on clinical examination; none was released. Approximately one third of badger casualties were released after a period of veterinary treatment and rehabilitation, the remaining animals were euthanased for welfare reasons although a small number died unexpectedly; body condition score was the best prognostic indicator for release. This study provides information and guidance regarding the clinical examination, treatment and care of badgers presented to veterinary surgeons.

The reforming of the UK National Health Service (NHS), in response to pressure on financial resources, has led to the reshaping of healthcare professionals' roles. Within NHS hospitals, clinicians traditionally have held a dominant position in terms of decision making with regard to the use of resources and clinical autonomy. However, the changing environment now faced by hospital clinicians, in the form of increasing financial, legal and regulatory complexities is having an impact on their power base as managerial and accounting control becomes a key element in the changes advocated by healthcare reformers. Some have argued that these changes challenge the power and autonomy of clinicians and their relationships with other healthcare professionals and society; perhaps best exemplified by the increasing role of clinical pharmacists in prescribing decisions. In the past, pharmacy as a health care function has been termed a marginal or quasi-profession due to its apparent inability to promote and control its existence. Traditional professional and jurisdictional boundaries militated against a closer working relationship between pharmacists and clinicians, contributing to this marginalisation. This thesis investigates the impact that NPM initiatives and increases in financial accountability have had on the pharmacy and the medical professions. It will be shown that, over the last 25 years or so, there have been significant developments in hospital pharmaceutical services which have served to erode the professional boundaries through the emergence of specialist pharmacy services and clinical pharmacists that operate in the clinical setting. The findings demonstrate that, clinical pharmacists, whose specialism is to assist the clinicians in safe, economic and effective use of medicines by optimizing pharmaceutical factors, are increasingly being utilized and regarded as an essential function within the hospital setting. Indeed it has been suggested by both parties that as clinicians increasingly feel the pressure of financial constraints that pharmacy's involvement in clinical decisions and prescribing practice should continue to increase. This research, therefore, illuminates the erosion of professional boundaries within healthcare as a result of NPM initiatives and increased financial accountability. In particular it focuses upon the changing relationship between pharmacy and the medical profession. The baseline for this study is the period between the Conservatives government reign under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher to the end of New Labour's term in office. The empirical findings generate valuable information that helps to explain and aid our understanding of the professional relationships of clinical pharmacists and clinicians in the current drive towards the rationalisation of prescribing and cost containment procedures. It further, shows how changes in financial accountability have served as a catalyst in the erosion of professional boundaries between the two professions.

The globalization of education has in part, been responsible for the application of industrial market mechanisms to Scottish schools. Education is viewed as a "product", with both pupils and parents being regarded as "consumers". Within this market system, teachers are accountable for the quality of the "product", measured by the performance of pupils in external examinations. Performance management practices such as development planning, self evaluation, analysis of examination data, and career review have been introduced into Scottish schools following the introduction of the Standards in Scottish schools Act 2000. Politicians hoped that the introduction of performance management practices would improve the professional performance of teachers, resulting in the improved performance of pupils. The influence of these market mechanisms and resulting quality assurance systems within Scottish schools is considered at three distinct levels, national, education authority and case study school. This research then attempts to discover how principal teachers, with responsibility for implementing performance management practices within their departments, feel about the effectiveness of these procedures in improving the learning experience of pupils. The interviews take place in May, and again in September of the school academic year 2007. The research also attempts to reveal whether "authentic" learning and teaching practices are being sacrificed for the demands of performance. A case study approach is pursued within a Scottish secondary school, which involves personal interviews with five principal teachers and the head teacher. The interviews are of sufficient depth to generate a high level of rich data for analysis using a content analysis approach. The minutes of the senior management team meetings from May 2007 -2008 provide a source of secondary data. The main themes arising from the research results are those of accountability, performance and management. Each is discussed in turn with the literature, and their impact within the case study school considered. In conclusion, the effectiveness of market mechanisms within the case study school is considered, leading towards the proposal of a new system of accountability. The results indicated that within the case study school, there was indeed a clear disjunction between "authentic" and "performance" practice amongst principal teachers. The demands of performance practices such as development planning, self evaluation, career review and examination data analysis within a hierarchal management structure was found to have a greater impact on subject principal teachers, than those responsible for pastoral care. The impact of Curriculum for Excellence on performativity is also considered.

Porous media and transport within them play important roles across industries and beyond, including in water and pollutant transport in soils, flow in petroleum and geothermal reservoirs, and water treatment in deep bed filtration to list just a few key examples. The study of such flows has traditionally been dominated by experiment. Simulation is, however, playing an increasing role in this field both because of the advent of X-ray microtomography (XRMT), which now permits the mapping of pore structures down to sub-micrometer resolution, and the ubiquitous availability of powerful compute clusters built on cheap commodity machines. Simulation in this context involves solving for the flow field in a model of a porous solid derived from XRMT - in this sense, the simulations mimic reality and are hence termed by us as explicit numerical simulation (ENS). The particular challenge in doing ENS is correctly solving the flow problem in extremely complex geometries. This challenge has led to the use of various methods such as lattice-gas automata (LGA) and the related lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM), which are particularly suited to resolving flows in complex geometries. All of this work to date has been restricted to low velocity flows termed Darcy flows because of limitations associated with LGA, LBM and other methods. There is, however, a range of applications where higher speed flows are of relevance and hence extension of the ENS approach to higher speed flows in porous media is important. This has been done here using an LGA model that does not include the deficiency of more standard LGA models that restricts them to slow flows. The thesis first details this little-known and used LGA model before demonstrating it on a range of benchmark problems. The model is then used to predict ab initio the hydrodynamic properties of a random packing from the Darcy to the turbulent regime. Comparison with experiment is excellent. The approach is then used to study, for the first time to our knowledge, the interstitial flow patterns from the Darcy to turbulent regimes.

A portfolio of electronic music compositions employing adaptable controllers, graphic notation, and custom software performance environments. The portfolio is comprised of scores, recordings, and supporting software and audio files for the following: Short Circuit; Sample & Hold; Mute l Solo; NCTRN; Radio l Silence; and Please use the tramps provided. Supplementary files include alternative audio and video recordings of some of the works listed above, additional software documentation, and a video recording of a structured improvisation featuring the controllers and software used in this portfolio.

Single particle mass spectrometry techniques were applied to the analysis of aerosol particles originating from inhaler devices, used to deliver pharmaceuticals for the treatment of lung disease such as asthma. The inhalation products studied were Seretide® for which the formulated drug product is composed of a blend of fluticasone propionate (FP) which is a corticosteroid and salmeterol xinofoate (SX) which is a long acting f3- agonist. It has been suggested previously that the formation of particles that are composed of both FP and SX by coassociation can give improved efficacy: however in the past it has been difficult to analyze this type of co- associated particle. Hence, the purpose of the work described in this thesis was to develop single particle mass spectrometry methods that could assess the degree of co- association between FP and SX in fine aerosolized particles emitted from the inhaler devices. Two types of inhaler device were investigated and these were pressurized metered dose inhalers ( pMDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). The formulated product for pMDIs was a blend of FP and SX held in a suspension of propellant in a pressurized canister. The formulated product for the DPIs is comprised of a blend of FP and SX and an excipient lactose. Two commercial single particle mass spectrometers were used in this work; an Aerosol Time -of- Flight Mass Spectrometer (TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) and an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne, Billerica, MA, USA). Although the general layout of these instruments was similar in that they are both comprised of an inlet, a particle sizing region and a mass spectrometer, there were some differences in their design. For example, the ionization source of the Aerosol Time -of- Flight Mass Spectrometer used a single step process involving laser ablation and ionization while the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer used a two step process involving thermal desorption from a hot plate followed by electron ionization. These instruments were compared and evaluated in terms of their design and the characteristics of the data acquired on aerosols of pharmaceutical materials. Data analysis methods for single particle mass spectrometry were developed based on the mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns indicative of either pure or coassociated particles. Data analysis was performed by either using representative ions from the mass spectrum taken from each particle or by using multivariate statistical analysis as a pattern recognition tool applied to the complete mass spectrum for each particle. High levels (above 50 %) of co- association were found in the emitted doses from both pMDI and DPI products. Although the design of each instrument was different, reasonable agreement in the levels of co- association was found as long as the size of particle that was analyzed by the mass spectrometer in each case was taken into account. Finally a comparison of the applicability of each of the commercial single particle mass spectrometers to the analysis of materials taken from pharmaceutical aerosols was made. Recommendations for future work on instrument development and further applications for inhalation products are given.

