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1. Symptom patterns and health service use of women in early adulthood: a latent class analysis from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Author: Louise F. Wilson, Jenny Doust, Gita D. Mishra, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Latent class analysis, Symptom profiles, Healthcare utilisation, Women, Australia, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Background Symptoms can be strong drivers for initiating interaction with the health system, especially when they are frequent, severe or impact on daily activities. Research on symptoms often use counts of symptoms as a proxy for symptom burden, however simple counts don’t provide information on whether groups of symptoms are likely to occur together or whether such groups are associated with different types and levels of healthcare use. Women have a higher symptom burden than men; however studies of symptom patterns in young women are lacking. We aimed to characterise subgroups of women in early adulthood who experienced different symptom patterns and to compare women’s use of different types of health care across the different symptom subgroups. Methods Survey and linked administrative data from 7 797 women aged 22–27 years in 2017 from the 1989–95 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health were analysed. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify subgroups of women based on the frequency of 16 symptom variables. To estimate the associations between the latent classes and health service use, we used the “Bolck, Croon and Hagenaars” (BCH) approach that takes account of classification error in the assignment of women to latent classes. Results Four latent classes were identified, characterised by 1) low prevalence of most symptoms (36.6%), 2) high prevalence of menstrual symptoms but low prevalence of mood symptoms (21.9%), 3) high prevalence of mood symptoms but low prevalence of menstrual symptoms, (26.2%), and high prevalence of many symptoms (15.3%). Compared to the other three classes, women in the high prevalence of many symptoms class were more likely to visit general practitioners and specialists, use more medications, and more likely to have had a hospital admission. Conclusions Women in young adulthood experience substantially different symptom burdens. A sizeable proportion of women experience many co-occurring symptoms across both physical and psychological domains and this high symptom burden is associated with a high level of health service use. Further follow-up of the women in our study as they enter their late 20 s and early 30 s will allow us to examine the stability of the classes of symptoms and their associations with general health and health service use. Similar studies in other populations are needed to assess the generalisability of the findings.
Published: 2023
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2. How rates of perinatal mental health screening in Australia have changed over time and which women are missing out

Author: Katrina M. Moss, Nicole Reilly, Annette J. Dobson, Deborah Loxton, Leigh Tooth, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: maternal depression, perinatal screening, mental health, Australia, longitudinal study, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Objectives: To report rates of perinatal mental health screening from 2000 to 2017 and investigate factors associated with not being screened both antenatally and postnatally more recently (2013–2017). Methods: A longitudinal community‐based study of self‐reported perinatal mental health screening with a national sample of 7,566 mothers from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health reporting on 9,384 children. The main outcome measure was whether mothers were asked about their emotional wellbeing by a health professional, including completing a questionnaire. Results: From 2000 to 2017, the percentage of women not screened decreased from 40.6% to 1.7%. The percentage of women screened both antenatally and postnatally increased from 21.3% to 79.3%. From 2013 to 2017, women who were older (aOR, 0.65; 95%CI, 0.52–0.81) or had reported emotional distress (aOR, 0.77; 95%CI, 0.60–0.99) were less likely to have been screened both antenatally and postnatally. Conclusions: Despite improvements, perinatal mental health screening is not yet universal. One‐in‐five women are not screened both antenatally and postnatally, including women in high‐risk populations such as those who have reported emotional distress. Implications for public health: Women are in regular contact with health professionals in the perinatal period. This opportunity to detect women at risk of perinatal mental health issues is too important to be missed.
Published: 2020
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3. Combined Influence of Waist and Hip Circumference on Risk of Death in a Large Cohort of European and Australian Adults

Author: Adrian J. Cameron, Helena Romaniuk, Liliana Orellana, Jean Dallongeville, Annette J. Dobson, Wojciech Drygas, Marco Ferrario, Jean Ferrieres, Simona Giampaoli, Francesco Gianfagna, Licia Iacoviello, Pekka Jousilahti, Frank Kee, Marie Moitry, Teemu J. Niiranen, Andrzej Pająk, Luigi Palmieri, Tarja Palosaari, Männistö Satu, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Barbara Thorand, Ulla Toft, Diego Vanuzzo, Salomaa Veikko, Giovanni Veronesi, Tom Wilsgaard, Kari Kuulasmaa, and Stefan Söderberg
Subjects: hip circumference, mortality, obesity, waist circumference, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background Waist circumference and hip circumference are both strongly associated with risk of death; however, their joint association has rarely been investigated. Methods and Results The MONICA Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph (MORGAM) Project was conducted in 30 cohorts from 11 countries; 90 487 men and women, aged 30 to 74 years, predominantly white, with no history of cardiovascular disease, were recruited in 1986 to 2010 and followed up for up to 24 years. Hazard ratios were estimated using sex‐specific Cox models, stratified by cohort, with age as the time scale. Models included baseline categorical obesity measures, age, total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs, smoking, and diabetes mellitus. A total of 9105 all‐cause deaths were recorded during a median follow‐up of 10 years. Hazard ratios for all‐cause death presented J‐ or U‐shaped associations with most obesity measures. With waist and hip circumference included in the same model, for all hip sizes, having a smaller waist was strongly associated with lower risk of death, except for men with the smallest hips. In addition, among those with smaller waists, hip size was strongly negatively associated with risk of death, with ≈20% more people identified as being at increased risk compared with waist circumference alone. Conclusions A more complex relationship between hip circumference, waist circumference, and risk of death is revealed when both measures are considered simultaneously. This is particularly true for individuals with smaller waists, where having larger hips was protective. Considering both waist and hip circumference in the clinical setting could help to best identify those at increased risk of death.
Published: 2020
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4. Estimating the prevalence of dementia using multiple linked administrative health records and capture–recapture methodology

Author: Michael Waller, Gita D. Mishra, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Dementia, Prevalence, Incidence, Linked data, Capture–recapture, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Obtaining population-level estimates of the incidence and prevalence of dementia is challenging due to under-diagnosis and under-reporting. We investigated the feasibility of using multiple linked datasets and capture–recapture techniques to estimate rates of dementia among women in Australia. Methods This work is based on the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. A random sample of 12,432 women born in 1921–1926 was recruited in 1996. Over 16 years of follow-up records of dementia were obtained from five sources: three-yearly self-reported surveys; clinical assessments for aged care assistance; death certificates; pharmaceutical prescriptions filled; and, in three Australian States only, hospital in-patient records. Results A total of 2534 women had a record of dementia in at least one of the data sources. The aged care assessments included dementia records for 79.3% of these women, while pharmaceutical data included 34.6%, death certificates 31.0% and survey data 18.5%. In the States where hospital data were available this source included dementia records for 55.8% of the women. Using capture–recapture methods we estimated an additional 728 women with dementia had not been identified, increasing the 16 year prevalence for the cohort from 20.4 to 26.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.2, 26.8%). Conclusions This study demonstrates that using routinely collected health data with record linkage and capture–recapture can produce plausible estimates for dementia prevalence and incidence at a population level.
Published: 2017
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5. Childhood adversity and traumatic exposures during deployment as predictors of mental health in Australian military veterans

Author: Wu Yi Zheng, Jeeva Kanesarajah, Michael Waller, Annabel C. McGuire, Susan A. Treloar, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: childhood adversity, PTSD symptoms, alcohol dependency, depression, military, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Objective: To examine whether the relationship between traumatic exposure on deployment and poor mental health varies by the reported level of childhood adversity experienced in Australian military veterans deployed to the Bougainville or East Timor military operations. Methods: Cross‐sectional self‐reported survey data were collected in 2008 from 3,564 Australian military veterans who deployed to East Timor or Bougainville on their deployment experiences, health and recall of childhood events. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association between childhood adversity, deployment exposures and mental health. Results: The most common childhood adversity reported was ‘not having a special teacher, youth worker or family friend who looked out for them while growing up’. On average, responders reported experiencing 3.5 adverse childhood experiences (SD 2.7) and averaged 5.3 (SD 4.9) traumatic exposures on deployment. Both childhood adversity and traumatic exposures on deployment were associated with higher odds of poorer mental health. However, there was no evidence that level of childhood adversity modified the association between traumatic exposure and mental health. Conclusions/Implications: These findings suggest that military personnel who recalled a higher level of childhood adversity may need to be monitored for poor mental health and, if required, provided with appropriate support.
Published: 2016
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6. Lack of association between drought and mental health in a cohort of 45–61 year old rural Australian women

Author: Jennifer R. Powers, Annette J. Dobson, Helen L. Berry, Anna M. Graves, Ivan C. Hanigan, and Deborah Loxton
Subjects: mental health, drought, women, vulnerable, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of drought on the mental health of rural Australian women and those in vulnerable sub‐populations: women who were more isolated, poorer and less educated; and women who had histories of chronic disease or poor mental health. Methods: Surveys were mailed in 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2008 to 6,664 women born between 1946 and1951 who were participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The surveys included the Mental Health Index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 (MHI). Drought was assessed by linking the latitude and longitude of women's place of residence at each survey to the Hutchinson Drought Index. Associations between MHI and drought were assessed using linear mixed‐models. Results: While 31% of the women experienced drought in 1998 and 50% experienced drought in 2007; experience of droughts was less common in the other years. Although drought varied from survey year to survey year, mental health did not vary with drought conditions for rural women or vulnerable sub‐populations. Conclusions: These findings are contrary to the long‐held assumption that droughts increase mental health problems in Australia. Implications: While similar results may not be true for men, empirical evidence (rather than assumptions) is required on associations between drought and mental health.
Published: 2015
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7. Empirical evidence suggests adverse climate events have not affected Australian women's health and well‐being

Author: Jennifer R. Powers, Deborah Loxton, Jeanine Baker, Jane L. Rich, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: climate change, adverse climate events, drought, women's health, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Objective: To compare the health and well‐being of women by exposure to adverse climate events. An Exceptional Circumstance declaration (EC) was used as a proxy for adverse climate events. The Australian government may provide financial support to people living in EC areas, i.e. areas experiencing a one in 20–25 year event (drought, flood or fire) that results in a severe, extended downturn in farm or farm‐related income. Methods: Data from 6,584 53–58 year old non‐metropolitan women participating in the 2004 survey of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were linked to EC data. Generalised linear models were used to analyse differences in SF‐36 General Health (GH) and Mental Health (MH) and perceived stress by EC for all women. Models were adjusted for demographic, health‐related and psychosocial factors potentially on the pathway between EC and health. Given that the effects on health were expected to be greater in vulnerable people, analyses were repeated for women with worse socioeconomic circumstances. Results: GH, MH and stress did not differ for the 3,366 women in EC areas and 3,218 women in non‐EC areas. GH, MH and stress were worse among vulnerable women (who had difficulty managing on available income) regardless of EC. Conclusion and implications: This research adds to the existing literature on climate change, associated adverse climate events and health, by suggesting that multiple resources available in high income countries, including government support and individual psychosocial resources may mitigate some of the health impacts of adverse climate events, even among vulnerable people.
Published: 2012
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8. Compensating for Missing Data from Longitudinal Studies Using WinBUGS

Author: Gretchen Carrigan, Adrian G. Barnett, Annette J. Dobson, and Gita Mishra
Subjects: missing data, multiple imputation, longitudinal data, WinBUGS, SAS, Statistics, HA1-4737
Abstract: Missing data is a common problem in survey based research. There are many packages that compensate for missing data but few can easily compensate for missing longitudinal data. WinBUGS compensates for missing data using multiple imputation, and is able to incorporate longitudinal structure using random effects. We demonstrate the superiority of longitudinal imputation over cross-sectional imputation using WinBUGS. We use example data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. We give a SAS macro that uses WinBUGS to analyze longitudinal models with missing covariate date, and demonstrate its use in a longitudinal study of terminal cancer patients and their carers.
Published: 2007

