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Zusammenfassung. Im Text werden forschende Herangehensweisen zum Sprechen über Musik mit Vorschulkindern vorgestellt und erörtert. In Anbindung an die aktuelle Kindheitsforschung wird dabei davon ausgegangen, Forschung mit Kindern, nicht über Kinder, zu betreiben und Kinder als Experten ihrer selbst zu befragen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Erforschung von kindlichen Perspektiven im qualitativen Interview. Der Text zeigt methodische Herangehensweisen auf, wie Kindern im Interview adäquat begegnet und eine förderliche Gesprächsatmosphäre gestaltet werden kann. Anhand des Forschungsprojekts „Bedeutungszuweisungen in der Musikalischen Früherziehung – Integration der kindlichen Perspektive in musikalische Bildungsprozesse“ werden Strategien aufgezeigt, welche die Kinder beim Sprechen über Musik in den qualitativen Interviews genutzt haben. Dies sind musikbezogene Zeigehandlungen, die Kombination von Sprechen, von Singen und das Musizieren anstelle des sprachlichen Erklärens. Das hier dargestellte Forschungsbeispiel zeigt, dass Musik zugleich Gesprächsthema, Erzählanreiz, Gegenstand von Zeigehandlungen und – im Übergang vom Sprechen ins Singen – ein sprachliches Stilmittel sein kann. Sprechen über Musik findet zugleich oft als „Sprechen in Musik“ statt.

[Background] Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and is primarily treated with radiation, surgery, and platinum-based drugs like cisplatin and carboplatin. The major challenge in the treatment of NSCLC patients is intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemotherapy. Molecular markers predicting the outcome of the patients are urgently needed., [Methods] Here, we employed patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to detect predictive methylation biomarkers for platin-based therapies. We used MeDIP-Seq to generate genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of 22 PDXs, their parental primary NSCLC, and their corresponding normal tissues and complemented the data with gene expression analyses of the same tissues. Candidate biomarkers were validated with quantitative methylation-specific PCRs (qMSP) in an independent cohort., [Results] Comprehensive analyses revealed that differential methylation patterns are highly similar, enriched in PDXs and lung tumor-specific when comparing differences in methylation between PDXs versus primary NSCLC. We identified a set of 40 candidate regions with methylation correlated to carboplatin response and corresponding inverse gene expression pattern even before therapy. This analysis led to the identification of a promoter CpG island methylation of LDL receptor-related protein 12 (LRP12) associated with increased resistance to carboplatin. Validation in an independent patient cohort (n = 35) confirmed that LRP12 methylation status is predictive for therapeutic response of NSCLC patients to platin therapy with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 84% (p, [Conclusions] Using an epigenome-wide sequencing approach, we find differential methylation patterns from primary lung cancer and PDX-derived cancers to be very similar, albeit with a lower degree of differential methylation in primary tumors. We identify LRP12 DNA methylation as a powerful predictive marker for carboplatin resistance. These findings outline a platform for the identification of epigenetic therapy resistance biomarkers based on PDX NSCLC models., This work was supported by the Volkswagenstiftung (Lichtenberg program to MRS), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (0316190A (EPITREAT), the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (EFRE-0800397), and the German Research Foundation (DFG KFO286).

Octopamine is an important neurotransmitter in insects with multiple functions. Here, we investigated the role of this amine in a simple form of learning (habituation) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we asked if octopamine is necessary for normal habituation of a proboscis extension response (PER) to different sucrose concentrations. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between responsiveness to sucrose solutions applied to the tarsus and habituation of the proboscis extension response in the same individual. The Tyramine-beta-hydroxylase (T beta h) mutant lacks the enzyme catalyzing the final step of octopamine synthesis. This mutant was significantly less responsive to sucrose than controls. The reduced responsiveness directly led to faster habituation. Systemic application of octopamine or induction of octopamine synthesis by T beta h expression in a cluster of octopaminergic neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion restored sucrose responsiveness and habituation of octopamine mutants to control level. Further analyses imply that the reduced sucrose responsiveness of T beta h mutants is related to a lower sucrose preference, probably due to a changed carbohydrate metabolism, since T beta h mutants survived significantly longer under starved conditions. These findings suggest a pivotal role for octopamine in regulating sucrose responsiveness in fruit flies. Further, octopamine indirectly influences non-associative learning and possibly associative appetitive learning by regulating the evaluation of the sweet component of a sucrose reward. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.