This study provides a critical examination of the characterization "postliberal" as used to describe the theological politics of Stanley Hauerwas. Of particular concern is the overall consistency of Hauerwas' postliberal program from its genesis in his writings in the early 1980's through the 21st century; where such consistency is lacking this study attempts to provide both critical analysis and opportunities for repair Through a critical evaluation of Hauerwas' primary sources this study addresses the tension in Hauerwas' writings between sectarian postliberalism and radical democracy. It then begins the work of offering a means of resolving this tension by recovering an ecclesial ontology of gathering. Inconsistency in Hauerwas' work will be identified as due in part to his inability to reconcile the distance between politicsas-discipline and politics-as-love. This study ends by exploring gathering, not simply as another concept, but as the name for the ecclesial paradox between the dichotomies of theology and theurgy, reason and faith, inclusion and exclusion, discipline and freedom, already and not-yet, all of which are analogous to the paradox of a God whose being is gathering (three and one).

The Edge of Dreaming is a PhD by practice, consisting of one feature documentary film and a 45,000 word thesis. I locate my practice in the cultural, historic, personal and aesthetic context of autobiographical film- making. There are two main research questions: 1.What sort of film language and structure can I produce to create room for the audience in this autobiographical film? 2. What sort of knowledge do I obtain, and share, in exploring the subject of death and dreams through autobiographical film- making? The thesis covers the period of time from 2003 to 2010 including research, film- making, scripting, editing and screening the film to audiences. Dreams and death are examined from scientific, psychotherapeutic and shamanic perspectives through the literature review. Case studies of other film-makers clarify `character', audience engagement and ethical concerns in first person film- making. Methodology, cinematic language, story and essay structure are explored in the context of the imperative to make this particular film. The primary template of my research is the creative process. By sharing the decision making about how to structure the practice output - The Edge of Dreaming - this thesis aims to make my creative and scholarly research transparent, so that the solutions shown in the film can be deconstructed and this articulation can be transferred to others and expand the field of first person documentary research.

This thesis aims to examine the dynamics and interplay between contextual factors and network features and their role in SME network evolution, with a view to building a theory of how context and features affect SME network performance outcomes. Given the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation, a case study methodology was employed. Specifically, four cases of Greek agrifood SME networks were selected of which two exhibited strong performance and two relatively weak performance. Following literature review, the influence of three categories of contextual factor {market conditions, social cohesiveness, external institutional support), and three types of network feature {member profile, competencies, network governance) were examined empirically via the case studies. The research found that all six had some individual influence on performance, but beyond this, certain patterns of interplay between factors could be distinguished. In particular, certain positive .factors were found to counteract the negative influence of other existing (or lacking) factors. Specifically, in terms of network features, governance structure was found to have a countervailing effect over negative performance outcomes produced by diverse member profile and lack of competencies. In addition, the competencies of the constructor of the governance structure were also important in overcoming deficiencies in other features. In terms of network context, social cohesiveness seemed to have a countervailing effect over contextual disincentives for network strengthening, such as unfavourable market conditions or lack of external institutional support. Overall, the research finds that network features are key to explaining the variability in performance displayed by SME networks operating in a very similar context, since they moderate the impacts of external forces on the evolution and performance outcomes of those networks. The research concludes with a proposed framework to explain how context, features and outcomes interact in SME networks.

This thesis explores potential roles for field sketching in, landscape observation and assessment, landscape planning and design, landscape representation, and in addressing the experiential dimension of the landscape. The research seeks to define and legitimise the old technique of field sketching, and the use and development of field sketches by students and practitioners of landscape architecture, and other landscape disciplines. The wider values of, fieldwork, hand -generated field notations, drawing as an interactive dialogue with others, and the sketch as a type of landscape representation, are also recognised. Whilst accurate representation and precise geometrical definition of the landscape can now be achieved quickly with photographs and by semi - automated digital means, interpretation requires careful observation. Sketching involves an observer stopping and looking and interpreting slowly and carefully. Field sketching and the uses of the field sketch are proposed as bringing an effectiveness to landscape work, valuable because of the interpretation it involves, and the time it does take: timeless because of its simplicity. A personal way of working is investigated, based on a Grounded Theory approach. Systematic analysis of case studies is made through reflection-on-practice. Practice observations (data) are collated and interpreted by practical sorting tasks, to propose a series of how to do and why important principles regarding field sketching. External support for the research findings is sought from literature, considering the broad themes of: fieldwork and the experience of landscapes, field sketching and drawing as craft and expression, and developing and using field sketches. Applications for field sketching to meet contemporary needs in landscape architecture are proposed: the sketch as a designer's tool, sketch-based visualisations as interpretive images, and field sketching as a participative technique that can be used to engage the inquirer, collaborators, and the public with landscape experience -grounded decisions.

The practice of placing artwork, and particular sculpture, in landscape settings is well established, yet rarely examined from the point of view of the observer who comes across the work in an unregulated, semi natural environment, quite often by accident. The research examines four case studies, in Scotland, which involve the siting of artwork in informal, unmediated countryside. The studies reflect a range of work, themed interpretive sculpture, conceptual contemporary sculpture, and sculpture sited in forest setting. The aims were to determine the attitudes and reactions of the visiting public to the work; the motives and intentions of the artists; and of the commissioners of the work. The methodology developed through the research using a combination of visitor observation, on site questionnaires, focus groups and interviews was used to develop a wide ranging set of both quantitative and qualitative data on the sites. Art viewing and landscape appreciation are both part of complex constructs and relationships. The audiences for public art in countryside, are of a similar demographic to that for gallery visiting, yet not necessarily with an interest in art. The case studies show that: • Visitors engage with artworks in countryside at a first level of competence; • Visitor attitudes indicate a willingness to look for explanations, despite professing no interest in art; Visitors indicate positive emotions to art and place; • Cultural background and the gallery mindset affect the visitor perceptions and experience of art in countryside. The practice of using artwork in countryside settings provides a valuable experience, generating positive emotions, memorable places and enhances the countryside experience for a visiting public.

This thesis is an enquiry by creative practice into the academic and aesthetic (avant-garde) practice of architecture. It explores the notion of the virtual as pure potentiality following an event, and defines architecture as the site of such potentiality. (Alain Badiou names event as the moment /encounter which initiates a radical break from a given situation /state of affairs. There are four types of event: artistic, political, scientific and amorous). The thesis follows two parallel strands of enquiry. One, into the material production of the architectural object and topological space, this is titled the actual; and the other, an investigation into the philosophical and antagonistic nature of the virtual, this is titled the virtual. The actual deals with the literature review, methodology, context of study and proposal for (the site of) actual engagement with theory, including a design element (House of the Chinese Mantis); while the virtual explores (through a series of five international and interdisciplinary conference papers) the philosophical problems of emergence. The 'context of study' in the actual centres around the move from the fetish of commodities to seduction and concludes with eroticism, while the body of work in the virtual concentrates on the notions of sovereignty, becoming, and concrete subjectivity. Following the technological practices of the avant-garde between hypersurface theory and catalytic formations in architecture, the thesis rejects the claims of virtual space as the digital space of computer -based design, and of emergence as mimetic and /or algorithm based design. It argues that the virtual is the intangible space of creative unfolding following Bergson and Deleuze, but resists the claim in Deleuze that event is a chance occurring. Also, it resists the claim in Baudrillard that seduction and /or enchanted simulation are event and abandons them to focus on the amorous (one of the four events in Badiou). This creates an inflection in the enquiry, moving the thesis towards Plato and the Renaissance, and a contemporary resurrection in architecture, of the tragic, as concrete manifestation of the amorous encounter. The method of inquiry is structured after the nomadic logic of the War Machine in the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, and of the revolutionary nature of fidelity to the scientific event in Badiou, which argues that new knowledge is created by 'revolutions' and from the anomalies and collaborations which arise as a result of such 'detours'; it is a strategy justified by the science historians Feyerabend, Kuhn and Lakatos. The thesis takes the form of two books (the actual and the virtual), and concludes that the avant-garde practice of architecture, with its infinite potentialities is distinct from the bureaucratic or State apparatus of building, and that the commonplace appropriation of the avant-garde by the State, as seen in the institutional recourse to parametrics, appears unproductive and uncreative with regard to knowledge.

This study is an examination of an artist's methods and intentions within the processes of the making of Live Art. In this research, however, instead of the term "live art", the expression "art that presents the living body" is used. This is to draw a boundary around a particular style of artwork for discussion in the live art scene in Britain. The investigation is centred on one work titled Book of G (2006). The study produces an emergent structure for the thesis that is integral in documenting the processes. The study highlights the connections between the disciplines of sculpture and "art that presents the living body" by focusing on how the interaction between artists, objects and materials shape the concepts of artwork. Research methods such as Studio Activity Sheets SASs, as well as written diaries, are employed in a "naturalistic" setting and lens -based media have been used to create photographic sketches of the "explorative experiments" (Schön 1983). The development of three additional art pieces, Oh au Naturel (2003) Abandoned (2004), and Bad Luck (2006) have also informed this research, together with ideas about other artists' making processes which were collected through interviewing artists Marie Cool and Fabio Balducci, Karla Black, and Sarah Spanton.