9. Differing Methodologies Are Required to Estimate Prevalence of Dementia: Single Study Types Are No Longer Reliable

Author: Leon Flicker, Kaarin J. Anstey, Osvaldo P. Almeida, Michael Waller, Patrick Fitzgerald, Fleur de Crespigny, Thao Vu, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Bias, General Neuroscience, Prevalence, Humans, Dementia, Registries, General Medicine, Geriatrics and Gerontology
Abstract: Population-based surveys were used to estimate community prevalence of dementia, but have low response fractions due, among other things, to difficulties in obtaining informed consent from people with diminished capacity. Cohort studies of younger people are subject to recruitment bias and non-random drop-outs. Dementia registries can delineate sub-types of dementia but have limited population coverage and are costly to maintain. Administrative datasets have low costs but may be subject to selection bias and uncertain sensitivity. We propose that astute combination of methodologies, including assessment of coverage and validity of administrative datasets, is the most cost-effective process to estimate and monitor community prevalence.
Published: 2022

10. Is there a link between infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature or early menopause? Results from pooled analyses of 9 cohort studies

Author: Chen Liang, Hsin-Fang Chung, Annette J. Dobson, Janet E. Cade, Darren C. Greenwood, Kunihiko Hayashi, Rebecca Hardy, Diana Kuh, Yvonne T.van der Schouw, Sven Sandin, Elisabete Weiderpass, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published: 2023

11. Maternal factors associated with interbirth intervals in Australia: Results from a population‐based longitudinal study

Author: Gita D. Mishra, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Annette J. Dobson, and Leigh R. Tooth
Subjects: Birth Intervals, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Pregnancy, Australia, Humans, Educational Status, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Maternal Age
Abstract: Short and long intervals between successive births are associated with adverse birth outcomes, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, yet the birth intervals in high-income countries remain relatively understudied. The aim was to examine maternal factors associated with birth intervals in Australia.The sample comprised 6130 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health who were born in 1973-1978, had two or more births, and responded to regular surveys between 1996 and 2018. Interbirth interval (IBI) was defined as the time between successive live births. Maternal factors were examined using accelerated failure time models.For women with only two births (n = 3802), the median time to the second birth was 34.0 months (IQR 23.1, 46.2) with shorter IBI associated with higher socioeconomic status (eg, university education (31.9 months), less income stress (31.1)), and longer IBI associated with age over 35 (39.7), fair/poor health (43.0), untreated fertility problems (45.5), miscarriage (39.4), or abortion (41.0). For women with three or more births (n = 2328), the median times to the second and third births were 31.2 months (19.9, 42.1) and 36.5 months (25.3, 50.1), respectively; some factors were consistent between the first IBI and second IBI (eg, university education and being married were associated with shorter IBI), whereas income stress was associated with longer first IBI but not with second IBI.Understanding maternal factors associated with birth intervals in a high-income country like Australia may enable more nuanced tailoring of guidelines for prepregnancy care.
Published: 2022

12. Infertility, Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and the Risk of Stroke Among Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Chen Liang, Hsin-Fang Chung, Annette J. Dobson, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Abortion, Spontaneous, Stroke, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, Pregnancy, Incidence, Pregnancy Outcome, Humans, Female, Neurology (clinical), Stillbirth, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Infertility, Female
Abstract: Background and Purpose: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality, and women are impacted more from stroke than men in terms of their absolute number and in having worse outcomes. A growing number of studies have explored the association between pregnancy complications, pregnancy outcomes, and stroke. Limited studies, however, have investigated links involving infertility, miscarriage, and stillbirth, which could plausibly be associated via a background of endocrine conditions, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic systematic inflammation. This review aims to summarize current evidence and provide up-to-date information on the associations of infertility, miscarriage, and stillbirth, with stroke incidence. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted for cohort and case-control studies on associations between infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, and stroke up to September 26, 2020. Seven databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CINIHL, PsyclNFO, Wanfang, and CNKI. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Results: Sixteen cohort studies and 2 case-control studies enrolling 7 808 521 women were included in this meta-analysis. Women who had experienced miscarriage or stillbirth were at higher risk of stroke (miscarriage: HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.00–1.14]; stillbirth: HR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.11–1.71]) than other women. The HRs of stroke for each additional miscarriage and stillbirth were 1.13 (95% CI, 0.96–1.33) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.06–1.49), respectively. In subgroup analysis, increased risk of stroke was associated with repeated miscarriages and stillbirths (miscarriage ≥3: HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.05–1.90]; stillbirth ≥2: HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.04–1.26]). Associations between infertility and stroke were inconsistent and inconclusive (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.87–1.32]). Conclusions: Miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with increased risk of stroke among women, which could be used as a contributing risk factor to help identify women at higher risk of stroke.
Published: 2022

13. Meta-analysis for individual participant data with a continuous exposure: A case study

Author: Maria M. Brooks, Sven Sandin, Mette Kildevæld Simonsen, Sybil L. Crawford, Annette J. Dobson, Samar R. El Khoudary, Elisabete Weiderpass, Darsy Darssan, Gita D. Mishra, Darren C. Greenwood, Eric J. Brunner, Ellen B. Gold, and Hsin-Fang Chung
Subjects: Epidemiology, Computer science, Statistics as Topic, Sample (statistics), Article, Body Mass Index, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Covariate, Replication (statistics), Statistics, Humans, Fractional polynomials, Categorical variable, Pointwise, Models, Statistical, Age Factors, Individual participant data, Middle Aged, Random effects model, Outcome (probability), Data set, Meta-analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Continuous variables, Linear Models, Female, Menopause
Abstract: Objective Methods for meta-analysis of studies with individual participant data and continuous exposure variables are well described in the statistical literature but are not widely used in clinical and epidemiological research. The purpose of this case study is to make the methods more accessible. Study Design and Setting A two-stage process is demonstrated. Response curves are estimated separately for each study using fractional polynomials. The study-specific curves are then averaged pointwise over all studies at each value of the exposure. The averaging can be implemented using fixed effects or random effects methods. Results The methodology is illustrated using samples of real data with continuous outcome and exposure data and several covariates. The sample data set, segments of Stata and R code, and outputs are provided to enable replication of the results. Conclusion These methods and tools can be adapted to other situations, including for time-to-event or categorical outcomes, different ways of modelling exposure-outcome curves, and different strategies for covariate adjustment.
Published: 2021

14. Methodological strengths and weakness of cohorts and administrative data for developing population estimates of dementia

Author: Annette J Dobson, Osvaldo P Almeida, Kaarin J. Anstey, Fleur de Crespigny, Patrick Fitzgerald, Thao Anna Vu, Michael Waller, and Leon Flicker
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Neurology (clinical), Geriatrics and Gerontology
Published: 2022

15. Asthma severity and impact on perinatal outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis

Author: Shyamali C. Dharmage, Annette J. Dobson, Zhiwei Xu, Louise F. Wilson, Jenny Doust, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Adult, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Exacerbation, Asthma severity, Odds, Pregnancy, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, reproductive and urinary physiology, Asthma, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Patient Acuity, Pregnancy Outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odds ratio, Infant, Low Birth Weight, medicine.disease, Pregnancy Complications, Meta-analysis, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Premature Birth, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract: BACKGROUND Large-scale studies exploring the associations of asthma severity, exacerbations and medication use with adverse perinatal outcomes have been published in recent years. OBJECTIVES To update evidence on the associations of asthma severity, exacerbations and medication use with the adverse perinatal outcomes of preterm delivery (PD), low birthweight (LBW) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA). SEARCH STRATEGY PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from inception to 1 January 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA Cohort studies comparing the likelihood of adverse perinatal outcomes in groups of asthmatic women stratified by asthma severity, asthma exacerbations or medication use, or comparing the likelihood of adverse perinatal outcomes between non-asthmatic women and asthmatics of various levels of severity and exacerbation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Random-effects models were used to meta-analyse the results. MAIN RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. The odds of delivering SGA babies increased with maternal asthma severity. Pregnant women with an asthma exacerbation had higher odds of delivering LBW babies and SGA babies, compared with pregnant women with asthma but without an exacerbation (pooled adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29 for LBW; number of studies with adjusted OR 3; I2 = 0%) (pooled adjusted OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23 for SGA; number of studies with adjusted OR 4; I2 = 0%) and compared to pregnant women without asthma. Oral corticosteroids use during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of LBW, but not PD. CONCLUSIONS The available data suggest that maternal asthma severity and exacerbations are associated with increased odds of LBW and SGA babies. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT A systematic review and meta-analysis found that maternal asthma severity and exacerbations are associated with increased odds of delivering low birthweight and small-for-gestational-age babies.
Published: 2021

16. Different estimates of the prevalence of dementia in Australia, 2021

Author: Annette J Dobson, Leon Flicker, Osvaldo P Almeida, Michael Waller, and Kaarin Anstey
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2023

17. History of pre-pregnancy maternal symptoms of binge eating and childhood behavioral problems in girls and boys

Author: Caley Tapp, Gita D. Mishra, Annette J. Dobson, Katrina M. Moss, and Leigh R. Tooth
Subjects: Male, Problem Behavior, Psychiatry and Mental health, Pregnancy, Australia, Humans, Mothers, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Binge-Eating Disorder
Abstract: To explore whether children of mothers with pre-pregnancy binge eating (BE) symptoms have more behavioral difficulties compared with those without and whether associations are moderated by ED symptoms and other maternal health and social factors measured during childhood.Pre-pregnancy BE symptoms were collected by the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health at Survey 1 (in 1996) and/or at Survey 2 (in 2000) using questions mapped to DSM BE criterion 1. In 2016/7, 2180 women from the 1973-78 cohort provided data on externalizing and internalizing behavior, measured by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, on 4054 of their children (2-12 years) in the Mothers and their Children's Health study. Covariates were markers of other ED symptoms, sociodemographic, social support, and mental health factors collected proximally to the child outcomes. Hierarchical multivariable regression models, using generalized estimating equations accounting for clustering of children within mothers, were used.Pre-pregnancy BE symptoms were associated with child behavior, with associations only moderated after adjustment for proximal markers of ED (girls internalizing behavior, b (95%CI) .30 (-.02, .61); boys externalizing behavior .34 (-.04, .73)) or social support (girls externalizing behavior 0.26 (-.08, .61)). Pre-pregnancy BE symptoms were not associated with boys internalizing behavior (-.27 (-.02, 0.57)).Studies with repeated ED measures should test hypotheses that these associations vary by timing of ED measurement. Identification of young women at risk of BE symptoms pre-pregnancy, as well as when children are older, may enable health services, treatment programs, and supports to minimize longer term effects on children.A history of binge eating symptoms up to 10 years pre-pregnancy in mothers is associated with behavior problems in their girls and boys at average age of 7. However, the association is moderated by behaviors of eating disorders and social support in the mothers during childhood. Identification of ED symptoms prior to pregnancy, and then after childbirth, might enable health services to intervene to maximize child and mother outcomes.
Published: 2022

18. The association between childhood sexual abuse and historical intimate partner violence with body mass index and diabetes: Evidence from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health

Author: Abdulbasit M. Seid, Gita D. Mishra, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Epidemiology, Sex Offenses, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Australia, Intimate Partner Violence, Body Mass Index, Sexual Partners, Risk Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Women's Health, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Child
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of childhood sexual abuse and historical intimate partner violence with body mass index and diabetes among mid-age women. Data from 5782 participants in the 1946-51 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were used. The association of abuse reported to have occurred before 1996 with body mass index and incident diabetes during 20 years of follow-up were examined using longitudinal logistic regression. Women who experienced childhood sexual abuse only, historical intimate partner violence only, or both forms of abuse had higher risk of obesity compared to women who did not experience either form of abuse. The associations between experiencing childhood sexual abuse only, historical intimate partner violence only, or both forms of abuse and incident diabetes (adjusted odds ratios, AOR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.00, 1.65, AOR = 1.27 (1.02, 1.58) and AOR = 1.74 (1.27, 2.38) respectively) were attenuated by adding body mass index and other variables in the model (AOR = 1.16, 95%CI = 0.90, AOR = 1.49, 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) and AOR = 1.41 (1.03, 1.95) respectively) compared with women who did not experience abuse. The clinical implication is that awareness of a woman's early life experience of abuse may provide insight into managing her weight and risk of diabetes.
Published: 2022

