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1. An accurate and robust metrological network for coherent optical frequency dissemination

Author

Etienne Cantin, Mads Tønnes, Rodolphe Le Targat, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, and Paul-Eric Pottie

Subjects
frequency transfer, metrology, fiber optic links, laser optics, interferometer, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We introduce multi-branch repeater laser stations (MLSs) for the dissemination of an ultra-stable signal from one point to multiple users and the simultaneous evaluation of the stability and accuracy of multiple links. We perform the study of the noise floor of this new instrument. We present then an optical fiber network of 4800 km built with three MLSs and 13 repeater laser stations (RLSs). We show the multi-user optical frequency dissemination on four links totalizing 2198 km with uncertainties below 1.1 × 10 ^−19 . The robustness of the network over two years is presented and stability and accuracy at 10 ^7 seconds integration time are finally showed.

Published
2021
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2. Combining fiber Brillouin amplification with a repeater laser station for fiber-based optical frequency dissemination over 1400 km

Author

Sebastian Koke, Alexander Kuhl, Thomas Waterholter, Sebastian M F Raupach, Olivier Lopez, Etienne Cantin, Nicolas Quintin, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, and Gesine Grosche

Subjects
frequency transfer, optical fiber link, optical atomic clocks, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We investigate optical frequency dissemination over a 1400 km long fiber link in looped configuration over a pair of underground fibers between Braunschweig and Strasbourg. This fiber link is the first to combine fiber Brillouin amplifiers with a repeater laser station. Phase-coherent operation over more than five days is demonstrated. We analyze the repeatability of the performance over four campaigns and present results of 65 d in total. The weighted mean of the fractional frequency offset of the transferred optical frequency over the complete data set is (−1.1 ± 0.4)×10 ^–20 . By analyzing the stabilization signals of the two individual fibers, the correlation of the phase noise on the two fibers is shown to be >98%.

Published
2019
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3. Low-frequency seismic wave sensing using coherent optical fiber networks for metrology

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Mads Tonnes, Maxime Mazouth-Laurol, Hendrix Montlavan-Leyva, Etienne Cantin, Benjamin Pointard, Hector Alvarez-Martinez, Rodolphe Le Targat, Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, and Anne Amy-Klein

Abstract

Optical fiber networks are being implemented in several countries aiming at dissemination of ultra-stable time and frequency references. This enables the comparison of optical clocks, which is a key part of the roadmap towards the future redefinition of the International System of Units (SI) second. Furthermore, this enables uses in chronometric geodesy, where the sensitivity of the optical clocks to the gravitation field enables measurements of height differences as low as 1 cm [1].The frequency signals in the optical fibers are sensitive to acoustic vibrations which are present in the ground, which is the main source of noise to the disseminated signals.In recent years, this has enabled studies in the use of optical fiber links for the detection of earthquakes [2]. In such an approach, the measurement is the integrated noise over the fiber path. This typically allows for one to several orders of magnitudes longer range as compare to DAS techniques, but with the loss of localization along the fiber. Such integrated approaches include measurements of the total polarization change of the light along the fiber [3], or the total phase change of a coherent ultra-stable laser signal, potentially including distributed sensing techniques in submarine fibers [2,4].Here, we will present the first quantitative studies on the use of coherent optical fiber links for seismic detection. Using a the fiber network REFIMEVE in France (see Fig. 1), we present studies on the sensitivity of coherent optical fiber links to seismic events. We describe the dependence of the sensitivity to a number of parameters like incident angle, magnitude and distance, and compare the sensitivity of a fiber link with that of conventional seismometers. We show, for a first time to our knowledge, the detection of seismic waves by a coherent optical fiber network, and we study the prospects of using such a network for the localization of earthquakes. Lastly, we discuss the principles and results of a machine learning algorithm, which enables automatic detection of earthquakes in a coherent optical fiber link.Bibliography:1. M. Takamoto et al., Test of general relativity by a pair of transportable optical lattice clocks, Nat. Phot., 14 (7), 411–415. doi:30210.1038/s41566-020-0619-82. G. Marra et al. , Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables. Science, eaat4458. doi: 10.1126/science.aat44582793. J.C. Castellanos et al. ,Optical polarization-based sensing and localization of submarine earthquakes. In Optical fiber communication conference (OFC) 2022, doi:26210.1364/OFC.2022.M1H.44. G. Marra et al., Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable. Science, doi: 10.1126/science.abo193Figure 1 : Map of the French REFIMEVE fiber network, shown in red lines. Dotted lines indicates indicate the full scale of the planned network, and continuous red lines indicate links used in these studies. Blue lines indicates the linear approximations of the links. All seismometers of the RESIF network is shown by small green triangles, and seismometers used in theses studies are shown by larger, turquoise triangles.

Published
2023

4. CLONETS - clock network services: Strategy and innovation for clock services over optical-fibre networks.

Author

Przemyslaw Krehlik, Lukasz Sliwczynski, Jirí Dostál, Jan Radil, Vladimír Smotlacha, Radek Velc, Josef Vojtech, Mauro Campanella, Davide Calonico, Cecilia Clivati, Filippo Levi, Ondrej Cíp, Simon Rerucha, onald Holzwarth, Maurice Lessing, Fabiola Camargo, Bruno Desruelle, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Elizabeth Laier English, Jochen Kronjäger, Peter Whibberley, Paul-Eric Pottie, Richard Tavares, Philip Tuckey, Frantisek John, Milan Snajder, Jiri Stefl, Pawel Nogas, Robert Urbaniak, Artur Binczewski, Wojbor Bogacki, Krzysztof Turza, Gesine Grosche, Harald Schnatz, Emilie Camisard, Nicolas Quintin, Javier Díaz 0001, Eduardo Ros 0001, Alessandro Galardini, Alwyn J. Seeds, Zhen Yang, and Anne Amy-Klein

Published
2017
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6. CLONETS-DS – Clock Network Services-Design Study Strategy and Innovation for Clock Services over Optical Fibre

Author

Josef Vojtěch, Lada Altmannová, Vladimír Smotlacha, Radek Velc, Rudolf Vohnout, Harald Schnatz, Tara Cubel Liebisch, Vincenzo Capone, Tryfon Chiotis, Guy Roberts, Domenico Vicinanza, Artur Binczewski, Wojbor Bogacki, Krzysztof Turza, Paul-Eric Pottie, Philip Tuckey, Davide Calonico, Cecilia Clivati, Vittorio Curri, Ronald Holzwarth, Benjamin Sprenger, Ondřej Číp, Lenka Pravdová, Šimon Řeřucha, Javier Díaz Alonso, Eduardo Ros Vidal, Trinidad García, Benoit Rat, Jan Kodet, Ulrich Schreiber, Jürgen Kusche, Dieter Meschede, Stefan Schröder, Simon Stellmer, Pawel Nogas, Robert Urbaniak, Przemysław Krehlik, Łukasz Śliwczyński, Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Chardonnet, Nicolas Quintin, Alwyn Seeds, Bruno Desruelle, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Vincent Ménoret, and Martin Rabault

Abstract

Long-distance time and frequency transfer methods based on optical fibre links attractive both for very high-performance applications and also for many industrial and societal applications, and they complement and offer an alternative to radio- and satellite-based methods.