Quaternary carbon centres are ubiquitous in nature, typically in natural products. The task of creating an all carbon quaternary centre, bearing an alkyl moiety with differentiated functionalities and substituents is a desired key step in organic synthesis. A variety of endeavours by research groups have lead to the construction of stereogenic quaternary centres, albeit with narrow scope of substrate. Despite the repertoire of transition metals/ligands, chiral auxiliaries and reagents available at hand, efficient enantioselective and organocatalytic methodologies for the construction of all carbon quaternary centres still remains a daunting challenge for synthetic chemists. One of the most popular methods to install a quaternary centre is via a conjugate addition, the addition of a chiral tertiary enolate to an electron deficient alkene or carbonyl compound has led to high levels of synthetic accomplishment over generations. Our strategy to assemble such quaternary centres focused on an organocatalytic tandem Michael-aldol reaction, as an efficient one-pot strategy to install vicinal quaternary centres with good levels of enantioselective induction. Initial 1,4-conjugate addition of the nucleophile with α-acrolein type Michael acceptors generates the enolate, which is now set up to undergo an intramolecular aldol reaction providing the desired molecules. Molecular complexes of this class are also amenable to further catalytic transformations and synthetic elaborations. This thesis presents our investigations towards organocatalytic enantioselective strategies for the assembly of fully substituted quaternary centres.

The English population question in the long eighteenth century is explored and investigated further by using the results from the demography available from the 30 year study by the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, together with an understanding of the impact of ergot contamination of diet on female fertility. The hypothesis presented is that the staple rye diet at the end of the seventeenth century was contaminated with ergot which acted as a contraceptive and abortive agent and in addition could have had an influence on both the survival of women and children if given accidentally or deliberately during labour. Within this thesis it is argued that when the ingestion of ergot on rye was reduced within the diet from around the third decade of eighteenth century onwards this would have removed or released these fertility constraints and therefore it would have allowed women to become more fertile, while improved midwifery practice curtailed the negative effects of ergot ingestion during childbirth. These findings and their timing closely parallel the demographic changes reported by the Cambridge Research Group. Sufficient accumulated circumstantial evidence was found to support the hypothesis to suggest that ergot could have been a factor in both the fertility changes during the long eighteenth century and the perinatal mortality rate. The conclusions of this thesis need to be taken forward in additional local parish research by others to further substantiate these findings.

This thesis is devoted to a novel approach to intertemporal decision-making. Specifically, it applies the reference-dependent model to intertemporal choices and shows that one can model intertemporal choice even without the assumption of time discounting. In Chapter I, I present a brief review of the background literature, which could be of help for our understanding of intertemporal decision-making. Specifically, it focuses on three prominent economic theories, which are the most relevant for my work on intertemporal decision-making, namely, the exponential discounted utility theory, the hyperbolic discounting theory, the theory of reference-dependent preferences, and the similarity-based procedure. In Chapter II, I present the intertemporal reference-dependent model composed of an intrinsic consumption utility and a reference-dependent gain-loss utility which are additively separable over time. Three simple ways of reference point determination - choice-set dependent, choice-set independent, and hybrid reference points are also explored. In addition, I also argue that the intertemporal reference-dependent model may offer an alternative explanation of the experimental observations by Rubinstein (2003). Furthermore, in Chapter III, I extend the intertemporal reference-dependent model, where an individual is uncertain about her future circumstances, and her reference levels follow a random walk process. While the model does not explicitly include time discounting and return on saving, it nevertheless may offer an alternative explanation of present bias and negative time preference (future bias), and may also offer an alternative explanation of dynamically inconsistent preferences over time. Finally, in Chapter IV, using a survey-based within-subject choice experiment, I explore whether subjects' behaviour is consistent with a number of existing and emerging theories, namely hyperbolic discounting theory, Rubinstein's similarity procedure, and the novel intertemporal reference-dependent model. The main result of the survey-based within-subject choice experiment is that none of these three theories explain subjects' behaviour. However, I do find that, among these three theories, the novel intertemporal reference-dependent model performs no worse than Rubinstein's similarity procedure, and hyperbolic discounting theory performs the worst with subjects' behaviour on subset of questions. Moreover, I could reject the hypothesis that the subjects made their choices at random. Finally, I also found that their behaviour is not consistent with the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives.

ß-defensins are a family of cationic, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide (AMP) components of the innate immune response to infection. They are expressed both inducibly and constitutively within vertebrates, insects and plants and antimicrobial action is observed against (both gram positive and gram negative) bacteria and a subset of enveloped viruses. The antimicrobial phenomenon is thought to result from membrane permeablisation that depends on key, electrostatic binding events between defensin and pathogen cell surface. This thesis tackles, in silico, two components of this structure-activity problem: That of rationally predicting ß-defensin structure, and that of elucidating the first (presumed) binding events between ß-defensin and pathogen cell surface. Preliminary results suggest that successful in silico folding requires a mobile disulphide bond strategy to circumvent kinetic trapping of intermediate states, and that the mechanism of pathogenic binding involves a complex interplay of hydrogen bonding, as well as productive electrostatic interactions.

The alveolar epithelial surface has been shown to be important in many forms of lung injury (e.g. ARDS, pneumonia and fibrosis). Markers of cell specific injury to the lung that can be measured in bronchioalveolar lavage would be advantageous as they might allow study of damage to the alveoli in a non-invasive mariner. In this thesis a strategy is described, using a bacterial model of pneumonia, for identifying markers specific for individual cell types within the alveoli. Also, two putative cell specific antibodies (MMC4 and MMC6) are further characterised to establish their potential as markers of alveoli injury. A rat model of pneumonia, caused by instillation of Staphylococcus aureus, has shown a decrease in alveolar epithelial type I cells (AETI cells) and an increase in alveolar epithelial type II cells (AETII cells) seventy two hours post-infection. Injured regions from seventy two hour post Staphylococcus aureus infected lungs were analysed via global gene analysis using Affymetrix® U34 gene chips. Overall 67 genes were found to increase greater than 2 fold (F>0.05, P≤0.001); of which 49 encode from known proteins. 197 genes decreased 2 fold of greater (F>0.05, P≤0.001) of which 125 translate to known proteins. Searching the genes that decreased identified some proteins associated with AETI cells (e.g. caveolin: 7 fold decease, P=0.017 and aquaporin 5:2 fold decrease, P =0.01). This suggests that this group of down regulated genes could potentially contain novel markers that could identify reduced numbers of AETI cells. Within this group CD9 was found to decrease. This was unexpected due to the influx of macrophages (known to be CD9 positive) into the site of injury. However, a literature search showed that CD9 is known to be expressed in the alveoli, but is not thought to be cell specific. Immunohistochemistry of frozen lung sections showed that anti-CD9 antibodies co-localised with AETI markers (caveolin, MMC6) but not AETII markers (RTII₇₀, MMC4). MMC4 monoclonal antibody (IgG2a) has been proposed as an AETII and Clara cell marker that recognises a protein novel to these two cell types within the lung, but the antigen has not been characterised. MMC4 antigen was immunoprecipitated from detergent-solubilized fractions of organ homogenates using antibody-bound magnetic beads. The resulting purified protein was trypsin digested and analysed via MALDI-TOF and tandem mass spectrometry. The top 'hit' in SWISSPROT for the antigen was aminopeptidase N (APN). The MMC4 monoclonal antibody was found to recognise a commercially purified APN. Further analysis showed that the MMC4 monoclonal antibody was not a functional inhibitor of APN and that the antibody was not binding to a glycans attached to APN. MMC6 monoclonal antibody (IgG2b) was created at the same time as the MMC4 antibody. Initial studies showed that MMC6 recognises AETI cells within the lung. This study shows that the antibody is recognising an antigen that is specific for the lung and is only located on AETI cells within the lung. The antigen has been found to be an integral membrane protein. Attempts at solubilizing the MMC6 antigen from the cell membranes were not successful; however mechanical disruption did partially remove the antigen from the cell membranes. Magnetic bead immuno-precipitation eluted a protein of 60kDa. Unfortunately, due to low yields of the protein, identification was not possible by MALDI-TOF or Edman degradation. This thesis proposes a new way of interpreting global gene data to find proteins specific to different cell types. We cast doubts on the specificity of some previously proposed "specific" markers. It also highlights the pitfalls of claiming an antibody is a useful marker of injury until the candidate biomarker has been fully investigated. The continued emergence of CD proteins on alveolar epithelial cells within this study suggest that the alveolar epithelium may have more influence over the immune response within the lung than previously realised.