19. How rates of perinatal mental health screening in Australia have changed over time and which women are missing out

Author: Nicole Reilly, Deborah Loxton, Gita D. Mishra, Katrina M. Moss, Leigh Tooth, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Adult, Longitudinal study, medicine.medical_specialty, perinatal screening, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Mothers, Psychological Distress, Depression, Postpartum, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Emotional distress, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, Maternal Health Services, 030212 general & internal medicine, Longitudinal Studies, 0303 health sciences, Health professionals, business.industry, Depression, Public health, Mental Disorders, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Outcome measures, Parturition, Australia, longitudinal study, Health reporting, lcsh:RA1-1270, Mental health, Pregnancy Complications, Perinatal Care, Family medicine, maternal depression, Female, business, Perinatal period, mental health
Abstract: Objectives: To report rates of perinatal mental health screening from 2000 to 2017 and investigate factors associated with not being screened both antenatally and postnatally more recently (2013–2017). Methods: A longitudinal community‐based study of self‐reported perinatal mental health screening with a national sample of 7,566 mothers from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health reporting on 9,384 children. The main outcome measure was whether mothers were asked about their emotional wellbeing by a health professional, including completing a questionnaire. Results: From 2000 to 2017, the percentage of women not screened decreased from 40.6% to 1.7%. The percentage of women screened both antenatally and postnatally increased from 21.3% to 79.3%. From 2013 to 2017, women who were older (aOR, 0.65; 95%CI, 0.52–0.81) or had reported emotional distress (aOR, 0.77; 95%CI, 0.60–0.99) were less likely to have been screened both antenatally and postnatally. Conclusions: Despite improvements, perinatal mental health screening is not yet universal. One‐in‐five women are not screened both antenatally and postnatally, including women in high‐risk populations such as those who have reported emotional distress. Implications for public health: Women are in regular contact with health professionals in the perinatal period. This opportunity to detect women at risk of perinatal mental health issues is too important to be missed.
Published: 2020

20. Type of menopause, age of menopause and variations in the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: pooled analysis of individual data from 10 international studies

Author: Elisabete Weiderpass, Annette J. Dobson, Nirmala Pandeya, Graham G. Giles, Panayotes Demakakos, Mette Kildevæld Simonsen, Fiona Bruinsma, Sven Sandin, Janet E Cade, Darren C. Greenwood, Rebecca Hardy, Dongshan Zhu, Diana Kuh, Hsin-Fang Chung, Gita D. Mishra, and Eric J. Brunner
Subjects: Gerontology, medicine.medical_treatment, Menopause, Premature, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, Surgical Menopause, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Humans, Medicine, Reproductive health, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Hysterectomy, business.industry, Rehabilitation, Hazard ratio, Australia, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Original Articles, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Menopause, Reproductive Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Observational study, business, Risk assessment
Abstract: STUDY QUESTION How does the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) vary with type and age of menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER Earlier surgical menopause (e.g. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Earlier age at menopause has been linked to an increased risk of CVD mortality and all-cause mortality, but the extent that this risk of CVD varies by type of menopause and the role of postmenopausal HRT use in reducing this risk is unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Pooled individual-level data of 203 767 postmenopausal women from 10 observational studies that contribute to the International collaboration for a Life course Approach to reproductive health and Chronic disease Events (InterLACE) consortium were included in the analysis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Postmenopausal women who had reported menopause (type and age of menopause) and information on non-fatal CVD events were included. Type of menopause (natural menopause and surgical menopause) and age at menopause (categorised as MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Compared with natural menopause, surgical menopause was associated with over 20% higher risk of CVD (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.16–1.28). After the stratified analysis by age at menopause, a graded relationship for incident CVD was observed with lower age at menopause in both types of natural and surgical menopause. There was also a significant interaction between type of menopause and age at menopause (P LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Self-reported data on type and age of menopause, no information on indication for the surgery (e.g. endometriosis and fibroids) and the exclusion of fatal CVD events may bias our results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In clinical practice, women who experienced natural menopause or had surgical menopause at an earlier age need close monitoring and engagement for preventive health measures and early diagnosis of CVD. Our findings also suggested that timing of menopause should be considered as an important factor in risk assessment of CVD for women. The findings on CVD lend some support to the position that elective bilateral oophorectomy (surgical menopause) at hysterectomy for benign diseases should be discouraged based on an increased risk of CVD. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) InterLACE project is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council project grant (APP1027196). GDM is supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844). There are no competing interests.
Published: 2020

21. Which Australian Women Do Not Exclusively Breastfeed to 6 Months, and why?

Author: Katrina M. Moss, Annette J. Dobson, Leigh Tooth, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Milk, Human, business.industry, Australia, Breastfeeding, Infant, Mothers, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Breast Feeding, 0302 clinical medicine, Feeding behavior, Formula feeding, 030225 pediatrics, Humans, Medicine, Weaning, Female, Longitudinal Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Feeding patterns, Child, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Rates of exclusive breastfeeding in Australia lag behind international targets. Reasons for non-exclusive breastfeeding are poorly understood. Research aims To describe demographic profiles of participants reporting different feeding practices, and reasons for not exclusively breastfeeding to 6 months. Methods Demographics for 2888 mothers (5340 children) and reasons for 1879 mothers (3018 children) from the Mothers and Their Children’s Health Study (a sub-study of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health) were examined using descriptive statistics and multivariable regression. Results Only 34.4% of children were exclusively breastfed to 6 months. Five non-exclusive feeding practices were identified: never breastfed (3.9%), breastfed < 6 months (20.8%), and breastfed to 6 months but had formula (6.8%), solids (24.5%), or both formula and solids (9.7%). Mothers of children who received < 6 months of human milk were more likely to have a lower education, be overweight/obese, smoke, and live in cities (compared to mothers of children exclusively breastfed). Reasons for never breastfeeding and for breastfeeding < 6 months were primarily insufficient milk and breastfeeding difficulties (e.g., latching issues). Reasons for introducing solids were primarily cues for solids (e.g., showing interest). Reasons for formula were insufficient milk and practical considerations (e.g., return to work). Reasons for both solids and formula were diverse, including insufficient milk, weaning cues, and practical considerations. Conclusions Mothers who did not exclusively breastfeed to 6 months were a heterogeneous group, indicating that both targeted and universal strategies are required to increase rates of exclusive breastfeeding. Support should encompass the broad range of feeding practices.
Published: 2020

22. Assessing Agreement between the K10 and MHI-5 Measures of Psychological Wellbeing

Author: David Fitzgerald, Gita D. Mishra, Ingrid A. Aulike, Jacob Egwunye, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Longitudinal study, integumentary system, Concordance, 05 social sciences, Comparability, 050109 social psychology, Mental health, Standard deviation, Scale (social sciences), 0502 economics and business, Item response theory, Survey data collection, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Life-span and Life-course Studies, 050203 business & management, Demography
Abstract: Responses to the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the Mental Health Index-5 (MHI-5) mental health subscale of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) survey cover broadly similar constructs. The aim of this paper is to use the equipercentile method to produce a concordance between K10 and MHI-5 across the whole score distribution. Comparisons were made using survey data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, which used both the K10 and the MHI-5 measures at the same time for the same participants. Agreement was assessed with Bland-Altman plots. The differences between MHI-5 scores and transformed K10 scores were assessed with paired t-tests. For the ALSWH data there is good agreement between MHI-5 scores and scores equated from the K10. The mean of the differences is −0.15 with standard deviation 10.8. Using the ALSWH transformation on the HILDA data for different age groups and genders, the mean differences ranged from 0.43 to 3.38 with corresponding standard deviations of 11.1 to 9.9. The concordance table was very similar to one obtained by the more complicated item response theory method. The results suggest that longitudinal surveys of the same respondents that previously used MHI-5 could adopt the K10 (or vice versa) without loss of comparability.
Published: 2020

23. Consistency and Inconsistency of Young Women’s Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence in a Population-Based Study

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Kelsey Hegarty, Ingrid J. Rowlands, Peta M. Forder, Deborah Loxton, and Carl Holder
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, education, Intimate Partner Violence, Poison control, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Context (language use), behavioral disciplines and activities, Suicide prevention, Suicidal Ideation, Gender Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, mental disorders, Injury prevention, Women's studies, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Suicidal ideation, Human factors and ergonomics, social sciences, population characteristics, Domestic violence, Female, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Self-Injurious Behavior, Law, Clinical psychology
Abstract: We examined reporting of lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) among 7,917 young women who completed two surveys, 12 months apart. At the first survey, 32% reported a history of IPV with a current or former partner. Of these, one third of women did not report IPV 12 months later (inconsistently reported IPV). Compared with women who consistently reported a history of IPV, women who inconsistently reported a history of IPV were less likely to report suicidal ideation, self-harm, illicit drug use, and smoking at the 12-month follow-up. A deeper understanding of what influences young women’s reporting of IPV is needed.
Published: 2020

24. Validity of self-reported diabetes varies with sociodemographic charecteristics: Example from Iran

Author: Yahya Pasdar, Farid Najafi, Mehnoosh Samadi, Ebrahim Shakiba, Annette J. Dobson, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, and Maryam Mirzaei
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Epidemiology, business.industry, Gold standard, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Positive predicative value, medicine, Population study, 030212 general & internal medicine, Family history, Medicine use, Self report, business, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of self-report diabetes according to sociodemographic characteristics in participants of Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study. Methods The study population included 10182 adults (35–65 years old) participating in RaNCD. The ‘gold standard' for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was taken as a history of relevant medicine use and/or measurement of fasting blood glucose indicating diabetes. Self-report data collected before the clinical examinations through interviews by well-trained staff. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were used to estimate the accuracy of self-report in diabetes. Results Of the 10182 individuals invited to participate in the RaNCD, 96 people were not willing to participate in the study (participation rate = 99.06%). The prevalence of diabetes by self-report and gold standard was 10.04% and 8.19% respectively. Among those who said they had diabetes, 389 (38.78%) did not have diabetes. Self-reported diabetes had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 75.0%, 95.8%, 61.2% and 97.7%, respectively. Being female, aging, smoking, and having a family history of diabetes increased the chance of false positive; and being male, having a family history of diabetes, aging, and increasing BMI increased the chance of false negative. Conclusions Although the overall validity of self-report in diabetes seems to be acceptable in the study population with a correction factor of 25.3%, it should be noted that the is influenced by age, gender, and family history of diabetes.
Published: 2020

25. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk in midlife: A longitudinal study

Author: V. Dam, Y. T. van der Schouw, Gita D. Mishra, N. C. Onland-Moret, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Longitudinal study, Vasomotor menopausal symptoms, Sweating, Disease, Biochemistry, National Death Index, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internal medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Cerebrovascular disease, Prospective cohort study, Vasomotor, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), business.industry, Hazard ratio, Australia, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Middle Aged, Cardiovascular disease, Confidence interval, Coronary heart disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hot Flashes, Cohort, Women's Health, Female, Menopause, business, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
Abstract: Objective To ascertain the association between vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VSM), hot flushes and night sweats, and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Study design The study sample comprised 8881 women (aged 45–50 years) with available hospital separation data from the 1946-51 cohort (1996–2016) of the ongoing Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, a national prospective cohort study. Main outcome measures First fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease events were obtained through linkage with hospital admission data, the National Death Index, and Medicare Benefits Schedule. Hot flushes and night sweats were assessed via questionnaires at each main survey. Additionally, we calculated the duration of symptoms based on whether or not women reported vasomotor menopausal symptoms in each survey. Results There were 925 cardiovascular disease, 484 coronary heart disease and 154 cerebrovascular disease events. There was no consistent evidence of any association with vasomotor menopausal symptoms, hot flushes and night sweats. We did find marginally statistically significant associations between presence of night sweats and cardiovascular disease (Hazard Ratio = 1.18, 95 % Confidence Interval: 1.01–1.38), and between the duration of vasomotor menopausal symptoms [years] and coronary heart disease (Hazard Ratioper year = 1.03, 95 % Confidence Interval: 1.00–1.05). However, given the number of associations tested, these findings could very well have arisen by chance. Conclusion In this large longitudinal study with 20 years of follow-up and clinical outcomes we did not find a convincing association between vasomotor menopausal symptoms, hot flushes, night sweats and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
Published: 2020

26. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nuno Lunet, Thor Aspelund, Caroline H.D. Fall, Antonio Cabrera de León, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Holger Theobald, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Mihai Gafencu, Tandi E. Matsha, Ana B. Crujeiras, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Weili Yan, Dominique Hange, Bekbolat Zholdin, Frédéric Gottrand, Jorge Mota, Jana Námešná, Stevo Popovic, Louise Eriksen, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Juergen Breckenkamp, Mathilde Kersting, Yi Song, Martin McKee, Aleksandra Gomula, Rafaela Rosário, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Azim Nejatizadeh, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Juan P. González-Rivas, Vedrana Sember, Stephen T. McGarvey, Jukka T. Salonen, Patrick Pasquet, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Amelia C. Crampin, Ramin Heshmat, Violeta Iotova, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Oye Gureje, Aletta E. Schutte, João Luiz Bastos, Anelise Reis Gaya, Konrad Jamrozik, Dalia Luksiene, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Diego Vanuzzo, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, Albertino Damasceno, Davood Khalili, Simona Bo, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Dominique Cottel, Markku Peltonen, Fikru Tullu, Ana Isabel Rito, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Annette J. Dobson, Christopher T. Cowell, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Farahnaz Joukar, Mostafa K. Mohamed, Mostafa Qorbani, Jeongseon Kim, Helmut Schröder, Machi Suka, Natasja M. van Schoor, Jussi Kauhanen, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Yong Tao, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Kazem Mohammad, Yanina Zócalo, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Jianfeng Wu, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Monika Zuziak, Eldridge Ferrer, Anette Varbo, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Kenneth James, Elena Sacchini, Pascal Bovet, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tania Lopez, Ya Xing Wang, Wojciech Drygas, Jody C Miller, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Chung T Nguyen, Nimmathota Arlappa, Edwige Landais, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jeannette Klimont, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Jost B. Jonas, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Bahman Cheraghian, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Bo Werner, M. Arfan Ikram, Breige A. McNulty, Christa Meisinger, Clara Homs, Namuna Shrestha, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Alicia Matijasevich, Alison J Price, Ala'a Alkerwi, Kristine H. Allin, Lorenza Pilotto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Marianna Noale, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Peter Willeit, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Freda Pitakaka, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Cristina Padez, Sarah P. Garnett, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Jonathan Giovannelli, Christina Howitt, Marleen E. Hendriks, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Gretchen A Stevens, Luís B. Sardinha, David Goltzman, Jenny M. Kindblom, Karina Mary de Paiva, Yousef Khader, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Rajendra Pradeepa, Yi-Ting Lin, Martin Neovius, Juan Francisco Miquel, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Anil Poudyal, Marzieh Katibeh, Tanja Stocks, Veronica Mocanu, Ulla Roggenbuck, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Mary Simon, Christine Cameron, Hamid Hakimi, Kamel Ajlouni, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Iulia Jurca Simina, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Frederick C. W. Wu, Peter Kristensen, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Martijn Huisman, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Yves Kameli, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Matthias Bopp, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Rod Jackson, Johan Van der Heyden, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Allan G. Hill, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Stela McLachlan, Ulrike Gehring, Ranko Stevanovic, Nagalla Balakrishna, Lekhraj Rampal, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, Saeid Eslami, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, G. K. Mini, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Rosemarie Martin, Nahla Hwalla, Wei Zheng, Hoang Van Minh, Edward D Janus, Laetitia Huiart, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Fred Paccaud, Marcia Makdisse, Aye Aye Sein, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Jesús Ibarluzea, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Laura Lauria, Argyro Karakosta, Dragana P Jovic, Jun Hata, Elio Riboli, Piotr Bandosz, Xun Tang, Parvina Mukhtorova, Jean Dallongeville, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Anne Tjønneland, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Dusan Grafnetter, Mette Rasmussen, Daniel Weghuber, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Martine Vrijheid, Johann Willeit, Motahareh Kheradmand, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Lechaba Tshepo, Dongfeng Gu, Hyeon Chang Kim, Vilmundur Gudnason, Maria Forsner, Peter Bjerregaard, Leon A. Simons, Rachael McLean, Japhet Killewo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Y Nikitin, Eng Joo Tan, Jean Claude Mbanya, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Renata Kuciene, Kairat Davletov, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Guy De Backer, Soheir H Ahmed, Nicholas J. Wareham, Sai Yin Ho, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Myriam Galfo, Susana Cararo Confortin, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Catterina Ferreccio, Fabio Galvano, Leila Houti, Daniel Bia, Annika Rosengren, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Fernando Rigo, Angela Spinelli, Scott B. McLean, Shirin Djalalinia, Marie Kunešová, Boban Mugoša, Sania Nishtar, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Helle-Mai Loit, Antonis Zampelas, Altan Onat, Maciej Banach, Shohreh Naderimagham, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Yin Guo, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Parasmani Dasgupta, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Inge Huybrechts, Raimund Erbel, Jari Jokelainen, Ana P. Ortiz, Stefan Kiechl, Emmanuel Cohen, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Laura Censi, Iqbal Bata, Geetha R Menon, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Domenico Palli, Ana Azevedo, Slawomir Koziel, Benoît Salanave, Parinaz Mehdipour, Shu Ti Chiou, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Jin Soo Moon, Ming-Hui Zhao, Urho M. Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Judith Benedics, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Agnès Le Port, Reza Homayounfar, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Tai Hing Lam, Yn-Tz Sung, Jürgen König, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Karen Morgan, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Cynthia M. Pérez, Ilse Khouw, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Dong Wook Shin, Genc Burazeri, Ausra Petrauskiene, Charles Sossa Jérome, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, José Boggia, Daniela Galeone, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Han Cg Kemper, Rahman Shiri, Stefaan Demarest, Else Karin Grøholt, San-Lin You, Adelheid Weber, Juha Auvinen, Aida Pilav, Sibel Gogen, Suzanne N Morin, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hana Zamrazilová, Frank Claessens, Karien Stronks, Helen Gonçalves, Tahir Aris, Luis Revilla, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Zhamilya Battakova, Jing Liu, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Priscilla Duboz, Sandjaja, Tiina Laatikainen, Rafel Ramos, Sareh Eghtesad, Judith Simons, Orn Olafsson, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Aung Soe Htet, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Paul Elliott, Soon-Woo Park, Angel R. Gonzalez, Ying-Wei Wang, Rob M. van Dam, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Lynell V Maniego, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Maria Dorobantu, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, Honor Bixby, Prakash C. Gupta, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Eugene Sobngwi, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jurate Medzioniene, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Antonia Trichopoulou, Tania Tello, Francesco Branca, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Suzanne C. Ho, Toomas Veidebaum, Rebecca Goldsmith, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Alibek Mereke, Marta Buoncristiano, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Anne Juolevi, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Jordi Sunyer, Manu Raj, Chaoqiang Jiang, Sofia Malyutina, Efthymios Kapantais, Maria Lazo-Porras, Maung Maung Than Htike, Michael Hobbs, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Merike Liivak, Johan G. Eriksson, Margarita Samoutian, Andreia N. Pizarro, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jean Woo, Kaspar Staub, Maria Teresa Menzano, Mojtaba Farjam, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Mohammad El-khateeb, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Oscar Noboa, Thomas Waldhör, Garry Brian, Simona Costanzo, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ioannis Pagkalos, Ivan Pećin, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Yuna He, Matsuda Fumihiko, Bharathi Viswanathan, Ali Reza Safarpour, Wei Cheng Lo, Abdullatif Husseini, Jiang He, Liv Elin Torheim, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Aicha Soumare, Astrid Petersmann, Tomasz Grodzicki, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Eha Nurk, Bhawesh Koirala, Ana Jelakovic, Suhad Bahijri, Freja B Kampmann, Qi Sheng You, Marika Ferrari, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Aline Wagner, Olfa Saidi, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Dong Wook Kim, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Tom Wilsgaard, Maria Avdicova, Moesijanti Soekatri, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Paola Russo, Uruwan Yamborisut, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Kirsten Mehlig, Christina Mavrogianni, Raluca Pop, Lèlita Santos, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Iná S. Santos, Georg Lappas, Alberto Palloni, Malay K. Mridha, Andrzej Pajak, Marta García-Solano, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Rute Santos, Anders Grøntved, Lucjan Szponar, Mihaela Vladulescu, Chien-An Sun, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Maria Nordendahl, Elaine M. Dennison, Jeonghee Lee, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Xu Ma, Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Valéria Regecová, Cláudia S. Minderico, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Vesselka Duleva, Rui Ornelas, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Cesar G. Victora, Lijuan Liu, Rody G. Sy, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ali Ahmadi, Antonio Pedro Graça, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Pawel Kurjata, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Neil Murphy, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Prashant Mathur, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Yannis Manios, Majid Shirani, Rosemary B. Duda, Liis Nelis, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Wichai Aekplakorn, Alun Evans, Andrzej Wiecek, Lars Lind, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Bernardo L. Horta, Macia Enguerran, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Kumiko Ohara, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Hermann Brenner, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Espen Bjertness, Jutta Stieber, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Joel G. R. Roy, Aryeh D. Stein, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Vera Musil, Amaneh Shayanrad, Marcel Goldberg, Ramon O. Jimenez, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Jolanda Hyska, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Elin Kolle, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Michelle Holdsworth, Felipe F. Casanueva, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Niels Wedderkopp, Eva Corpeleijn, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Larissa Pruner Marques, Slavica Sović, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Alexandra Cucu, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Janine Clarke, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Dimitrios Papandreou, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Ben Schöttker, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Abbas Dehghan, Leanne M. Riley, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Alisha N. Wade, Zhamyila Usupova, Arnaud Chiolero, Oonagh Markey, Jacqueline Ramke, Elena Bogova, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nguyen D Nguyen, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Nalan Uysal, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Krista Fischer, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Ramiro Guerrero, Farnam Mohebi, Tran Quoc Bao, Flávio Danni Fuchs, Salim Berkinbayev, Enisa Kujundzic, Sari Voutilainen, Farzad Hadaegh, Robert Lundqvist, Saeid Safiri, Iraj Mohebbi, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Gonzalo Valdivia, Magdalena Korzycka, Rajiv T Erasmus, Masanori Iwasaki, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Quang Ngoc La, Ricky Eddie, Petra Rust, Daniela Rodrigues, Dirk De Bacquer, Karen Sparrenberger, Agneta Sjöberg, Thet Thet Mu, Katarzyna Dereń, Cora L. Craig, Jorge Motta, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Visnja Djordjic, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Pradeep Joshi, Daan Kromhout, Marius B. Bjertness, Stefano Marventano, Juel Jarani, Alireza Khosravi, Eva Martos, David De Ridder, Lizzy M. Brewster, Nico Dragano, Liam Smeeth, Kenji Shibuya, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Hashem Jaddou, Grzegorz Sobek, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Abu Am Hanif, Elaine M. Murtagh, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Graziella D'Arrigo, Kyungwon Oh, Heiner Boeing, Regina Heidinger-Felso, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Balkish M. Naidu, Avula Laxmaiah, Ana M. B. Menezes, Marie Eliasen, Francesco Pistelli, Yuan He, Dusko Bjelica, José A. Casajús, Guang Ning, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jochanan Stessman, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Wenhua Zhao, Sok King Ong, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Mattias Johansson, Samuel C. Dumith, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Yih Chung Tham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Constance Schultsz, Santiago F. Gomez, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Pierre Traissac, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Abdullah Alkandari, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Silvana Donoso, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paola Nardone, Alberto Barceló, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Anjani Kumar Jha, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Claudia M. Hormiga, Maria Tsigga, Zivka Dika, Indrapal I. Meshram, Ei Ei K. Nang, Ian Rouse, Rusidah Selamat, Paul Korrovits, Grethe S. Tell, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Frank J Rühli, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Tara Coppinger, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. Fuchs, Muhammad Islam, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Gowri Mahasampath, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Hanna Tolonen, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Laura Torres-Collado, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Cynthia Robitaille, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Nikhil D. Patel, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Son Thai Pham, Simona Giampaoli, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Merete Osler, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, Giota Touloumi, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Luis Serra-Majem, Jonathan E. Shaw, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Yuki Fujita, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Deepak Amarapurkar, Deepa Weerasekera, Diana A. 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Chan School of Public Health, Middlesex University [London], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Wellcome TrustEuropean Commission, Clinical Developmental Psychology, APH - Mental Health, Sociology, The Social Context of Aging (SoCA), Nutrition and Health, Iurilli, Maria LC [0000-0003-0409-1635], Zhou, Bin [0000-0002-1741-8628], Ezzati, Majid [0000-0002-2109-8081], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Aging & Later Life, APH - Societal Participation & Health, Public and occupational health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, VU University medical center, APH 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Ltd, Orebro University, University of London, Universitas Indonesia, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, University of Cyprus, Niigata University, International Medical University, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Peking University First Hospital, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sun Yat-sen University, West Kazakhstan Medical University, Inner Mongolia Medical University, University of Ghana, Maria Lc Iurilli , Bin Zhou , James E Bennett , Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco , Marisa K Sophiea , Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez , Honor Bixby , Bethlehem D Solomon , Cristina Taddei , Goodarz Danaei , Mariachiara Di Cesare , Gretchen A Stevens , Leanne M Riley , Stefan Savin , Melanie J Cowan , Pascal Bovet , Albertino Damasceno , Adela Chirita-Emandi , Alison J Hayes , Nayu Ikeda , Rod T Jackson , Young-Ho Khang , Avula Laxmaiah , Jing 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Lind , Allan Linneberg , Lauren Lissner , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Lijuan Liu , Wei-Cheng Lo , Helle-Mai Loit , Khuong Quynh Long , Luis Lopes , Oscar Lopes , Esther Lopez-Garcia , Tania Lopez , Paulo A Lotufo , José Eugenio Lozano , Janice L Lukrafka , Dalia Luksiene , Annamari Lundqvist , Robert Lundqvist , Nuno Lunet , Charles Lunogelo , Michala Lustigová , Edyta Łuszczki , Guansheng Ma , Jun Ma , Xu Ma , George Ll Machado-Coelho , Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues , Luisa M Macieira , Ahmed A Madar , Stefania Maggi , Dianna J Magliano , Sara Magnacca , Emmanuella Magriplis , Gowri Mahasampath , Bernard Maire , Marjeta Majer , Marcia Makdisse , Päivi Mäki , Fatemeh Malekzadeh , Reza Malekzadeh , Rahul Malhotra , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Sofia K Malyutina , Lynell V Maniego , Yannis Manios , Jim I Mann , Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei , Enzo Manzato , Paula Margozzini , Anastasia Markaki , Oonagh Markey , Eliza Markidou Ioannidou , Pedro Marques-Vidal , Larissa Pruner Marques , Jaume Marrugat 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Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021