Published
2022

9. CLONETS-DS – Clock Network Services-Design study Strategy and Innovation for Clock Services Over Optical-fibre Networks

Author

Javier Díaz Alonso, Anne Amy-Klein, Harald Schnatz, Radek Velc, Robert Urbaniak, Stefan Schröder, Martin Rabault, Wojbor Bogacki, Jürgen Kusche, Josef Vojtech, Domenico Vicinanza, Bruno Desruelle, Artur Binczewski, Ondej Cíp, Krzysztof Turza, Dieter Meschede, Ronald Holzwarth, Vincent Ménoret, Eduardo Ros Vidal, Simon Stellmer, Ulrich Schreiber, Jean Lautier-Gaud, G.F. Roberts, Paul-Eric Pottie, Vladimir Smotlacha, Lukasz Sliwczyski, Tryfon Chiotis, Jan Kodet, Philip Tuckey, Lada Altmannova, Pawel Nogas, Alwyn J. Seeds, Vincenzo Capone, Trinidad Garcia, Lenka Pravdova, Simon Rerucha, Davide Calonico, Benjamin Sprenger, Tara Cubel Liebisch, Przemyslaw Krehlik, Nicolas Quintin, and Rudolf Vohnout

Subjects
Service (systems architecture), Computer science, business.industry, Time transfer, European Research Area, Provisioning, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Telecommunications, business, Time and frequency transfer, Clock network, Data transmission
Abstract

Long-distance time and frequency transfer methods based on optical fibre links have evolved rapidly in recent years, demonstrating excellent performance for frequency transfer and considerable promise for accurate time transfer. Optical fibre links, besides provisioning extreme data transfer rates, are attractive both for very high-performance applications such as optical clock comparisons, basic research or relativistic geodesy, but also for many industrial and societal applications, and they complement and offer an alternative to radio- and satellite-based methods. CLONETS-DS is a European Union-funded research and innovation action intended to facilitate the vision of a sustainable, pan-European optical fibre network for precise time and frequency reference dissemination, by bringing together expertise from national metrology institutes (NMI), academic groups and research infrastructures (RI), research and education networks at the national and European level (NREN, GEANT) and innovative high-tech small and medium enterprises (SME). The proposed project aims to establish a pan-European time and frequency reference system as a European Research Infrastructure which serves the European science community. It is based on transmitting ultra precise time and frequency information via optical fiber. The proposed project builds on several projects of the European metrology research programmes such as NEAT-FT, OFTEN and TiFOON, the former GN3+ project ICOF, the novel work package 6, Optical Time and Frequency Network (OTFN), of the GN4-3 project of GEANT and its direct precursor project CLONETS [1]. We now go far beyond previous efforts by designing a sustainable, pan-European, ultra-precise time-and-frequency reference-system available to the European research community. This newly designed European Research Infrastructure will consider user needs, architecture requirements, engineering models and roadmaps, and will develop a sustainability model for the future service, thus strengthening the European research area and its innovative potential.

Published
2021

10. An accurate and robust metrological network for coherent optical frequency dissemination

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Mads Tonnes, Paul-Eric Pottie, Olivier Lopez, Rodolphe Le Targat, Etienne Cantin, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), ANR-10-IDEX-0001,PSL,Paris Sciences et Lettres(2010), European Project: 15SIB05, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Repeater, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Fibre optic links, Optical fiber, Frequency transfer, interferometer, General Physics and Astronomy, Laser optics, Multi-user, Metrology, 01 natural sciences, Noise floor, Stability (probability), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Interferometry, law, Robustness (computer science), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

We introduce multi-branch repeater laser stations (MLSs) for the dissemination of an ultra-stable signal from one point to multiple users and the simultaneous evaluation of the stability and accuracy of multiple links. We perform the study of the noise floor of this new instrument. We present then an optical fiber network of 4800 km built with three MLSs and 13 repeater laser stations (RLSs). We show the multi-user optical frequency dissemination on four links totalizing 2198 km with uncertainties below 1.1 × 10−19. The robustness of the network over two years is presented and stability and accuracy at 107 seconds integration time are finally showed.

Published
2021

11. CLONETS-DS - Clock Network Services-Design Study Strategy and Innovation for Clock Services over Optical Fibre

Author

Josef Vojtĕch, Lada Altmannová, Vladimír Smotlacha, Radek Velc, Rudolf Vohnout, Harald Schnatz, Tara Cubel Liebisch, Vincenzo Capone, Tryfon Chiotis, Guy Roberts, Domenico Vicinanza, Artur Binczewski, Wojbor Bogacki, Krzysztof Turza, Paul-Eric Pottie, Philip Tuckey, Jérôme Fils, Davide Calonico, Vittorio Curri, Ronald Holzwarth, Benjamin Sprenger, Ondřej Číp, Lenka Pravdová, Šimon Řeřucha, Javier Díaz Alonso, Eduardo Ros Vidal, Trinidad García, Benoit Rat, Jan Kodet, Ulrich Schreiber, Jürgen Kusche, Dieter Meschede, Stefan Schröder, Simon Stellmer, Pawel Nogas, Robert Urbaniak, Przemysław Krehlik, Łukasz Śliwczyński, Anne Amy-Klein, Nicolas Quintin, Alwyn Seeds, Bruno Desruelle, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Vincent Ménoret, and Martin Rabault

Abstract

Long-distance precise time and ultra-stable frequency transfer methods based on optical fibre have evolved rapidly in recent years, demonstrating excellent performance. CLONETS-DS is a European Union-funded research and innovation action intended to facilitate the vision of a sustainable, pan-European fibre network for time and frequency dissemination.

Published
2021

12. Mise en Pratique of the New Kelvin Using Doppler Broadening Thermometry with a Direct Link to the Primary Frequency Standards

Author

S. Briaudeau, Anne Amy-Klein, Benoît Darquié, Michel Abgrall, Dang Bao An Tran, Paul-Eric Pottie, Rodolphe Le Targat, Nicolas Cahuzac, Etienne Cantin, Catherine Martin, O. Kozlova, Elias Moufarej, Louis Lecordier, Olivier Lopez, Christophe Daussy, Mathieu Manceau, Anne Cournol, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, optical frequency link, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, International System of Units, high-resolution molecular spectroscopy, 010306 general physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], new international System of Units, business.industry, Doppler broadening thermometry, Laser, Temperature Unit, Metrology, temperature unit, mise en pratique of the kelvin, Boltzmann constant, symbols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], business, Doppler broadening
Abstract

International audience; We aim to demonstrate the first mise en pratique of the kelvin, within the framework of the new International System of Units (SI), with a direct link to the atomic fountains of LNE-SYRTE laboratory, the French time-frequency metrology institute. The Boltzmann constant being fixed in the new SI, the mise en pratique of the kelvin can be cast as a frequency measurement. One method considered, Doppler Broadening thermometry (DBT), originally proposed and initially demonstrated at Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers is being developed by us and others. We report our recent efforts towards implementing DBT with a direct link to the primary frequency standard in the 300-430K range to demonstrate its potential.

Published
2020

13. Unidirectional two-way optical frequency comparison and its fundamental limitations

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical amplifier, Time delay and integration, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Fiber (mathematics), business.industry, Computer science, Scale (descriptive set theory), 01 natural sciences, Instability, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010309 optics, Optics, Transfer (computing), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, Satellite, 010306 general physics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Microwave, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

High-quality frequency transfer based on existing telecommunication fiber links allows state-of-the-art microwave and optical clocks to be compared on a continental and potentially even intercontinental scale. We present a half-a-year-long data set of unidirectional optical frequency transfer over a 2 × 43 k m urban fiber link. We observe a relative frequency instability of 8.0 × 10 − 16 at 1 s and at best 6.0 × 10 − 18 at 10 6 s integration time. Our results show that the unidirectional two-way method gives the possibility to perform comparisons of international primary standards over fiber links faster than over satellite links. Moreover, we investigate the major limiting factors of such a unidirectional setup.