INTRODUCTION: Within a context of increasing prevalence of both dementia and intellectual disabilities, the effects of these disorders on caregiver well-being is a pertinent topic of research. Yet caregiver satisfaction, a common experience within caregiving has been widely neglected in the literature to date. This study therefore aimed to assess levels of satisfaction between caregivers of individuals with dementia and caregivers of individuals with intellectual disabilities. In addition caregiver burden, caregiver wellbeing and care-recipient difficulties were also assessed. METHOD: A cross-sectional independent groups design was used to assess differences between caregivers of individuals with dementia and carers of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Measures of caregiver satisfaction, caregiver burden, carerecipient difficulties and caregiver well-being were used. RESULTS: Caregiver satisfaction was found to be greater in carers of individuals with intellectual disabilities. There were no significant differences found in levels of caregiver burden, care-recipient difficulties or caregiver well-being between the two groups of carers. No effect of gender on caregiver satisfaction was found, however caregiver satisfaction was found to be related to kin relationship. DISCUSSION: The finding that caregiver satisfaction differs between different groups of caregivers may help resources to be allocated to those groups who are most in need. Limitations of this study, including a small sample size may have affected the results obtained and directions for future research, including a focus on more longitudinal studies that take into account care-recipient views are laid out.

Whilst there is good evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural anger treatment in populations of men, there is very little literature on the nature of anger in clinical populations of women, and little by way of individual anger treatment in people with a developmental disability. There has been considerable criticism of the assumptions made within forensic services that women can be treated in the same ways as men. The purpose of this study was twofold: firstly, it explored the nature of women's anger in a small sample (n=28) with a developmental disability in a hospital forensic service, and compared them with men in a study based in the same setting; secondly, it evaluated treatment outcome for those meeting inclusion criteria for an eighteen session individual treatment programme. The design of the outcome study (n=9) was a multiple baseline study with participants acting as their own controls. Some qualitative material is presented in relation to three case studies in order to illustrate process and because this has been a consistent recommendation regarding research into women in forensic services. Results showed that there were virtually no differences in self reported or staff reported anger, but more women had assaulted than men during their admission. Results also showed that the majority of women improved post treatment and through follow up. It was concluded that women in this service experienced similar anger to the men and could benefit from the same cognitive behavioural treatment programme.

This thesis presents results from three major imaging studies designed to determine the properties of massive galaxies selected at high redshift. The most massive known galaxies at high redshift (i.e. radio galaxies), the most massive known starbursts at high redshift (i.e. submillimetre galaxies), and the most massive known black holes at high redshifts (i.e. quasars) have been targeted, with the aim of better establishing the relationship between these different classes of massive object. The results from deep K—band imaging of the most luminous radio galaxies at z ~ 2 and the brightest submillimetre sources in the 8- mjy survey are presented. Morphological properties are measured and compared to explore whether submillimetre hosts are the progenitors of today's most massive ellipticals. Two-dimensional modelling finds that the high-redshift radio galaxies have surface brightness distributions consistent with those expected for classic ellipticals (Sersic parameter, n = 4), with n in the range 2.5 < n < 5.75 and < n >= 4.04±0.27. In contrast, submillimetre galaxies are found to be disks (Sersic parameter, n = 1) with n in the range 1.0 < n < 2.5 and =1.46±0.16. The half-light radii of the radio hosts are distributed over a range 2 < r1/2 < 16kpc with < r1/2 >= 7.85 ± 1.2 kpc, while submillimetre sources are smaller, with 1 < rq/2 < 6 kpc and < rq/2 >= 3.15 ± 0.29 kpc. The z ~ 2 radio galaxies are found to be, on average, a factor ~ 2 smaller than massive radio galaxies at z < 1 and follow a Kormendy (/ie — re) relation similar to that of 3C-type galaxies at low redshift after evolutionary corrections, assuming a burst-formation model at z = 3, consistent with the median redshift of the submillimetre sources. The luminosities of the submillimetre galaxies are ~ 1.5 magnitudes brighter than Lyman-break galaxies at comparable redshifts, indicating that submillimetre galaxies are significantly more massive. Finally, surface mass densities for both source types are found to be consistent with quiescent elliptical galaxies at high redshift, and not star-forming or Lyman-break galaxies. The results are presented of a study that uses the 3CRR sample of radio-loud ac¬ tive galactic nuclei to investigate the evolution of the black-hole:spheroid mass ratio in the most massive early-type galaxies from 0 < z < 2. Radio-loud unification is ex¬ ploited to obtain virial (linewidth) black hole mass estimates from the 3CRR quasars, and stellar mass estimates from the 3CRR radio galaxies, thereby providing black hole and stellar mass estimates for a single population of early-type galaxies. At low redshift (z

The purpose of this thesis is to present a test case for diachronic and synchronic approaches in the book of Joshua, especially Josh 3-4 which is one of the most complex texts in the Old Testament. The thesis pays attention to how Polzin's approach, which is regarded one of the best sympathetic readings of Joshua, is applied to the text of Josh 3-4, and the relevance of the theories of Auld. After preliminaries in Chapter One, Chapter Two introduces the synchronic readings of Polzin, Hawk, Mitchell, and Winther-Nielsen, attempts to uncover the problems in applying their methods to this complicated text, and offers a critique of these sympathetic readings. Through this examination, the writer concludes that Polzin's methodology does explain a number of difficult problems in this text, but also that his reading has limitations. One important question is the relevance of these several approaches to the two different descriptions concerning the twelve stones set up in the middle ofthe Jordan and on the other side of the river. Chapter Three investigates the differences between the MT and the LXX of Joshua 3-4 through text critical analysis, reconstructs the Hebrew Vorlage of LXXJoshua 3-4 considering divergences between major Greek editions (Margolis, Rahlfs, and Auld), and examines the limitations of Polzin's synchronic study in reading only from the final text of MT. The large number of text critical issues in this text (Josh 3- 4) makes it difficult to work only from the final form of the MT. A further difficulty is deciding which text we should follow among the MT, LXX, and Vorlage behind the Greek text. The impossibility of simple answers drives us to sympathize with a diachronic approach. For the purpose of reading the literary history of Josh 3-4 in a diachronic way, the writer considers what position this text holds in the setting of the wider context of the ark narratives and water-crossing stories in the Old Testament. Thus, Chapter Four compares the ark story in this text with those in the Pentateuch and other Former Prophets. Chapter Five compares Joshua 3-4 with the crossing of the Reed Sea in Exodus 13:17-14:31 and with Elijah and Elisha crossing the river in 2 Kings 2. In these two chapters, the writer considers recent trends in literary criticism which reject the existence of a Yahwist (J) and prefer to call material which does not belong to P simply 'non-Priestly', and suggests new directions for literary criticism. One of these specific features is to read the Pentateuch and the Former Prophets in reverse order. In this part, the writer examines the relevance of Auld's theory, in which the shared material by Samuel-Kings and Chronicles is the root work of the story of Israel before the monarchy With the help of the investigations already mentioned, Chapter Six attempts to read the literary history of Joshua 3-4 based on the Hebrew Vorlage of LXX and on MT of Josh 3-4. This chapter retraces the complex literary history of Josh 3-4 and discusses the limitations of Polzin's synchronic study in reading Josh 3-4 only from the final text of MT.

This thesis explores the view that many of the difficulties and apparent eccentricities of Beethoven's Late Quartets (particularly Op. 130, 132, 133 and 135) may be understood in terms of irony, in the sense that it appears in the philosophical and aesthetic writings of the early German Romantics. A chain of influence is demonstrated between Beethoven and Friedrich Schlegel's philosophy of Romantic irony, through significant inter -personal relationships as well as through Beethoven's exposure to Schlegel's written works. This connection provides a firm hermeneutic basis for considering the composer's work in terms of irony. The A minor Quartet Op. 132 is given as an example of Beethoven's Romantic irony, and considered in terms of the constitutive elements of Schlegel's Romantic irony - Paradox, Parabasis and Self -consciousness. However, this thesis also demonstrates that the irony within the Late Quartets goes beyond the confines of Romantic irony. The paradoxical structures of the Cavatina and Grosse Fuge are considered as examples of "general" or "existential" irony -a form closely related to Schlegelian irony. Moreover, the replacement finale of the Op. 130 quartet is shown to constitute a striking instance of satire: a bitter ironic comment upon the musical conservatism of Beethoven's critics. This thesis therefore explores the philosophical background and the nature of irony itself, relating all of its forms to one underlying structure and to one fundamental process. This process - "objectification" - is derived from the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, and forms the theoretical basis for the structural approach of the analyses of irony within the thesis. The thesis also considers the relationship between irony and related phenomena such as wit and humour. It suggests that the differences between these concepts correspond to those between Beethoven's Romantic irony and the wit and humour of his predecessors. Finally, the relationship between irony and ambiguity is also considered. Ambiguity is frequently elided with irony within theoretical writing on irony; indeed the terms "irony" and "ambiguity" are often used synonymously. Since ambiguity is a significant element of the harmonic and formal practices within the Quartets this elision is important: if ambiguity and irony are elided then each instance of ambiguity may be considered ironic - a reductio ad absurdum. This work distinguishes ambiguity and irony as separate phenomena, approaching this division through the semiotic concepts of "immanence" and "manifestation ". I argue that ambiguity occurs as a particular effect of the immanent level of discourse, whilst irony occurs entirely within the manifest level. In addition to this difference in function, different structures are demonstrated for these phenomena. This distinction is applied to the third movement of the Op. 130 Quartet, which is considered as a confrontation of Classical aesthetics with the equivocal and ambiguous