27. 1252Agreement between self-reported chlamydia infection and chlamydia infection ascertained using testing and medication administrative data

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Louise F. Wilson, Gita D. Mishra, and Jenny Doust
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Chlamydia, Epidemiology, business.industry, Medical record, General Medicine, urologic and male genital diseases, Azithromycin, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, Pharmacy (field), Internal medicine, medicine, Self report, business, Chlamydia trachomatis, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently notified sexually transmitted infection (STI) in several countries, including Australia. We compared self-report of infection by women with the use of linked testing and medication administrative data to identify chlamydia infection. Methods We used data from 8474 women aged 22-27 years from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health in 2017. We compared self-report of a chlamydia infection in the previous 12 months with chlamydia infection estimated by having a prescription filled for azithromycin (the most commonly recommended treatment for chlamydia) within 28 days of having a chlamydia test through data linkage with the Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits database over the same 12-month period. Results Chlamydia infection was identified by self-report by 238 women. In contrast, 151 women had a prescription filled for azithromycin within 28 days of having a chlamydia test. Of the 151 women identified with chlamydia infection through data linkage, 101 also self-reported chlamydia infection (positive percent agreement = 67%). Of the 8323 women who did not have a chlamydia infection identified through data linkage, 8186 women also did not self-report a chlamydia infection (negative percent agreement = 98%). Conclusions Our study is consistent with previous studies indicating only moderate agreement between self-report of chlamydia infection and infection identified through data linkage. Further triangulation with medical records is needed to ascertain which of the two methods is more accurate. Key messages It remains unclear whether linked administrative data is preferable to self-report in estimating chlamydia infection in population studies.
Published: 2021

28. Associations Between Socioeconomic Status, Patient Risk, and Short-Term Intensive Care Outcomes

Author: Daniel V. Mullany, David Pilcher, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Logistic regression, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Decile, Intensive care, Severity of illness, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Odds Ratio, Medicine, Humans, Elective surgery, Socioeconomic status, APACHE, Aged, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Secondary data, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Intensive Care Units, Logistic Models, Social Class, Emergency medicine, Queensland, business
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of socioeconomic status as measured by the average socioeconomic status of the area where a person resides on short-term mortality in adults admitted to an ICU in Queensland, Australia. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis using de-identified data from the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation linked to the publicly available area-level Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. SETTING: Adult ICUs from 35 hospitals in Queensland, Australia, from 2006 to 2015. PATIENTS: A total of 218,462 patient admissions. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The outcome measure was inhospital mortality. The main study variable was decile of Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage. The overall crude inhospital mortality was 7.8%; 9% in the most disadvantaged decile and 6.9% in the most advantaged decile (p < 0.001). Increasing socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with increasing severity of illness as measured by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, admission with a diagnosis of sepsis or trauma, cardiac, respiratory, renal, and hepatic comorbidities, and remote location. Increasing socioeconomic advantage was associated with elective surgical admission, hematological and oncology comorbidities, and admission to a private hospital (all p < 0.001). After excluding patients admitted after elective surgery, in the remaining 106,843 patients, the inhospital mortality was 13.6%, 13.3% in the most disadvantaged, and 14.1% in the most advantaged. There was no trend in mortality across deciles of socioeconomic status after excluding elective surgery patients. In the logistic regression model adjusting for severity of illness and diagnosis, there was no statistically significant difference in the odds ratio of inhospital mortality for the most disadvantaged decile compared with other deciles. This suggests variables used for risk adjustment may lie on the causal pathway between socioeconomic status and outcome in ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status as defined as Index of Relative Socioeconomic Advantage and Disadvantage of the area in which a patient lives was associated with ICU admission diagnosis, comorbidities, severity of illness, and crude inhospital mortality in this study. Socioeconomic status was not associated with inhospital mortality after excluding elective surgical patients or when adjusted for severity of illness and admission diagnosis. Commonly used measures for risk adjustment in intensive care improve understanding of the pathway between socioeconomic status and outcomes.
Published: 2021

29. To What Extent Does Age at Death Account for Sex Differences in Rates of Mortality From Alzheimer Disease?

Author: Colin L. Masters, Michael Waller, Rachel F. Buckley, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Epidemiology, business.industry, Mortality rate, medicine.disease, Rate ratio, Confidence interval, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, symbols, medicine, Dementia, 030212 general & internal medicine, Poisson regression, Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cause of death, Demography
Abstract: Our objective was to compare sex-specific rates of death with Alzheimer disease (AD) or dementia as the underlying or associated cause of death using death records. Deidentified individual records on causes of death for all people aged 60 years or more who died in Australia during 2006–2014 (n = 1,104,684) were analyzed. There were 184,562 records with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes for dementia (AD, vascular dementia, or unspecified dementia). Death rate ratios for women versus men were estimated using Poisson regression. Women had a greater crude rate of death from all types of dementia than men (5.9 deaths per 1,000 person-years as compared with 3.8 deaths per 1,000 person-years), which disappeared after adjustment for age. For AD, the age-adjusted rate was higher among women (rate ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.16), while for vascular dementia age-adjusted rates were higher for men (rate ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.78, 0.82). There was no evidence of a differential bias in coding of dementia type between men and women. Women’s older age at death explained much of the sex-related difference in rates of death from AD or dementia. However, excess numbers of AD deaths among women and vascular dementia deaths among men remained, providing support for the hypothesis of greater biological risk of AD in women.
Published: 2019

30. Premenopausal cardiovascular disease and age at natural menopause: a pooled analysis of over 170,000 women

Author: Rebecca Hardy, Graham G. Giles, Jung Su Lee, Kunihiko Hayashi, Elisabete Weiderpass, Panayotes Demakakos, Gita D. Mishra, Eric J. Brunner, Annette J. Dobson, Dongshan Zhu, Hans-Olov Adami, Hideki Mizunuma, Hsin-Fang Chung, Nirmala Pandeya, Fiona Bruinsma, and Diana Kuh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Heart disease, Epidemiology, business.industry, Obstetrics, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Menopause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Relative risk, Menarche, Medicine, cardiovascular diseases, 030212 general & internal medicine, Family history, Young adult, business
Abstract: Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Few studies have investigated the converse. We examined whether premenopausal CVD events are associated with early age at menopause. We pooled the individual data of 177,131 women from nine studies. We used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate multivariable relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between age at onset of premenopausal CVD events—including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke—and age at natural menopause. Altogether 1561 (0.9%) premenopausal participants reported CVD events (including 1130 CHD and 469 stroke) at a mean age of 41.3 years. Compared with women without any premenopausal CVD events, women who experienced a first CVD event before age 35 years had a twofold risk of menopause before age 45 years (early menopause); adjusted RRR (95% CI) of 1.92 (1.17, 3.14) for any CVD, 1.86 (1.01, 3.43) for CHD and 2.17 (1.43, 3.30) for stroke. Women who experienced a first premenopausal CVD event after age 40 years underwent a natural menopause at the expected age (around 51 years). These associations were robust to adjustment for smoking status, BMI, educational level, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, parity, hypertension and family history of CVD. For premenopausal women, a first CVD event before age 35 years is associated with a doubling of the risk of an early menopause, while a first CVD event occurred after 35 years indicates a normal menopause at around 51 years. Shared genetic and environmental factors (such as smoking), as well as compromised vasculature following CVD events, may contribute to this outcome.
Published: 2019

31. Testing competing mediators of the association between pre-conception maternal depression and child health-related quality of life: the MatCH study