Published
2020

14. Limitations due to residual interference in a fiber-based optical frequency reference at 1.55 µm

Author

Karim Manamanni, Tatiana Steshchenko, Fabrice Wiotte, Rodolphe Le Targat, Michel Abgrall, Olivier Lopez, Etienne Cantin, Paul-Éric Pottie, Anne Amy-Klein, Vincent Roncin, and Frédéric Du-Burck

Subjects
Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

We present an experimental investigation of the stability limits specific to optical frequency standards using fiber optic architecture and semiconductor lasers. A compact setup composed of a semiconductor laser frequency-locked onto an acetylene transition detected in saturated absorption has been implemented using only fiber optic components. Fiber optic technology allows compact and reliable solutions for various applications. However, for high sensitivity and stability applications such as metrology, residual reflections induced by optical index inhomogeneities in connectors and fiber-coupled components leading to spurious interference significantly limit performance. We have examined the origin of the interference fringes superimposed on the detected signal and the limitations they cause to the frequency stability of the reference. The effects of temperature and beam power fluctuations are also examined. Our results show that the frequency stability is limited in the 10 − 13 range by the effect of interference fringes due to use of fiber components.

Published
2022

15. Reciprocity of propagation in optical fiber links demonstrated to 10

Author

Dan, Xu, Pacôme, Delva, Olivier, Lopez, Anne, Amy-Klein, and Paul-Eric, Pottie

Abstract

We present a study of the fundamental limit of fiber links using dedicated link architecture. We use an experimental arrangement that enables us to detect the forward and backward propagation noise independently and simultaneously in optical fiber and where the optical phase evolution is expected to be driven by the only contribution of the reference arms of the Michelson interferometer ensemble. In this article, we demonstrate indeed the high correlation between the optical phase evolution and the temperature variation of the interferometer ensemble, leading to a frequency offset of (4.4±2.3)×10

Published
2019

16. Reciprocity of propagation in optical fiber links demonstrated to 10−21

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, P. Delva, Paul-Eric Pottie, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, PN GRAM, ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), European Project, European Project: 15SIB05, and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord

Subjects
Physics, Optical fiber, Global temperature, business.industry, Michelson interferometer, 02 engineering and technology, Propagation delay, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Residual, Topology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Interferometry, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Reciprocity (electromagnetism), 0103 physical sciences, Frequency offset, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; We present a study of the fundamental limit of fiber links using dedicated link architecture. We use an experimental arrangement that enables us to detect the forward and backward propagation noise independently and simultaneously in optical fiber and where the optical phase evolution is expected to be driven by the only contribution of the reference arms of the Michelson interferometer ensemble. In this article, we demonstrate indeed the high correlation between the optical phase evolution and the temperature variation of the interferometer ensemble, leading to a frequency offset of (4.4 ± 2.3) × 10 −21. Using a simple temperature model and a Bayesian analysis to evaluate the model parameters, we show that the temperature effect can be compensated with post-processing, removing the frequency offset down to (0.5 ± 2.0) × 10 −21. The residual slope of the optical phase evolution over 33 days is 350 yoctosecond/s. Using a global temperature parameter, we divide these 33 days dataset in four subsets and analyse their uncertainties. We show that they are self-consistent when the temperature is taken into account. This provides an alternative method to evaluate the accuracy of a fiber link, especially when the dataset includes large dead times. The result is finally interpreted as a test of the reciprocity of the propagation delay in an optical fiber. This unprecedented transfer capability could enable the comparisons of future optical clocks with expected performance at 10 −20 level and open new possibilities for stringent tests of special and general relativity.

Published
2019

17. Combining fiber Brillouin amplification with a repeater laser station for fiber-based optical frequency dissemination over 1400 km

Author

Etienne Cantin, Paul-Eric Pottie, Nicolas Quintin, T. Waterholter, Sebastian Koke, A. Kuhl, S. M. F. Raupach, Olivier Lopez, Gesine Grosche, Anne Amy-Klein, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Repeater, Physics, Optical fiber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, optical frequency dissemination, fiber link, Amplifier, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Laser, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Frequency offset, Fiber, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

We investigate optical frequency dissemination over a 1400 km long fiber link in looped configuration over a pair of underground fibers between Braunschweig and Strasbourg. This fiber link is the first to combine fiber Brillouin amplifiers with a repeater laser station. Phase-coherent operation over more than five days is demonstrated. We analyze the repeatability of the performance over four campaigns and present results of 65 days in total. The weighted mean of the fractional frequency offset of the transferred optical frequency over the complete data set is $(-1.1 \pm 0.4) \times 10^{-20}$. By analyzing the stabilization signals of the two individual fibers, the correlation of the phase noise on the two fibers is shown to be >98%., 12 pages, 6 figures

Published
2019

18. High-Precision Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy with a Widely Tuneable SI-Traceable Frequency-Comb-Stabilised QCL

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Yann Le Coq, Haniffe Mouhamad, Dang Bao An Tran, Benoît Darquié, Michel Abgrall, R. Santagata, Anne Cournol, Mathieu Manceau, Rodolphe Le Targat, Dan Xu, Fabrice Wiotte, Oliver Lopez, Won Kiu Lee, Anne Amy-Klein, B. Argence, Sean Tokunaga, Andrei Goncharov, Louis Lecordier, H. Alvarez-Martinez, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Polyatomic ion, Ranging, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 3. Good health, law.invention, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], 0210 nano-technology, Quantum cascade laser, business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Spectroscopy, Frequency modulation
Abstract

International audience; We report measurements of absolute frequencies of various polyatomic species around 10 μm, at level of accuracies ranging from 10 Hz to 10 kHz, using a widely tuneable SI-traceable optical frequency comb-stabilized quantum cascade laser.

Published
2019

19. Search for transient variations of the fine structure constant and dark matter using fiber-linked optical atomic clocks

Author

Roman Schwarz, Olivier Lopez, R. M. Godun, J E Calvert, Dan Xu, L De Sarlo, C. Baerentsen, R. Le Targat, Ian R. Hill, Thomas Legero, Jérôme Lodewyck, Nicolas Quintin, Erik Benkler, Guy Vallet, Benjamin Roberts, S. Dörscher, Helen S. Margolis, P. Delva, Alissa Silva, Uwe Sterr, Christine C. Guo, Ch. Lisdat, C. F. A. Baynham, Ekkehard Peik, A. Al-Masoudi, Nils Huntemann, Peter Wolf, Sébastien Bize, H. Alvarez-Martinez, Christian Sanner, Aurélien Hees, T. Waterholter, William B. Bowden, Philip Tuckey, Sebastian Koke, F. Ozimek, R. Lange, Gesine Grosche, Anne Amy-Klein, V. Cambier, Etienne Cantin, F. Meynadier, Chr. Tamm, Maxime Favier, Paul-Eric Pottie, Florian Frank, S. Bilicki, A. Kuhl, J. Kronjäger, Richard Hobson, Burghard Lipphardt, Marco Schioppo, E. A. Curtis, Patrick Gill, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, and HEP, INSPIRE

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Dark matter, Clock rate, defect: topological, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, dark matter: parametrization, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics - Atomic Physics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, optical, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, matter: density, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], fundamental constant: fine structure, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], Quantum sensor, Fine-structure constant, sensitivity, Atomic clock, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], Computational physics, coherence, [PHYS.HPHE] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], network, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Transient (oscillation), galaxy, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Coherence (physics), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We search for transient variations of the fine structure constant using data from a European network of fiber-linked optical atomic clocks. By searching for coherent variations in the recorded clock frequency comparisons across the network, we significantly improve the constraints on transient variations of the fine structure constant. For example, we constrain the variation to |δα/α| < 5 × 10−17 for transients of duration 103 s. This analysis also presents a possibility to search for dark matter, the mysterious substance hypothesised to explain galaxy dynamics and other astrophysical phenomena that is thought to dominate the matter density of the universe. At the current sensitivity level, we find no evidence for dark matter in the form of topological defects (or, more generally, any macroscopic objects), and we thus place constraints on certain potential couplings between the dark matter and standard model particles, substantially improving upon the existing constraints, particularly for large (≳104 km) objects.