It is commonly assumed that widows are adult women; hence, there has been a lack of research on violations of child-widows' inheritance rights. This study explores the circumstances under which the girl-child encounters early marriage and is then widowed under a plural legal system; and searches for solutions. It examines legal pluralism in Tanzania and its relevancy in this study and applies a qualitative grounded approach in analysing the interplay between the law and the realities of child-widows' lives. Child-widowhood is one of the worst repercussions of child marriage in a variety of situations and contexts due to their age, gender and immaturity. The study reveals that most customary laws of inheritance and customs discriminate against childwidows. They face profound violations of their human rights in coping with widowhood problems. Access to courts is difficult, so their problems are mainly solved at clan level. Ironically, customary norms, such as the care of widows have been manipulated; widows are often left with no inheritance. The harm inflicted by customary law includes impoverishment, violence, the lack of education and the risk of HIV infection. The study identifies features for and against the favourable realisation of gender equality for child-widows through local norms and practices. Although there are significant obstacles, local norms are still central in facilitating or constraining people's abilities to claim or exercise whatever rights are available to them. Thus, the study suggests possibilities of mediating customary norms through the international human rights law, using the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination. The prerequisites for this include political will and the legislativeframework.

BACKGROUND. Late life depression has been called the common cold of geriatric psychiatry, but usually it is treated in primary care settings using medication, however because of fears about side effects and poor compliance rates with medication, psychological treatments approaches may be a valuable treatment alternative. This study provides an empirical evaluation of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) alone versus Treatment as usual (TAU) alone (generally pharmacotherapy) for late life depression in a UK primary care setting. METHOD. General Practitioners in Fife and Glasgow referred 114 Participants to the study with 44 meeting inclusion criteria and 40 participants providing data that permitted analysis. All participants had a diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either TAU alone or CBT alone. RESULTS. Participants in both treatment conditions benefited from treatment with reduced scores on primary measures of mood at end of treatment. However, one-Way ANOVAs and repeated measures ANOVAs performed between the two treatment conditions showed no differences between each treatment at the end of treatment and at 3 and 6 months follow-up on any of the primary outcome measures. When taking account of differences in living arrangements, CBT may be beneficial in reducing depression scores and hopelessness at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow-up. When evaluating outcome in terms of numbers of participants meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for depression, there were significant differences favouring the CBT condition at the end of treatment and at 3 months follow-up after treatment. CONCLUSIONS. Both the CBT alone and the TAU alone treatment conditions produced significant reductions in depressive symptoms at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow-up. Psychological therapy (CBT) on its own is shown to be an effective treatment procedure for mild to moderate late life depression and has utility as a treatment alternative for older people who cannot or will not tolerate physical treatment approaches for depression.

Previous studies have found that the reduction of negative emotions, and the creation of sensation to counteract loss of sense of self, are the most frequently reported motivations for self-harm. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of emotion regulation and self-integration on self-harm in a sample of adolescents. Analyses found that adolescents who self-harm, from both a non-clinical and a clinical sample, used dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies more frequently, and functional strategies less frequently, than adolescents who had not self-harmed. Significant correlations between emotion regulation and level of self-harm were also found. Analyses also found that adolescents who self-harm had a lower level of self-integration than adolescents who had not self-harmed. Significant correlations between level of self-integration and level of self-harm were also found. Emotion regulation and self-integration predicted self-harm in regression analyses, as did depression. A path analysis supported the hypothesis that attachment was a key developmental factor in emotion regulation, which in turn predicted self-harm directly, as well as indirectly via level of self-integration and depression. The motivation to self-harm, both to create feelings and to avoid feelings, appears to reflect the use of dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies and the sense of poor self-integration.

The incidence of disorders in human male reproductive health is increasing. It has been proposed this change is a direct consequence of environmental effects on growth and sex steroid induced alterations in programmed development. The aim of the experimental work described in this thesis was to investigate the effects of an ubiquitous environmental contaminant, the synthetic platiciser Di-butylphthalate (DBP) on the developing male reproductive tract. Any changes were compared to those symptoms of the human male clinical condition TDS (Testicular dysgenesis syndrome) which is increasing in incidence. To investigate whether DBP treatment induced any TDS-like changes, pregnant rats were gavaged daily with DBP at doses up to 500mg/kg/day from embryonic (e) day el3.5 up to e21.5. Morphological and hormonal parameters (testosterone, inhibin-B) were assessed in male rats aged e21.5 or adult ± in utero DBP exposure. Concurrently, untreated fetal rat and fetal human testis explants were cultured in vitro ± MBP (Mono butylphthalate), the DBP metabolite, at levels of up to 1 mM, to investigate whether the array of adverse effects seen with the in utero exposure could be induced in vitro. Hormone production (testosterone, inhibin-B) and explant morphology were compared ± MBP exposure. The in vitro experiments were restricted to 48h exposure duration so an additional in vivo treatment regime was established to compare the endpoints induced after just 48h exposure in utero. Pregnant rats were dosed daily by gavage with 500mg DBP/kg/day on el9.5 and e20.5 only. Morphological and hormonal parameters (testosterone, inhibin-B) were assessed in male rats aged e21.5 ± 48h in utero DBP exposure. Findings were compared against those from the original in utero studies ± 8 days DBP exposure. The long-term in utero exposure regime induced an array of changes in the phenotype of the male reproductive tract, evident in e21.5 and adult animals, including testis maldescent (cryptorchidism) and reduced fertility. Changes in testis morphology such as alteration in the distribution ofLeydig cells and abnormal nucleation of gonocytes at e21.5 were also seen. The production of testosterone in testes at e21.5 was also significantly reduced following the DBP treatment, including a significant reduction in the protein expression levels of the steroidogenic enzyme P450scc. The in vitro experiments were unable to show a significant decrease in testosterone production after 48h exposure to ImM MBP but when testosterone production was stimulated by hCG, the level of stimulation was significantly reduced when explants were co-incubated with hCG and ImM MBP. The adverse effect of MBP on hCG stimulated testosterone production was seen in media collected from both fetal rat and fetal human testis explants after 48h co-incubation. The short-term in utero exposure regime induced a generally less severe array of changes in the phenotype and testis architecture of the e21.5 male reproductive tract than those seen after 8-day in utero DBP exposure. However, a greater reduction in testis testosterone was seen than the long-term exposure induced, despite less of a reduction in the protein expression ofP450scc. The precise mechanism through which DBP induces its array of developmental abnormalities is still unclear but these studies support the hypothesis that even short term in utero exposure to DBP directly affects the developing testis, probably by acting on Leydig cells and disrupting normal testis endocrinology