Author: Deborah Loxton, Katrina M. Moss, Virginia Slaughter, Gita D. Mishra, and Annette J. Dobson
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, Mothers, Child health, Cohort Studies, Child Development, Quality of life (healthcare), Health care, medicine, Humans, Child, Association (psychology), Psychiatry, health care economics and organizations, Parenting, Depression, business.industry, Australia, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mental health, Maternal depression, Mother-Child Relations, Psychiatry and Mental health, Child, Preschool, Quality of Life, Female, business, Psychology, Sentence
Abstract: Maternal depression is a potent risk factor for poor child development across a number of domains but the mechanisms of transmission are poorly understood. This study aimed to test competing mediators of the association between pre-conception maternal depression and child psychosocial functioning. In 2016, mothers in the 1973-1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were asked to be part of the Mothers and their Children's Health study and to complete surveys on the health of their three youngest children under 13 years. The current study includes children aged 0-12 years (N = 5532, M = 6.99 years, SD = 3.22 years) and their mothers (N = 2917). We used the CESD-10 to measure depression and the PedsQL to measure psychosocial functioning, and used multilevel structural equation modeling to test hypotheses. Pre-conception maternal depression was associated with poorer maternal mental health and parenting after birth. The effect of pre-conception maternal depression was mediated by post-birth maternal depression in children aged 0-4 years (unstandardized regression coefficient (B) = - 0.26, 95%CI - 0.38, - 0.13) and children aged 5-12 years (B = - 0.25, 95%CI - 0.34, - 0.16), and by post-birth maternal stress (B = - 0.04, 95%CI - 0.08, - 0.01), and parenting (B = - 0.03, 95%CI - 0.04, - 0.02) in children aged 5-12 years. Post-birth maternal depression was the strongest mediator. Pre-conception is the optimal time for depression intervention. Post-birth interventions should include a focus on reducing depression and improving negative parenting aspects such as hostility and discipline.
Published: 2019

32. Infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and risk of stroke: pooled analysis of individual patient data of 618 851 women

Author: Chen Liang, Hsin-Fang Chung, Annette J Dobson, Kunihiko Hayashi, Yvonne T van der Schouw, Diana Kuh, Rebecca Hardy, Carol A Derby, Samar R El Khoudary, Imke Janssen, Sven Sandin, Elisabete Weiderpass, and Gita D Mishra
Subjects: Male, Stroke, Abortion, Habitual, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Infertility, Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, General Medicine, Stillbirth, Brain Ischemia
Abstract: ObjectiveTo examine the associations of infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and stillbirth with the risk of first non-fatal and fatal stroke, further stratified by stroke subtypes.DesignIndividual participant pooled analysis of eight prospective cohort studies.SettingCohort studies across seven countries (Australia, China, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) participating in the InterLACE (International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events) consortium, which was established in June 2012.Participants618 851 women aged 32.0-73.0 years at baseline with data on infertility, miscarriage, or stillbirth, at least one outcome event (non-fatal or fatal stroke), and information on covariates were included; 93 119 women were excluded. Of the participants, 275 863 had data on non-fatal and fatal stroke, 54 716 only had data on non-fatal stroke, and 288 272 only had data on fatal stroke.Main outcome and measuresNon-fatal strokes were identified through self-reported questionnaires, linked hospital data, or national patient registers. Fatal strokes were identified through death registry data.ResultsThe median follow-up for non-fatal stroke and fatal stroke was 13.0 years (interquartile range 12.0-14.0) and 9.4 years (7.6-13.0), respectively. A first non-fatal stroke was experienced by 9265 (2.8%) women and 4003 (0.7%) experienced a fatal stroke. Hazard ratios for non-fatal or fatal stroke were stratified by hypertension and adjusted for race or ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, education level, and study. Infertility was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.20). Recurrent miscarriage (at least three) was associated with higher risk of non-fatal and fatal stroke (1.35, 1.27 to 1.44, and 1.82, 1.58 to 2.10, respectively). Women with stillbirth were at 31% higher risk of non-fatal stroke (1.31, 1.10 to 1.57) and women with recurrent stillbirth were at 26% higher risk of fatal stroke (1.26, 1.15 to 1.39). The increased risk of stroke (non-fatal or fatal) associated with infertility or recurrent stillbirths was mainly driven by a single stroke subtype (non-fatal ischaemic stroke and fatal haemorrhagic stroke), while the increased risk of stroke (non-fatal or fatal) associated with recurrent miscarriages was driven by both subtypes.ConclusionA history of recurrent miscarriages and death or loss of a baby before or during birth could be considered a female specific risk factor for stroke, with differences in risk according to stroke subtypes. These findings could contribute to improved monitoring and stroke prevention for women with such a history.
Published: 2022

33. SF-36 normative values according to level of functioning in older women

Author: Michael Waller, Annette J. Dobson, and Geeske Peeters
Subjects: Male, Gerontology, Longitudinal study, medicine.medical_specialty, SF-36, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life (healthcare), Outcome Assessment, Health Care, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, 030503 health policy & services, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Level of functioning, Health Surveys, Confidence interval, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Quality of Life, Women's Health, Normative, Female, 0305 other medical science, Psychology, Record linkage
Abstract: The 36-item Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF-36) survey measures health-related quality of life. Age and disease-specific normative values have been published, but a focus on level of functioning may be more meaningful in case of multimorbidity. We estimated normative values for Australian women aged 79–90 years according to levels of functioning. Data were from 6127 (aged 79–84 in 2005) and 3424 (aged 85–90 in 2011) participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Surveys included the SF-36 and information on housing. Record linkage to assessment data for access to the national program for aged care support was used to obtain information on participants’ need for assistance with 10 activities. Normative values were calculated for physical component (PCS), mental component (MCS), and subscale scores for subsamples defined by types of assistance needed. At the ages of 79–84, the mean (95% confidence interval) PCS and MCS values for women not any needing assistance were 37.5 (37.2–37.9) and 53.0 (52.8–53.3) compared to 29.0 (27.8–30.2) and 45.9 (44.4–47.4) for women needing any assistance. At ages 85–90, the corresponding PCS values were 34.9 (34.5–35.4) vs. 28.2 (27.4–29.0) and the corresponding MCS values were 53.2 (52.8–53.6) vs. 48.7 (47.8–49.6). Values were higher for participants living in the community or retirement village vs. nursing homes/hostels. The PCS, MCS and 8 subscale values decreased as the need for assistance with more basic activities increased. These normative values facilitate meaningful interpretation of SF-36 scores from the perspective of level of functioning.
Published: 2018

34. Deaths with Dementia in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians: A Nationwide Study

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Rachel F. Buckley, Francis Nona, Michael Waller, Sandra Eades, and Colin L. Masters
Subjects: Adult, Male, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Indigenous, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, Cause of Death, medicine, Prevalence, Dementia, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Poisson regression, Vascular dementia, Cause of death, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Mortality rate, Australia, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Survival Rate, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, symbols, Female, Death certificate, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: Background: The prevalence of dementia is generally reported to be higher among Indigenous peoples. Objective: The rates and coding of dementia mortality were compared between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Methods: De-identified individual records on causes of death for all people aged 40 years or more who died in Australia between 2006 and 2014 (n = 1,233,084) were used. There were 185,237 records with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes for dementia (Alzheimer’s Disease, vascular dementia, or unspecified dementia) as the underlying cause of death or mentioned elsewhere on the death certificate. Death rates were compared using Poisson regression. Logistic regression was used to assess whether dementia was more likely to be classified as ‘unspecified’ type in Indigenous Australians. Results: The rates of death with dementia were 57% higher in Indigenous Australians, compared to non-Indigenous, relative rate (RR) 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.48, 1.66), p 2, test for interaction p
Published: 2021

35. Author response: Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Abdul Basit, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Soile E. Puhakka, Hongsheng Bi, Ari Voutilainen, Davood Khalili, Bin Zhou, Dermot O'Reilly, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bahareh Kheiri, Thein Thein Htay, Simona Giampaoli, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Simona Bo, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Holly E. Syddall, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Leng Huat Foo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Merete Osler, Laura Torres-Collado, Manu Raj, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Aneta Grajda, Anette Varbo, Kazem Mohammad, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Shu Ti Chiou, Iuliia A Rusakova, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Hamid Hakimi, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Yanina Zócalo, Freda Pitakaka, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Marie Kunešová, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Yannis Manios, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Sibel Gogen, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kristine H. Allin, Ana Azevedo, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Gretchen A Stevens, Dickman Gareta, Holger Theobald, Anja Schienkiewitz, Bekbolat Zholdin, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Ulla Roggenbuck, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Eero Kajantie, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mary Simon, Prakash C. Gupta, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Cristina Padez, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Sarah P. Garnett, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Suhad Bahijri, Christina Mavrogianni, Mihaela Vladulescu, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Rui Ornelas, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Slawomir Koziel, Shohreh Naderimagham, Jari Jokelainen, Stephen T. McGarvey, Patrick Pasquet, Farnam Mohebi, Nader Saki, Aida Pilav, Azim Nejatizadeh, Marianna Noale, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Luís B. Sardinha, Laura Lauria, Jun Hata, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Nils Lehmann, Elio Riboli, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Luis Serra-Majem, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Lekhraj Rampal, Zhamilya Battakova, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Fikru Tullu, Aung Soe Htet, Angel R. Gonzalez, Annette J. Dobson, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Annika Rosengren, Sania Nishtar, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Stefano Marventano, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Shukri F. Mohamed, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Soon-Woo Park, Ana Isabel Rito, David Goltzman, W. M. 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Pérez, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Dominique Hange, João Luiz Bastos, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Thomas Waldhör, Ioannis Pagkalos, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Peter Vollenweider, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Aya Mostafa, Fangfang Chen, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Arvind Pandey, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Rusidah Selamat, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paul Korrovits, Paola Nardone, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Alberto Barceló, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Constance Schultsz, Frank J Rühli, Santiago F. Gomez, Tara Coppinger, Muhammad Islam, Pierre Traissac, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Abdullah Alkandari, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Cynthia Robitaille, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Silvana Donoso, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, Son Thai Pham, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Giota Touloumi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Yi Song, Jianfeng Wu, Jeannette Klimont, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Martine Vrijheid, Susana Cararo Confortin, Antonis Zampelas, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ausra Petrauskiene, Juha Auvinen, Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Magdalena Klimek, Luís Lopes, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Maria Lc Iurilli, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Rainford J. Wilks, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Hanno Ulmer, Deepak Amarapurkar, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Massimo Salvetti, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Sabina Zambon, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Lauren Lissner, Kamarul Imran Musa, Deepa Weerasekera, Bihungum Bista, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, and Alison J. Hayes
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), medicine.disease, Obesity, Geography, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Published: 2020

36. Twenty Years of Data Linkage in The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Gita D. Mishra, Leigh Tooth, and Colleen Loos
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Longitudinal study, Information Systems and Management, Data collection, Medical record, Health Informatics, Linked data, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, National Death Index, Geography, lcsh:HB848-3697, Family medicine, Scale (social sciences), medicine, lcsh:Demography. Population. Vital events, Survey data collection, Information Systems, Demography
Abstract: IntroductionLinked health record collections, when combined with large longitudinal surveys, are a rich research resource to inform policy development and clinical practice across multiple sectors. Objectives and ApproachThe Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) is a national study of over 57,000 women in four cohorts. Survey data collection commenced in 1996. Over the past 20 years, ALSWH has also established an extensive data linkage program. The aim of this poster is to provide an overview of ALSWH’s program of regularly up-dated linked data collections for use in parallel with on-going surveys, and to demonstrate how data are made widely available to research collaborators. ResultsALSWH surveys collect information on health conditions, ageing, reproductive characteristics, access to health services, lifestyle, and socio-demographic factors. Regularly updated linked national and state administrative data collections add information on health events, health outcomes, diagnoses, treatments, and patterns of service use. ALSWH’s national linked data collections, include Medicare Benefits Schedule, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, the National Death Index, the Australian Cancer Database, and the National Aged Care Data Collection. State and Territory hospital collections include Admitted Patients, Emergency Department and Perinatal Data. There are also substudies, such as the Mothers and their Children’s Health Study (MatCH), which involves linkage to children’s educational records. ALSWH has an internal Data Access Committee along with systems and protocols to facilitate collaborative multi-sectoral research using de-identified linked data. Conclusion / ImplicationsAs a large scale Australian longitudinal multi-jurisdictional data linkage and sharing program, ALSWH is a useful model for anyone planning similar research.
Published: 2020