Published
2019

20. Two-Branch Fiber Link for International Clock Networks

Author

Olivier Lopez, Philip Tuckey, Nicolas Quintin, Paul-Eric Pottie, Etienne Cantin, Dan Xu, F. Meynadier, Anne Amy-Klein, Florian Frank, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RENATER, MMTF, Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), ANR-10-IDEX-0001,PSL,Paris Sciences et Lettres(2010), and European Project: 15SIB05

Subjects
Repeater, Quantum Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Fiber (mathematics), 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Laser, Topology, Stability (probability), Frequency, law.invention, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Transfer (computing), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Link (knot theory), Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; We present our work on realizing two-branch fiber links enabling multiple-partner clock comparisons in Europe. We report in detail on the setup connecting two long haul links, and report for the relative frequency stability and accuracy. We report on a combined uptime of 90% for our dual-branch link during almost one month. We finally discuss the combined uncertainty contribution of the ensemble of the link architecture to a clock comparison. We show that the frequency transfer uncertainty is 2 × 10 −19 .

Published
2019

21. High-precision methanol spectroscopy with a widely tunable SI-traceable frequency-comb-based mid-infrared QCL

Author

Dan Xu, Andrey Goncharov, H. Mouhamad, R. Santagata, Fabrice Wiotte, Paul-Eric Pottie, Benoît Darquié, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Olivier Lopez, R. Le Targat, Dang Tran, B. Argence, H. Alvarez-Martinez, Won-Kyu Lee, M. Abgrall, Sean Tokunaga, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Physics Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institute of Laser Physics of SB RAS (ILP), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (ROA), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), and KRISS

Subjects
Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Physics::Optics, Molecular spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Spectral line, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Quantum Physics, Spectrometer, business.industry, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Optoelectronics, business, Quantum cascade laser
Abstract

International audience; There is an increasing demand for precise molecular spectroscopy, in particular in the mid-infrared fingerprint window that hosts a considerable number of vibrational signatures, whether it be for modeling our atmosphere, interpreting astrophysical spectra or testing fundamental physics. We present a high-resolution mid-infrared spectrometer traceable to primary frequency standards. It combines a widely tunable ultra-narrow Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL), an optical frequency comb and a compact multipass cell. The QCL frequency is stabilized onto a comb controlled with a remote near-infrared ultra-stable laser, transferred through a fiber link. The resulting QCL frequency stability is below 10-15 from 0.1 to 10s and its frequency uncertainty of 4×10-14 is given by the remote frequency standards. Continuous tuning over ~400 MHz is reported. We use the apparatus to perform saturated absorption spectroscopy of methanol in the low-pressure multipass cell and demonstrate a statistical uncertainty at the kHz level on transition center frequencies, confirming its potential for driving the next generation technology required for precise spectroscopic measurements.

Published
2019

22. REFIMEVE+: Optical Frequency Dissemination Over 2x1300 km of a Telecom Network

Author

Etienne Cantin, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Chardonnet, Mads Tonnes, Frederic Meynadier, Paul-Eric Pottie, Nicolas Quintin, Emilie Camisard, Giorgio Santarelli, Fabiola Guillou-Camargo, and Vincent Menoret

Subjects
Data traffic, Optical frequencies, Telecom network, Computer science, Continuous operation, business.industry, Fiber network, State (computer science), business, Signal, Computer network
Abstract

We report on the progresses of REFIMEVE, the French fiber network for optical frequency dissemination and comparison. We present the originality and the strengths of the approach promoted by RENATER to allow the propagation of bi-directional signals in parallel to data traffic on an active and operational network. We show, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, simultaneous dissemination of optical frequency standard into 3 branches of a 2x1300 km telecom network. Performances are at the state of the art, and the availability of the signal is typically > 96% over 25 days of continuous operation.

Published
2019

23. A new experiment to test parity symmetry in cold chiral molecules using vibrational spectroscopy

Author

Won-Kyu Lee, Benoît Darquié, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, Anne Cournol, Andrei Goncharov, R. Le Targat, M. Abgrall, Mathieu Manceau, Ben Sauer, Dang Tran, Sean Tokunaga, M. R. Tarbutt, T. E. Wall, Paul-Eric Pottie, Matthieu Pierens, Anne Amy-Klein, B. Argence, H Alvarez Martinez, Y. Le Coq, Richard Hendricks, R. Santagata, J M Bieniewska, Louis Lecordier, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Physics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, DPHY, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Laser Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, (CCM), Imperial College London, and National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL)

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), molecular beams, FOS: Physical sciences, Infrared spectroscopy, quantum cascade laser, mid-infrared precise laser spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, 010309 optics, Ramsey interferometry, law, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Molecule, chiral molecules, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Quantum, parity violation, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), 010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], Polyatomic ion, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Parity (physics), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, frequency metrology, Cascade, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], Atomic physics, Quantum cascade laser, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], buffer-gas cooling
Abstract

International audience; We present a brief review of our progress towards measuring parity violation in heavy-metal chiral complexes using mid-infrared Ramsey interferometry. We discuss our progress addressing the main challenges, including the development of buffer-gas sources of slow, cold polyatomic molecules, and the frequency-stabilisation of quantum cascade lasers calibrated using primary frequency standards. We report investigations on achiral test species of which promising chiral derivatives have been synthesized.

Published
2019

24. The CLONETS – Clock Network Services: Strategy and innovation for clock services over optical-fibre networks

Author

Josef Vojtěch, Jan Radil, Vladimir Smotlacha, Radek Velc, Przemysław Krehlik, Łukasz Śliwczyński, Mauro Campanella, Davide Calonico, Cecilia Clivati, Filippo Levi, Ondřej Číp, Lenka Pravdová, Simon Rerucha, Ronald Holzwarth, Maurice Lessing, Sarah Saint-Jalm, Fabiola Camargo, Bruno Desruelle, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Elizabeth Laier English, Jochen Kronjäger, Peter Whibberley, Eva Bookjans, Paul-Eric Pottie, Philip Tuckey, František John, Milan Šnajder, Jiří Štefl, Paweł Nogaś, Robert Urbaniak, Artur Binczewski, Wojbor Bogacki, Krzysztof Turza, Gesine Grosche, Harald Schnatz, Emilie Camisard, Nicolas Quintin, Javier Diaz, Eduardo Ros, Trinidad García, Alessandro Galardini, Alwyn Seeds, Zhen Yang, and Anne Amy-Klein

Subjects
Optical fiber, Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Time and frequency transfer, Clock network, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, 0210 nano-technology, media_common
Abstract

Methods for long-distance time and frequency transfer over optical fibres have demonstrated excellent performances and are evolving rapidly. CLONETS is a European Union funded coordination and support action intended to facilitate the vision of a sustainable, pan-European optical fibre network for precise time and frequency reference dissemination.

Published
2019

25. La lumière des meilleures horloges accessible par les fibres du réseau Internet

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Christian Chardonnet, Emilie Camisard, Paul-Eric Pottie, Giorgio Santarelli, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, RENATER, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Métrologie des fréquences optiques, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0103 physical sciences, General Medicine, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract

National audience; En France, le programme Investissements dAvenir a permis de lancer la construction de « REFIMEVE+ », un équipement dexcellence qui vise à délivrer une référence de fréquence optique à une vingtaine de laboratoires répartis sur tout le territoire métropolitain, via le réseau Internet de RENATER.Cette nouvelle technologie dépasse de plusieurs ordres de grandeur les capacités offertes par le service GPS dans le domaine radiofréquence (RF). Une révolution est en marche, avec une finalité : ouvrir la voie à des applications inédites dans des domaines aussi variés que la métrologie, la physique ou la géodésie !