The research in this thesis focuses on the use of a range of physical science techniques to perform quantitative measurements within the living human body in a non-invasive manner, for the purpose of understanding disease processes, diagnosing abnormality or monitoring therapeutic responses. The research publications cover work which has been undertaken over the last thirty years in the Universities of Edinburgh, London and Leeds. The research has not concentrated on one aspect of the physical sciences but has taken advantage of scientific and technological developments, encompassing neutron, X and y ionising radiation, laser and THz non-ionising radiation, magnetism, radio-waves and a range of mathematical and computing techniques. Clinical applications have encompassed a wide range of diseases and conditions and include osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases, cardiac disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. PUBLICATIONS • • BONE MEASUREMENT • 1. Development of apparatus to measure calcium changes in the forearm and spine by neutron activation analysis using Cf-252 (*PhD) MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 24, 319-329, 1979 2. Measurement of spinal calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis in osteoporosis (*PhD) MA Smith, R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, LG Mcintosh, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 45-48, 1981 3. Long term effect of dialysate calcuim and 1a -OHD3 on bone calcium in haemodialysis patients as measured by neutron activation analysis of the forearm (*PhD) MA Smith, RJ Winney, JA Strong and P Tothill Nephron 28, 213-217, 1981 4. Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and normalisation NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, CM Ferrington, JD Simpson, MA Smith, JA Strong and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 697-708, 1982 5. The crossover correction in dual photon absorptiometry with Gd-153 MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 1515-1521, 1982 6. Bone demineralisation in patients with Turner's syndrome MA Smith, J Wilson and WH Price Journal of Medical Genetics 19, 100-103, 1982 7. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease activity and corticosteroid treatment DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 285, 330-332 1982 8. Comparison between Gd-153 and Am-241, Cs-137 for dual photon absorptiometry of the spine MA Smith, D Sutton and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 709-721, 1983 9. Intra-laboratory variations using dual photon absorptiometry MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 748-751, 1983 10. Dual photon absorptiometry of the spine with a low activity source of gadolinium 153 P Tothill, MA Smith and D Sutton British Journal of Radiology 56, 829-835, 1983 11. Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, P Tothill and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 215-222, 1983 12. The assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by total body neutron activation analysis R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 5, 65-67, 1983 13. Bone mass in nodal primary generalised osteoarthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43, 240-242, 1984 14. Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation effect of low-dose steroid regime R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and JL Anderton Nephron 40, 139-142, 1985 15. The seasonal variation of total body calcium P Tothill, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid and G Nuki Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, 361-367, 1986 16. Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Journal of Rheumatology 13, 932-935, 1986 17. Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, B Higgins, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 293, 1463-1466, 1986 18. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Clinical Rheumatology 5, No 3, 372-278, 1986 19. Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and CRW Edwards Bone 7, 269-272 1986 20. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and primary generalized osteoarthrosis: effects of corticosteroids, suppressive antirheumatic drugs drugs and calcium supplements DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JJ Nicoll, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki British Journal of Rheumatology 25, 253-259, 1986 21. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid, E Law, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 697-706, 1987 22. In-vivo precision of total body calcium and sodium measurements by neutron activation analysis JJ Nicoll, P Tothill, MA Smith, DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 243-246, 1987 23. Prediction of fracture healing in the tibia by quantitative radionuclide imaging MA Smith, E Jones, R Strachan, P Tothill, JJK Best and SPF Hughes Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69-B, 441-448, 1987 24. Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of 225 Caucasian women A Rodin, B Murby, MA Smith, M Caleffi, I Fentiman, MG Chapman and I Fogelman Bone 11, 1-5, 1990 25. Bone ultrasound attenuation in women: reproducibility, normal variation and comparison woth photon absorptiometry JG Truscott, M Simpson, SP Stewart, R Milner, CF Westmacott, B Oldroyd, JA Evans, A Horsman, CM Langton and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 13, 29-36, 1992 26. The use of a radiation sensitive CCD camera system to measure bone mineral content in the neonatal forearm: a feasibility study JG Truscott, R Milner, S Metcalfe and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, 1391-1397, 1992 27. Primary Generalised Osteoarthritis and Bone Mass LD Hordon, SP Stewart, PR Troughton, V Wright, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1059-1061, 1993 28. Variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral measured by dual energy X-ray absorption: a study of 329 normal women JG Truscott, B Oldroyd, M Simpson, SP Stewart, CF Westmacott, R Milner, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 514-521, 1993 29. A phantom for quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone AJ Clarke, JA Evans, JG Truscott, R Milner and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, 1677-1687, 1994 30. Comparison of changes in bone mineral in idiopathic and secondary osteoporosis following therapy with cyclical disodium etidronate and high dose calcium supplementation SM Orme, M Simpson, SP Stewart, B Oldroyd, CF Westmacott, MA Smith and PE Belchetz Clinical Endocrinology 41(2), 245-50, 1994 31. A portable system for measuring bone mineral density in the pre-term neonatal forearm JG Truscott, R Milner, PC Holland, C Wood and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 69, 532-8, 1996 32. Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison with bone histology S Fletcher, RG Jones, HC Rayner, P Harnden, LD Hordon, JE Aaron, B Oldroyd, AM Brownjohn, JH Turney and MA Smith Nephron 75(4), 412-9, 1997 33. Regional bone mineral density after orthotopic liver transplantation SH Hussaini, B Oldroyd, SP Stewart, F Roman, MA Smith, S Pollard, P Lodge, JG O'Grady and MS Losowsky European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 11(2), 157-63, 1999 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 34. Material to mimic bone and its interaction with ultrasound J Clarke, JA Evans, R Milner and MA Smith 1994 35. Anthropomorphic spinal phantom R Milner, E Berry and MA Smith 1999 • STATISTICS • 36. The comparison of neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry at the same part body site MA Smith, RA Elton and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 1-7, 1981 37. Survival after peptic ulcer surgery AH McLean Ross, J Anderson, WP Small and MA Smith British Medical Journal 282, 1472, 1981 38. Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer AH McLean Ross, MA Smith, JR Anderson and WP Small New England Journal of Medicine 307, 519-522, 1982 39. Survival after surgery WP Small, MA Smith and AH MacLean-Ross British Medical Journal 289, 108-109, 1984 40. Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man-catabolism of iodinated derivatives IR MacGregor, J Davies, L Paton, DS Pepper, CV Prowse and MA Smith Thrombosis and Haemostasis 51, 321-325, 1984 41. Correction factors for gravimetric measurement of peritumoural oedema in man BA Bell, MA Smith, JL Tocher and JD Miller British Journal of Neurosurgery 1, 435-440, 1987 42. Inter-individual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests CA Meier, MN Maisey, A Lowry, J Muller and MA Smith Clinical Endocrinology 39, 101-107, 1993 • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING • 43. The installation of a commercial resistive NMR imager MA Smith, JJK Best, RHB Douglas and DM Kean British Journal of Radiology 57, 1145-1158, 1984 44. Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, J Chick, DM Kean, RHB Douglas, A Singer, RE Kendell and JJK Best Lancet i, 1273-1274, 1985 45. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy M Been, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, JJK Best, and AL Muir British Heart Journal 54, 48-52, 1985 46. Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by CT and low field MRI DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, CN Martyn and JJK Best Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 9(3), 494-496, 1985 47. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance imaging M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Lancet ii, 348-350, 1985 48. Brain water measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin AJ Mander, MA Smith, DM Kean, J Chick, RHB Douglas, AU Rehman, GJ Weppner and JJK Best Lancet, ii, 1075, 1985 49. ECG gated T1 images of the heart MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, M Been, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, 771-778, 1986 50. The absence of tissue specificity in MRI using in-vivo T1 or T2 determination - true biological variation or technical artefact? MA Smith and DG Taylor British Journal of Radiology 59, 82-83, 1986 51. A description of a low field resistive magnetic resonance imaging system and its application in imaging midline central nervous system pathology DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Clinical Radiology, 37, 211-217, 1986 52. A technique for velocity imaging using magnetic resonance imaging JP Ridgway and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 59, 603-607, 1986 53. Correlation of human NMR T1 values measured in vivo and brain water content HL MacDonald, BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JD Miller and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 59, 355-357, 1986 54. A surface coil design for a vertical field MRI system and its application in imaging the breast MA Smith and DW Pye Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4, 455-560 1986 55. Cardiac gating in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 10(6), 325-328, 1986 56. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, CNJ McGhee, HL MacDonald, JD Miller, GH Barnett, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JJK Best The Lancet (i), 66-69, 1987 57. Demonstration of pulsatile cerebrospinal-fluid using magnetic resonance phase imaging JP Ridgway, LW Turnbull and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 60, 423-427, 1987 58. Magnetic resonance flow imaging: a possible method for distinguishing communicating syringomyelia from cystic intraspinal lesions LW Turnbull, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 60, 517-518, 1987 59. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging AJ Mander, A Whitfield, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and RE Kendell British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 69-71, 1987 60. Serial changes in the T1 magnetic relaxation parameter after myocardial infarction in man M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, DP De Bono, JJK Best and AL Muir British Heart Journal 59, 1-8, 1988 61. Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by magnetic resonance imaging M Been, BJ Thompson, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, JJK Best and AL Muir European Heart Journal 9 1250-1256, 1988 62. Brain hydration during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, JD Chick, HM Engelman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21, 25, 1988 63. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in-vivo DA Porter, MA Smith Journal of Biomedical Engineering 10, 562-567, 1988 64. Blood flow imaging by magnetic resonance DJ West, M Tarnawski, MJ Graves, MG Taylor, S Padayachee, VT Ayton and MA Smith Medicamundi 33, 101-111, 1988 65. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 15T MA Smith, EJ Baker, VT Ayton, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans and MN Maisey British Journal of Radiology 62, 367-370, 1989 66. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of ventricular septal defects in infants EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan and NLK Fagg British Heart Journal 62, 305-310, 1989 67. Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of high field strength EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan, AK Yates and PB Deverall British Heart Journal 62, 97-101, 1989 68. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy, lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive defects JD Chick, MA Smith, HM Engleman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13, 512-517, 1989 69. Phospholipids are visible in P-31 NMR spectra of human breast tumours M Lowry, DA Porter, CJJ Twelves, PE Heasley, PB Garlick, MA Smith, RD Rubens, MN Maiseyand MA Richards Biochemical Society Transactions 17, 1053-1054, 1989 70. The measurement and visualisation of vessel blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11,2, 101-123, 1990 71. A method for characterising localisation techniques in volume selected nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 35(7), 821-834, 1990 72. The measurement of time-averaged flow by magnetic resonance imaging using continuous acquisition in the carotid arteries and its comparison with Doppler ultrasound M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, DJ West, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11(1), 27-36, 1990 73. Measurement of time-averaged flow in the middle cerebral artery by magnetic resonance imaging M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 64, 178-181, 1991 74. Visibility of phosholopids in 31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours in-vivo M Lowry, DA Porter, CJ Twelves, PE Heasley, MA Smith and MA Richards NMR in Biomedicine 5, 37-42, 1992 75. Experimental characterisation of the ISIS Technique for volume selected NMR spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith NMR in Biomedicine 5, 200-208, 1992 76. Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and portal vein J Ward, D Martinez, AG Chalmers, J Ridgway, P Robinson and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 214-222, 1993 77. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast - an in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 1,5T CJ Twelves, M Lowry, DA Porter, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith and MA Richards British Journal of Radiology 67, 36-45, 1994 78. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of post-menopausal breast cancer studied in vivo by magnetic resonance CJ Twelves, DA Porter, M Lowry, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith, Rubens RD and MA Richards British Journal of Cancer 69(6), 1151-6, 1994 79. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience JF Meaney, JP Ridgway, S Chakraverty, I Robertson, D Kessel, A Radjenovic, M Kouwenhoven, A Kassner and MA Smith Radiology 211(1), 59-67, 1999 80. Quantitative comparison of intrabrain diffusion in adults and preterm and term neonates and infants SF Tanner, LA Ramenghi, JP Ridgway, E Berry, MA Saysell, D Martinez, RJ Arthur, MA Smith and Ml Levene American Journal of Roentgenology 174(6), 1643-9, 2000 81. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry ND MacDougall, WG Pitchford and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, 107-121, 2002 Response to comments: Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, L19 - 22, 2003 82. Cerebral perfusion in infants and neonates: preliminary results obtained using dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI SF Tanner, LG Cornette, LA Ramenghi, LS Miall, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and Ml Levene Archives for Disease in Childhood 88(6), F525-530, 2003 83. Evaluation of the dosimetric performance of BANG3 polymer gels ND MacDougall, ME Miquel, DJ Wilson, SF Keevil and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, 1717 - 1726, 2005 84. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac applications DM Higgins, JP Ridgway, A Radjenovic, UM Sivananthan, and MA Smith Medical Physics 32, 1738-1746, 2005 85. A method for pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies of rapidly enhancing lesions acquired in a clinical setting A Radjenovic, JP Ridgway and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, N187-N197, 2006 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 86. Surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 1986 87. Sympathetic resonance in magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 1986