37. Tracking the Development of Multimorbidity In the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Author: Michael Waller, Zhiwei Xu, Annette J. Dobson, Peta M. Forder, Deborah Loxton, David Fitzgerald, Nick Egan, Amy E. Anderson, Gita D. Mishra, Colleen Loos, Julie Byles, Dominic Cavenagh, and Richard Hockey
Subjects: Longitudinal study, Population ageing, Information Systems and Management, Heart disease, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Health Informatics, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, medicine.disease, Mental health, lcsh:HB848-3697, medicine, lcsh:Demography. Population. Vital events, Cumulative incidence, business, Stroke, Information Systems, Demography
Abstract: IntroductionWith population ageing the prevalence of multi-morbidity (the co-occurrence of two or more chronic medical conditions) is increasing. Objectives and ApproachOur goal was to use data linkage to obtain clinically validated data on the incidence of a range of common chronic conditions developed by participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (57,000 women) and hence to track the cumulative incidence of multi-morbidity over time. ResultsThe major data sources differed for different conditions, e.g. the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme was important for identifying musculoskeletal conditions, whereas hospital admission data was crucial for identifying stroke. The most common combinations of conditions differed for women at different ages, e.g., mental health, musculoskeletal and respiratory conditions were most common for women born in 1989-95, whereas heart disease was a prominent part of multi-morbidity for women born in 1921-26. Among these older women about 50% had 3 or more chronic conditions in 2002 (when they were aged 76-81) and this increased to over 80% by 2015 (when they were 89-93). For comparison, among women born in 1973-78 fewer than 5% had 2 or more chronic conditions in 2002 (when they were aged 24-29) and this increased to about 15% in 2016 (when they were 38-43). Conclusion / ImplicationsRecord linkage from multiple data sources, repeated over a long time span, is a powerful method for studying the development of multi-morbidity patterns in cohorts.
Published: 2020

38. Protocol for a scoping review of the collection, analysis and reporting of variables related to cultural and linguistic diversity in dementia clinical trials and cohort studies

Author: Lee-Fay Low, Stephanie Ellis, Samantha Croy, Bianca Brijnath, Cathy Etherington, Paul Maruff, Annette J. Dobson, Nicola Straiton, Daniel Coase, Mary Ann Geronimo, Danijela Hlis, Jeromey Temple, Fleur de Crespigny, Amit Lampit, Robert Day, Cerise L Elliott, Julieta Sabates, and Annette Moxey
Subjects: Gerontology, Protocol (science), Linguistic diversity, Epidemiology, business.industry, Health Policy, medicine.disease, Collection analysis, Clinical trial, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Medicine, Dementia, Neurology (clinical), Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, Cohort study
Published: 2020

39. Association Between Reproductive Life Span and Incident Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 12 Studies

Author: Panayotes Demakakos, Diana Kuh, Daniel E. Brown, Jung Su Lee, Gita D. Mishra, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ellen B. Gold, Fiona Bruinsma, Annette J. Dobson, Carol A. Derby, Karen A. Matthews, Hsin-Fang Chung, Sven Sandin, Michael Waller, Lynnette Leidy Sievert, Hideki Mizunuma, Darren C. Greenwood, Kunihiko Hayashi, Rebecca Hardy, Janet E Cade, Mette Kildevæld Simonsen, Graham G. Giles, Shiva Raj Mishra, and Sybil L. Crawford
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Longevity, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Stroke, Reproductive health, Original Investigation, Menarche, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Reproduction, Hazard ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Menopause, Cardiovascular Diseases, Life course approach, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Importance: Early menarche and early menopause are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in midlife, but little is known about the association between reproductive life span and the risk of CVD. Objective: To investigate the association between the length of reproductive life span and risk of incident CVD events, while also considering the timing of menarche and menopause. Design, Setting, and Participants: Individual-level data were pooled from 12 studies participating in the International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events consortium. Women provided complete information on the timing of menarche and menopause, nonfatal CVD events, and covariates. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs, adjusted for covariates. The association between reproductive life span and CVD was adjusted for age at menarche and age at menopause separately. Analysis began March 2018 and ended December 2019. Exposures: Reproductive life span was calculated by subtracting age at menarche from age at menopause and categorized as younger than 30, 30 to 32, 33 to 35, 36 to 38 (reference group), 39 to 41, 42 to 44, and 45 years or older. Main Outcomes and Measures: First nonfatal CVD event, including coronary heart disease and stroke events. Results: A total of 307 855 women were included. Overall, the mean (SD) ages at menarche, menopause, and reproductive life span were 13.0 (1.5) years, 50.2 (4.4) years, and 37.2 (4.6) years, respectively. Pooled analyses showed that women with a very short reproductive life span (
Published: 2020

40. Menstrual symptoms and risk of preterm birth: a population-based longitudinal study

Author: Annette J. Dobson, San Kyu Kyu Aye, Danielle A J M Schoenaker, Ingrid J. Rowlands, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Adult, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Longitudinal study, Adolescent, Population, Gestational Age, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Longitudinal Studies, education, Menstruation Disturbances, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Obstetrics, Australia, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Irregular periods, Birth order, Logistic Models, Premature Birth, Female, Self Report, medicine.symptom, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Objectives: To examine the prospective association between menstrual symptoms before pregnancy and preterm birth. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from 14 247 young Australian women born between 1973 and 1978 who participated in a longitudinal, population-based cohort study between 1996 and 2015. Women were first surveyed at 18-23 years, and seven waves of data were collected at roughly three-yearly intervals. At each survey, women were asked about “severe period pain,” “heavy periods,” and “irregular periods” within the last 12 months. From 2009 onward, information on their children was collected, including birth dates and preterm birth (
Published: 2020

41. Did changes to recommended testing criteria affect the rate of vitamin D testing among Australian women

Author: Jenny Doust, Annette J. Dobson, Louise F. Wilson, Zhiwei Xu, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Longitudinal study, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Guidelines as Topic, Affect (psychology), vitamin D deficiency, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Mass Screening, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Poisson regression, Longitudinal Studies, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Vitamin D, business.industry, Australia, Vitamins, medicine.disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, Test (assessment), Relative risk, Cohort, symbols, Female, 030101 anatomy & morphology, business, Demography
Abstract: We examine whether new government criteria designed to reduce overuse of vitamin D testing changed testing rates in Australian women. Although testing initially declined, the reduction was not sustained. Women who had more doctor visits and who had been tested previously were more likely to have vitamin D testing. Vitamin D testing increased substantially in the 2000s in many countries, particularly in women. Because of concerns about potential over-testing, in 2014, the Australian criteria for subsidised testing were restricted to those at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. We aimed to describe vitamin D testing trends in Australian women (1996 to 2019) and investigate sociodemographic and health factors associated with testing under the new criteria. We used joinpoint regression to assess changes in national testing trends in Australian women (aged 15+ years) using universal health insurance system data. Additionally, we investigated the factors associated with vitamin D testing through Poisson regression with robust error variance using survey and linked insurance system data from participants born 1946–51 in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH). Between 1996 and 2013, vitamin D testing rates increased in all age groups. Rates declined between 2013 and 2016, but increased again between 2016 and 2019. In the ALSWH cohort, a higher likelihood of testing under the new criteria was associated with 12 or more doctor visits per year compared to two or fewer visits per year (relative risk (RR) 1.85; 95% CI 1.61–2.12), and women who had two or more vitamin D tests between 2012 and 2014 compared to no test (RR 1.55; 95% CI 1.48–1.62). The introduction of new criteria has not led to sustained declines in testing. High testing rates and repeated testing suggest that over-testing for vitamin D deficiency in Australian women is still occurring.
Published: 2020

42. Associations between feeding practices in infancy and fruit and vegetable consumption in childhood

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Gita D. Mishra, Leigh Tooth, and Katrina M. Moss
Subjects: Male, Longitudinal study, Adolescent, Medicine (miscellaneous), Mothers, Diet Surveys, Complementary food, Environmental health, Vegetables, Medicine, Dietary Questionnaire, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Child, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Consumption (economics), Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Australia, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Feeding Behavior, Diet, Breast Feeding, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fruits and vegetables, Child, Preschool, Fruit, Female, business, Breast feeding
Abstract: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, in many countries, the majority of children do not eat the recommended quantities of fruits and vegetables. The present study aimed to understand associations between feeding practices in infancy (breast-feeding and first complementary food) and fruit and vegetable consumption in childhood (frequency and variety). Data were from the national, observational, cross-sectional Mothers and their Children’s Health study conducted in 2016/2017, a sub-study of the national Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Mothers completed a written survey on feeding practices in infancy (breast-feeding duration, use of formula, first complementary food) and children’s fruit and vegetable frequency (number of times eaten) and variety (number of different types eaten) in the past 24 h, using the Children’s Dietary Questionnaire. Children (n 4981, mean 7·36 (sd 2·90) years) ate vegetables 2·10 (sd 1·11) times and fruits 2·35 (sd 1·14) times and ate 3·21 (sd 1·35) different vegetables and 2·40 (sd 1·18) different fruits, on average. Compared with breast-feeding for
Published: 2020

43. Age at menarche and risk of vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a pooled analysis of six studies

Author: Nancy Fugate Woods, Dongshan Zhu, Diana Kuh, Ellen B. Gold, Annette J. Dobson, Debra Anderson, Sybil L. Crawford, Hsin-Fang Chung, Nancy E. Avis, Ellen S. Mitchell, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Population, Sweating, Overweight, Body Mass Index, Cohort Studies, Risk Factors, medicine, Odds Ratio, Humans, Hyperhidrosis, Obesity, Risk factor, education, Child, Menarche, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Confounding, Age Factors, Australia, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Middle Aged, United Kingdom, United States, Vasomotor System, Logistic Models, Relative risk, Hot Flashes, Female, medicine.symptom, Menopause, business, Body mass index, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Objective: To examine the association between age at menarche and risk of vasomotor menopausal symptoms (VMS) and whether midlife body mass index (BMI) modified the association. Design: A pooled analysis of six cohort studies. Setting: The International collaboration on the Life course Approach to reproductive health and Chronic disease Events (InterLACE). Population: 18 555 women from the UK, USA and Australia. Methods: VMS frequency data (never, rarely, sometimes and often) were harmonised from two studies (n = 13 602); severity data (never, mild, moderate and severe) from the other four studies (n = 4953). Multinominal logistic regression models were used to estimate relative risk ratios (RRRs) and 95% CIs adjusted for confounders and incorporated study as random effects. Main outcome measures: Hot flushes and night sweats. Results: Frequency data showed that early menarche ≤11 years was associated with an increased risk of ‘often’ hot flushes (RRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.24–1.76) and night sweats (RRR 1.59, 95% CI 1.49–1.70) compared with menarche at ≥14 years. Severity data showed similar results, but appeared less conclusive, with RRRs of 1.16 (95% CI 0.94–1.42) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.01–1.58) for ‘severe’ hot flushes and night sweats, respectively. BMI significantly modified the association as the risk associated with early menarche and ‘often’ VMS was stronger among women who were overweight or obese than those of normal weight, while this gradient across BMI categories was not as strong with the risk of ‘severe’ VMS. Conclusions: Early age at menarche is a risk factor for VMS, particularly for frequent VMS, but midlife BMI may play an important role in modifying this risk. Tweetable abstract: Overweight and obesity exacerbate the risk of vasomotor symptoms associated with early menarche.
Published: 2020