Published
2016

26. High-Precision Mid-IR Molecular Spectroscopy with Traceability to Primary Standards

Author

Michel Abgrall, Sean Tokunaga, Olivier Lopez, R. Santagata, R. Le Targat, Dan Xu, Y. Le Coq, Paul-Eric Pottie, Dang Bao An Tran, Anne Amy-Klein, Won-Kyu Lee, Benoît Darquié, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Materials science, Spectrometer, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, Optical link, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, Cascade, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Measurement uncertainty, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], business, Spectroscopy, 010301 acoustics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

We are stabilizing the frequency of a mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) to an optical frequency comb itself stabilized to an ultra-stable near-infrared reference signal at $\pmb{1.5\mu} \mathbf{m}$ transferred from SYRTE to LPL using an optical link. The reference stability is copied to the QCL and we benefit from the traceability to the primary standards of SYRTE. The stabilized QCL can be scanned by scanning the near-IR reference with an electro-optic modulator. We use this ultrastable spectrometer to carry out saturated absorption spectroscopy of methanol. A detailed analysis of the frequency measurement uncertainty will be presented.

Published
2018

27. REFIMEVE+: Towards a Wide Optical Fiber Network for Optical Frequency Standard Dissemination

Author

Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Etienne Cantin, Christian Chardonnet, Olivier Lopez, Giornato Santarell, Nicolas Quintin, and Emilie Camisard

Subjects
Optical fiber, Computer science, Node (networking), Michelson interferometer, 01 natural sciences, Signal, law.invention, Metrology, 010309 optics, Interferometry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Dissemination, Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract

We report on the progress of a metrological fiber network on the French territory, with extensiONS to Europe, which aims to provide an ultra-stable frequency signal to around 20 laboratories. We present a low sensitivity multi-branch Michelson interferometer serving as a node for the dissemination to several network branches. We show in addition reliable and robust operation over several months of operation of a 1400 km, which instability is in the - 10−20 range at long-term. This work is an important step towards the realization of an effective fiber network disseminating optical frequency standards to a wide variety of research laboratories.

Published
2018

28. Two-Branch Fiber Links for International Clock Networks

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Frederic Mevnadier, Anne Amy-Klein, Florian Frank, Nicolas Quintin, Etienne Cantin, Philip Tuckev, Dan Xu, and Olivier Lopez

Subjects
Optical fiber, Fiber (mathematics), business.industry, Computer science, Scale (chemistry), Reliability (computer networking), Concatenation, 01 natural sciences, Clock network, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Key (cryptography), 010306 general physics, Telecommunications, business, Realization (systems)
Abstract

Comparisons of clocks through fiber links at the continental scale have become a reality in Europe, opening the way to the realization of a clock network. We will show that we can improve the reliability of the frequency comparison by combining several dissemination techniques. We will report on the implemention of a two-branch fiber link, as part of a wider concatenation of links between NMIs in Europe. This is a key step towards a new definition of the SI second based on optical frequency standards and opens novel opportunities for stringent tests of fundamental physics.

Published
2018

29. TESTING THE PARITY SYMMETRY IN COLD CHIRAL MOLECULES USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY

Author

Roman A. Motiyenko, Pierre Asselin, Benoît Darquié, T. E. Wall, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Sean Tokunaga, Richard Hendricks, Alexander Shelkovnikov, Yann Berger, L. Margulès, Louis Lecordier, M. R. Tarbutt, Christophe Daussy, Christian Chardonnet, Thérèse R. Huet, Mathieu Manceau, Matthieu Pierens, and Anne Cournol

Subjects
Physics, Infrared spectroscopy, Parity (physics), Molecular physics
Published
2018

31. Studying the fundamental limit of optical fiber links to the 10

Author

Dan, Xu, Won-Kyu, Lee, Fabio, Stefani, Olivier, Lopez, Anne, Amy-Klein, and Paul-Eric, Pottie

Abstract

We present a hybrid fiber link combining effective optical frequency transfer and evaluation of performances with a self-synchronized two-way comparison. It enables us to detect the round-trip fiber noise and each of the forward and backward one-way fiber noises simultaneously. The various signals acquired with this setup allow us to study quantitatively several properties of optical fiber links. We check the reciprocity of the accumulated noise forth and back over a bi-directional fiber to the level of 3.1(±3.9) × 10

Published
2018

32. Studying fundamental limit of optical fiber links to 10 −21 level

Author

Dan Xu, Won-Kyu Lee, Fabio Stefani, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric POTTIE, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), KRISS, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France (DIM Nano’K), CNRS with Action Spécifique GRAM, ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), European Project: SIB02, European Project: 15SIB05, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace ( LNE - SYRTE ), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace ( SYRTE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] ( KRISS ), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers ( LPL ), Université Paris 13 ( UP13 ) -Université Sorbonne Paris Cité ( USPC ) -Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Amy-Klein, Anne, Laboratoires d'excellence - Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency - - FIRST-TF2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0048 - LABX - VALID, RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE + - - REFIMEVE+2011 - ANR-11-EQPX-0039 - EQPX - VALID, Neat-FT - SIB02 - INCOMING, and OFTEN - 15SIB05 - INCOMING

Subjects
[ PHYS.QPHY ] Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], (1203930) Metrological instrumentation, (1205050) Phase measurement, [PHYS.QPHY] Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], (1203940) Metrology, OCIS codes: (0602360) Fiber optics links and subsystems
Abstract

International audience; We present an hybrid fiber link combining effective optical frequency transfer and evaluation of performances with a self-synchronized two-way comparison. It enables us to detect the round-trip fiber noise and each of the forward and backward one-way fiber noises simultaneously. The various signals acquired with this setup allow us to study quantitatively several properties of optical fiber links. We check the reciprocity of the accumulated noise forth and back over a bi-directional fiber to the level of 3.1(±3.9) × 10 −20. We also analyze the noise correlation between two adjacent fibers and show the first experimental evidence of interferometric noise at very low Fourier frequency. We estimate redundantly and consistently the stability and accuracy of the transferred optical frequency over 43 km at 4 × 10 −21 level after 16 days of integration and demonstrate that frequency comparison with resolution as low as 8 × 10 −18 would be achievable with uni-directional fibers in urban area.

Published
2018

33. The H2020 European project CLONETS: Clock services over optical-fibre networks in Europe

Author

Milan Snajder, Zhen Yang, Trinidad Garcia, Pawel Nogas, Alwyn J. Seeds, Lukasz Sliwczynski, Emilie Camisard, Nicolas Quintin, Krzysztof Turza, Simon Rerucha, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Jiri Dostal, Robert Urbaniak, Fabiola Camargo, Sarah Saint-Jalm, Ronald Holzwarth, Philip Tuckey, Harald Schnatz, Mauro Campanella, Peter Whibberley, Maurice Lessing, Przemyslaw Krehlik, Fratisek John, Ondrej Cip, Filippo Levi, Cecilia Clivati, Davide Calonico, Eduardo Ros, J. Kronjäger, Vladimir Smotlacha, Paul-Eric Pottie, Elizabeth Laier English, Bruno Desruelle, Artur Binczewski, Alessandro Galardini, E. Bookjans, Jiri Stefl, Gesine Grosche, Jan Radil, Anne Amy-Klein, Josef Vojtech, Wojbor Bogacki, Javier Diaz, and Radek Velc

Subjects
Optical fiber, business.industry, Computer science, Fiber network, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Metrology, 010309 optics, law, Software deployment, 0103 physical sciences, Photonics, 010306 general physics, Telecommunications, business
Abstract

The H2020 project CLONETS (www.clonets.eu) is a coordination and support action started in January 2017, and it aims at accelerating the take-up of the fibre link technology by indus-try, research and society. One of the main target is to prepare the deployment of a permanent pan-European fibre network, providing high performance clock services to European re-search, and supporting wider services to industry and society. We report an update of the project.