Historical settlements such as Abianeh offer many clues as to our existence and the roots from which we have been so long dependent. Understanding the workings of such settlements helps resolve a great deal of lost social, economical, cultural and indigenous skills. However, recording the values of these places has become an almost impossible task for anyone to perform. Due to their inaccessibility and lack of central government interest, control and funds, the infrastructure of such a settlement is much too gradually diminished. Encouragement of a transient society through social and financial pressures, results in migration to larger cities for the inhabitants of these settlements. This has brought with it irrevocable damage, both to the settlements in terms of "lack of youth ", and the larger cities "over population ", phenomena that are not unique to Abianeh and Iran but felt by the world at large. This thesis is a practical response to such a problem, which has gradually become an international `disease'. The work looks at the settlement as an entity in its own right and examines it very objectively so as to derive real -life solutions, which can be practically applied in a revitalisation programme. These can enable it to revert or stabilize its sustainability in terms of its indigenous population, traditions, restoration, rehabilitation, renovation and its future expansion all within the framework of their cultural and social context. It is hoped that lessons can be learned from this study, which can be applied universally. To isolate the underlying factors behind the essential character and identity of the settlement; To establish and preserve for posterity the results of a survey that accurately records the physical entity; To formulate a conservation policy, which acknowledges these factors and materials, that can offer Abianeh a real prospect for survival and regeneration, and which can act as a template for future conservation exercises targeted at historical settlements at risk throughout Iran. The research objectives considered detail aspects of the study and can be summarised as comprising the following: a. To establish and successfully apply a methodology that enables the systematic collection and collation of universal, general and specific information related to the historical, geographical, social, environmental and cultural factors that have shaped the essential character of the people and settlement of Abianeh; b. To establish and successfully apply a methodology that is tailored to recording the extant physical condition of the settlement; c. To establish and successfully apply a methodology based on the above results that will clearly identify the absolute factors that must be addressed, before a successful conservation policy can be contemplated.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in stroke is high. One study showed SDB had a negative impact on the functional capacity of stroke patients on discharge and another that SDB was associated with a higher mortality rate. However, these findings are disputed. The impact of SDB in stroke patients on cognition and health-related quality of life is also not clear. The one randomized controlled trial of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in stroke patients with SDB showed CPAP improved wellbeing but not other outcomes. I hypothesised that: (1) SDB is related to stroke outcome and (2) treatment of SDB in stroke patients with CPAP would improve functional outcome. METHODS: There are three parts of the thesis: (1) a study of the prevalence of SDB after stroke; (2) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of CPAP after stroke and (3) a longitudinal cohort study to investigate the impact of SDB on outcome after stroke. On day 14-19 after stroke, recruited patients underwent a limited sleep study using a validated system (Embletta PDS, Medcare Flaga, Iceland). Baseline assessments were performed on the morning following the sleep study. On day 21-25 following stroke, patients who had (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30 with < 30% of central events were randomized to 8 weeks of CPAP treatment with Autoset T (ResMed, SanDiego USA) or conservative treatment for SDB. All outcomes were recorded in the 8th week after randomization or 3 months after stroke for non-randomized patients. All recruited patients received follow-up at six months after stroke. If available, patients also received 12 months and 18 months follow-up until the last recruited patient had had his 6 months follow-up. The Nottingham Extended ADL Index (EADL) was chosen as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included: Subscales of EADL, NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) and Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), MOS Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and ambulatory blood pressure - measured with Spacelabs 90207 (Spacelabs, Redmond, USA). RESULTS: We screened 658 patients with recent strokes and excluded those with dementia, confusion, severe dysphasia or insufficient hand function to use CPAP. Only 96 of 658 patients remained eligible of whom 25 declined to give informed consent. 71 patients were thus successfully recruited for overnight limited sleep study 14-19 days following stroke. Sixty-six patients with adequate recording were included in the study: 45 men and 21 women, median age 74yrs. The sleep study showed 50% of patients had more than 30 apnoeas + hypopnoeas per hour in bed [expressed as (A+H)-h⁻¹]. Pulse oximetry alone had lower sensitivity (70%) but high specificity (90%) to predict (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30. A combination of age, body mass index, snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness based on logistic regression model is useful as a screening tool at the bedside (sensitivity = 85%, specificity = 70%) to predict (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30 in stroke before referring patients for overnight sleep study. Interaction of lowest oxygen saturation and lowest heart rate is independently associated with stroke during sleep in patients with (A+H)-h⁻¹ < 30 (p = 0.023). Patients with (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30 more often had their stroke during daytime than patients with (A+H)-h⁻¹ < 30 (p = 0.006). Thirty patients who had (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30, with < 30% central apnoea or Cheyne-Stokes respiration, proceeded to a randomized controlled trial starting from the 4th week after stroke with 15 patients randomized to CPAP and 15 to conservative treatment for SDB. Conventional stroke treatment was maintained in all patients. Duration of treatment was 8 weeks and blind outcome assessment was performed at 3 months and 6 month after stroke. The result showed compliance with CPAP was poor with mean 1.40 hours and median 0.16 hours per night. There was no statistically significant difference in the outcomes, sleepiness and ambulatory blood pressure with CPAP therapy. Increased length of keeping CPAP was correlated with higher score of language subscale in the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (Spearman's rho = 0.544, p = 0.036) and lower score in the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, Spearman's rho = -0.538, p = 0.039). All 66 patients with adequate sleep studies received longitudinal follow-up at 3, 6 12 and 18 months following stroke. The patients with (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30 had a trend to worse functional capacity in both Barthel Index and Nottingham Extended ADL Index (EADL) than patients with (A+H)-h⁻¹ < 30 but there was only a statistically significant difference in the mobility subscale of EADL. The negative influence of (A+H)-h⁻¹ ≥ 30 on functional capacity and health-related quality of life following stroke was only statistically significant in patients with mild stroke (NIH Stroke Scale, NIHSS < 7) at both 3 and 6 months, lesser emotional distress (HADS < 8) at both 3 and 6 months and lesser cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination ≥ 28) at 6 months after stroke in subgroup analysis. The difference of Modified Rankin Scale between groups was significant at 6 months after stroke (p = 0.026). There was no difference in cognitive or emotional outcome. No significant difference of mortality rate was noted. CONCLUSIONS: We focused on a group of patients with mild to moderate stroke (median NIHSS = 6) within a narrow time span (14-19 days) and confirmed a high prevalence of SDB in stroke. CPAP compliance was a major problem but might be enhanced by selecting patients with higher functional capacity, higher cognitive function especially language and less depression in the acute or subacute phase of stroke. We also found that sleep-disordered breathing had little or no effect on cognitive and emotional outcomes, health-related quality of life and mortality in stroke patients. Many other factors resulting from brain damage or complications of stroke have stronger influences on stroke outcome than SDB.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: Several studies have noted that the vulnerability that appears to stem from insecure attachment may originate with cognitive processes (Ingram, 2003). The conceptual similarities between Bowlby's (1969, 1973) attachment theory and Young's (1994) schema theory have been noted (Mason et al, 2005). Few studies have examined the relationship of attachment style, cognitive style and affect in adolescence. Moreover, studies of depressed children and adolescents in clinical samples have rarely reported on the status of mothers (Hammen et al, 1999) or fathers, representing gaps in existing knowledge given that many children and adolescents may have disorders that are functionally linked in some way to their parents (Hammen et al, 1999; Goodman & Gotlib, 1999). The present exploratory study investigated two mechanisms of risk for adolescent internalising disorders, modelling of parents attachment style, cognitive style and affect and indirect learning through attachment representations. METHOD: A cross-sectional between-subjects postal questionnaire design was employed. A clinical sample of 10 adolescents with internalising disorders and their parents (10 mothers and 2 fathers) completed a questionnaire battery incorporating self-report measures of attachment style, affect symptomatology and cognitive style. RESULTS: Correlational analysis did not provide support for the modelling hypothesis with regard to matching between adolescents and mothers attachment styles, cognitive styles or affect. Adolescents cognitive style was not found to be related to mothers affect or history of internalising problems. However, significant relationships were evident between adolescents' cognitive schemas, internalising symptomatology and attachment style. CONCLUSIONS: The significant results obtained are consistent with interpersonal relationship and cognitive vulnerability theories ofrisk but need to be interpreted with the caution necessary to an exploratory study. Implications concerning mechanisms of risk for adolescent internalising disorders are discussed and several directions for future research provided.