44. Value of a national burden-of-disease study: a comparison of estimates between the Australian Burden of Disease Study 2015 and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Chenkun Zhao, Michelle Gourley, Paula Laws, Lynelle Moon, Annette J. Dobson, Ching Choi, Tim Driscoll, Richard Juckes, and Laura Kirkland
Subjects: Burden of disease, education.field_of_study, Epidemiology, Population, International comparisons, Australia, General Medicine, Redistribution (cultural anthropology), Disease, Population health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Geography, Years of potential life lost, Cost of Illness, Service planning, Humans, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, education, Demography
Abstract: Background Estimates of burden of disease are important for monitoring population health, informing policy and service planning. Burden estimates for the same population can be reported differently by national studies [e.g. the Australian Burden of Disease Study (ABDS) and the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBDS)]. Methods Australian ABDS 2015 and GBDS 2017 burden estimates and methods for 2015 were compared. Years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) measures were compared for overall burden and ‘top 50’ causes. Disease-category definitions (based on ICD-10), redistribution algorithms, data sources, disability weights, modelling methods and assumptions were reviewed. Results GBDS 2017 estimated higher totals than ABDS 2015 for YLL, YLD and DALY for Australia. YLL differences were mainly driven by differences in the allocation of deaths to disease categories and the redistribution of implausible causes of death. For YLD, the main drivers were data sources, severity distributions and modelling strategies. Most top-50 diseases for DALY had a similar YLL:YLD composition reported. Conclusions Differences in the ABDS and GBDS estimates reflect the different purposes of local and international studies and differences in data and modelling strategies. The GBDS uses all available evidence and is useful for international comparisons. National studies such as the ABDS have the flexibility to meet local needs and often the advantage of access to unpublished data. It is important that all data sources, inputs and models be assessed for quality and appropriateness. As studies evolve, differences should be accounted for through increased transparency of data and methods.
Published: 2020

45. Abstract P120: Women With Menopause After Age 45 and Take Hormone Therapy After Age 60 Increase the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Dongshan Zhu, Nirmala Pandeya, Gita D. Mishra, and Hsin-Fang Chung
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Disease, medicine.disease, Menopause, Clinical trial, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Observational study, Menopausal hormone therapy, Hormone therapy, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Introduction: Evidence from clinical trials and observational studies on the relationship between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been discordant. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the association between MHT and risk of CVD might be affected by both age at menopause and age when initiated MHT. Methods: We harmonised and pooled individual-level data from 15 studies across five countries/regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan, and UK). Postmenopausal women who had reported their MHT status (user or non-user) and CVD status (occurred or not, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke) were included. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between MHT use and incident CVD. We stratified the analyses by age when initiated MHT and age at natural menopause to examine the interaction between MHT, age initiated MHT, and age at menopause on incident CVD. Results: Overall, 190 625 postmenopausal women were included. We identified 10 601 incident CVD events, including 7615 CHD and 3543 strokes. Around 39% (74 585) women were MHT users. Compared to non-users of MHT, women who were MHT users had 10% higher risk of incident CVD (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.14), with HR (95% CI) of (1.15, 1.10-1.20) for CHD and (1.02, 0.96-1.09) for stroke. After stratifying by age at natural menopause, women who experienced menopause after age 45 years and took MHT had around 15% higher risk of CHD, while the significant association with incident stroke was only observed in women who had menopause after 55 years (1.16, 1.01-1.33). After a further stratification by age initiated MHT, we found the significant associations between MHT users and incident CVD were only observed in women who experienced menopause after age 45 years and took MHT at age 60 years or old (Table 1). Conclusions: Postmenopausal women who experienced natural menopause after age 45 years and took MHT after age 60 years had increased risk of incident CVD.
Published: 2020

46. A comparison of cause-specific and competing risk models to assess risk factors for dementia

Author: Gita D. Mishra, Annette J. Dobson, and Michael Waller
Subjects: Epidemiology, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, medicine.disease, Competing risks, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Dementia, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cause specific, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Survival analysis
Abstract: The study of dementia risk factors is complicated by the competing risk of dying. The standard approaches are the cause-specific Cox proportional hazard model with deaths treated as censoring events (and removed from the risk set) and the Fine and Gray sub-distribution hazard model in which those who die remain in the risk set. An alternative approach is to modify the risk set between these extremes. We propose a novel method of doing this based on estimating the time at which the person might have been diagnosed if they had not died using a parametric survival model, and then applying the cause-specific and Fine and Gray models to the modified dataset. We compare these methods using data on dementia from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health and discuss the assumptions and limitations of each model. The results from survival models to assess risk factors for dementia varied considerably between the cause-specific model and the models designed to account for competing risks. Therefore, when assessing risk factors in the presence of competing risks it is important to examine results from: the cause-specific model, different models which account for competing risks, and the model which assesses risk factors associated with the competing risk.
Published: 2020

47. Combined Influence of Waist and Hip Circumference on Risk of Death in a Large Cohort of European and Australian Adults

Author: Stefan Söderberg, Kari Kuulasmaa, Annette J. Dobson, Salomaa Veikko, Wojciech Drygas, Adrian J. Cameron, Luigi Palmieri, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Barbara Thorand, Jean Ferrières, Jean Dallongeville, Simona Giampaoli, Männistö Satu, Frank Kee, Licia Iacoviello, Liliana Orellana, Giovanni Veronesi, Tarja Palosaari, Helena Romaniuk, Francesco Gianfagna, Marco M Ferrario, Pekka Jousilahti, Teemu J. Niiranen, Diego Vanuzzo, Marie Moitry, Ulla Toft, Tom Wilsgaard, and Andrzej Pająk
Subjects: Male, obesity, Epidemiology, Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Cardiovascular Disease, Medicine, Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Adiposity, Original Research, media_common, Kardiologi, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, Incidence, Hazard ratio, Middle Aged, Circumference, Prognosis, waist circumference, Europe, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cohort, Female, Risk of death, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, hip circumference, mortality, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Waist, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Lower risk, Risk Assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Predictive Value of Tests, Internal medicine, Humans, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Aged, Hip Circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio, business.industry, Proportional hazards model, Australia, Fat distribution, Protective Factors, medicine.disease, Obesity, Large cohort, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, business, Demography
Abstract: Background: Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) are both strongly associated with risk of death, however their joint association has rarely been investigated. This study aimed to assess the combined influence of WC and HC, as well as a range of other obesity measures, with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death. Methods: This study uses participant data from 30 cohorts of the MORGAM Project conducted in 11 countries; 90,487 males and females aged 30-74 years, predominantly Caucasian, with no history of CVD, recruited in 1986-2010, and followed-up for up to 24 years. Hazard ratios were estimated using sex specific Cox models stratified by cohort with age as the time scale. Models included baseline categorical obesity measures, age, total and HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs, smoking and diabetes. Findings: 9105 all-cause deaths were recorded during a median follow up of 10 years. Hazard ratios for all-cause death presented J- or U-shaped associations with most obesity measures. When WC and HC were included in the same model, in both men and women, for all hip sizes, having a smaller waist was found to be strongly associated with lower risk of death, except for males with the smallest hip size. In addition, among those with smaller waists, hip size was strongly negatively associated with risk of death, with around 20% more people identified as being at increased risk compared to WC alone. Interpretation: A more complex relationship between HC, WC and risk of death is revealed when both measures are considered simultaneously. This is particularly true for individuals with smaller waists, where having larger hips was protective. Considering both WC and HC in the clinical setting could help to best identify those at increased risk of death. Funding Statement: The MORGAM Project received funding from Medical Research Council London grant G0601463 (80983) and European Union FP7 project BiomarCaRE (HEALTH-F2-2011-278913). The activities of the MORGAM Data Centre have been sustained also by recent funding from European Union FP 7 project CHANCES (HEALTH-F3-2010-242244). AJC, HR and LO were supported by Deakin University. AJC is the recipient of an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Awards (project number DE160100141). SS was supported by the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the County Council of Vasterbotten (ALF, VLL-548791), and Umea University. Declaration of Interests: No conflicts of interest exist in relation to this work. Ethics Approval Statement: Each MORGAM participating centre was responsible for ethical approval and patient consent, according to local rules at the time of study enrollment.
Published: 2020

48. Correction to: Testing competing mediators of the association between pre-conception maternal depression and child health-related quality of life: the MatCH study

Author: Katrina M. Moss, Deborah Loxton, Annette J. Dobson, Virginia Slaughter, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Abstract: The current sentence is in the discussion (sub-section The role of pre-conception maternal depression) and reads: "Pre-conception treatment of mental health issues is also associated with substantial savings in health care costs (Chojenta et al., 2018)."
Published: 2019

49. MatCH (Mothers and their Children’s Health) Profile: offspring of the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Author: Annette J. Dobson, Carol Bower, Gita D. Mishra, Ilona Koupil, Peter D. Sly, Deborah Loxton, Kylie D. Hesketh, Leigh Tooth, Colleen Loos, Katrina M. Moss, and Peter Davies
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Longitudinal study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Poverty, media_common.quotation_subject, Anthropometry, Literacy, 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, 0302 clinical medicine, Numeracy, Cohort, 030212 general & internal medicine, Social determinants of health, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Psychology, media_common, Demography
Abstract: MatCH (Mothers and their Children’s Health) is a nationwide Australian study to investigate the links between the history of health, wellbeing and living conditions of mothers and the health and development of their children. MatCH builds on the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH), which began in 1996 and has surveyed more than 58,000 women in four nationally representative age cohorts. MatCH focuses on the three youngest offspring of the cohort of ALSWH participants randomly sampled from all women in Australia born in 1973–78 (N=5780 children of N=3039 mothers). These women, who had completed up to seven postal or online surveys since 1996, were invited in 2016–17 to complete surveys about the health and development of their three youngest children aged under 13. The mothers reported on their children’s health conditions and symptoms, diet, anthropometric measures, childcare, screen time, physical activity, temperament, behaviour, language development, motor development and health service utilisation, as well as household and environmental factors. These data are being linked with each child’s records from official sources including the Australian Early Development Census (collected at age five to six), the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (collected at age eight, 10, 12 and 14) and other external datasets. MatCH will combine 20 years of maternal data with all the information on her children, taking into account the family setting. MatCH offers an unprecedented opportunity to advance our understanding of the relationship between maternal health and wellbeing and child health and development.
Published: 2018

50. Changes in smoking, drinking, overweight and physical inactivity in young Australian women 1996-2013

Author: Deborah Loxton, Jennifer R. Powers, Amy E. Anderson, Annette J. Dobson, Richard Hockey, Wendy J. Brown, and Gita D. Mishra
Subjects: Gerontology, Longitudinal study, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, 020205 medical informatics, Psychological intervention, 02 engineering and technology, Overweight, Population control, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Prevalence, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Exercise, Community and Home Care, business.industry, Smoking, Tobacco control, Australia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Health promotion, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Weight gain, Demography
Abstract: Issue addressed Smoking, risky drinking, overweight and obesity, and physical inactivity are health-risk factors (HRFs) that contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. Several initiatives have been introduced over the past two decades to reduce these HRFs. This paper examines changes in the prevalence of HRFs in young women (aged 18–23 years) between 1996 and 2013, overall and within demographic groups. Methods Data from two cohorts of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, born in 1973–78 (n = 14247) and 1989–95 (n = 17012) were weighted to provide national estimates. Prevalence ratios were used to compare HRFs in 2013 relative to 1996. Results In 1996, 32% were current smokers, 38% were risky drinkers, 22% were overweight or obese and 7% were physically inactive. In 2013, corresponding estimates were 19%, 35%, 33% and 6%. Between 1996 and 2013, overall smoking prevalence decreased, but remained over 43% among least educated women. Overweight and obesity increased in all demographic groups. Conclusions The findings suggest that only smoking, which has been the subject of changes in taxation, legislation and regulation, declined significantly, in all except the least educated women. In contrast, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which has largely been addressed through awareness campaigns and voluntary actions by the food industry, increased markedly in all demographic sub-groups. So what? The findings show that comprehensive health promotion interventions, such as those for tobacco control, are successful (but may still be ineffective among less educated women). In contrast the measures to control population weight gain among young women have been futile so far.
Published: 2017

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