Published
2018

34. Project CLONETS

Author

Vladimir Smotlacha, Przemyslaw Krehlik, Lukasz Sliwczynski, Jan Radil, Radek Velc, Josef Vojtech, Mauro Campanella, Davide Calonico, Cecilia Clivati, Filippo Levi, Ondrej C�p, �imon Rerucha, Ronald Holzwarth, Maurice Lessing, Sarah Saint-Jalm, Fabiola Camargo, Bruno Desruelle, Jean Lautier-Gaud, Elizabeth Laier English, Jochen Kronj�ger, Peter Whibberley, Tom� M�ller, Jir� �tefl, Marcela �teflov�, Pawel Nogas, Robert Urbaniak, Artur Binczewski, Wojbor Bogacki, Krzysztof Turza, Gesine Grosche, Harald Schnatz, Emilie Camisard, Nicolas Quintin, Javier Diaz, Trinidad Garc�a, Eduardo Ros, Alessandro Galardini, Alwyn Seeds, Zhen Yang, Anne Amy-Klein, Eva Bookjans, Paul-Eric Pottie, and Philip Tuckey

Published
2018

35. Relativistic geodesy with a transportable optical clock

Author

Grotti, J., Koller, S., Herbers, S., Vogt, S., Al-Masoudi, A., Doerscher, S., Schwarz, R., Haefner, S., Uwe Sterr, Erik Benkler, Koke, S., Kuhl, A., Waterholter, T., Gesine Grosche, Rodolphe Le Targat, Jérôme Lodewyck, Héctor Alvarez Martinez, Michel Abgrall, Etienne Cantin, Dan Xu, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric POTTIE, Denker, H., Christian Lisdat, and Henry, Florence

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Published
2018

36. Hybrid optical link for ultra-stable frequency comparison

Author

Dan Xu, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Won-Kyu Lee, Fabio Stefani, and Olivier Lopez

Subjects
Physics, Multi-mode optical fiber, business.industry, Optical link, Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, Polarization-maintaining optical fiber, Optical time-domain reflectometer, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Noise, Optics, Fiber optic sensor, 0103 physical sciences, Fiber optic splitter, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

We present a hybrid fiber link to realize the local two-way optical frequency comparison with self-synchronization. It enables us to detect round-trip fiber noise and one-way fiber noise, and estimate the residuals. Moreover, we can check, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the reciprocity of the accumulated noise forth and back over a bi-directional fiber, and also evaluate the noise correlation between two adjacent fibers with the hybrid setup.

Published
2017

37. Frequency comb-assisted QCL stabilization for high resolution molecular spectroscopy

Author

Sean Tokunaga, Paul-Eric Pottie, R. Santagata, Daniele Nicolodi, M. Abgrall, Dan Xu, Won-Kyu Lee, Dang Bao An Tran, B. Argence, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Benoît Darquié, and R. Le Targat

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Frequency comb, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), business, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Quantum cascade laser, Spectroscopy, 010301 acoustics, Frequency modulation
Abstract

We present a frequency comb-assisted experimental setup which enables us to both coherently transfer the stability and accuracy of a remote near-infrared (NIR) ultrastable laser to a mid-infrared (MIR) quantum cascade laser (QCL), and widely tune the QCL frequency for spectroscopic applications. The QCL is stabilized at the level of 2×10−15 from 1 to 100 s, with an accuracy of 10−14 after 100 s. The achievable frequency tuning paves the way for high-resolution saturated absorption spectroscopy of molecular transitions, in particular in spectral regions that were previously inaccessible with standard stabilized MIR lasers. Preliminary results show a sensitivity at the kHz level on transition center frequencies.

Published
2017

38. First international comparison of fountain primary frequency standards via a long distance optical fiber link

Author

Heiner Denker, M. Lours, Sébastien Bize, Sebastian Koke, Gesine Grosche, Y. Le Coq, Anne Amy-Klein, Daniele Nicolodi, Christian Chardonnet, Burghard Lipphardt, Giorgio Santarelli, J. Guena, Paul-Eric Pottie, S. M. F. Raupach, M. Abgrall, Peter Rosenbusch, Nicolas Quintin, Christian Grebing, Stefan Weyers, F. Meynadier, R. Le Targat, Fabrice Wiotte, A. Kuhl, Nicola Chiodo, Emilie Camisard, Olivier Lopez, Vladislav Gerginov, Fabio Stefani, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Institut für Erdmessung, Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIP RENATER, RENATER, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex First-TF ANR-10-LABX-48-01, Equipex REFIMEVE+ ANR-11-EQPX-0039), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France (DIM Nano'K), CNRS with Action Spécifique GRAM, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the CRC 1128, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), European Project: SIB02, European Project: SIB55, European Project: 15SIB05, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Optical fiber, International Atomic Time, Frequency standards, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Optical link, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, Primary frequency standard, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Optical fiber frequency transfer, Optical frequency standard, Engineering (all), law, Transfer (computing), ddc:550, Atomic fountain clocks, International fountain clock comparison, Hyperfine structure, Clocks, Physics, primary standard, General Engineering, Redefinition of the seconds, time and frequency metrology, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Physikalisch-technische bundesanstalt, Clock comparisons, optical fiber link, Fibers, Atomic physics, International atomic time (TAI), Standards, atomic clock, Atomic clocks, Frequency transfer, Ground state, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Natural frequencies, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Optical fibers, 010306 general physics, Rubidium, Computational physics, Optical materials, Fountain, Satellite links
Abstract

We report on the first comparison of distant caesium fountain primary frequency standards (PFSs) via an optical fiber link. The 1415 km long optical link connects two PFSs at LNE-SYRTE (Laboratoire National de m\'{e}trologie et d'Essais - SYst\`{e}me de R\'{e}f\'{e}rences Temps-Espace) in Paris (France) with two at PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) in Braunschweig (Germany). For a long time, these PFSs have been major contributors to accuracy of the International Atomic Time (TAI), with stated accuracies of around $3\times 10^{-16}$. They have also been the references for a number of absolute measurements of clock transition frequencies in various optical frequency standards in view of a future redefinition of the second. The phase coherent optical frequency transfer via a stabilized telecom fiber link enables far better resolution than any other means of frequency transfer based on satellite links. The agreement for each pair of distant fountains compared is well within the combined uncertainty of a few 10$^{-16}$ for all the comparisons, which fully supports the stated PFSs' uncertainties. The comparison also includes a rubidium fountain frequency standard participating in the steering of TAI and enables a new absolute determination of the $^{87}$Rb ground state hyperfine transition frequency with an uncertainty of $3.1\times 10^{-16}$. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Andr\'{e} Clairon, who passed away on the 24$^{th}$ of December 2015, for his pioneering and long-lasting efforts in atomic fountains. He also pioneered optical links from as early as 1997.

Published
2017

39. Hybrid fiber links for accurate optical frequency comparisons

Author

Won-Kyu Lee, Anthony Bercy, Paul-Eric Pottie, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Fabio Stefani, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais–Système de Références Temps-Espace [Paris], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), KRISS, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AS GRAM INSU, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KR) (16011007), National Research council of Science and Technology (CAP-15-08-KRISS), European Project, European Project: 605243,GN3plus, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and University of Science and Technology [Daejeon] (UST)

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Frequency transfer, Acoustics, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Astronomy (all), 01 natural sciences, Signal, Instability, Measure (mathematics), law.invention, Compensation (engineering), 010309 optics, Synchronization (alternating current), [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, 0103 physical sciences, 11. Sustainability, Phase noise, Optical link, Astronomical interferometer, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Quantum Physics, Laser stabilization, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], General Engineering, Time and frequency metrology, Laser, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

We present the first experimental demonstration over a 43-km-long urban fiber network of a local two-way optical frequency comparison, which does not require any synchronization of the measurements. It was combined with a regular active-noise compensation on another parallel fiber leading to a very reliable and robust frequency transfer. This hybrid scheme enables us to investigate the major limiting factors of the local two-way comparison. We analyze the contribution to the phase noise of the recovered signal by the interferometers at local and remote places. By using the ability of this set up to be injected by a single laser or two independent lasers, we measure the contribution to the long-term instability by the demodulated laser instabilities. We show that a fractional frequency instability level of $1\times10^{-20}$ at 10 000 s can be obtained with this simple setup after 43-km-long propagation in an urban area.