This thesis provides an account of an action research study undertaken to develop staff knowledge concerning high quality end-of-life care for older people resident in nursing homes. Two independent nursing homes (NH1, NH2a & NH2b) volunteered to take part. In each nursing home, an exploratory phase was undertaken using focus groups, interviews, participant observation, and documentary analysis. This exploratory work confirmed specific contextual and clinical issues related to end-of-life care and highlighted that dying was peripheral to the nursing home culture where the emphasis was on functional rehabilitation. In each home, an initiative, inductively derived from discussion with staff and based on the exploratory phase, was devised and implemented. In the first nursing home, the initiative entailed development of'collaborative learning groups' (CLGs) which took place following the death of a resident; in the second home, the adaptation and introduction of an 'integrated care pathway (ICP) for the last days of life' to be used prior to the death of a resident, provided a system around which high quality end-of-life care could be promoted. Both actions were evaluated. These initiatives enabled a greater openness towards death and dying in both nursing homes. A model for developing practice is presented combining these two inductively derived initiatives that acknowledge the importance of both the lifeworld of staff in their care of dying residents and their families and the nursing home system. This model, and the process of undertaking the action research, is discussed in relation to Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action - a substantive theory of 'system' and 'lifeworld'. Implementing the ICP as an integral part of a system for end-of-life care within the rehabilitative culture of nursing homes, and facilitating learning through a CLG after a resident dies, both (and importantly, together) encourage the development of staff knowledge and their support of each other in their care of dying residents. Previous research studies in this area of care have, in the main, only described the quality of endof-life care in nursing homes; a few studies have tried to influence such care through education and clinical involvement. This study makes a contribution to knowledge on the basis of it being an action research study in two nursing homes focused on the process of trying to change a functionally orientated rehabilitative culture to one that is more open to staff needs in the delivery of high quality end-of-life care. Findings of the study are discussed in relation to wider political and development issues; namely, the responsibility that nursing homes now have in the end-of-life care of older people; the importance of greater openness by management of nursing homes in their recognition of death and dying as an integral part of the culture and their subsequent support of staff; the unique role that nurses in nursing homes have to promote quality end-of-life care; and the need for targeted practice development initiatives within nursing homes to encourage better knowledge of symptom control and end-of-life issues that are specific to the care of older people dying in nursing homes.

We use the tools of exponential-asymptotic analysis to describe the solutions of the three-dimensional Boussinesq equations and of Lorenz's five-component model that arise in geophysical fluid dynamics. In particular we use both of these models to study the generation of high-frequency motions known as inertia-gravity waves from slow balanced motion via the Stokes phenomenon. To start with we give an example demonstrating the Stokes phenomenon and to give an idea of the general approach of these techniques. We derive a full asymptotic expansion of the solutions of the Scorer equation which is an inhomogeneous Airy equation. The Stokes phenomenon causes the particular integral to switch on solutions of the Airy equation as a Stokes line is crossed. We identify the Stokes lines and the anti-Stokes lines, and most importantly calculate the Stokes multipliers. We do this by studying the Borel-Laplace transform of the solutions of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous part together with examining the behaviour of late-terms in the asymptotic expansion of the particular integral. We study homoclinic solutions of Lorenz's five-component model. We linearise the solution and hence we can use methods analogous to the ones mentioned above. Here the slow motion is represented by the first function in the linear expansion of the solution. It switches on the consequent term in the expansion representing the fast motion as a Stokes line is crossed. By considering solutions to the Boussnesq equations that consist of a sheared flow and a perturbation we narrow our problem to a differential equation that governs the amplitude of the inertia-gravity waves. Analytically the particular integral represents the slow motion that switches on solutions of the homogeneous equations which represent the fast oscillation. It follows from this that we can derive a power series expansion of the Stokes multipliers where we derive an expression for the first terms. The other terms we calculate numerically. We use the Fourier transform to reduce the Boussinesq equations to an or¬ dinary differential equation. When we then carry out the inverse transform we use our previous result to replace the the integrand with its dominant behaviour. As the saddle point of the exponent governing the integrand collides with the endpoints for certain values we use Bleistein's method together with numerical integration to estimate the inverse.

This research arose from concerns related to the increasing requirement that members of the nursing profession identify, name and measure the parts of nursing and the care provided for clients groups. The study is set within the context ofthe government led reforms of NHS management during the period 1983-2000. Specifically, this research developed from experiences gained from working with nurses as they were involved in setting standards, conducting clinical audit and using evidence based practice (EBP). I questioned what the nurses were actually doing, how they were doing this, what was being gained or lost for the nurses involved, for the patient and, ultimately, the profession. Specifically, this research seeks to explore the involvement of nurses in the clinical governance agenda and to address how they are conceptualising this in practice. The development of a quality agenda in health care has, over a period of two decades, increased to represent the interests and concerns ofthe health professions, managers and client groups. Consequently this period saw a proliferation of quality philosophies, systems and methods, although there was little apparent integration between them. Throughout this period, the nursing profession played an active role with nurses involved in leading projects through to those participating in projects within the clinical setting. A considerable body of literature has been produced associated with these developments, although there has been comparatively little research conducted on any aspect of the quality agenda. This is all the more surprising given the considerable investment, oftime and people, which has been associated with these initiatives. Interestingly, this absence of research mirrors the position in the private sector (Cole and Scott, 2000). The recent introduction of clinical governance has, once again, placed the issue of health care quality at the centre ofthe management and clinical agenda. In this 10 both organisations. The participants were all directly engaged in the development of clinical governance, with many district nurses indicating a history of involvement in related projects stretching over a number of years. Specifically, respondents were involved in many ofthe aspects of clinical governance identified by the initial policy publications (DoH, 1998; Scottish Office, 1998). Included within this was responsibility for leading the development of clinical governance within a community setting, managing projects including clinical audit and clinical effectiveness, involvement in risk management activities and, facilitating the involvement of other community nursing staff in these initiatives. In one instance, a district nurse indicated she had little knowledge ofthese developments. In fact this perception resulted from uncertainty arising from the terminology as she was indeed involved with aspects ofthe agenda. In practice the level of involvement in these clinical governance activities was varied, presenting a continuum, with at one end support nurses dedicating the majority oftheir time to the agenda, and at the other staff nurses having a limited involvement in clinical governance projects.