Published
2017

40. Transfert de fréquence par fibre optique en métrologie

Author

Giorgio Santarelli, F. Narbonneau, Anne Amy-Klein, Ch. Chardonnet, Fabien Kéfélian, M. Lours, B. Chanteau, Ch. Daussy, Haifeng Jiang, Scott Crane, A. Haboucha, and Olivier Lopez

Subjects
General Medicine
Published
2014

41. Probing weak force-induced parity violation by high-resolution mid-infrared molecular spectroscopy

Author

Clara Stoeffler, Benoît Darquié, Christophe Daussy, Frédéric Auguste, Anne Amy-Klein, Sean Tokunaga, Alexander Shelkovnikov, Christian Chardonnet, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (LPI RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), and ANR NCPCHEM 2010 BLAN 724 3

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Biophysics, Saturated absorption spectroscopy, FOS: Physical sciences, High resolution, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Weak interaction, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Ramsey interferometry, law, 0103 physical sciences, molecules, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, Molecular Biology, parity violation, Physics, Quantum Physics, Parity (physics), Rhenium, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, mid infrared, chemistry, Molecular vibration, high-resolution spectrosccopy, Atomic physics, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; To date no experiment has reached the level of sensitivity required to observe weak nuclear force induced parity violation (PV) energy differences in chiral molecules. In this paper, we present the approach, adopted at Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), to measure frequency differences in the vibrational spectrum of enantiomers. We review different spectroscopic methods developed at LPL leading to the highest resolutions, as well as 20 years of CO2 laser stabilization work enabling such precise measurements. After a first attempt to observe PV vibrational frequency shifts using sub-Doppler saturated absorption spectroscopy in a cell, we are currently aiming at an experiment based on Doppler-free two-photon Ramsey interferometry on a supersonic beam. We report on our latest progress towards observing PV with chiral organo-metallic complexes containing a heavy rhenium atom.

Published
2013

42. Ultra-stable optical frequency dissemination on a multi-access fibre network

Author

Paul-Eric Pottie, Anthony Bercy, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence nationale de la Recherche, IFRAF, conseil régional d'Ile de France, CNRS, Université Paris 13, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais–Système de Références Temps-Espace [Paris], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer science, Optical link, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Astronomy(all), 01 natural sciences, Instability, law.invention, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Optical frequencies, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Quantum optics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Quantum Physics, Laser diode, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], General Engineering, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; We report a laboratory demonstration of the dissemination of an ultrastable optical frequency signal to two distant users simultaneously using a branching network. The ultrastable signal is extracted along a main fibre link; it is optically tracked by a narrow linewidth laser diode, which light is injected in a secondary link. The propagation noise of both links is actively compensated. We implement this scheme with two links of 50-km fibre spools, the extraction being set up at the mid-point of the main link. We show that the extracted signal at the end of the secondary link exhibits a fractional frequency instability of 1.4 × 10−15 at 1-s measurement time, almost equal to the 1.3 × 10−15 instability of the main link output end. The long-term instabilities are also very similar, at a level of 3–5 × 10−20 at 3 × 104-s integration time. We also show that the setting up of this extraction device, or of a simpler one, at the main link input, can test the proper functioning of the noise rejection on this main link. This work is a significant step towards a robust and flexible ultrastable network for multi-users dissemination.

Published
2016

43. International strontium optical lattice clocks comparisons with an optical fiber link

Author

Christian Lisdat, Gesine Grosche, Nicolas Quintin, Chunyan Shi, Raupach, S. M. F., Grebing, C., Daniele Nicolodi, Fabio Stefani, Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Sebastian Häfner, Jean-Luc Robyr, Nicola Chiodo, Slawomir Bilicki, Eva Bookjans, Koczwara, A., Koke, S., Kuhl, A., Fabrice Wiotte, Frédéric Meynadier, Emilie Camisard, Michel Abgrall, Michel Lours, Thomas Legero, Harald Schnatz, Uwe Sterr, Denker, H., Christian Chardonnet, Yann Le Coq, Giorgio Santarelli, Anne Amy-Klein, Rodolphe Le Targat, Jérôme Lodewyck, Olivier Lopez, Paul-Eric POTTIE, Henry, Florence, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), RENATER, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Métrologie des fréquences optiques, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Références micro-ondes et échelles de temps, Théorie et métrologie, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Institut für Erdmessung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016

44. A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science

Author

S. Bilicki, A. Kuhl, Nicola Chiodo, Harald Schnatz, S. Dörscher, Emilie Camisard, C. Chardonnet, Nicolas Quintin, A. Al-Masoudi, Heiner Denker, A. Koczwara, Paul-Eric Pottie, M. Abgrall, E. Bookjans, Daniele Nicolodi, C. Shi, Uwe Sterr, R. Le Targat, Jérôme Lodewyck, Christian Grebing, Sebastian Koke, Giorgio Santarelli, Olivier Lopez, Thomas Legero, Jean-Luc Robyr, Gesine Grosche, Anne Amy-Klein, Y. Le Coq, Fabrice Wiotte, Fabio Stefani, S. M. F. Raupach, M. Lours, Christian Lisdat, Sebastian Häfner, F. Meynadier, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), and Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Science, Physics beyond the Standard Model, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum metrology, 01 natural sciences, Optical clock performance, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Clock synchronization, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010309 optics, Optical frequencies, Lattice (order), 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, 010306 general physics, Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Quantum optics, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Atomic and molecular interactions with photons, General Chemistry, magnetooptical trap, Atomic and molecular interactions with photons, Quantum metrology, Quantum optics, MOT, Clock network, clock, Master clock, ddc:500, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

Leveraging the unrivaled performance of optical clocks in applications in fundamental physics beyond the standard model, in geo-sciences, and in astronomy requires comparing the frequency of distant optical clocks truthfully. Meeting this requirement, we report on the first comparison and agreement of fully independent optical clocks separated by 700 km being only limited by the uncertainties of the clocks themselves. This is achieved by a phase-coherent optical frequency transfer via a 1415 km long telecom fiber link that enables substantially better precision than classical means of frequency transfer. The fractional precision in comparing the optical clocks of three parts in $10^{17}$ was reached after only 1000 s averaging time, which is already 10 times better and more than four orders of magnitude faster than with any other existing frequency transfer method. The capability of performing high resolution international clock comparisons paves the way for a redefinition of the unit of time and an all-optical dissemination of the SI-second., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

Published
2016

45. Cascaded optical fiber link using the internet network for remote clocks comparison

Author

Nicolas Quintin, Anne Amy-Klein, Paul-Eric Pottie, Giorgio Santarelli, Nicola Chiodo, Christian Chardonnet, Fabrice Wiotte, Emilie Camisard, Fabio Stefani, Olivier Lopez, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RENATER, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), funding support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR blanc LIOM 2011-BS04-009-01, Labex First-TF ANR 10 LABX 48 01, Equipex REFIMEVE+ ANR-11-EQPX-0039), the European Metrology Research Programm (contract SIB-02 NEAT-FT), IFRAF-Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, CNRS with Action Spécifique Gravitation, Références, Astronomie, Métrologie (GRAM), ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), ANR-10-LABX-0048,FIRST-TF,Network of Facilities for Innovation, Research, Services and Training in Time & Frequency(2010), ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011), European Project, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Optical fiber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Computer science, Optical link, Physics::Optics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Physics - Atomic Physics, law, Optical frequencies, Locks (fasteners), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Signal processing, Quantum Physics, Internet, Laser mode locking, Locks (fasteners), Optical fibers, Comparison networks, Continuous operation, Fractional frequencies, Noise compensation, Optical interferometer, Optical phase locking, Optical-fiber links, Stable frequencies, Wide area networks, Fractional frequencies, Optical-fiber links, Laser diode, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Optical interferometer, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Noise compensation, OCIS codes: (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, Stable frequencies, Physics - Optics, Heterodyne, Continuous operation, FOS: Physical sciences, Fiber network, Laser mode locking, 010309 optics, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Wavelength-division multiplexing, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Electronic engineering, Optical fibers, 010306 general physics, Internet, business.industry, Optical phase locking, Comparison networks, Laser, Wide area networks, Polarization mode dispersion, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), business, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We report a cascaded optical link of 1100 km for ultra-stable frequency distribution over an Internet fiber network. The link is composed of four spans for which the propagation noise is actively compensated. The robustness and the performance of the link are ensured by five fully automated optoelectronic stations, two of them at the link ends, and three deployed on the field and connecting the spans. This device coherently regenerates the optical signal with the heterodyne optical phase locking of a low-noise laser diode. Optical detection of the beat-note signals for the laser lock and the link noise compensation are obtained with stable and low-noise fibered optical interferometer. We show 3.5 days of continuous operation of the noise-compensated 4-span cascaded link leading to fractional frequency instability of 4x10 −16 at 1-s measurement time and 1x10 −19 at 2000 s. This cascaded link was extended to 1480-km with the same performance. This work is a significant step towards a sustainable wide area ultra-stable optical frequency distribution and comparison network at a very high level of performance.

Published
2015

46. Des lasers à impulsions femtosecondes pour mesurer les fréquences

Author

Anne Amy-Klein

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

Les lasers a impulsions de duree femtoseconde ont longtemps ete developpes uniquement pour leurs caracteristiques temporelles. Cependant, leurs proprietes spectrales sont aussi extraordinaires, car leur spectre est constitue d’un peigne de frequences optiques extremement regulier, qui peut etre exploite pour realiser des mesures de frequences de tres haute precision. Cette decouverte a valu a T. W. Hansch et J. L. Hall le prix Nobel de physique 2005. Dans cet article, nous expliquons les bases de cette technique de mesure de frequences et en decrivons quelques-unes des applications les plus passionnantes.

Published
2010

47. First industrial-grade coherent fiber link for optical frequency standard dissemination

Author

Bruno Desruelle, Olivier Lopez, Etienne Cantin, Christian Chardonnet, Vincent Ménoret, Giorgio Santarelli, Anne Amy-Klein, Emilie Camisard, J.-M. Le Merdy, V. Salmon, Nicolas Quintin, Paul-Eric Pottie, Fabiola Guillou-Camargo, Muquans, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RENATER, Syrlinks (FRANCE), Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-11-EQPX-0039,REFIMEVE+,RESEAU FIBRE METROLOGIQUE A VOCATION EUROPEENNE +(2011)

Subjects
Time delay and integration, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Optical fiber, Continuous operation, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Optical frequencies, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Electrical engineering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Metrology, OCIS codes: (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, business, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

We report on a fully bi-directional 680~km fiber link connecting two cities for which the equipment, the set up and the characterization are managed for the first time by an industrial consortium. The link uses an active telecommunication fiber network with parallel data traffic and is equipped with three repeater laser stations and four remote double bi-directional Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. We report a short term stability at 1~s integration time of $5.4\times 10^{-16}$ in 0.5~Hz bandwidth and a long term stability of $1.7\times10^{-20}$ at 65\,000 s of integration time. The accuracy of the frequency transfer is evaluated as $3\times 10^{-20}$. No shift is observed within the statistical uncertainty. We show a continuous operation over 5 days with an uptime of 99.93$\%$. This performance is comparable with the state of the art coherent links established between National Metrology Institutes in Europe. It is a first step in the construction of an optical fiber network for metrology in France, which will give access to an ultra-high performance frequency standard to a wide community of scientific users., 16 pages, 7 figures

Published
2018

48. Measurement of the Boltzmann constant by the Doppler broadening technique at a accuracy level

Author

S. Briaudeau, Christian J. Bordé, Anne Amy-Klein, Olivier Lopez, Benoît Darquié, Khelifa Djerroud, Christophe Daussy, Christian Chardonnet, A. Gauguet, and Cyril Lemarchand

Subjects
Thermal equilibrium, Physics, business.industry, General Engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, 010309 optics, Wavelength, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Boltzmann constant, symbols, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), business, Doppler effect, Doppler broadening
Abstract

In this article, we describe an experiment performed at the Laboratoire de physique des lasers and dedicated to an optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant k B . With the proposed innovative technique, determining k B comes down to an ordinary frequency measurement. The method consists in measuring as accurately as possible the Doppler absorption profile of a rovibrational line of ammonia in thermal equilibrium. This profile is related to the Maxwell–Boltzmann molecular velocity distribution along the laser beam. A fit of the absorption line shape leads to a determination of the Doppler width proportional to k B T and thus to a determination of the Boltzmann constant. The laser source is an ultra-stable CO2 laser with a wavelength λ ≈ 10 μm . The absorption cell is placed in a thermostat, keeping the temperature at 273.15 K within 1.4 mK. We were able to measure k B with a relative uncertainty as small as 3.8 × 10 − 5 , which represents an improvement of an order of magnitude for an integration time comparable to our previous measurement published in 2007. To cite this article: K. Djerroud et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009).

Published
2009

49. HCOOH high-resolution spectroscopy in the 9.18μm region

Author

A. Douillet, Franck Bielsa, Anne Amy-Klein, Andrei Goncharov, Tristan Valenzuela, Christophe Daussy, Khelifa Djerroud, Laurent Hilico, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique et Modélisation (DPM), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ACI jeune, LNE, spectroscopie de l'ion H2+, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, The Institute of Laser Physics, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Lhomond)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
laser à cascade quantique, Materials science, Absorption spectroscopy, Analytical chemistry, Formic acid, Quantum cascade laser, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, spectroscopie, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Frequency comb, Optics, law, Frequency measurement, 0103 physical sciences, CO 2 laser, Emission spectrum, acide formique, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Allan variance, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, HCOOH, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Saturated absorption, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 3. Good health, Femtosecond, mesure de fréquence, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

We report on higly accurate absolute frequency measurement against a femtosecond frequency comb of 6 saturated absorption lines of formic acid (HCOOH) with an accuracy of 1~kHz. We also report the frequency measurement of 17 other lines with an accuracy of 2~kHz. Those lines are in quasi coincidence with the 9R(36) to 9R(42) CO$_2$ laser emission lines and are probed either by a CO$_2$ or a widely tunable quantum cascade laser phase locked to a master CO$_2$ laser. The relative stability of two HCOOH stabilized lasers is characterized by a relative Allan deviation of 4.5~10$^{-12}$~$\tau^{-1/2}$. They give suitable frequency references for H$_2^+$ Doppler free two-photon spectroscopy.

Published
2008

50. Towards an optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant at the 10-5level

Author

C. Chardonnet, Y. Hermier, Olivier Lopez, S. Briaudeau, Christophe Daussy, Anne Amy-Klein, and Khelifa Djerroud

Subjects
Physics, symbols.namesake, Molecular line, Quantum mechanics, Boltzmann constant, symbols, General Physics and Astronomy, Atomic physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Spectroscopy, Doppler effect
Abstract

We present a new method for direct determination of the Boltzmann constant by laser spectroscopy. The principle consists in recording the linear absorption in a vapour of an atomic or molecular line at a controlled temperature around 273.15 K. By eliminating the pressure broadening, we deduced the pure Doppler width which gives a first optical measurement of the Boltzmann constant k B . The present determination should be significantly improved in the near future and contribute to a new definition of kelvin.

Published
2007

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